Tournament: Stanford | Round: Doubles | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Dave Basler, Jake Ziering, Corey Thompson
T
A) Interpretation—economic engagement means using economic contacts like trade, loans and grants—this excludes diplomatic recognition
Resnik 1
Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, "Defining Engagement" v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence
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types of positive sanctions.

B) Violation—the plan is a unilateral change in diplomatic status
Daga 13
director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
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some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.
FRAMEWORK
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of economic engagement by the United States federal government and we should only debate its repercussions, nothing in round should matter.

“Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
B. Violation –the affirmative claims advantages off of discourse and studies.
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits
   a. There’s an infinite number of political theories that would be impossible to predict—avoids clash and explodes neg research burden
   Lutz 2k (Donald S. Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40)
   Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
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   and clarity it lends to an analysis and comparison of ac¬tual political systems.
   c. Talking about anything other than policy-making trades off and it’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
   Robert Farley 2-29, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
   What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
   AND
   in a public policy career.
   SMART SANCTIONS CP
   Text: The United States federal government should create a transparency index for State Sponsors of Terrorism and adopt definitions for each level of state sponsorship.
   Creating a transparency index for a terror list solves—shaming prevents support for terror and it provides a clear model for how to end sanctions
   Byman 8
   Daniel L, Director of Research at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution and professor in the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service with a concurrent appointment with the Georgetown Department of Government, previous director of Georgetown's Security Studies Program, May 2008, Saban Center @ the Brookings Institution, “The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/5/terrorism20byman/05_terrorism_byman.pdf, accessed 7-5-13, GSK 

So what Washington should really do is adopt a new ¶ approach that recognizes the
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terror that currently exist than does the outdated ¶ approach Washington employs today.
CAP K
The aff excludes class and material analysis – that crowds out interest in capitalism in the field  – that means it’s bound to fail and makes it just another tool in class domination
Herring 8
(Eric Herring, Reader in International Politics, 2008, “Critical terrorism studies: an activist scholar perspective”, Critical studies on terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 198 – 200, Fontana)

In the development of critical security studies thus far, never mind mainstream security studies
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in the traditional approaches chapter which is structured around realism and¶ liberalism.

Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
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of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.

Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
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less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
APPEASEMENT DA
Obama’s hardline on Cuba now—denounces economic conservatism and political oppression
BBC 11
(9/13/11, BBC News, “Barack Obama says Cuba's reforms not aggressive enough,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14894145, Accessed 1/1/14, JC)

Recent changes in Cuba have not been "aggressive enough" to open its economy or reform its
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you have this small island that is a throwback to the 60s."
Removing Cuba from the terror list is appeasement—they terrorize their people and aid anti-American organizations
Cardenas 13
Al, Chair of American Conservative Union and Cuban-American, 4/30/13, The Human events Group, “WHY CAN’T WE VACATION IN CUBA? BECAUSE IT’S A TERROR STATE,” http://www.humanevents.com/2013/04/30/presidents-got-more-than-99-problems-and-jay-zs-trip-to-cuba-is-one/, accessed 7/2/13, AK

Cuba is a terrorist nation. China didn’t seize our assets or deploy nuclear weapons
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of all efforts to undermine America and the values for which we stand.

That spills over globally—it’s perceived as a diplomatic victory
Claver-Carone 13
(Mauricio Claver-Carone, former attorney-advisor with the U.S. Treasury Department and director of the U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC, “Cuba Sees an Opening”, The American, 4-2-13, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism)//RDa

The State Department is reportedly considering dropping Cuba’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism
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absolute control over the island, nor is it likely to do so.
We’re one step away from collapse of US leadership—appeasement emboldens challengers and causes Iran prolif, North Korean conflict, China war, and Indo-Pak border tensions
Chapin and Hanson 9
(Bernard - interviewer and Victor Davis - Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 12/7/9, PJ Media, “Change, Weakness, Disaster, Obama: Answers from Victor Davis Hanson,” p. 1, http://pjmedia.com/blog/change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/, Accessed 1/1/14)

Dr. Hanson: Well, he answered that already: we Americans are exceptional only to the degree that
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I think we got off the back of the tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.
CASE
Contention one
Unilateral concessions to Cuba embolden the regime, cause violent repression, and undermine Cuban democracy movements
Gutierrez-Boronat, Professor at Florida International University, 10 (Orlando, 9/15/13, Quarterly Americas, “Concessions to the Cubans would Embolden the Regime” http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1816, accessed 6/29/13, KR)

We shouldn't make unilateral concessions to the Castro regime because it will cost lives.
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because they will directly decrease the political cost of repression for the regime.
Anachronistic evidence—the US isn’t terrorizing Cuba now—we gave millions in remittances and humanitarian aid. We should look to our current practices, not what happened in the 60s when we were fighting a proxy war.
No solvency—separately codified sanctions mean terror list removal doesn’t get more goods to Cuba
Carone 13
Mauricio Claver, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 4-2-13, The American, “Cuba Sees an Opening,” http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR

Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
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Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.
There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, “Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ‘state sponsors of terrorism' list,” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department's list of
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. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."
Contention 2
Discourse does not shape reality – entirely non-falsifiable and no causal relationship
Roskoski and Peabody 91
(Matthew, Joe, Florida State University, “Critique of Language Argument,”)

Language Does Not Create Reality Language "arguments" assume the veracity of the Sapir
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to which the language we  use determines our thought" (Schultz 134).
CTS’ deconstructivist strategy only serves to reify status quo discourse—it rebuilds rather than dissipates the narrative
Edelmann, PhD candidate in Political Science and International Relations, 11
Florian, December, Forum Regensburger Politikwissenschaftler, “The Dialectic of Construction-Deconstruction II:
A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches”, http://www.regensburger-politikwissenschaftler.de/frp_working_paper_12_2011.pdf, accessed 6/29/13, VJ
This notion of a “minimal foundationlism” closely resembles Spivaks concept of “strate
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, these approaches may result in a ›new orthodoxy‹ or reify conventional
Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize
Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Contention 3
Terrorism studies don’t exclude state terror from their analysis.
Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, “A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies,” Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

State reliance on terrorist techniques that is directed against its own citizens, moreover,
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activities have been under-represented in key terrorism journals. 14
Turn- their counterterrorism and civil liberties impacts are much worse in a world of a successful terror strike.
Ignatieff 4 Michael, former director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
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, to step outside the confines of our cozy conservative and liberal boxes.
CTS is wrong—violence is purely instrumental
Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09
David Martin, M.L.R., Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, “We’re All Terrorists Now: Critical—or
Hypocritical—Studies “on” Terrorism?”,Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 295-296, accessed 6/29/13, VJ
Interestingly, the specter haunting both conventional and critical terrorism studies is that both assume
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. These reviewers agree: they are two sides of the same coin.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Basis Chandler RN | Judge: Tim Lewis
APPEASEMENT DA
Obama’s hardline on Cuba now—denounces economic conservatism and political oppression
BBC 11
(9/13/11, BBC News, “Barack Obama says Cuba's reforms not aggressive enough,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14894145, Accessed 1/1/14, JC)

Recent changes in Cuba have not been "aggressive enough" to open its economy
AND
here you have this small island that is a throwback to the 60s."
Removing Cuba from the terror list is appeasement—they terrorize their people and aid anti-American organizations
Cardenas 13
Al, Chair of American Conservative Union and Cuban-American, 4/30/13, The Human events Group, “WHY CAN’T WE VACATION IN CUBA? BECAUSE IT’S A TERROR STATE,” http://www.humanevents.com/2013/04/30/presidents-got-more-than-99-problems-and-jay-zs-trip-to-cuba-is-one/, accessed 7/2/13, AK

Cuba is a terrorist nation. China didn’t seize our assets or deploy nuclear weapons
AND
of all efforts to undermine America and the values for which we stand.

That spills over globally—it’s perceived as a diplomatic victory
Claver-Carone 13
(Mauricio Claver-Carone, former attorney-advisor with the U.S. Treasury Department and director of the U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC, “Cuba Sees an Opening”, The American, 4-2-13, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism)//RDa

The State Department is reportedly considering dropping Cuba’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism
AND
absolute control over the island, nor is it likely to do so.
We’re one step away from collapse of US leadership—appeasement emboldens challengers and causes Iran prolif, North Korean conflict, China war, and Indo-Pak border tensions
Chapin and Hanson 9
(Bernard - interviewer and Victor Davis - Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 12/7/9, PJ Media, “Change, Weakness, Disaster, Obama: Answers from Victor Davis Hanson,” p. 1, http://pjmedia.com/blog/change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/, Accessed 1/1/14)

Dr. Hanson: Well, he answered that already: we Americans are exceptional
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tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.
SMART SANCTIONS CP
Text: The United States federal government should create a transparency index for State Sponsors of Terrorism and adopt definitions for each level of state sponsorship.
Creating a transparency index for a terror list solves—shaming prevents support for terror and it provides a clear model for how to end sanctions
Byman 8
Daniel L, Director of Research at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution and professor in the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service with a concurrent appointment with the Georgetown Department of Government, previous director of Georgetown's Security Studies Program, May 2008, Saban Center @ the Brookings Institution, “The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/5/terrorism20byman/05_terrorism_byman.pdf, accessed 7-5-13, GSK 

So what Washington should really do is adopt a new ¶ approach that recognizes the
AND
terror that currently exist than does the outdated ¶ approach Washington employs today.
POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions aren’t going to derail the Geneva deal now—Obama’s power and not enough votes
Lamb 1/7
(Interview with Franklin Lamb, international lawyer, 1/7/14, Press TV, “Anti-Iran sanctions not going to pass: Franklin Lamb,” http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/01/07/344315/antiiran-sanctions-not-going-to-pass/, Accessed 1/8/14, JC)

So I think it is going to be that the voters are going to have
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people of both parties I believe, both political parties and our allies.
Drains capital—hostage-taking on Cuba policy due to empirical bipartisan backlash
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
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could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
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, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
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by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
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diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
CAPITALISM K
Two links—
A) Lifting the embargo paves the way for capitalism to bulldoze over Cuba’s people and environment – it is the only obstacle to ecological destruction and cultural independence.
Conell 9
(Christina, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be Environmental Partners,” June 12, Online: http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)

Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo, the
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

The aff is only a safety valve for Northern guilt that maintains global South dependency on US intervention—capitalism is grounded in an ethics of self-interest that produces cycles of inequality and environmental destruction
Huish 9
(Centre de Recherche en Éthique (CRÉUM), L'Université de Montréal, Canada “Cuba vs. Globalization: Chronicle of Anti-imperialism, Solidarity and Co-operation” January 27, 2009,
http://globalautonomy.ca/global1/dialogueItem.jsp?index=SN08_Huish.xml)//AY

Cuba's Minister of the Economy and Planning, Dr. José Luis Rodríquez García (
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and, as the Cubans see it, not conditions of human nature.
Globalization creates internal warfare—ecological collapse, global class conflict, and dehumanization
Robinson 96
(William I., professor of sociology @ University of Tennessee and Research
Associate with the Center for International Studies of the Central American University, Raced Class, 38, 2, “Globalization: nine theses on our epoch”, p. 24-26, http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/robinson/Assets/pdf/Globalization.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC)

Eighth, there are deep contradictions in emergent world society that make uncertain the very
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threatens the survival of our species and of life itself on our planet.

Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
ETHICS ADVANTAGE
Imperialism prevents war – interdependence, institution-building, and democracy promotion, and their impact claims are false
Ikenberry 4 (G. John Ikenberry, Prof. of Geopolitics, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004)

Is the United States an empire? If so, Ferguson's liberal empire is a
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of international institutions that have limited and legitimated U.S. power.
CTS’ deconstructivist strategy only serves to reify status quo discourse—it rebuilds rather than dissipates the narrative
Edelmann, PhD candidate in Political Science and International Relations, 11
Florian, December, Forum Regensburger Politikwissenschaftler, “The Dialectic of Construction-Deconstruction II:
A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches”, http://www.regensburger-politikwissenschaftler.de/frp_working_paper_12_2011.pdf, accessed 6/29/13, VJ
This notion of a “minimal foundationlism” closely resembles Spivaks concept of “strate
AND
, these approaches may result in a ›new orthodoxy‹ or reify conventional

There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, “Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ‘state sponsors of terrorism' list,” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department's list of
AND
. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."
Lifting the embargo wouldn’t help the Cuban people—internal blockades mean that no goods go to the people
Carter 2k
(Tom, Washington Times Writer, Sept 21, 2000 Cubanet, “Doctors testify lifting Cuba sanctions would not help average citizens” http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm, accessed 7/9/13, KR)

Lifting the U.S. economic embargo to allow the sale of food and
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.S. embargo, the Cuban people will suffer," she said.
Intervening actors check—the only countries that support the embargo are Israel, the US, and Palau—make them name a type of food or health care that the rest of the world can’t provide for Cuba.
You must weigh the consequences of lifting the embargo—their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize
Isaac 2
(Jeffrey C, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Status quo solve—embargo doesn’t limit food and medical aid and the US gave hundreds of millions of it
Godard 10
(Ambassador, U.S. Senior Area Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs (Ronald D. Godard, , 10/26/10, “Explanation of Vote by Ambassador Ronald D. Godard, U.S. Senior Area Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs, on the Cuba Resolution, in the General Assembly Hall”, http://usun.state.gov/briefing/statements/2010/150012.htm)//EM

My delegation regrets that the delegation from Cuba continues, year after year, to
AND
other basic necessities, non-agricultural humanitarian donations, and medical donations.

Alt cause to economic suffering—Cuba can trade with non-US nations for US products, but internal systems prevent equitable distribution
Suchlicki 2k
(Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Professor of History ¶ and International Studies and the Director of the Institute for Cuban ¶ and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. and¶ founding Executive Director of the North-South Center, June 2000, “The U.S. Embargo of Cuba,” http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf, Accessed 7/31/13, JC)

The Cubans can buy any products, including food and medicine from ¶ any country
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suffering of the Cubans, not ¶ the U.S. embargo.

There’s a distinction between public and private morality—governments must make utilitarian calculations
Goodin 95
(Robert E., Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University, Cambridge University Press, “Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy” pg 63)

My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
Affirming survival doesn’t devalue life – life is complex and malleable and can be celebrated even when it seems oppressive
Fassin, 10 - James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as directeur d’études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (Didier, Fall, “Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)
Conclusion
Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last interview
AND
in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.
Lifting the embargo will only increase Castro repression—they’re on the brink of a transition now
Radosh, 13 Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute and PhD in History (Ron Radosh 3/18/13, “The Time to Help Cuba’s Brave Dissidents Is Now: Why the Embargo Must Not be Lifted”, http://pjmedia.com/ronradosh/2013/03/18/the-time-to-help-cubas-brave-dissidents-is-now-why-the-embargo-must-not-be-lifted/?singlepage=true//EM

What these liberals and leftists leave out is that this demand — lifting the embargo
AND
, and an end to the decades of rule by the Castro brothers.
In policy simulation we must evaluate consequences first—pragmatic actions are more important than moral absolutism
Issac 2
Jeffrey C. Isaac, Prof of Poly Sci and director of the center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life @ Indiana University, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Vol. 49 Issue 2 pg. 32-38, EBSCO, 2002

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
The Cuban embargo doesn’t hurt the people—the US authorized billions in aid last year
Reuters 12
(11/13/12, Reuters, “For 21st time, UN urges end to embargo on Cuba,” http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-13/business/chi-for-21st-time-un-urges-us-to-end-embargo-on-cuba-20121113_1_trade-embargo-cuban-people-change-cuba-policy, Accessed 9/22/13, JC)

U.S. envoy Ronald Godard rejected the resolution's call for ending the blockade
AND
while Washington had authorized over $1.2 billion in humanitarian assistance.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Juan Diego BM | Judge: Chris Thiele
T

1. Interpretation—engagement is establishing an interdependent relationship—it’s distinct from appeasement
   Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.
2. Violation—removing sanctions is appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy and removing sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn't appeasement, I don't know how better to define the word.
POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions won’t pass—neither party will let it
CDI 2/13
(2/13/14, Center for a Democratic Iran, “US legislators ask Congress to delay Iran sanctions vote,” http://www.cdi-iran.org/Article/14775-US_legislators_ask_Congress_to_delay_Iran_sanctions_vote, Accessed 2/14/14, JC)

Centre for a Democratic Iran: A bipartisan group of 104 House members have urged
AND
Iran's foreign minister has warned that additional sanctions would kill the interim deal.
Drains capital—hostage-taking on Cuba policy due to empirical bipartisan backlash
LeoGrande 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
ASPEC
A. Interpretation: The affirmative must specify which branch of the federal government implements the plan in the 1AC plan text
Dictionary of Politics 73
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to remove United States sanctions on Cuba.

