Tournament: OU RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Union GS | Judge: Hanna Roberts
Without the use of ableist metaphors such as those of “world-travelers,” “voices,” “passports,” and “flight,” we advocate a release of ourselves towards the topic allowing it to reveal itself to us in a multitude of alternative ways by resolving: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

The idea that the debaters are “world-travelers” who can cross boundaries with a global “passport” incites the norm of ‘able-bodiesness’ and excludes those who do not fit their ableist paradigm .
May and Ferri, 5  - * Vivian M., Associate Professor of Women's and Gender Studies. Research and Teaching Interests at Syracuse University Beth A. Ph.D. Associate Professor School of Education at Syracuse University (“FIXATED ON ABILITY Questioning Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Theories of Resistance, Prose Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1and2, April-August 2005, pp. 120-140)ah
In addition to the use of explicitly ableist
AND
as a norm and virtue of citizenship.

We have a unique responsibility to reject their ableist rhetoric— the listening metaphor knowingly excludes those who aren’t capable of participating in a conversation
Lacey 10 (Teacher, MA in English, “The Conversations Metaphor and Ableism”, 9/6, http://equality101.net/?p=1886  Accessed 2/10/11 GAL)
In my last post, I discussed how
AND
and contribute to their communities.

The aff’s attempt to “Listen” to the Global South, or allow the Global South to “speak” for itself reinforces linguistic colonialism and turns the aff
Edwards ’12 (R.A.R Edwards “Edwards Intro” New York University Press http://nyupress.org/webchapters/edwards_intro.pdf Abs)
Paddy Ladd, in his ground-breaking work
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hemselves in our society today.     

Also a voting issue— Ableist discourse strengthens systems of oppression and destroys public debates
Wheelchair Dancer 8 (“On Making Argument: Disability and Language”, 4/28/8  http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html Accessed: 2/10/11  )
If you are feeling a little bit
AND
motivated us to speak out in the first place.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 5 | Opponent: Coppell SG | Judge: Eli Brennan
Maduro has cemented the Cuba-Venezuela alliance
Deasy 13 – GlobalPost breaking news writer (Kristin Dasy, “Venezuela’s maduro cozies up to Cuba” Globalpost.com, April 28 2013, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/venezuela/130428/venezuelas-maduro-cozies-cuba) MR
Venezuela's new president visited
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for development projects, said Reuters.

Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to
AND
has them in abundance

Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0, SCB
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted
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managing the nuclear program since 2007.

That escalates to nuclear war
Ben-Meir 7 – Professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University (Alon, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance”, 2/6/12, UPI, , http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/
NEW YORK, Feb. 6 (UPI) -- That Iran stands
AND
of not halting its nuclear program.

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Boise DB | Judge: Andrea Bieytes
Expanding nanotechnology cripples patent law— freezes development and decimates innovation— turns the case.
Bawa ’08 Raj Bawa, MS, PhD, FAAN, registered patent agent licensed to practice before the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). Dr. Bawa has over fifteen years of patent experience. He has been a researcher for more than twenty years. Additionally, Dr. Bawa is Advisor to the Office of Technology Commercialization at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York where he has taught numerous courses in biotechnology, HIV/AIDS, microbiology, immunology and biodefense as an Adjunct Professor of Biology. He is also Adjunct Professor of Natural and Applied Sciences at Northern Virginia Community College in Annandale, Virginia. Dr. Raj Bawa is President of Bawa Biotechnology Consulting LLC, a biotechnology and patent firm with offices in Ashburn, Virginia and