CP is constitutional and effective
AS-COA 2/20 (Americas Society—Council of the Americas, Seven Steps the U.S. President Can Take to Promote Change in Cuba by Adapting the Embargo, 2/20/13, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargo)//LA
A careful reading of U.S. policy goals toward Cuba and the set
AND
make these necessary reforms to further U.S. policy to Cuba.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
CAPITALISM K
Lifting the embargo paves the way for capitalism to bulldoze over Cuba’s people and environment – it is the only obstacle to ecological destruction and cultural independence.
Conell 9
(Christina, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be Environmental Partners,” June 12, Online: http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)

Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo, the
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
MULTILATERALISM ADVANTAGE
Resource wars are outdated—trade is more effective and territorial conquest is hampered by weapons parity
Deudney 99
(Daniel H., Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies @ John Hopkins University department of political science, Chapter 8, “Environmental Security: A Critique,” p. 205-206, http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/shared/political_science/1857/Deudney.pdf, Accessed 9/21/13, JC)

However, there are three strong reasons for concluding that the familiar scenarios of resource
AND
the benefit of Third World raw material suppliers, prices have fallen.47
Protectionism doesn’t cause war—effects of interdependence depend on perception by all actors
Copeland ’96 – Assistant Prof. of Govt. and Foreign Affairs @ Univ. of Virginia (Dale, International Security, “Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations”, Volume 20, Number 4, Spring, JSTOR, RG)

Rosecrance is reluctant to acknowledge realist concerns, perhaps because to do so would imply
AND
be responsible for war, largely regardless of unit-level phenomena.23
OAS is structurally inept at conflict resolution—tyranny of the minority, mistrust of US leadership, and history
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

What is going on here? The OAS, the world's oldest regional organization,
AND
as well as in more recent cases of democratic erosion in several countries.
Intervening actors check border conflict—but history proves the OAS can’t solve internal conflicts
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

Many other 20th century border conflicts, though, were settled by other international
AND
driven OAS and marginalized the United States as forces for regional conflict resolution.

Trying to preserve US leadership dooms multilateral alliances—Latin American nations are teaming up to challenge it
Munckton, 5 (Stuart, international editor of Green Left Weekly and a member of the Australian Socialist Alliance national executive, “Latin America in revolt : Continent defies USA,” 4/27/05, Tashma)
For over two decades the US has forced neoliberalism — and its accompanying poverty and
AND
policy — you know that others on the continent are watching and learning.
Cuba admission decimates OAS credibility—violates the democratic charter
Padgett 9
(Tim, 6/1/9, Time, “Inside the OAS's Cuba Conundrum,” http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1902042,00.html, Accessed 12/30/13, JC)

But as representatives of the 35 member states of the Organization of American States (
AND
." (Read TIME's brief history of U.S.-Cuba relations.)

 Multilateralism can’t resolve conflict prevention—nations will back out on financial support unless they’re threatened, causing exclusive and transient organizations
Tanner 2k
(Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 9/30/2000, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 839, “Conflict prevention and conflict resolution: limits of multilateralism,” http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jqq2.htm, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

The reality of conflict prevention is that it is neither risk-free nor cheap
AND
an issue that becomes apparent when the group decides to use coercive measures.
Embargo lift won’t strengthen the OAS—Cuba refuses to join and the charter prevents non-democratic nations from joining
LA Times 9
(6/3/9, Los Angeles Times, “Cuba and the OAS,” http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/03/opinion/ed-cuba3, Accessed 12/25/13, JC)

Cuba was booted out of the Organization of American States in 1962 over Fidel Castro's
AND
the Washington-based OAS caters to a U.S. agenda.

ETHANOL ADVANTAGE
No solvency—lacks skilled workers, can’t compete, and investors don’t like Cuba because it nationalized its economy
Speecht, Louisiana State University, ’13 (Jonathan, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” April 24, 2013, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf, accessed 7/21/13, JF)

Like all new capitalist industries to emerge in the post-Castro era, whatever
AND
, which will slow the creation of a sugarcane-based ethanol industry. 

No solvency—poor technology and institutionalized inefficiency doom Cuban sugar output
Elledge 9
(Nicholas, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, October 29, 2009, http://www.coha.org/cubas-sugarcane-ethanol-potential/, accessed 7/21/13, JF)

Cuba’s ambitious push for a “Ten Million Ton Harvest” back in 1970 fell
AND
and standardizing efficient practices would be essential to bolstering Cuba’s sugarcane industry today.
Biofuels cause massive food price shocks—food vs. fuel dilemma
Runge and Senauer ‘7(McKnight Univ. Prof. Applied Econ. and Law, Dir. Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy @ Univ. of MN. /and/ Prof. Applied Econ. and Co-dir. Food Industry Center at Univ. of MN) 2007
C. Ford and Benjamin, “How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor” online @ http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html   Foreign Affairs, May/June 2007loghry
The International Food Policy Research Institute, in Washington, D.C., has
AND
viable. But unless biofuel policies change significantly, neither development is likely.
That causes extinction
Trudell ‘5 (Robert H., Fall, Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. and Com. 277, Lexis)
2. But, Is It Really an Emergency?  In his study on environmental
AND
emergency and we must put that fuse out before it is too late.
Sugarcane production causes water pollution and soil erosion—conversion to agrochemicals
Moreira 7 Jose Roberto Moreira of the Brazilian Biofuel Research Center, “Water Use and Impacts Due Ethanol Production in Brazil”, 2007, IWMI (International Water Management Institute) http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/EWMA/files/papers/Jose_Moreira.pdf

Although the type of impacts and the ways to mitigate them are similar for any
AND
ranges from 15 to 1000 grams per ha (RIMA Batatais, 1990).

Impact inevitable—even if habitat loss stops species will go extinct due to delayed effects
Krauss et al 10
(Jochen Krauss,1,* Riccardo Bommarco,2 Moisès Guardiola,3 Risto K Heikkinen,4 Aveliina Helm,5 Mikko Kuussaari,4Regina Lindborg,6 Erik Öckinger,2 Meelis Pärtel,5 Joan Pino,3 Juha Pöyry,4 Katja M Raatikainen,4 Anu Sang,5Constantí Stefanescu,7 Tiit Teder,5 Martin Zobel,5 and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,1 1Population Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany 2Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 3CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 4Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland 5Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 511005, Tartu, Estonia 6Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 7Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers de Ciències Naturals, Francesc Macià, 51, E-08402 Granollers, Spain, “Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels,” PubMed Central, May 2010,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871172)//SS

Loss of biodiversity is a worldwide concern. One primary cause of species loss is
AND
. 2006; Kuussaari et al. 2009; Jackson and Sax 2010).
No collapse – adaptation and functional redundancy.
Doremus 2k
Holly, Law Professor – Cal Berkeley, 57 Wash and Lee L. Rev. 11, L/N

Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close
AND
a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse. n217

Status quo solves—all they’re doing is replacing corn ethanol, which emits as much as sugar ethanol—if they say corn couldn’t overcome oil and natural gas in the fuel market, neither can sugar.
No solvency—even partial ethanol transition requires a tenfold increase in sugar production
Speecht 13
(Jonathan, Louisiana State University, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” April 24, 2013, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf, accessed 7/21/13, JF)

It must be stressed that sugarcane-based ethanol, from Cuba or anywhere else
AND
can, and should, be part of the solution to both problems.

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sage Ridge WD | Judge: Netta Stolarski
T-QPQ
A)  Interpretation – In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.
Helweg 2k (Diana, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

ASPEC

The affirmative must specify which branch of the federal government implements the plan in the 1AC plan text
Dictionary of Politics 73
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.

XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to create a binational water market with Mexico.

Administration efforts solve Latin American policy – bypasses Congress
Hallow 1/7
(Ralph Z. Hallow, The Washington Times, “A Top 10 list for the new Congress:
Issues, trends to watch on Capitol Hill in 2013, beyond”, 1-7-13, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/7/top-10-list-for-the-new-congress/) MaxL

4) Benghazi and the world: Despite the administration’s best efforts, the problems
AND
that can’t be blocked legislatively but pile more regulations on the private sector.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
POLITICS DA
Boehner will bring CIR up for vote—hiring Rebecca Tallent shows commitment
Matthews 12/4 (Lauren, writer for International Business Times, “Immigration Reform 2013: Opponents Not Happy With Boehner’s New Hire Rebecca Tallent”, IBT 12/4/13, http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-2013-opponents-not-happy-boehners-new-hire-rebecca-tallent-1495314, MB)
If comprehensive immigration reform advocates were looking for a glimmer of hope that House Republicans
AND
and try to craft some sort of legislation that can obtain the votes.”

Economic engagement initiatives PERCEIVED as deprioritizing necessary focus on security issues and drug war while kowtowing to Mexico – perception is key and hardliner target spin control to play on fence sitters largest fears
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
Boehner won’t break the HR consecutively; he fears GOP backlash—fiscal cliff proves
Levin 7/1 (Brian, reporter for HuffPost, “Boehner Should Drop Hastert Rule, Honor Pledge to Let House 'Work Its Will' on Immigration Reform”, Huffington Post 7/1/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-levin/boehner-should-drop-hastert_b_3519112.html, MB)
In a June 11th appearance on Good Morning America, Speaker John Boehner commented on
AND
discharge petition to force a vote, whether he likes it or not.

Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
ECONOMY ADVANTAGE
No food impacts—empirical evidence shows people will search for technological or cooperative solutions
Allouche 11, research Fellow – water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, frmr professor – MIT
(Jeremy, “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Vol. 36 Supplement 1, p. S3-S8, January)

The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).
Alt causes to the global economy—debt ceiling, Eurozone crisis, Chinese bust, and Middle Eastern instability could all independently trigger recession
Roubini 1/21
(Nouriel, NYU Professor @ Stern School of Business and Senior Economist for International Affairs in the White House's Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration, 1/21/13, Project Syndicate, “The Economic Fundamentals of 2013,” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-global-economy-s-rising-risks-in-2013-by-nouriel-roubini, Accessed 10/6/13, JC)

Moreover, several risks lie ahead. First, America’s mini-deal on taxes
AND
2013 begins, the downside risks to the global economy are gathering force. 

US economy resilient – only domestic issues affect it
Seeking Alpha 11 – quoting Cleveland Fed President Sandra Pianalto
(Tim Duy, 4/1/11, Something to Chew on: The U.S.'s Economic Resilience, http://seekingalpha.com/article/261277-something-to-chew-on-the-u-s-s-economic-resilience)

With the economy on “a firmer footing,” she said, U.S
AND
primary risks are internal demand and energy shocks, not other external shocks.

The US economy is resilient – view impact estimates with skepticism
Washington Times 2008 - chief political correspondent of The Washington Times
(Donald Lambro, 7/28/08, The Washington Times, "Always darkest before dawn", lexis)
The doom-and-gloomers are still with us, of course, and
AND
, I'm more bullish than ever on our economy's long-term prospects.
UNITED STATES ADVANTAGE
Status quo solves—agricultural advances in technology
Zubrin 11 (Dr. Robert Zubrin, president of Pioneer Astronautics, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy “WHY IT’S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL” May 13, 2011http:www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/)

In an op-ed article printed in the Denver Post May 8, editorial
AND
average farms, and then go global, thereby raising crop yields everywhere.
Prefer utilitarianism—food aid hurts through dependency, misdirection, or unsustainable demand on agricultural supply
Andre and Velasquez 92
(Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez, Santa Clara University, Issues in Ethics - V. 5, N. 1 Spring 1992, “World Hunger: A Moral Response,” http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/hunger.html, Accessed 10/11/13, JC)

Some ethicists argue that rich nations have no obligation to aid poor nations.
AND
unjust to ask nations that have acted responsibly to now assume the burdens of those nations that have not.
High food prices don’t cause hunger—poor nations can’t afford to use international food markets
Paarlberg 8 (Robert, Professor of Political Science – Wellesley College, “It's Not the Price that Causes Hunger”, The International Herald Tribune, 4-23, Lexis)NR

International prices of rice, wheat and corn have risen sharply, setting off violent
AND
of Asia, and her average income is only $1 a day.
Hunger estimates are hype—flawed models mean high food prices don’t cause starvation
The Guardian 1/26
(“Global hunger: do the figures add up?”, 1/26/12, ¶ http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/jan/26/global-hunger-fao-figures-add-up, Accessed 7/26/12, JC)

Almost immediately, these figures seemed to take on a life of their own.
AND
is not generally starvation, but an increased level of discontent and stress."

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP GL | Judge: Debnil Sur
T-QPQ
Interpretation – In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.
Helweg 2k (Diana, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S. policy of
AND
traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

COLONIALISM K
The aff’s feminism only considers white bourgeois women—absence of recognition for colonized women meant they were understood as animals without gender or feminity
Lugones, 7  (María, Argentine scholar, philosopher, feminist, and an Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Philosophy and of Women's Studies at Binghamton University, "Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System." Hypatia 22, no. 1 (2007): 202-203, doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01156.x.)SDL

In the development of twentieth-century feminism, the connections among gender, class
AND
in the U.S. South were not considered fragile or weak.

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary
Maldonado-Torres 8 (Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21)

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
race. In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

Our alternative is to reject the aff.
We endorse “the end of the world” as we know it. Only by listening to the cry of the condemned and expressing a preferential option through our critical intervention can we generate community, affiliation, and ethic of love necessary to solve the paradigm of war and spark true humanity
Maldonado-Torres 8
(Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 243-46)

That Hitler is Europe's demon points to Dussel’s idea regarding the proto-history of
AND
material and cultural levels but also vis-a-vis epistemic levels.
ASPEC

Interpretation: The affirmative must specify which branch of the federal government implements the plan in the 1AC plan text
Dictionary of Politics 73
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to establish a bilateral partnership with the government of Mexico against human trafficking.
Executive orders solve human trafficking – full implementation is key
ACLU 12 (Devon Chaffee, American Civil Liberties Union, “President Issues Executive Order to Stop Human Trafficking in Government Contracts”, 9-25-12, http://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contracts) MaxL

Today, President Barack Obama signed an executive order that will give better protections to
AND
here to tell your Senator to support this important piece of legislation today.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions won’t pass now—Democratic leaders side with Obama now
Sargent 2/3
(Greg, 2/3/14, Washington Post, “Another big blow to the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/02/03/another-big-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/, Accessed 2/6/14, JC)

The push for a new Iran sanctions bill may have stalled in the Senate, but it’s still alive and kicking in the
least one member of the Dem leadership (James Clyburn).
Economic engagement initiatives PERCEIVED as deprioritizing necessary focus on security issues and drug war while kowtowing to Mexico – perception is key and hardliner target spin control to play on fence sitters largest fears
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)

The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option. 

CASE
Evaluating trafficking through the lens of economic engagement is flawed—it detaches the program from its goals and uses technical solutions without addressing social issues
Molland 12 – PhD in Anthropology, Lecturer in Anthropology (Development Studies) @ ANU
(Sverre, “The Inexorable Quest for Trafficking Hotspots along the Thai-Lao Border,” in Labor Migration and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Critical Perspectives, p. 70-71)BB
In a celebrated (and critiqued) analysis of development aid in Lesotho. Ferguson
AND
of current programs and its acknowledgement is fundamental to developing more effective interventions.

The aff increases trafficking – their ideology results in policy that limits mobility and forces desperate migrants into trafficking when legal approaches become impossible
Ditmore, 12 – (Melissa, PhD, Sociology, City University of New York, Coordinator of the Global Network of Sex Work Projects, consultant on research and rights-based programming; “Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered,” Edited by Kamala Kempadoo, Part II, Chapter 6, “Trafficking in Lives: How Ideology Shapes Policy,” Paradigm, 2012, ISBN 978-1-59451-988-8)HO
The seemingly endless debate about trafficking focuses heavily on sex work, with a number
AND
issues such as the allocation of funding for programs addressing HIV/AIDS.
Push-down pop-up makes trafficking irresolvable
Lim and Yoo, 9 – (Timothy Lim and Karam Yoo, Department of Political Science, California State University; “The Dynamics of Trafficking, Smuggling and Prostitution: An Analysis of Korean Women in the U.S. Commercial Sex Industry,” 28 February 2009, http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/tclim/articles/Final_report_Lim2.pdf)//HO

We recognize, of course, that the demand is or has been an intractable
AND
push and pull factors that constitute an  equally important aspect of Korean case.
Cooperation won’t work – different methodologies stop success in prevention
Margarida 9 – Bachelors and social work student at Providence college, masters at Rhode Island college, you success case manager at Blackstone Valley Community Actino Program (Ashley, “Human Trafficking and Global Policy: A Study on the Casual Factors of Human Trafficking”, Providence College Social work theses _{4/16/09 http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035andcontext=socialwrk_students)//AY}

Global data collection on human trafficking by the US and the unification of global partnerships
AND
have not necessarily been validated (United States Government Accountability Office, 2006)

Aff has no net impact on trafficking – push-down pop-up prevents effective engagement
Van Schendel et al., 12 – (Edited by Willem van Schendel, Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam and Senior Research Fellow at the International Institute of Social History; “Labour Migration and Human Trafficking,” Routledge, 23 April 2012, pages 70-71)HO

As human trafficking is a de-territorial development challenge, the mismatch between ideal
AND
has become central to the programmatic reproduction of anti-trafficking programmes themselves.

The West cannot speak for third world women—it results in objectification especially when it tries to manipulate lived experiences in order to separate gender from culture
Suleri 92
(Sara Suleri, English professor @ Yale University, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 18, No. 4, Identities (Summer, 1992), “Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition,” p. 759-62, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343829, Accessed 9/9/13, JC)
*rectitude = morally correct behavior or thinking; righteousness.

In the context of contemporary feminist discourse, I would argue, ¶ the category
AND
the hidden and unnecessary desire to resus- ¶ citate the "self."
Essentialism turns case—comparing Latinas in debate with women from Juarez who face sexual violence makes the affirmative an empowered subject who ignores the role of class in gender inequality
Cabrera 10
(Patricia Munoz Cabrera. Intersection Violences: A Review of Feminist Theories and Debates on Violence against Women and Poverty in Latin America.  2010)
*VAW = Violence Against Women

This tension becomes clearer if one considers the way Latin American women scholars engage with
AND
by the concepts of gender and sexual difference” (1990: 133).
Reject the aff’s approach to sexual violence—their representations fail to challenge gender norms and otherize the oppression of foreign women
Kitzinger 4
(Jenny Kitzinger, Professor of Journalism, Media, and Cultural Studies @ Cardiff University, BA (Cambridge), PhD (Glasgow) ; 2004, Women and Media: ¶ International Perspectives, p. 27-29, Accessed 9/9/13, JC)

The fifth major issue I wish to highlight here is what 1 shall call the
AND
justify invasion by the "liberating" American and British forces in 2001.
Presenting patriarchy as the root cause turns case—it further marginalizes women in debate by ignoring education about causal reasoning AND it ignores class and racial forms of oppression
Crenshaw 2 (Carrie, PhD, Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from CAD, Scholar)

 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

The aff ignores violence against non-females—causes flawed conceptions of labor and security
Jones, political scientist, writer, and photojournalist based at the University of British Columbia Okanagan, 96 (Adam, “Does 'Gender' Make the World Go Round? Feminist Critiques of International Relations”, Review of International Studies 22:4, October 1996, JSTOR)AS
 The self-imposed limitations on most feminist IR discourse are apparent, too
AND
investigation than feminist commentary so far has been able or willing  to provide.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: University BJ | Judge: Stephen Goldberg
POLITICS DA
Geneva deal will pass within the month
George 12/31 (Marcus, writer for Reuters, “Iran says nuclear deal to be implemented in late January”, Reuters.com 12/31/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/31/us-iran-nuclear-idUSBRE9BU07E20131231, MB)

(Reuters) - World powers and Iran have agreed to start implementing in late
AND
but U.S. officials said it did not breach the agreement.

House Republicans want a tough stance on Venezuela—not economic aid
Isacson 10
(Adam, “The House Republicans and Latin America,” http://justf.org/blog/2010/11/03/house-republicans-and-latin-america, 11/3/2010)SR

Having majority control of a chamber of Congress means having overwhelming control of that chamber’s
AND
non-democratic regimes, or increased narcotrafficking activity in Venezuela or Bolivia.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
CHINA CP
Text: The People’s Republic of China should (insert plan text).
Venezuela says no to the US—ideology and economics mean they’d rather ally with China for oil
Herrera-Vaillant 10/24
(Antonio Herrera-Vaillant, 10/24/13, “Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Snubs Washington For Beijing,” http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2013/09/24/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-snubs-washington-for-beijing/, Accessed 10/30/13, JC)

Following unsubstantiated claims last week that the U.S. closed its airspace to
AND
and Venezuela has become the main destination for Chinese investment in Latin America.
CAP K
Venezuelan’s oil economy is providing for the public now due to Chavismo—foreign investment empowers corrupt elites and ensures structural economic problems caused by capitalism
Fuentes 7/8
(Federico Fuentes, 7/8/13, Green Left Weekly, Venezuelan Analysis, “Venezuela: War for oil fuels economic crisis,” http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/9820, Accessed 11/28/13, JC)

Venezuela’s oil-based economy took the form of neo-colonial capitalism: formally
AND
one of greater peoples’ participation in the political, economic and social spheres.
Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

ECONOMY ADVANTAGE
No causal relationship between economic decline and war.
Ferguson 6 Niall, MA, D.Phil., is Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. He is also a Senior Research Fellow at Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct, “The Next War of the World”

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Hegemonic decline is peaceful—multipolarity creates prosperity
Kupchan 3
(Charles A. Kupchan, Political Science Quarterly, 00323195, Summer 2003, Vol. 118, Issue 2 “The Rise of Europe, America's Changing Internationalism, and the End of U.S. Primacy” Database: Academic Search Premier)

As this new century progresses, unipolarity will give way to a world of multiple
AND
has so frequently been the precursor to great power war in the past.*
U.S. will decline—rise of China, economic decline, emergence of new powers
Walt 11
(Stephen M. Walt, Harvard University, “What I Told the Navy This Year,” FOREIGN POLICY, 6—10—11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/06/10/what_i_told_the_navy_this_year, accessed 7-2-12)

This situation was highly unusual, to say the least. It is rare that
AND
, further complicating America's ability to run a Washington-centered world order.

No internal link—US-Venezuela oil trade still strong
O’Neil 3/6
(Shannon, Senior Fellow of Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Viewpoint: New era for US-Venezuela relations?,” 3-6-13, 7-2-13, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21680885)//KC

First and foremost are the economic ties between the two nations. Despite the rhetorical
AND
experience of their neighbours provide incentives to forge a more amicable bilateral relationship.

Oil reliance hurts the economy—kills jobs, corruption, and wealth concentration
Rosenberg 2/13
(Tina, is a fellow at the World Policy Institute and an editorial writer for The New York Times, “Avoiding the Curse of the Oil-Rich Nations,” New York Times, 2-13-13, 7-1-13, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/13/avoiding-the-curse-of-the-oil-rich-nations/?_r=0)//KC

Every nation wants to strike oil, and after it happens, nearly every nation
AND
along with the opacity with which oil can be managed, creates corruption.
US not key—China and India investing in Venezuelan oil
Sharma 12
(Rakesh, “Indian Oil Firms Invest $3B in Venezuela”, July 11, http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/119241/Indian_Oil_Firms_Invest_3B_in_Venezuela, accessed on 7/4/13, BT)

Indian state-run oil companies plan to invest nearly $3 billion in Venezuelan
AND
- 1 heavy oil project, the government said in a statement Wednesday.
More oil production dooms the Venezuelan economy—high prices needed for stability
Nagel, 5/16/13, (Juan, author for Foreign Policy, Venezuela blogger for Transitions, “Is Venezuela becoming a failed state?”, 5/16/2013, Foreign Policy, http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/16/is_venezuela_becoming_a_failed_state, JKahn)

Venezuela remains mired in a political and economic crisis that shows no signs of letting
AND
state in the heart of the Western Hemisphere should trouble the continent's leaders.
Venezuela’s economy is down despite the oil boom—they already have billions in oil investments so Maduro will reject US aid to avoid political instability
The Economist 9/28
(9/28/13, The Economist, “Maduro’s balancing act,” http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21586850-adjustment-and-reform-are-economically-essential-politically-impossible-maduros-balancing, Accessed 11/28/13, JC)
¶ IT IS a remarkable achievement. Amid the longest oil boom in history Venezuela
AND
off a bicycle on live television, it is a tricky balancing act.
No solvency—even if they win the Venezuelan economy’s weak they can’t solve oil management issues
AP 13(Associated Press, May 04, 2013
 “Addicted to oil, Venezuela faces a grim future with prices and production dropping” http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/04/addicted-to-oil-venezuela-faces-grim-future-with-prices-and-production-dropping/)

PDVSA, which accounts for 96 percent of the country's export earnings, no longer
AND
, which means it can sell less than 60 percent at market price.
Venezuela can’t impact prices—means no oil shocks
Krauss 3/8
(CLIFFORD KRAUSS, Clifford Krauss has been a correspondent for The New York Times since 1990. He currently is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy., March 8, 2013 “Dwindling Production Has Led to Lesser Role for Venezuela as Major Oil Power” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/world/americas/venezuelas-role-as-oil-power-diminished.html?_r=0)

International oil prices have barely moved since Mr. Chávez died. OPEC has decided
AND
200,000 barrels a day because of several recent Venezuelan refinery accidents.

Empirically no impact to oil shocks—market substitution checks and it’s a relatively small sector of the US economy
Kahn 11 – Journalist, formerly a Pew International Journalism Fellow at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (Jeremy, “Crude Reality”, 2/13/11, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/02/13/crude_reality/?page=full)

Among those asking this tough question are two young professors, Eugene Gholz, at
AND
Georgia, and unusually high prices at the pump for a few weeks.

Venezuela is stable and will not become a failed state – their authors are right-wing alarmists
Joubert-Ceci, 13 – Independent Political Organization Professional and journalist for Worker’s World (Berta, “Venezuela more stable than Chávez’s enemies claim,” Workers’ World, 1/23/2013, http://www.workers.org/2013/01/23/venezuela-more-stable-than-chavezs-enemies-claim)  MS

While millions of people around the world hold vigils and actions in support of the
AND
the foreseeable future, and its currency does not have to be devalued.”
No spill-over—Latin America’s stable and Venezuela empirically avoids conflict
Cárdenas 11
Mauricio, senior fellow and director of the Latin America Initiative at the Brookings Institution, 3-17, “Think Again Latin America,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/17/think_again_latin_america?page=full

"Latin America is violent and dangerous." Yes, but not unstable. Latin
AND
tactic which contributed in large part to the organization's loss of popular support.
Oil trade’s strong but relations aren’t—Snowden and Power prove prickly relations are inevitable
Neuman 7/20(WILLIAM NEUMAN, July 20, 2013, “Venezuela Stops Efforts to Improve U.S. Relations” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/world/americas/venezuela-stops-efforts-to-improve-us-relations.html?_r=0)
Venezuela announced late Friday that it was stopping the latest round of off-again
AND
leaked secrets about American intelligence programs and is staying at a Moscow airport.

SOLVENCY
Plan flaw—text only invests in oil infrastructure, not oil—means us companies can’t drill.
No solvency—US locked out of Venezuelan investment
Epperson and Domm 13 (Sharon and Patti, ‘With Hugo Chavez gone, US oil industry eyes Venezuela’, Christian Science Monitor, March 6, 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0306/With-Hugo-Chavez-gone-US-oil-industry-eyes-Venezuela)//MJ
Venezuela has more oil reserves than any other country thanks to massive deposits of asphalt
AND
it can mean higher profits for gasoline, diesel and other refined products.

Takes years to solve
AP 13 (5/4/2013, Fabiola Sanchez, “Outlook grim in Venezuela's essential oil industry,” http://news.yahoo.com/outlook-grim-venezuelas-essential-oil-industry-143827999.html, JMP)
*Note --- Rafael Ramirez is Chavez's oil minister and the head of state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A

Ramirez said that PDVSA's efforts remained focused on developing the remote Orinoco belt, site
AND
mismanaged and that even a radical overhaul would take years to show results.

US investors say no—Venezuela doesn’t pay companies and seizes property
Fuel Fix 11/1
(11/1/13, Fuel Fix, “Venezuela’s government seizes U.S.-owned oil rigs,” http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/11/01/venezuelas-government-seizes-u-s-owned-oil-rigs/, Accessed 11/29/13, JC)

CARACAS, Venezuela — Venezuela has quietly seized control of two oil rigs owned by
AND
contractors on whom it depends to develop the world’s largest proven oil reserves.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Chris Thiele
POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions aren’t going to derail the Geneva deal now—Obama’s power and not enough votes
Lamb 1/7
(Interview with Franklin Lamb, international lawyer, 1/7/14, Press TV, “Anti-Iran sanctions not going to pass: Franklin Lamb,” http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/01/07/344315/antiiran-sanctions-not-going-to-pass/, Accessed 1/8/14, JC)

So I think it is going to be that the voters are going to have
AND
people of both parties I believe, both political parties and our allies.
Drains capital—hostage-taking on Cuba policy due to empirical bipartisan backlash
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to remove United States sanctions on Cuba.

CP is constitutional and effective
AS-COA 2/20 (Americas Society—Council of the Americas, Seven Steps the U.S. President Can Take to Promote Change in Cuba by Adapting the Embargo, 2/20/13, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargo)//LA
A careful reading of U.S. policy goals toward Cuba and the set
AND
make these necessary reforms to further U.S. policy to Cuba.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
CAPITALISM K
Lifting the embargo paves the way for capitalism to bulldoze over Cuba’s people and environment – it is the only obstacle to ecological destruction and cultural independence.
Conell 9
(Christina, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be Environmental Partners,” June 12, Online: http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)

Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo, the
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

Globalization creates internal warfare—ecological collapse, global class conflict, and dehumanization
Robinson 96
(William I., professor of sociology @ University of Tennessee and Research
Associate with the Center for International Studies of the Central American University, Raced Class, 38, 2, “Globalization: nine theses on our epoch”, p. 24-26, http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/robinson/Assets/pdf/Globalization.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC)

Eighth, there are deep contradictions in emergent world society that make uncertain the very
AND
threatens the survival of our species and of life itself on our planet.

Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
ENVIRONMENT ADVANTAGE
Their Dubrie 8 evidence only indicates that the Caribbean is done – not that we can OR SHOULD act upon it.
The GFDRR 12 evidence is extremely generic disaster relief – not about warming.
Massive solvency deficit – the plan doesn’t mandate disaster relief and they read no evidence as to how the plan leads to it.
Alt cause to war – their Homer-Dixon 98 evidence says conflict may also arise from frustration with countries that do not go along with agreements to protect the global envi¬ronment, or that “free-ride” by letting other countries absorb the costs of environmental protection.
Biodiversity loss inevitable—even if habitat loss stops species will go extinct due to delayed effects
Krauss et al 10
(Jochen Krauss,1,* Riccardo Bommarco,2 Moisès Guardiola,3 Risto K Heikkinen,4 Aveliina Helm,5 Mikko Kuussaari,4Regina Lindborg,6 Erik Öckinger,2 Meelis Pärtel,5 Joan Pino,3 Juha Pöyry,4 Katja M Raatikainen,4 Anu Sang,5Constantí Stefanescu,7 Tiit Teder,5 Martin Zobel,5 and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,1 1Population Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany 2Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 3CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 4Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland 5Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 511005, Tartu, Estonia 6Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 7Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers de Ciències Naturals, Francesc Macià, 51, E-08402 Granollers, Spain, “Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels,” PubMed Central, May 2010,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871172)//SS

Loss of biodiversity is a worldwide concern. One primary cause of species loss is
AND
. 2006; Kuussaari et al. 2009; Jackson and Sax 2010).

Reject their generic multilateralism evidence—their solvency evidence means that lifting the embargo might increase OAS credibility, but it definitely doesn’t say anything about removing market barriers to funding, or guarantee that OAS funding goes toward climate adaptation.
The problem isn’t multilateralism, it’s funding—rich nations won’t provide money and the plan can’t force them to direct money to climate adaptation
Vidal 12
(John Vidal, 11/26/12, The Guardian, “Climate change adaptation cash for poor countries fails to materialize,” http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/nov/26/climate-change-adaptation-poor-countries, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

Wealthy countries have not only failed to provide cash to help poor people adapt to
AND
change," said Oxfam in its The climate fiscal cliff report (pdf).

Negative feedbacks check warming—recent data proves climate models are flawed
Evans 12
(consultant of the Australian Greenhouse Office/Department of Climate Change, main modeler of carbon in Australia’s biosphere 1999-2005, mathematician, engineer with 6 university degrees, Ph.D. from Stanford in electrical engineering (David. M. W., “The Skeptic’s Case”, 2/24/12;  https://mises.org/daily/5892/The-Skeptics-Case)//Beddow

The serious skeptical scientists have always agreed with the government climate scientists about the direct
AND
. Why is that? Who has the power to make that happen?
Warming good—helps biodiversity
Idso et al 26 January 2011 The Fate of Tropical Rainforests in a Super CO2-Enriched and Warmer World http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N4/EDIT.php Sherwood Idso, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and former adjunct professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at Arizona State University, and Keith Idso, adjunct associate in plant biology at Arizona State University, CO2 Science, “Feedback Factors (Diffuse Light) – Summary”, http://co2science.org/subject/f/summaries/feedbackdiffuse.php

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) of some 56 million years ago
AND
well as preserving what yet remains of what we could call wild nature.
No disease can kill us all – structural limitations
Gladwell 95 – New York bureau chief of the Washington Post (“The Plague Year”, 7/17/95, The New Republic, http://cuwhist.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/the-plague-year-book-review-of-hot-zone.pdf)//WL
What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
No impact on conflict or agriculture—history
NIPCC 10, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, 11-16-2010, “Two Millennia of Environmental-Disaster-Induced Wars in China”

When the climate worsens beyond what the available technology and economic system can accommodate,
AND
warm periods owing to fewer agricultural disasters, resulting in fewer social conflicts."
Adaptation fails—market imperfections and inability to predict climate impacts
Mendelsohn 11
(Robert Mendelsohn, Yale University, 2011, “The Economics of Adaptation to Climate
Change in Developing Countries,” http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/adaptation/docs/Mendelsohn,20The20Economics20of20Adaptation20to20Climate20Change20in20Developing20Countries.pdf, Accessed 12/25/13, JC)

If climate change is uncertain, however, it is difficult to do anticipatory adaptation
AND
is very similar to private adaptation except that there are many ¶ beneficiaries.
MULTILATERALISM ADVANTAGE
No impact UQ to riparian disputes – make them read a scenario of water shortage.
Their Hansel 6 evidence indicates even where no institutions existed at the time of the claim, there weren’t riparian disputes.
Their conflicts inevitable evidence is in the context of Costa Rica and Nicaragua means 1. No impact because they have no militaries and 2. It’s empirically denied – it’s been going on for years, I’d know.
The Evans evidence indicates protectionism causes war only if there is as financial crises, pandemics like swine flu, or trans-boundary security risks such as terrorism and arms proliferation.
Resource wars are outdated—trade is more effective and territorial conquest is hampered by weapons parity
Deudney 99
(Daniel H., Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies @ John Hopkins University department of political science, Chapter 8, “Environmental Security: A Critique,” p. 205-206, http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/shared/political_science/1857/Deudney.pdf, Accessed 9/21/13, JC)

However, there are three strong reasons for concluding that the familiar scenarios of resource
AND
the benefit of Third World raw material suppliers, prices have fallen.47
Protectionism doesn’t cause war—effects of interdependence depend on perception by all actors
Copeland ’96 – Assistant Prof. of Govt. and Foreign Affairs @ Univ. of Virginia (Dale, International Security, “Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations”, Volume 20, Number 4, Spring, JSTOR, RG)

Rosecrance is reluctant to acknowledge realist concerns, perhaps because to do so would imply
AND
be responsible for war, largely regardless of unit-level phenomena.23

OAS is structurally inept at conflict resolution—tyranny of the minority, mistrust of US leadership, and history
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

What is going on here? The OAS, the world's oldest regional organization,
AND
as well as in more recent cases of democratic erosion in several countries.
Intervening actors check border conflict—but history proves the OAS can’t solve internal conflicts
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

Many other 20th century border conflicts, though, were settled by other international
AND
driven OAS and marginalized the United States as forces for regional conflict resolution.¶
Trying to preserve US leadership dooms multilateral alliances—Latin American nations are teaming up to challenge it
Munckton, 5 (Stuart, international editor of Green Left Weekly and a member of the Australian Socialist Alliance national executive, “Latin America in revolt : Continent defies USA,” 4/27/05, Tashma)
For over two decades the US has forced neoliberalism — and its accompanying poverty and
AND
policy — you know that others on the continent are watching and learning.
Cuba admission decimates OAS credibility—violates the democratic charter
Padgett 9
(Tim, 6/1/9, Time, “Inside the OAS's Cuba Conundrum,” http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1902042,00.html, Accessed 12/30/13, JC)

But as representatives of the 35 member states of the Organization of American States (
AND
." (Read TIME's brief history of U.S.-Cuba relations.)

 Multilateralism can’t resolve conflict prevention—nations will back out on financial support unless they’re threatened, causing exclusive and transient organizations
Tanner 2k
(Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 9/30/2000, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 839, “Conflict prevention and conflict resolution: limits of multilateralism,” http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jqq2.htm, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

The reality of conflict prevention is that it is neither risk-free nor cheap
AND
an issue that becomes apparent when the group decides to use coercive measures.

Embargo lift won’t strengthen the OAS—Cuba refuses to join and the charter prevents non-democratic nations from joining
LA Times 9
(6/3/9, Los Angeles Times, “Cuba and the OAS,” http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/03/opinion/ed-cuba3, Accessed 12/25/13, JC)

Cuba was booted out of the Organization of American States in 1962 over Fidel Castro's
AND
the Washington-based OAS caters to a U.S. agenda.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Downtown Magnets CZ | Judge: CJ Clevinger
Chow
Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot –
It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the aff project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) 

Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to find solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC. However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) 

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
in the main rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) 

In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s, the
AND
longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
FW
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of economic engagement by the United States federal government and we should only debate its repercussions, nothing in round should matter.

 “Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
B. Violation –the affirmative claims advantages off of discourse and studies.
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits
   a. There’s an infinite number of political theories that would be impossible to predict—avoids clash and explodes neg research burden
   Lutz 2k (Donald S. Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40)
   Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
   AND
   and clarity it lends to an analysis and comparison of ac¬tual political systems.
   c. Talking about anything other than policy-making trades off and it’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
   Robert Farley 2-29, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
   What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
   AND
   , may even prove a pathway to success in a public policy career.
   CAP K
   Their worker visa program is a band-aid on current exploitation—they re-distribute labor savings upwards to elite interests – small adjustments like the plan are the most insidious because they create a snowball effect that powers broader exploitation
   Vogel 11
   (Richard D. Vogel, a political reporter who monitors the effects of neoliberal globalization on working people and their communities. He is a retired high school and junior college teacher who also worked as a truck driver and carpenter, always as an active union, 2011, combatingglobalization.com, “The Evolution of Neoliberal Labor Strategy and Decline of the American Working Class,” http://www.combatingglobalization.com/articles/Neoliberal_Labor_Strategy.html)

The goal of neoliberal labor strategy (NLS) since its inception has always been
AND
concrete guidelines for political action aimed at labor renewal in the 21st century.
Capitalist exploitation causes famine and systematic violence while helping only privileged areas—Latin American poverty is the equivalent of nuclear holocaust
Galeano 72
(Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, http://www.e-reading-lib.org/bookreader.php/149187/Open_Veins_of_Latin_America.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC) 

For its foreign masters and for our commission-agent bourgeoisie, who ¶ have
AND
be a lowering of living standards for all peoples, including his own.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to create and distribute the portable H-5A worker visa for agricultural workers of Mexico under the provisions outlined by the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.
Executive orders solve worker discrepancies between the US and Mexico
Sunstein 2012
(Cass R.; Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs @ US Chamber of Commerce; Eliminating Red Tape Through International Regulatory Affairs; May 1; www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/speeches/eliminating-red-tape-through-international-regulatory-cooperation.pdf; kdf)

In the past decade, it has often been urged, especially by those in
AND
public while also promoting growth, innovation, competiveness, and job creation.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
ASPEC

A. Interpretation: The affirmative must specify which branch of the federal government implements the plan in the 1AC plan text
Dictionary of Politics 73
The federal government consists of three policy-implementing branches. The executive, the legislative, or judicial branches.

POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions won’t pass—neither party will let it
CDI 2/13
(2/13/14, Center for a Democratic Iran, “US legislators ask Congress to delay Iran sanctions vote,” http://www.cdi-iran.org/Article/14775-US_legislators_ask_Congress_to_delay_Iran_sanctions_vote, Accessed 2/14/14, JC)

Centre for a Democratic Iran: A bipartisan group of 104 House members have urged
AND
Iran's foreign minister has warned that additional sanctions would kill the interim deal.
Economic engagement initiatives PERCEIVED as deprioritizing necessary focus on security issues and drug war while kowtowing to Mexico – perception is key and hardliner target spin control to play on fence sitters largest fears
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option. 

CASE
Guest Workers decrease domestic wages and increase illegal immigration—Bracero proves
Edwards 1
(James R, is an Adjunct Fellow with Hudson Institute, “Help Mexico, but Don't Hurt U.S.” April 26, pg online at http://rs.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=839//sd)
And the new Mexican president's dedication to market-based reforms is to be applauded
AND
America's best interest. Open borders, amnesties and guest workers clearly aren't. 

The US should not endorse Mexican visa programs when they have failed to attempt improvements in domestic laws—rampant labor exploitation proves
Friedlander 11
(Written by a group of Macaulay Honors students from Hunter College in Seminar II, Professor Friedlander‘s class studying Mexican immigrants to New York, 2011, “Mexican Workers Exploited in Mexico,” http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/friedlander11/themes/work/mexicans-exploited/mexican-workers-exploited-in-mexico/, Accessed 11/11/13, JC)

The exploitation of workers by their employers is a universal issue, yet in Mexico
AND
other officials were in some way involved in the trafficking of such persons.

The aff is just another promise to be broken—NAFTA already has the worker protection, but the aff can’t overcome bureaucratic enforcement barriers with their visa programs
Brown 4
(Garrett D. Brown, MPH, CIH; Coordinator of the Maquiladora Health and Safety Support Network, December 2004, Maquiladora Health and Safety Support Network, “NAFTA’s 10 Year Failure to Protect Mexican Workers’ Health and Safety,” http://mhssn.igc.org/NAFTA_2004.pdf, Accessed 1/8/14, JC)

The year 2004 marked the 10th anniversary of the North American Free Trade Agreement (
AND
workplace hazard has been corrected as a result of NAFTA and the NAALC.
Aff doesn’t boost legal immigration – Mexican economy is doing too well
O’Neill 12 Shannon O’Neill; February 20, 2012; Mexico's Burgeoning Economy Amid Drug Violence; Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies at Council on Foreign Relations; http://www.cfr.org/mexico/mexicos-burgeoning-economy-amid-drug-violence/p27386
Despite an escalation in drug violence and thousands of people killed in drug-related
AND
a good amount of oil and much of it for the United States.
US immigration policy isn’t key – Mexicans don’t want to come to the US any more
Siegler 4/30 Kirk Siegler; April 30, 2013; Why An Immigration Deal Won't Solve The Farmworker Shortage; Siegler is a correspondent for NPR specializing in immigration policy http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/30/180053057/why-an-immigration-deal-wont-solve-the-farmworker-shortage
Agriculture economist Ed Taylor at the University of California, Davis, says that decline
AND
. That means switching to less labor-intensive crops, or mechanization.
Utilitarianism inevitable even in deontological frameworks
Green, 02 – Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Harvard University (Joshua, November 2002 "The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About It", 314)
Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm for deciding
AND
represents is either dogmatic in an esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist.

Guestworker programs structurally ensure worker exploitation – they prevent collective labor negotiation by creating a reserve army of employees
Choudry 8
Aziz Choudry, GATT watchdog and bilateral.org, 2008, IBON International, ““Free trade”, neoliberal immigration and the globalization of guestworker programs,” http://iboninternational.org/resources/pages/EDM/69/200

The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU, now ITUC 21)
AND
) as a prerequisite for any new concessions on agriculture, for example.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lake Oswego GS | Judge: Taylor Coles
CAPITALISM K
Hip hop is dead.  The aff’s use of hip-hop is anything but revolutionary – the appeal to authentic local practices of experiential knowledge reintrenches the fable of identity and makes a coherent critique of capitalism impossible.  Their conception that hip-hop is necessarily transformative is just another means to covertly essentialize identity and obscure the tools of class analysis.  
Darder, and Torress, 04 Antonia, Prof of education policy studies at U of Illinois,  and Rodolfo, Associate prof of latino studies at UC Irvine, After Race:  Racism after multiculturalism, p. 101-4 liam

The process of signification is at work in the emphasis that critical race theory places
AND
constituted, reproduced and transformed” (Viotti da Costa 2001, 22). 

The focus on ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬social issues becomes an alibi for acquiescence of class struggles – they obscure the logic of capital and ensure repetition of oppression
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994),pp. 92-114)
Post-al logic is marked above all by its erasure of "production"
AND
divided by two antagonistic classes" (see my Theory and its Other).

Vote negative to step outside the system of reformism and demand revolution—the role of the ballot should be to express solidarity with anti-capitalist movements
Harman 95
(Chris, “Economics of the Madhouse,” Chapter 5, Bookmarks Publications, London 1995, http://www.marxists.org/archive/harman/1995/madhouse/5-apart.htm, Accessed 1/2/14)

‘A reprise in the early 21st century of the conditions in the early part
AND
disastrous effect its logic has on the lives of the mass of people.
CHOW K
The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist—their veneration of the oppressed constructs an ideal subaltern with whom they can engage in parasitic solidarity—this is virulent form of colonialism which turns the academy into a site for the consumption of Otherness for personal gain
Chow 93 (Rey, Prof. Literature @ Duke, Writing Diaspora, p. 10-13, CH)

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised." 

Their attempt to raise the question of who is able to speak on the part of the oppressed only reduces the oppressed to tools in the quest for rhetorical victory—reinscribes the privilege which enables them to speak in the first place.
Chow 93 (Rey, Prof. Literature @ Duke, Writing Diaspora, p. 10-13, CH)

But while it effectively raises our consciousness in regard to the privileged positions enjoyed by
AND
who speak—this is the answer this question is meant to provoke.

Our roles as intellectuals is not to interrogate oppression, but to challenge and interrogate our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place. The alternative is to let immigrants speak from their own social location.
Chow 93 (Rey, Prof. Literature @ Duke, Writing Diaspora, p. 15-17, CH)

While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons—especially in cases where
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
GENDER PIC
Text: We endorse the entirety of the 1AC excluding the gendered language.
Imposing discursive norms such as “mankind” or “he”, the other team perpetuates the world into a masculine norm where women become invisible.
Goueffic 96 (Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. Breaking the patriarchal code.   Pg. 13-14 : 1996. MR.)
From the I 960s until today, such-questioning has involved a shift  from
AND
more than one meaning, and language  users' intentions are obscure and unpredictable. 

Sexist language is the root cause of patriarchy—leads to male supremacy and loss of women’s agency.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Feminist Philosophy of Language” http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-language/. MR.)
1Sme feminists (e.g. Penelope 1990; Spender 1985) argue that
AND
of their lives, and unable to communicate important aspects of their thoughts.

Any word that depicts women as sex objects or social norms not applicable to men leads to the exclusion of women. We must challenge our discourse in this round and change the meaning of words to solve patriarchy and chauvinism.
Goueffic 96 (Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. Breaking the patriarchal code. Pg. 13-14 : 1996. MR.)
Couched within words are presuppositions about gender, that is many taken-for-
AND
difficult or impractical, or that it interferes with our freedom of speech.
Only by recognizing our sexist and offensive language can we change our perception on the way we use words. Language determines reality, which means the alternative is one step to deconstructing patriarchy.
Gibbon 1999 (Margaret, Professor at the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies, Dublin City University, “Feminist Perspectives on Language, Pg. 37-38, LV)
Linguistic relativity has been of great interest to feminist linguists. If language can be
AND
structure to representation of women and men in language, thought and perception.
FRAMEWORK
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of investment in transportation infrastructure by the United States federal government

 “Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. 

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta 2k http://encarta.msn.com
 “The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”

B. Violation –the affirmative doesn’t defend an investment in transportation infrastructure
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits
   a. There’s an infinite number of political theories that would be impossible to predict—avoids clash and explodes neg research burden
   Lutz 2k (Donald S. Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40)
   Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
   AND
   and clarity it lends to an analysis and comparison of ac¬tual political systems. 

b. Narrow topics force conflicts of interest and creates clash—best model of debate and solves policy paralysis

Steinberg 8 Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

2. Switch-side debate
a. reclaims agency by forcing debaters to divorce themselves from ideology and prevents genocide
Roberts-Miller 03
(Patricia Roberts-Miller is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003)
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
 Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

b. Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
3. Roleplaying
a. We control UQ—students come to debate with assumptions—empirically only roleplaying forces debaters to overcome dogma and learn to form policy
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

b. Ignoring questions of policy causes political blindness—roleplaying uniquely provides a critical lens of status quo policy analysis that solves the critique
Joyner 99. Professor of International Law at Georgetown, 1999 Christopher C., “Teaching International Law,”  5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377, l/n
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

c. That’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
Robert Farley 2-29, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
AND
, may even prove a pathway to success in a public policy career.
4. Extra-topicality—the aff adds non-governmental action to the resolution from which they claim all their advantages which creates an unfair division of ground and explodes the neg research burden. Even if what they do is predictable, it’s infinitely regressive and justifies other extra-topical actions—that’s an independent voter
5. Topic education
Role playing and decision making solves Latin American education failure in the US.
Cook, Education Practitioner, 85
Kay K., September 1985, “Latin American Studies”, http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/latin.htm, accessed 7/7/13, ALT

Gallup polls indicate that Latin America--Mexico, Central America, South America,
AND
methods of introducing Latin American culture and erasing preconceived notions about that region.
*CASE*
Hip hop reinforces stereotypes-gives racism a green card
Kitwana 2- fellow at the Jamestown Project, think tank @ Harvard
(Bakari, “The Hip Hop Generation,” p. xxiMGD)
A final obstacle is the unprecedented influence Black youth have achieved through popular culture,
AND
inferiority and insulate the new problems in African American culture from redemptive criticism. 

Hip hop is inevitably marketed to white consumers- turns black culture into a commodity that can be tossed away
Hartigan 5- prof of anthropology @ UT, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz
(John, South Atlantic Quarterly 104.3, Summer, “Culture against Race: Reworking the Basis for Racial AnalysisMGD”)
One might be tempted to assume that Gilroy’s stance is largely polemical, but his
AND
be able to do away with race, but seemingly not with culture.
We do, in fact, know the difference between simulation and reality—the media plays a healthy role in the public sphere.  
March, 95 James Marsh, Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University, 95, Critique, Action, and Liberation, pp. 292-293

Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7
Rap and hip hop are tools to be exploited by corporations- images of rap as a platform just entrench racism
Kitwana 2- fellow at the Jamestown Project, think tank @ Harvard
(Bakari, “The Hip Hop Generation,” p. 9-11MGD)
Let us begin with popular culture and the visibility of Black youth within it.
AND
that gave young Blacks a platform was the driving force behind our plight.

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 3 | Opponent: CK McClatchy HH | Judge: Michelle Rodriguez
CAP K
Economic engagement with Cuba destroys the last stronghold of socialism—reject their claim that development of capitalism is universally good
Harrison 8
(Dr. Faye Venetia Harrison, Professor of Anthropology and African American Studies @ University of Florida, “Everyday Neoliberalism in Cuba: A Glimpse from Jamaica”, Outsider Within: Reworking Anthropology in the Global Age, p. 209-210, http://duca94.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/harrison002.pdf, Accessed 6/12/13, JC)

At this historic post-Cold War juncture when capitalism appears to have triumphed over
AND
economic organization? Can Cuban socialism be sustained as a sanctuary under siege?
Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Interpretation—The judge is an intellectual and should evaluate the debate based on which methodology is more justifiable form of ethics or knowledge production.
We’re running the Cap K as an impact turn—even if they can weigh their advantages, but our framing issues mean you give the K priority in your decision making calculus.
Our positioning as students is key—necessary to prevent capitalism from co-opting pedagogical spaces and reclaiming those spaces for resistances
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)

Finding our way to a more humane future demands a new politics, a new
AND
injustice wherever it occurs and hope with a realistic notion of social change.
T-QPQ

Economic engagement must be unconditional—‘strings attached’ runs counter to trade and investment links
Smith 5 (Karen E, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, London School of Economics, “Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,”  May 2005, Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:8-3RqE0TzFMJ:scholar.google.com/+engagement+positive+incentives+bilateralandhl=enandas_sdt=0,14)

First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.
POLITICS DA
Boehner will bring CIR up for vote—hiring Rebecca Tallent shows commitment
Matthews 12/4 (Lauren, writer for International Business Times, “Immigration Reform 2013: Opponents Not Happy With Boehner’s New Hire Rebecca Tallent”, IBT 12/4/13, http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-2013-opponents-not-happy-boehners-new-hire-rebecca-tallent-1495314, MB)
If comprehensive immigration reform advocates were looking for a glimmer of hope that House Republicans
AND
and try to craft some sort of legislation that can obtain the votes.”

Empirics prove plan is unpopular and requires intense lobbying
Donald R. Dinan 2002 Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, specializing in international trade law, intellectual property law, and litigation. He advises both foreign and domestic clients in these areas, often combining all three disciplines to obtain resolutions of international trade problems. Professor Dinan practices¶ before the trade agencies of the United States government, including the International¶ Trade Commission, the Department of Commerce, and the United States Trade Representative Fordham International Law Journal, “An Analysis of the United States-Cuba¶ “Havana Club” Rum Case Before the World¶ Trade Organization”, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1873andcontext=ilj

The United States announced in April 2002 that, pursuant¶ to discussions with the
AND
United States back before¶ the WTO for a summary enforcement proceeding. 177
Boehner won’t break the HR consecutively; he fears GOP backlash—fiscal cliff proves
Levin 7/1 (Brian, reporter for HuffPost, “Boehner Should Drop Hastert Rule, Honor Pledge to Let House 'Work Its Will' on Immigration Reform”, Huffington Post 7/1/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-levin/boehner-should-drop-hastert_b_3519112.html, MB)
In a June 11th appearance on Good Morning America, Speaker John Boehner commented on
AND
discharge petition to force a vote, whether he likes it or not.

Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
T—INCREASE

1. Interpretation—engagement is establishing an interdependent relationship—it’s distinct from appeasement
   Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.
2. Violation—removing sanctions is appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace.”
AND
If this isn't appeasement, I don't know how better to define the word.
IPR Advantage
No Solvency – Self policing kills innovation
Kerle, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, ’07 (Clemens, “International IP Protection For GMO – a Biotech Odyssey”, 2007, http://www.stlr.org/html/volume8/kerle.pdf, accessed 7/24/13, JF)
GURTs can certainly overcome the imitation problem that the inventor faces. But contrary to
AND
The implications of this finding for IP policy will be further addressed below.
NO PRECEDENT:  International law will be cited only when it is ideologically convenient:
Bader 9. DC Scotus Examiner Supreme Court Justice's inconsistency on international law http://www.examiner.com/x-7812-DC-SCOTUS-Examiner~y2009m4d13-Supreme-Court-Justices-Hypocrisy-on-International-Law
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg says that American courts should look more to foreign court rulings
AND
damages, even if the government itself doesn’t have to pay a dime.
International law isn’t key to global cooperation to solve transnational problems
Estreicher, 2003 Law Professor at NYU, (Samuel, “Rethinking the Binding Effect of Customary International Law,” Virginia Journal of International Law Association, Fall, 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 5)
As for the subsidiary law that an increasingly interdependent world needs in advance of treaties
AND
any such benefit warrants the accompanying costs - to which I now turn.
(--) Move towards customary international law is
Repealing Section 211 destroys property rights – legitimates theft by allowing states to confiscate property without compensation
Lehman 04 Bruce A. Lehman, Former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks (“Testimony of The Honorable Bruce Lehman”, 7/13/04, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ffc2ea6andwit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ffc2ea6-2-5)
Also under discussion is S. 2002 which would repeal Section 211 among other precarious
AND
compliant with the WTO decision while upholding traditional principles of United States law.

IPR harmonization fails – US won’t give up first-to-invent system
Sheldon Mak and Anderson 1995 (Full-service intellectual property firm providing legal expertise in the areas of Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights, Trade Secrets, Litigation and International IP Law, ‘FIRST-TO-FILE V. FIRST-TO-INVENT: A BONE OF CONTENTION IN THE INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION OF U.S. PATENT LAW,’ Sheldow Mak and Anderson Intellectual Property Law, http://www.usip.com/pdf/Article_Patents/1st2fil.pdf)

A international treaty harmonizing the laws that govern the creation and enforcement of ownership rights
AND
WIPO draft treaty has stalled U.S. participation in this treaty. 

IPR harmonization hurts developing countries
Comune et al 11 (Maria Comune - PhD researcher in Law and Economics at the University of Siena, Alireza Naghavi - assistant professor of International Economics at the University of Bologna, and Giovanni Prarolo - assistant professor of economics at the University of Bologna, July 2011, “Intellectual Property Rights and South-North Formation of Global Innovation Networks,” Recent Center for Economic Research, http://www.recent.unimore.it/wp/RECent-wp69.pdf)
This paper has conducted an empirical analysis at micro and macro level of the influence
AND
in the international outsourcing and offshoring of innovation or in patenting activities abroad. 

COUNTERFEITING ADVANTAGE
No counterfeiting internal link—even if Cuba’s key, aff doesn’t solve for the rest of the world.

Pharmaceuticals won’t solve pandemics – economic interest prevent vaccine dissemination to the poor
Shah, Global Issues, Editor, 2000
Anup Shah, May 2000, “Pharmaceutical Corporations and Medical Research”, http://www.globalissues.org/article/52/pharmaceutical-corporations-and-medical-research, accessed, 7-12-13 AMS

Pharmaceutical companies have contributed to people’s improved health and prolonged life, generally speaking.
AND
took huge public outcry to get the case dropped some 2 years later.)¶
No impact—legal drugs cause just as much TB resistance as illegal ones and that’s better

No disease can kill us all – structural limitations
Gladwell 95 – New York bureau chief of the Washington Post (“The Plague Year”, 7/17/95, The New Republic, http://cuwhist.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/the-plague-year-book-review-of-hot-zone.pdf)//WL
What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

Disease doesn’t cause extinction – Transmission and survivors are inversely related
Leah R. Gerber, Associate Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Sciences, 8-05, "Exposing Extinction Risk Analysis to Pathogens: Is Disease Just Another Form of Density Dependence?,” Ecological Society of America, Jstor Zheng
The density of it population is an important parameter for both PVA and host-
AND
extent to which transmission depends on the density of the endangered host species. 

Squo Solves TB
WHO 12 World Health Organization (“GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2012”, 10/17/12, http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_main.pdf)
Progress towards global targets for reductions in ¶ TB cases and deaths continues. The
AND
. Eleven vaccines to prevent TB are moving ¶ through development stages. ¶
Adaptation checks—governments and health care systems prepared for disease
Zakaria 9 - Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard (Fareed, “The Sky Isn’t Falling,” 5/16/9,  Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/197922)//WL
It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nevada Union PB | Judge: Jaymee Go
T
A) Interpretation – In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.
Helweg 2k (Diana, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other.
FW
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of economic engagement by the United States federal government and we should only debate its repercussions, nothing in round should matter.

“Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
B. Violation –the affirmative claims advantages off of discourse and studies.
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits
   a. There’s an infinite number of political theories that would be impossible to predict—avoids clash and explodes neg research burden
   Lutz 2k (Donald S. Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40)
   Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
   AND
   and clarity it lends to an analysis and comparison of ac¬tual political systems.
   c. Talking about anything other than policy-making trades off and it’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
   Robert Farley 2-29, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
   What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
   AND
   , may even prove a pathway to success in a public policy career.
   XO CP
   Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to insert plan.

Administration efforts solve Latin American policy – bypasses Congress
Hallow 1/7
(Ralph Z. Hallow, The Washington Times, “A Top 10 list for the new Congress:
Issues, trends to watch on Capitol Hill in 2013, beyond”, 1-7-13, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/7/top-10-list-for-the-new-congress/) MaxL

4) Benghazi and the world: Despite the administration’s best efforts, the problems
AND
that can’t be blocked legislatively but pile more regulations on the private sector.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.

Obama can denounce Cuba as a terror state
Heuvel 6/13
(Katrina Vanden, is the editor, publisher, and part-owner of the magazine The Nation6/2/13, The Washington Post, “The US Should End the Cuban Embargo,” http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-02/opinions/40316090_1_embargo-limited-private-enterprise-odebrecht, Accessed: 7/5/13, LPS.)

It is long past time for the United States to end the embargo and influence
AND
people-to-people exchange program that would actually have some influence.
CAP K
The aff excludes class and material analysis – that crowds out interest in capitalism in the field  – that means it’s bound to fail and makes it just another tool in class domination
Herring 8
(Eric Herring, Reader in International Politics, 2008, “Critical terrorism studies: an activist scholar perspective”, Critical studies on terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 198 – 200, Fontana)

In the development of critical security studies thus far, never mind mainstream security studies
AND
in the traditional approaches chapter which is structured around realism and¶ liberalism.

Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
APPEASEMENT DA
Obama’s hardline on Cuba now—denounces economic conservatism and political oppression
BBC 11
(9/13/11, BBC News, “Barack Obama says Cuba's reforms not aggressive enough,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14894145, Accessed 1/1/14, JC)

Recent changes in Cuba have not been "aggressive enough" to open its economy or reform its
AND
here you have this small island that is a throwback to the 60s."
Removing Cuba from the terror list is appeasement—they terrorize their people and aid anti-American organizations
Cardenas 13
Al, Chair of American Conservative Union and Cuban-American, 4/30/13, The Human events Group, “WHY CAN’T WE VACATION IN CUBA? BECAUSE IT’S A TERROR STATE,” http://www.humanevents.com/2013/04/30/presidents-got-more-than-99-problems-and-jay-zs-trip-to-cuba-is-one/, accessed 7/2/13, AK

Cuba is a terrorist nation. China didn’t seize our assets or deploy nuclear weapons
AND
of all efforts to undermine America and the values for which we stand.

That spills over globally—it’s perceived as a diplomatic victory
Claver-Carone 13
(Mauricio Claver-Carone, former attorney-advisor with the U.S. Treasury Department and director of the U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC, “Cuba Sees an Opening”, The American, 4-2-13, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism)//RDa

The State Department is reportedly considering dropping Cuba’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism
AND
absolute control over the island, nor is it likely to do so.
We’re one step away from collapse of US leadership—appeasement emboldens challengers and causes Iran prolif, North Korean conflict, China war, and Indo-Pak border tensions
Chapin and Hanson 9
(Bernard - interviewer and Victor Davis - Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 12/7/9, PJ Media, “Change, Weakness, Disaster, Obama: Answers from Victor Davis Hanson,” p. 1, http://pjmedia.com/blog/change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/, Accessed 1/1/14)

Dr. Hanson: Well, he answered that already: we Americans are exceptional only to the degree that AND
 I think we got off the back of the tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.
POLITICS DA
Iran sanctions won’t pass now—Democratic leaders side with Obama now
Sargent 2/3
(Greg, 2/3/14, Washington Post, “Another big blow to the Iran sanctions bill,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/02/03/another-big-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/, Accessed 2/6/14, JC)

The push for a new Iran sanctions bill may have stalled in the Senate, but it’s still alive and kicking in the House
AND
it’s been signed by some prominent Jewish Democrats and at least one member of the Dem leadership (James Clyburn).
Terror list removal saps political capital—Cuban Americans have massive clout
Williams 13
(Carol J. Williams, 5/3/13, “Political calculus keeps Cuba on U.S. list of terror sponsors”, http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502,0,2494970.story, accessed 6/24/13, KR)

Politicians who have pushed for a continued hard line against Cuba cheered their victory in
AND
out to Cuba, that he has more important foreign policy battles elsewhere.”
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option. 

CASE
Unilateral concessions to Cuba embolden the regime, cause violent repression, and undermine Cuban democracy movements
Gutierrez-Boronat, Professor at Florida International University, 10 (Orlando, 9/15/13, Quarterly Americas, “Concessions to the Cubans would Embolden the Regime” http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1816, accessed 6/29/13, KR)

We shouldn't make unilateral concessions to the Castro regime because it will cost lives.
AND
because they will directly decrease the political cost of repression for the regime.
No solvency—separately codified sanctions mean terror list removal doesn’t get more goods to Cuba
Carone 13
Mauricio Claver, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 4-2-13, The American, “Cuba Sees an Opening,” http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR

Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
AND
Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.
CTS’ deconstructivist strategy only serves to reify status quo discourse—it rebuilds rather than dissipates the narrative
Edelmann, PhD candidate in Political Science and International Relations, 11
Florian, December, Forum Regensburger Politikwissenschaftler, “The Dialectic of Construction-Deconstruction II:
A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches”, http://www.regensburger-politikwissenschaftler.de/frp_working_paper_12_2011.pdf, accessed 6/29/13, VJ
This notion of a “minimal foundationlism” closely resembles Spivaks concept of “strate
AND
, these approaches may result in a ›new orthodoxy‹ or reify conventional

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize
Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, “Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ‘state sponsors of terrorism' list,” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department's list of
AND
. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."
Terrorism studies don’t exclude state terror from their analysis.
Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, “A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies,” Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

State reliance on terrorist techniques that is directed against its own citizens, moreover,
AND
key terrorism journals. 14
Turn- their counterterrorism and civil liberties impacts are much worse in a world of a successful terror strike.
Ignatieff 4 Michael, former director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, former Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto and a senior fellow of the university's Munk Centre for International Studies; “Could We Lose the War on Terror? Lesser Evils,” New York Times Magazine, 5/02

Consider the consequences of a second major attack on the mainland United States -- the detonation AND
we need to change the way we think, to step outside the confines of our cozy conservative and liberal boxes.
CTS is wrong—violence is purely instrumental
Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09
David Martin, M.L.R., Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, “We’re All Terrorists Now: Critical—or
Hypocritical—Studies “on” Terrorism?”,Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 295-296, accessed 6/29/13, VJ
Interestingly, the specter haunting both conventional and critical terrorism studies is that both assume
AND
. These reviewers agree: they are two sides of the same coin.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Hamilton PC | Judge: Stephanie Garrett
T-GTG
Economic engagement is government to government—excludes private contacts
Kahler and Kastner 06
Miles, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at University of California, San Diego, and Scott, Department of Government and Politics at University of Maryland, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Journal of Peace Research, Sage. 

Economic engagement – a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
research on this interesting and important feature of security policy and international politics.
CONDITION CP
Counterplan Text: The United States federal government should insert plan if and only if the United Mexican States recognizes the rights to organize, bargain collectively, and strike and demonstrates improvement in treatment of abused and underpaid workers.

The international community can pressure the government to enforce Mexican workers rights—this leads to better working conditions
Oliver 11
(Ranko Shiraki Oliver, Associate Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) William H. Bowen School of Law, Presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium on The Global Impact and Implementation of Human Rights Norms. “Mexico’s Dilemma: Workers’ Rights or Workers’ Comparative Advantage in the Age of Globalization?”, http://www.mcgeorge.edu/Documents/Conferences/GlobeJune2012_MexicosDilemma.pdf) LOH

The previous section discussed serious economic and social problems that the Mexican government faces,
AND
strike, should be enforced by mechanisms considerably stronger than mere “discussion.”
SHUNNING DA
The US should not negotiate with Mexico when they have failed to attempt improvements in domestic laws
Friedlander 11
(Written by a group of Macaulay Honors students from Hunter College in Seminar II, Professor Friedlander‘s class studying Mexican immigrants to New York, 2011, “Mexican Workers Exploited in Mexico,” http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/friedlander11/themes/work/mexicans-exploited/mexican-workers-exploited-in-mexico/, Accessed 11/11/13, JC)

The exploitation of workers by their employers is a universal issue, yet in Mexico, a country whose
AND
other officials were in some way involved in the trafficking of such persons.
Human rights are most important—we have a responsibility to search for democratic alternatives as a road to world peace
Gyatso 8
Tenzin, 12-10-08, The 24th Dalai Lama, Human Rights, Democracy and Freedom, http://www.dalailama.com/messages/world-peace/human-rights-democracy-and-freedom, 7-9-13, GZ

This year, 2008, marks the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
AND
importantly, democracy is also the most effective basis for ensuring world peace.

Engagement with human rights abusers makes you complicit with Evil, no political end is worth this compromise.
Gordon and Gordon, senior lecturer at Ben-Gurion University, and independent Scholar, 95
(Haim and Rivca, “Sartre and Evil: Guidelines for a Struggle,” 1995, xvi-xvii, Questia, 7-2-13, JS)

Put differently, this book is also about us, a man and a woman
AND
ongoing fight against impotence -- that characterize any worthy struggle for freedom today.
CAP K
Work visas are labor exploitation – they re-distribute labor savings upwards to elite interests – small adjustments like the plan are the most insidious because they create a snowball effect that powers broader exploitation
Vogel 11
(Richard D. Vogel, a political reporter who monitors the effects of neoliberal globalization on working people and their communities. He is a retired high school and junior college teacher who also worked as a truck driver and carpenter, always as an active union, 2011, combatingglobalization.com, “The Evolution of Neoliberal Labor Strategy and Decline of the American Working Class,” http://www.combatingglobalization.com/articles/Neoliberal_Labor_Strategy.html)

The goal of neoliberal labor strategy (NLS) since its inception has always been
AND
concrete guidelines for political action aimed at labor renewal in the 21st century.
Claims that “Mexico wants the plan” substitute Mexican elite interests for majority public opinion – their evidence is propaganda used to gut public institutions and cement an alliance between US and Mexican capital
Shor 12
Francis, Professor of History at Wayne State University-- http://newpol.org/content/us-economic-imperialism-and-resistance-global-south-prelude-ows Summer 2012

The devastation and disruption wrought by U.S. economic imperialism was obviously co
AND
, the Zapatistas also looked forward to creating a new and better world. 

We have to address class domination to ensure a fluid gender system
Smith 83 (Dorothy, professor of sociology @ Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, “Women, Class, And Family” P. 2-4 JF)

The tack I have taken is somewhat different. I cannot see a mode of
AND
are where we do our work. This is what we must understand. 

Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject the aff’s capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
CASE
The West cannot speak for third world women—it results in objectification especially when it tries to manipulate lived experiences in order to separate gender from culture
Suleri 92
(Sara Suleri, English professor @ Yale University, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 18, No. 4, Identities (Summer, 1992), “Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition,” p. 759-62, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343829, Accessed 9/9/13, JC)
*rectitude = morally correct behavior or thinking; righteousness.

In the context of contemporary feminist discourse, I would argue, ¶ the category
AND
the hidden and unnecessary desire to resus- ¶ citate the "self." 

Maquiladoras are better than other local work—the aff can’t solve the real problems, which include a lack of economic mobility
Sargent and Matthews 99 – John D. Sargent: Assistant professor of Management and International Business at Florida International University; extensive fieldwork experience in Mexico on the maquiladora industry and multinational firms. Linda M. Matthews: Ph.D. candidate in organizational   behavior and human resource management at the School   of Business Administration at the University of Washington. (Jan. 1999, “Exploitation or Choice? Exploring the Relative Attractiveness of Employment in the Maquiladoras,” http://www.jstor.org/stable/25074047?origin=JSTOR-pdf)

Discussion and conclusion   The majority of maquila workers interviewed for   this study indicated that they
AND
can play a productive role   for lower class segments of the Mexican population.

Consequences matter – the tunnel vision of moral absolutism generates evil and political irrelevance
Issac 2 (Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers.  It promotes arrogance.  And it undermines political effectiveness.  
The status of womyn is getting better in Mexico—violence is globally recognized and organizations are promoting activism now
Lyderson 3
(Kari, journalism professor @ Columbia College and We the People Media instructor, November 2003, “Las Desaparecidas: The Lost Women of Ciudad Juarez,” http://karilydersen.com/index.php?module=pagemasterandPAGE_user_op=view_pageandPAGE_id=47, Accessed 9/10/13, JC) Note: Date based on most recent citation

 A variety of women’s groups and organizations of the victims’ mothers have formed in
AND
where family members, scholars and activists from around the world came together.
The aff’s essentialism of women in the debate space makes the affirmative an empowered subject who ignores the role of class in gender inequality
Cabrera 10
(Patricia Munoz Cabrera. Intersection Violences: A Review of Feminist Theories and Debates on Violence against Women and Poverty in Latin America.  2010)
*VAW = Violence Against Women

This tension becomes clearer if one considers the way Latin American women scholars engage with
AND
by the concepts of gender and sexual difference” (1990: 133).
Their representation of women in Mexico as powerless without external aid constructs a powerless subject—this creates a frame of victimization that denies agency in spite of oppression
Kappeller 95 (Susanne, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg. 18)

There cannot therefore in the context of specific women’s actions be continued and undifferentiated talk
AND
metaphorically and all too lightly by claim¬ing victim status on account of oppression.

The affirmative is a perfect erasure of the other; they craft an image of the other in terms of their own systems of knowledge. This image inevitably overwhelms the other and denies them any sort of individual subjectivity.

Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.

This is partly the case because of what has been called the "crisis of
AND
individual doubt, we are denying a reality of our experiential lives.9
Activism is bad in debate---causes ideological cloistering, shuts out debates over implementation, and prevents agonistic engagement
Talisse 5
(Robert, Prof of Phil @ Vanderbilt, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges” Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31.4 *this evidence has been gender modified)

The activist implicitly holds that there could be no reasoned objection to his views concerning
AND
as presented by Young’s activist, is an unreasonable model of political engagement. 

Kritiks focus on patriarchy ignores the role race and social status plays in creation of oppression
Noh, 3. assistant professor of Asian American studies at California State University, Fullerton, 2003
Eliza, Problematics of Transnational Feminism for Asian American Women, The New Centennial Review 3.3, Project Muse, Stevens
Pluralizing "women's oppression" cannot get around the fact that there exist "various
AND
far apart from white femininity as they may be from Asian masculine subjects.
 This dooms the K—only differentiating the ways in which patriarchal violence is located can create true solidarity
Noh, 3. assistant professor of Asian American studies at California State University, Fullerton, 2003
Eliza, Problematics of Transnational Feminism for Asian American Women, The New Centennial Review 3.3, Project Muse, Stevens
I would like to investigate briefly the desire fueling transnational feminism's attempt to create alliances
AND
of feminism cannot seem to move beyond a superficial level of emotional investment.
Turn and aff doesn’t solve: feminism silences voices of non-Western, non-white women.
Goetz, 91 research fellow in Development studies at U of Sussex, (Anne Goetz, “Gender and International Relations,” Harper and Row, 1991, J)
Third world women have accused first world and western-trained feminists of exercising a
AND
women in development into a norm setting activity by a counter-elite.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Green Valley YS | Judge: Jon Sussman
Framework
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of the plan

“Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
 

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta 2k http://encarta.msn.com
 “The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”

B. Violation –the affirmative doesn’t defend economic engagement with Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits

a. They justify infinite unpredictable kritikal frameworks. This forces an uneducational form of engagement where the neg throws off case at the wall to see what sticks, and where we only have two choices: framework or border violence good.
b. Narrow topics force conflicts of interest and creates clash—best model of debate and solves policy stagnation

Steinberg 8 Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

2. Switch-side debate
a. reclaims agency by forcing debaters to divorce themselves from ideology and prevents genocide
Roberts-Miller 03
(Patricia Roberts-Miller is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003)
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
 Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

b. Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
3. a. Roleplaying - Ignoring questions of policy causes political ignorance—roleplaying uniquely provides a critical lens of status quo policy analysis that solves the critique
Joyner 99. Professor of International Law at Georgetown, 1999 Christopher C., “Teaching International Law,”  5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377, l/n
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

b. That’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
Robert Farley 12, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
AND
, may even prove a pathway to success in a public policy career.
4. Extra-topicality—the aff adds non-governmental action to the resolution from which they claim all their advantages which creates an unfair division of ground and explodes the neg research burden. Even if what they do is predictable, it’s infinitely regressive and justifies other extra-topical actions—that’s an independent voter.
5. Topic education - role playing and decision making solves Latin American education failure in the US.
Cook 85
Kay K., Education Practitioner, September 1985, “Latin American Studies”, http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/latin.htm, accessed 7/7/13, ALT

Gallup polls indicate that Latin America--Mexico, Central America, South America,
AND
methods of introducing Latin American culture and erasing preconceived notions about that region.
Capitalism K
The affirmative sustains capitalism by denying the fluid nature of borders in claiming they can be separated from capitalism—only orthodox Marxism can solve the harms of the aff by recognizing structural inequality as the source of division
DeFazio 2
Kimberly, professor @ the English Department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, May/June, Red Critique, “Whither Borders?”, http://www.redcritique.org/MayJune02/whitherborders.htm, accessed 7-19-13, GSK 

Until recently the leaders of big business couldn't boast enough about the new "borderless
AND
of postmodern "hybridity" and the more popular discourse of the Internet.

Capitalist exploitation causes famine and systematic violence while helping only privileged areas—Latin American poverty is the equivalent of nuclear holocaust
Galeano 72
(Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, http://www.e-reading-lib.org/bookreader.php/149187/Open_Veins_of_Latin_America.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC) 

For its foreign masters and for our commission-agent bourgeoisie, who have sold
AND
be a lowering of living standards for all peoples, including his own.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
Ableism PIC
Jennifer and I advocate for the entirety of the 1AC minus their use of ableist language.
In CX they used the word “blindly” as if it meant we do things without thinking about them – this trivializes the disabled body.
K comes first – our scholarship must deconstruct the assumed normality and perfectibility of the body.  Voting neg acknowledges the need to accept the diversity of life worlds
Campbell 9 (Fiona Kumari, Prof at Griffith Law School in Australia, Convenor of the Australasia’s largest postgraduate disability studies program in the School of Human Services and Social Work at Griffith, Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness, pp 3-6)
My approach is three pronged. First, I explore the problem of speak-
AND
next section, the dividing practices of ableism are considered in more detail.
Case
The political state is increasingly taking a more humanitarian approach—empirics prove.
Held 99—Graham Wallas Professor of Political Science and Co-Director at the Center for the Study of Global Governance
(David, “Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture”, Stanford University Press, 1999, Google Books)AW

The American Convention on Human Rights, along with other regional conventions, contains clear
AND
growing institutionalization, exemplifies the phenomenon of globalization’ (1998, .p82).
Cultural borders are inevitable—the aff can’t free itself from the Eurocentric logic of recognition that privileges “respect, freedom, and equality” and leaves untouched the basic structures of oppression—betterment of peoples’ lives within the colonial matrix of power is insufficient to solve
Maldonado-Torres 8
Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 148-50 

It is not possible to understand fully the difference between Fanon's and Honneth's critical takes
AND
violates the very meaning and purpose of the logic of lordship and bondage.

The neg’s support for whitenesses ontologically expansive nature allows for the rearrangement of stereotypes and scapegoating- they are merely a new manifestation of the dominant ideology, not a challenge to it
Sullivan 7
(Shannon, , associate professor of philosophy and women’s studies at Penn State University Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege pg. 10-11)

Willett has suggested Foucault, but what also, turning to Mills's main question,
AND
underground in contemporary Western democracies to the extent that racial prejudice has done.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Ajay Vishwanath
POLITICS DA
Geneva deal will pass within the month
George 12/31 (Marcus, writer for Reuters, “Iran says nuclear deal to be implemented in late January”, Reuters.com 12/31/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/31/us-iran-nuclear-idUSBRE9BU07E20131231, MB)
(Reuters) - World powers and Iran have agreed to start implementing in late
AND
but U.S. officials said it did not breach the agreement.

Drains capital—hostage-taking on Cuba policy due to empirical bipartisan backlash
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to remove United States sanctions on Cuba.

CP is constitutional and effective
AS-COA 2/20 (Americas Society—Council of the Americas, Seven Steps the U.S. President Can Take to Promote Change in Cuba by Adapting the Embargo, 2/20/13, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/seven-steps-us-president-can-take-promote-change-cuba-adapting-embargo)//LA
A careful reading of U.S. policy goals toward Cuba and the set
AND
make these necessary reforms to further U.S. policy to Cuba.¶
XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
CAPITALISM K
Lifting the embargo paves the way for capitalism to bulldoze over Cuba’s people and environment – it is the only obstacle to ecological destruction and cultural independence.
Conell 9
(Christina, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be Environmental Partners,” June 12, Online: http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)

Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo, the
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

Globalization creates internal warfare—ecological collapse, global class conflict, and dehumanization
Robinson 96
(William I., professor of sociology @ University of Tennessee and Research
Associate with the Center for International Studies of the Central American University, Raced Class, 38, 2, “Globalization: nine theses on our epoch”, p. 24-26, http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/robinson/Assets/pdf/Globalization.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC)

Eighth, there are deep contradictions in emergent world society that make uncertain the very
AND
threatens the survival of our species and of life itself on our planet.

Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
ENVIRONMENT ADVANTAGE
Biodiversity loss inevitable—even if habitat loss stops species will go extinct due to delayed effects
Krauss et al 10
(Jochen Krauss,1,* Riccardo Bommarco,2 Moisès Guardiola,3 Risto K Heikkinen,4 Aveliina Helm,5 Mikko Kuussaari,4Regina Lindborg,6 Erik Öckinger,2 Meelis Pärtel,5 Joan Pino,3 Juha Pöyry,4 Katja M Raatikainen,4 Anu Sang,5Constantí Stefanescu,7 Tiit Teder,5 Martin Zobel,5 and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,1 1Population Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany 2Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 3CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 4Finnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland 5Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 511005, Tartu, Estonia 6Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 7Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers de Ciències Naturals, Francesc Macià, 51, E-08402 Granollers, Spain, “Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels,” PubMed Central, May 2010,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871172)//SS

Loss of biodiversity is a worldwide concern. One primary cause of species loss is
AND
. 2006; Kuussaari et al. 2009; Jackson and Sax 2010).

Reject their generic multilateralism evidence—their solvency evidence means that lifting the embargo might increase OAS credibility, but it definitely doesn’t say anything about removing market barriers to funding, or guarantee that OAS funding goes toward climate adaptation.
The problem isn’t multilateralism, it’s funding—rich nations won’t provide money and the plan can’t force them to direct money to climate adaptation
Vidal 12
(John Vidal, 11/26/12, The Guardian, “Climate change adaptation cash for poor countries fails to materialize,” http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/nov/26/climate-change-adaptation-poor-countries, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

Wealthy countries have not only failed to provide cash to help poor people adapt to
AND
change," said Oxfam in its The climate fiscal cliff report (pdf).

Negative feedbacks check warming—recent data proves climate models are flawed
Evans 12
(consultant of the Australian Greenhouse Office/Department of Climate Change, main modeler of carbon in Australia’s biosphere 1999-2005, mathematician, engineer with 6 university degrees, Ph.D. from Stanford in electrical engineering (David. M. W., “The Skeptic’s Case”, 2/24/12;  https://mises.org/daily/5892/The-Skeptics-Case)//Beddow

The serious skeptical scientists have always agreed with the government climate scientists about the direct
AND
. Why is that? Who has the power to make that happen?
Warming good—helps biodiversity
Idso et al 26 January 2011 The Fate of Tropical Rainforests in a Super CO2-Enriched and Warmer World http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N4/EDIT.php Sherwood Idso, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and former adjunct professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at Arizona State University, and Keith Idso, adjunct associate in plant biology at Arizona State University, CO2 Science, “Feedback Factors (Diffuse Light) – Summary”, http://co2science.org/subject/f/summaries/feedbackdiffuse.php

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) of some 56 million years ago
AND
well as preserving what yet remains of what we could call wild nature.

Coral reefs have evolved to overcome climate change
NIPCC 10. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change citing Grimsditch et al. Effects of Habitat on Coral Bleaching. 28 December 2010. http://nipccreport.org/articles/2010/dec/28dec2010a7.html

Writing of corals, Grimsditch et al. (2010) say "it has
AND
storm, so to speak, to grow and widely proliferate another day.
No impact on conflict or agriculture—history
NIPCC 10, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, 11-16-2010, “Two Millennia of Environmental-Disaster-Induced Wars in China”

When the climate worsens beyond what the available technology and economic system can accommodate,
AND
warm periods owing to fewer agricultural disasters, resulting in fewer social conflicts."
Adaptation fails—market imperfections and inability to predict climate impacts
Mendelsohn 11
(Robert Mendelsohn, Yale University, 2011, “The Economics of Adaptation to Climate
Change in Developing Countries,” http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/adaptation/docs/Mendelsohn,20The20Economics20of20Adaptation20to20Climate20Change20in20Developing20Countries.pdf, Accessed 12/25/13, JC)

If climate change is uncertain, however, it is difficult to do anticipatory adaptation
AND
is very similar to private adaptation except that there are many ¶ beneficiaries.
MULTILATERALISM ADVANTAGE
Resource wars are outdated—trade is more effective and territorial conquest is hampered by weapons parity
Deudney 99
(Daniel H., Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies @ John Hopkins University department of political science, Chapter 8, “Environmental Security: A Critique,” p. 205-206, http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/shared/political_science/1857/Deudney.pdf, Accessed 9/21/13, JC)

However, there are three strong reasons for concluding that the familiar scenarios of resource
AND
the benefit of Third World raw material suppliers, prices have fallen.47
Protectionism doesn’t cause war—effects of interdependence depend on perception by all actors
Copeland ’96 – Assistant Prof. of Govt. and Foreign Affairs @ Univ. of Virginia (Dale, International Security, “Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations”, Volume 20, Number 4, Spring, JSTOR, RG)

Rosecrance is reluctant to acknowledge realist concerns, perhaps because to do so would imply
AND
be responsible for war, largely regardless of unit-level phenomena.23

OAS is structurally inept at conflict resolution—tyranny of the minority, mistrust of US leadership, and history
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

What is going on here? The OAS, the world's oldest regional organization,
AND
as well as in more recent cases of democratic erosion in several countries.
Intervening actors check border conflict—but history proves the OAS can’t solve internal conflicts
Isacson 12
(Adam Isacson, senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America, 5/22/12, World Policy Review, “Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas, Accessed 12/24/13, JC)

Many other 20th century border conflicts, though, were settled by other international
AND
driven OAS and marginalized the United States as forces for regional conflict resolution.

Trying to preserve US leadership dooms multilateral alliances—Latin American nations are teaming up to challenge it
Munckton, 5 (Stuart, international editor of Green Left Weekly and a member of the Australian Socialist Alliance national executive, “Latin America in revolt : Continent defies USA,” 4/27/05, Tashma)
For over two decades the US has forced neoliberalism — and its accompanying poverty and
AND
policy — you know that others on the continent are watching and learning.

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 5 | Opponent: Oxford KJ | Judge: Chris Thiele
T-QPQ
Interpretation – In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.
Helweg 2k (Diana, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other.
CAPITALISM K
Neoliberalism necessitates migration—creates Mexican living conditions so terrible that workers are forced to come to the US to be exploited
Mexico Solidarity Network 8
(MSN, “Mexico - A neoliberal experiment,” http://www.mexicosolidarity.org/programs/alternativeeconomy/neoliberalism, Accessed 8/5/13, JC) Note: Date based on most recent citation

Increasingly, as maquiladoras fail to provide enough jobs, the United States becomes the
AND
continue to generate a massive exodus from the Mexican countryside that negatively impacts family structures and community foundations.
Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
POLITICS DA
Boehner will bring CIR up for vote—hiring Rebecca Tallent shows commitment
Matthews 12/4 (Lauren, writer for International Business Times, “Immigration Reform 2013: Opponents Not Happy With Boehner’s New Hire Rebecca Tallent”, IBT 12/4/13, http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-2013-opponents-not-happy-boehners-new-hire-rebecca-tallent-1495314, MB)
If comprehensive immigration reform advocates were looking for a glimmer of hope that House Republicans
AND
and try to craft some sort of legislation that can obtain the votes.”

Economic engagement initiatives PERCEIVED as deprioritizing necessary focus on security issues and drug war while kowtowing to Mexico – perception is key and hardliner target spin control to play on fence sitters largest fears
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
Boehner won’t break the HR consecutively; he fears GOP backlash—fiscal cliff proves
Levin 7/1 (Brian, reporter for HuffPost, “Boehner Should Drop Hastert Rule, Honor Pledge to Let House 'Work Its Will' on Immigration Reform”, Huffington Post 7/1/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-levin/boehner-should-drop-hastert_b_3519112.html, MB)
In a June 11th appearance on Good Morning America, Speaker John Boehner commented on
AND
discharge petition to force a vote, whether he likes it or not.

Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
AGRICULTURE ADVANTAGE
No farm labor shortage – wages are decreasing while profits are increasing
CNBC 12
(“What the Invisible Farm Labor Shortage Is Really About” 11/29, pg online at http://www.cnbc.com/id/50016592//sd)
Despite the absolute lack of evidence of anything approaching a farm-labor shortage,
AND
crush already low farm wages by allowing farmers to import more foreign workers.

No US ag collapse – they’re doing well now
Goodwin 2013, May 1, Barry Goodwin is reporter for the American Enterprise Institute, “More subsidies for Prosperous farmers”, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/may/more-subsidies-for-prosperous-farmers
The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that farm income in 2013 will
AND
guaranteed to farmers under these insurance contracts and the subsidies paid by taxpayers.

Alt cause to ag collapse—Bee shortages prevent pollination
Grossman 13
(Elizabeth, Public Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Declining Bee Populations Pose
A Threat to Global Agriculture” pg online at http://e360.yale.edu/feature/declining_bee_populations_pose_a_threat_to_global_agriculture/2645///sd)
One of every three bites of food eaten worldwide depends on pollinators, especially bees
AND
director of the American Beekeeping Federation. “The outlook is not good.” 

Status quo solves—agricultural advances in technology
Zubrin 11 (Dr. Robert Zubrin, president of Pioneer Astronautics, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy “WHY IT’S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL” May 13, 2011http:www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/)

In an op-ed article printed in the Denver Post May 8, editorial
AND
average farms, and then go global, thereby raising crop yields everywhere.
US ag can’t resolve global food security – regional investments are key
OGFS, 9. Office of Global Food Security, US Department of State, September 28, 2009. “Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative: Consultation Document.” http://www.state.gov/s/globalfoodsecurity/129952.htm – clawan
The United States alone cannot meet the global need to reduce hunger and promote food
AND
tolerance for the petty corruption and polices that restrict agriculture-led growth.
US ag not key – UK food production solves
Defra, ‘8. Department for Environment, the UK government department responsible for policy and regulations on environmental, food and rural issues. Our priorities are to grow the rural economy, improve the environment and safeguard animal and plant health.Food and Rural Affairs. July 2008. “Ensuring the UK’s Food Security in a Changing World.” http://www.ifr.ac.uk/waste/Reports/DEFRA-Ensuring-UK-Food-Security-in-a-changing-world-170708.pdf – clawan
UK food production needs to respond to growing global demand for food 4.21
AND
with the farming industry to ensure there are enough workers with the right skills 

Food insecurity doesn’t cause conflict – no correlation and alt causes
Maxwell, ’12. Daniel Maxwell, Research Director for Food Security and Complex Emergencies; Professor; MAHA Director. 13-14 SEPTEMBER 2012. “Food Security and Its Implications for Political Stability: A Humanitarian Perspective.” http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs_high_level_forum/documents/FS-Implications-Political_Stability-Maxwell.pdf – clawan
Several potential conclusions emerge from this discussion. First, the causal relationship between food
AND
and capacity needed for implementation are likely inadequate in the most affected countries.
Food price impacts exaggerated – experts agree
BBC 12 (October 15th, Food price crisis: What crisis?, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19715504)
And yet most experts agree the situation is nothing like as dire as it was
AND
2008," says Marc Sadler, senior agriculture economist at the World Bank.

Farmers and governments check high food prices
Wang 12 (Weijing; Are High Food Prices Good or Bad? http://asia.ifad.org/web/china/blogs/-/blogs/are-high-food-prices-good-or bad?p_p_auth=mnKY6vAoandp_r_p_564233524_catego ryId=0and_33_redirect=http3A2F2Fasia.ifad.org2Fweb2Fchina2Fblogs3Fp _p_auth3DmnKY6vAo26p_p_id3D3326p_p_lifecycle3D026p_p_col_id3Dcolumn-226p_p_col_count3D426p_r_ p_564233524_categoryId3D0and) HS
People normally think high food prices are bad, or at least bad to net
AND
the community, the producers and the consumers prevent and prepare for it?

ECONOMY ADVANTAGE
Domestic action needed to solve Mexican economy—otherwise dependence on foreign markets and structural alt causes prevent growth
The Economist 5/25
(5/25/13, The Economist, Mexico’s Economy, “Reality bites,” http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21578440-lacklustre-growth-shows-need-reform-reality-bites, Accessed 10/12/13, JC)

Reading too much into a few months’ numbers would be risky, though.
AND
and improvements to the criminal-justice process to make life safer for individuals and firms.

Mexican economy set for growth—US exports, tax reforms, and increased competitiveness
Reuters 8/25
(Anthony Esposito and Felipe Iturrieta, 8/25/13, Reuters,
AND
points of gross domestic product because of the size of the informal economy.

No causal relationship between economic decline and war.
Ferguson 6 Niall, MA, D.Phil., is Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. He is also a Senior Research Fellow at Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct, “The Next War of the World”

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Alt causes to the global economy—debt ceiling, Eurozone crisis, Chinese bust, and Middle Eastern instability could all independently trigger recession
Roubini 1/21
(Nouriel, NYU Professor @ Stern School of Business and Senior Economist for International Affairs in the White House's Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration, 1/21/13, Project Syndicate, “The Economic Fundamentals of 2013,” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-global-economy-s-rising-risks-in-2013-by-nouriel-roubini, Accessed 10/6/13, JC)

Moreover, several risks lie ahead. First, America’s mini-deal on taxes
AND
2013 begins, the downside risks to the global economy are gathering force.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Richard Idriss
FRAMEWORK
A. Interpretation—the affirmative has to defend the hypothetical implementation of the plan

“Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
 

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta 2k http://encarta.msn.com
 “The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”

B. Violation –the affirmative doesn’t defend economic engagement with Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela
C. Voting Issue

1. Limits

a. They justify infinite unpredictable kritikal frameworks. This forces an uneducational form of engagement where the neg throws off case at the wall to see what sticks, and where we only have two choices: framework or border violence good.
b. Narrow topics force conflicts of interest and creates clash—best model of debate and solves policy stagnation

Steinberg 8 Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

2. Switch-side debate
a. reclaims agency by forcing debaters to divorce themselves from ideology and prevents genocide
Roberts-Miller 03
(Patricia Roberts-Miller is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003)
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
 Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

b. Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
3. a. Roleplaying - Ignoring questions of policy causes political ignorance—roleplaying uniquely provides a critical lens of status quo policy analysis that solves the critique
Joyner 99. Professor of International Law at Georgetown, 1999 Christopher C., “Teaching International Law,”  5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377, l/n
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

b. That’s a key portable skill—policy-educated students can break down expert monopoly on policy advice
Robert Farley 12, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
AND
, may even prove a pathway to success in a public policy career.
4. Extra-topicality—the aff adds non-governmental action to the resolution from which they claim all their advantages which creates an unfair division of ground and explodes the neg research burden. Even if what they do is predictable, it’s infinitely regressive and justifies other extra-topical actions—that’s an independent voter.
5. Topic education - role playing and decision making solves Latin American education failure in the US.
Cook 85
Kay K., Education Practitioner, September 1985, “Latin American Studies”, http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/latin.htm, accessed 7/7/13, ALT

Gallup polls indicate that Latin America--Mexico, Central America, South America,
AND
methods of introducing Latin American culture and erasing preconceived notions about that region.
CAPITALISM K
The affirmative sustains capitalism by denying the fluid nature of borders in claiming they can be separated from capitalism—only orthodox Marxism can solve the harms of the aff by recognizing structural inequality as the source of division
DeFazio 2
Kimberly, professor @ the English Department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, May/June, Red Critique, “Whither Borders?”, http://www.redcritique.org/MayJune02/whitherborders.htm, accessed 7-19-13, GSK 

Until recently the leaders of big business couldn't boast enough about the new "borderless
AND
of postmodern "hybridity" and the more popular discourse of the Internet.¶
Capitalist exploitation causes famine and systematic violence while helping only privileged areas—Latin American poverty is the equivalent of nuclear holocaust
Galeano 72
(Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, http://www.e-reading-lib.org/bookreader.php/149187/Open_Veins_of_Latin_America.pdf, Accessed 6/14/13, JC) 

For its foreign masters and for our commission-agent bourgeoisie, who have sold
AND
be a lowering of living standards for all peoples, including his own.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
COLONIALITY K
Their erasure of borders is the ultimate form of colonialism—it creates a world police state that seeks to destroy all difference of states that inevitably resist subjugation
Prozorov 8
Sergei, Research Fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland, “De-Limitation: The Denigration of Boundaries in the Political Thought of Late Modernity” in The Geopolitics of European Identity, ed. Noel Parker, pg. 34-6

For Schmitt, the immanentist orientation of modern political theology, through the effacement of
AND
that remains ontologically pluralistic and, thus, will inevitably resist its subjection.
They can’t overcome security and Western dominance without the alt—coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary
Maldonado-Torres 8 (Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21)

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

Our alternative is to reject the aff.
We endorse “the end of the world” as we know it. Only by listening to the cry of the condemned and expressing a preferential option through our critical intervention can we generate community, affiliation, and ethic of love necessary to solve the paradigm of war and spark true humanity
Maldonado-Torres 8
(Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 243-46)

That Hitler is Europe's demon points to Dussel’s idea regarding the proto-history of
AND
material and cultural levels but also vis-a-vis epistemic levels.
CASE

1. The political state is increasingly taking a more humanitarian approach—empirics prove.
   Held 99—Graham Wallas Professor of Political Science and Co-Director at the Center for the Study of Global Governance
   (David, “Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture”, Stanford University Press, 1999, Google Books)AW

The American Convention on Human Rights, along with other regional conventions, contains clear
AND
growing institutionalization, exemplifies the phenomenon of globalization’ (1998, .p82).
2. The ethical obligation to aid the other demands use of the state to engage violence.
Delhom ‘9 (Pascal, Phil. – U. Flensburg, in “Levinas in Jerusalem: Phenomology, Ethics, Politics, Aesthetics”, Ed. Joelle Hansel, p. 80-82)
Nevertheless, according to Levinas it would be wrong to separate the  domain of ethical
AND
. And the state should be evaluated and  judged according to its justice.
Biopower is also positive—such as the dramatic decrease in infant mortality.
Dickinson 04 - Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley - 2004 (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism,
Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48)

Of course, at the most simple-minded level, it seems to me
AND
for the “Machbarkeitswahn” of the early twentieth century: many marvelous th
Cultural borders are inevitable—the aff can’t free itself from the Eurocentric logic of recognition that privileges “respect, freedom, and equality” and leaves untouched the basic structures of oppression—betterment of peoples’ lives within the colonial matrix of power is insufficient to solve
Maldonado-Torres 8
Nelson, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 148-50 

It is not possible to understand fully the difference between Fanon's and Honneth's critical takes
AND
violates the very meaning and purpose of the logic of lordship and bondage.

Borders are good—risk management and promotion of security is an ethical responsibility of government. Total security is impossible but limited security avoids a hell on earth.
Elshtain ‘3  (Jean Bethke, Prof. Social and Pol. Ethics – U. Chicago, “Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World”, p. 46-48)

IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH of September  11, I said to a friend, "
AND
This is Hobbes's famous, or infamous, war of all against all.
Their speech act doesn’t change political or cultural imperialism—legal borders are distinct from mental ones and they don’t de-border thought enough to cause welcoming of immigrants
Motomura 7
(Hiroshi, Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law, 2007, “Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States”, pg 13)

This entire inquiry reflects my hope that national citizenship in the United States can be
AND
”— that America is made up of immigrants, but still one nation.
Borders are inevitable and necessary—they fulfill our ethical and identity of humans as means to independence, limits of violence, and the ability for stability
Vaughan-Williams 8
(Nick Vaughan-Williams, ph.d  Assistant Professor of International Security  , 2008, Borders, Territory, Law, University of Exeter, International Political Sociology (2008) 2, 322–338, Accessed: 7/27/13)

Nevertheless, when taken collectively, these complaints perhaps overstate the case and over the
AND
territorial limits and limits of law appear to be already well under way.

Their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity
Grossberg 10
(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina, Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7)

Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge
AND
actors. I have no doubt that there are, as Deeb (zoo6, r89) declares, "other stories to be told.''

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Barstow RS | Judge: David Kilpatrick
T-GTG
A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.
This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.
‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Cap K
Health care is only a safety valve for Northern guilt that maintains global South dependency on US intervention—capitalism is grounded in an ethics of self-interest that produces cycles of inequality and environmental destruction
Huish 9
(Centre de Recherche en Éthique (CRÉUM), L'Université de Montréal, Canada “Cuba vs. Globalization: Chronicle of Anti-imperialism, Solidarity and Co-operation” January 27, 2009,
http://globalautonomy.ca/global1/dialogueItem.jsp?index=SN08_Huish.xml)//AY

Cuba's Minister of the Economy and Planning, Dr. José Luis Rodríquez García (
AND
and, as the Cubans see it, not conditions of human nature.

Capitalist conquest inevitably results in extinction—every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of the drive for expansive growth
Harvey 6
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13

At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
Alt Text: The judge should vote negative to reject capitalist knowledge production and endorse globalization from below.
Refusing capitalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
(Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9)

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?
Politics DA
Iran sanctions won’t pass—neither party will let it
CDI 2/13
(2/13/14, Center for a Democratic Iran, “US legislators ask Congress to delay Iran sanctions vote,” http://www.cdi-iran.org/Article/14775-US_legislators_ask_Congress_to_delay_Iran_sanctions_vote, Accessed 2/14/14, JC)

Centre for a Democratic Iran: A bipartisan group of 104 House members have urged
AND
Iran's foreign minister has warned that additional sanctions would kill the interim deal.
Economic engagement initiatives PERCEIVED as deprioritizing necessary focus on security issues and drug war while kowtowing to Mexico – perception is key and hardliner target spin control to play on fence sitters largest fears
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Obama’s political capital’s key to sway pro sanction lawmakers
Dyer 11/26
(Geoff, 11/26/13, Financial Times, “Barack Obama faces tough test in fending off new Iran sanctions,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/280f8146-5652-11e3-96f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2mGVlCv5s, Accessed 12/1/13, JC)

US President Barack Obama will face a decisive test of his influence over Senate Democrats
AND
could become a major complicating factor in the next stage of the talks.
New sanctions only provoke Iran causing diplomatic talks in the squo to crumble
Kahl 12/31 (Colin, Writer for the National Interest; an independent news site focusing on US foreign policy, “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions”, The National Interest 12/31/13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=5, MB)
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
, at this critical juncture, could derail negotiations toward a peaceful solution.
Iranian deal halts progress of Iranian nuclear program and prevents prolif
Borger 13 (Julian, Julian Borger is the Guardian's diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Iran seals nuclear deal with west in return for sanctions relief,” 11/24/13, the guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/iran-nuclear-deal-west-sanctions-relief, TC)

Iran has struck a historic agreement with the US and five other world powers,
AND
by the International Atomic Energy Agency, including daily visits to some facilities.

Iranian prolif causes nuclear war through regional arms race and miscalculation
Michael Einstadt, director of Military and Security Studies Program, July 2007 Washingotn Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #72, “Deterring the Ayatollahs: Complications in Applying Cold War Strategy to Iran”
Might Iran be tempted to provide dual-use nuclear technology to other states and
AND
diplomacy with Iran succeeds, and that preventive military action remains an option.
XO CP
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to develop a Medicare insurance program with the Mexican Ministry of Health for American citizens living in Mexico.
Executive orders solve regulatory discrepancies between the US and Mexico
Sunstein 2012
(Cass R.; Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs @ US Chamber of Commerce; Eliminating Red Tape Through International Regulatory Affairs; May 1; www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/speeches/eliminating-red-tape-through-international-regulatory-cooperation.pdf; kdf)

In the past decade, it has often been urged, especially by those in
AND
public while also promoting growth, innovation, competiveness, and job creation.

XOs are discreet and avoid politics
Davis 8 (Jeremy, staff @ News Record, "Executive orders staple of presidential power, status", 1/25, http://www.newsrecord.org/article_2672d387-a576-5e23-bcb1-ce31f24402de.html, accessed 4/8/13, CH)

Presidential executive orders, usually wrapped in controversy, have been a popular tool utilized
AND
done discreetly and become law upon being entered into the¶ Federal Register.
IHAs Advantage

1. US engagement fails to resolve Mexican instability—alt causes are military imbalance, social problems, and the drug trade
   Friedman 12
   (George,  founder, chief intelligence officer, financial overseer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation Stratfor,  Ph.D. in government at Cornell University, and former political science professor at Dickinson College; 8/21/12, Stratfor Global Intelligence, Geopolitical Weekly: The State of the World, “Mexico's Strategy,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mexicos-strategy, Accessed 7/12/13, JC)

The defeat in Texas and during the Mexican-American War cost Mexico its northern
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and how to maintain national unity in the face of potential social unrest.
2. Anti-American sentiment dooms any attempt to restore hegemony in Latin America now—stepping back gradually restores credibility in the region
Paterson, 9 (Commander Pat, U.S. Navy, “Our Waning Influence to the South,” Proceedings Magazine, May 2009, Volume 135, Issue 5, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2009-05/our-waning-influence-south, Tashma)
We are still respected as the world's most powerful military, but the economic motor
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now is the time to speak quietly and put down our big stick.

3. Mexican healthcare not key—NSA spin means that all attempts to give aid will be perceived as an attempt to buy back trust. At worst, the spate of FDI and trade agreements should solve back.
4. U.S. will decline—rise of China, economic decline, emergence of new powers
Walt 11
(Stephen M. Walt, Harvard University, “What I Told the Navy This Year,” FOREIGN POLICY, 6—10—11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/06/10/what_i_told_the_navy_this_year, accessed 7-2-12)

This situation was highly unusual, to say the least. It is rare that
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, further complicating America's ability to run a Washington-centered world order.
5. Empirical data proves peaceful decline—cooperation perceived as more beneficial
MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment”.  International Security Spring 2011, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 7-44.) AK

In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
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none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

6. U.S.-Mexico relations are on the upswing – transition in focus and Obama’s recent visit
Nelson and Nicholas, 5/2 – senior writers at The Wall Street Journal (Collin McCain, Peter, “Mexico, U.S. Leaders Try To Deepen Economic Ties”, 5/2/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324766604578459190363300754.html) RT

MEXICO CITY—President Barack Obama offered his support Thursday for Mexico's shifting security strategy
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Joshua Meltzer, a global economy and development fellow at the Brookings Institution.

7. Alt causes to the global economy—debt ceiling, Eurozone crisis, Chinese bust, and Middle Eastern instability could all independently trigger recession
Roubini 1/21
(Nouriel, NYU Professor @ Stern School of Business and Senior Economist for International Affairs in the White House's Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration, 1/21/13, Project Syndicate, “The Economic Fundamentals of 2013,” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-global-economy-s-rising-risks-in-2013-by-nouriel-roubini, Accessed 10/6/13, JC)

Moreover, several risks lie ahead. First, America’s mini-deal on taxes
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2013 begins, the downside risks to the global economy are gathering force. 

8. Latin America has prospered without Mexican leadership—political and economic stability
Petras 11
(James, Bartle Professor Emeritus at Binghamton University and adjunct professor at Saint Mary's University, 10/2/11, Global Research, “Latin America: Growth, Stability and Inequalities: Lessons for the US and EU,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/latin-america-growth-stability-and-inequalities-lessons-for-the-us-and-eu/26887, Accessed 7/12/13, JC)

Except for the Latin countries still under US dominance, especially Mexico and most of
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is the other side of the coin of the US-EU underdevelopment.
Aging Crisis Advantage

1. No aging crisis impact – aging crisis exaggerated, no dependency, cross-country studies prove
   Hamilton 1 – Institute director, citing Dr. Kinnear
   Dr. Clive, “Ageing Crisis A Myth,” 12-16-1, accessed 2-10-13, mss
   The paper shows that the expected costs of retirement incomes and health for the elderly
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   as the growth of medical technology, rising consumer demand and escalating prices.

2. Fertility rates mean no aging crisis
Whiston 11 Lucy, "The 'ageing crisis' thesis is exaggerated," www.scribd.com/doc/104290973/The-ageing-crisis-thesis-is-exaggerated-Critically-discuss, accessed 2-10-13, mss

The first reason why the ‘ageing crisis’ theory is exaggerated is the shaky statistics
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demographic factors,which is addressed in the next section of this essay.
4. No impact to a decline in hegemony
Charles A. Kupchan, Political Science Quarterly, 00323195, Summer 2003, Vol. 118, Issue 2 “The Rise of Europe, America's Changing Internationalism, and the End of U.S. Primacy” Database: Academic Search Premier
As this new century progresses, unipolarity will give way to a world of multiple
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has so frequently been the precursor to great power war in the past.*

5. Primacy will be impossible to sustain – dollar, fiscal pressure, rising challengers, overstretch
Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas AandM's George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/)

China's economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States' over the last
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with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

6. Deterrence bad--
a. entanglement
Friedman and Preble 10 – Benjamin Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, and Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at Cato (6/14, Benjamin Friedman and Christopher Preble, “Defense Cuts: Start Overseas”, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11896)
But the dirty secret of American defense politics is that we are fairly safe.  
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take advantage of the security we have, and save money we don't.

b. North Korean and Iranian conflict
Lewis 10 (James, Senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program CSIS, “Cross-Domain Deterrence and Credible Threats”, July, http://csis.org/files/publication/100701_Cross_Domain_Deterrence.pdf, accessed 11/27/12, CH)

In the new international security environment, deterrent threats could actually increase the ¶ chance
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¶ may be willing to accept higher levels of damage in any conflict. 

That escalates to a nuclear holocaust
Hamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  and Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10
Peter and Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, http://www.nautilus.org/publications/essays/napsnet/reports/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf/view, accessed 7-1-11

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
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threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

And global war.
Michel Chossudovsky, Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa, May 2005, “Planned US-Israeli Attack on Iran,” http://globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO505A.html
The Bush Administration has embarked upon a military adventure which threatens the future of humanity
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the US and its European partners as well as within the European Union.

c. terrorism
Adler 10 (Emanuel, Andrea and Charles Bronfman Chair in Israeli Studies in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto and editor of International Organization, April 4, “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t:¶ Performative Power and the Strategy¶ of Conventional and Nuclear Defusing”, Security Studies, accessed 11/26/12, CH)

In this article, I argue that this double-damned dilemma is to the
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end,¶ self-restraint is rational and irrational at the same time.

Terrorism causes extinction
Alexander 2003
(Yonah, director of Inter-Univ. for Terrorism Studies, washington times, Terrorism myths and realities, online: google)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated dramatically that
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) with its serious implications concerning national, regional and global security concerns.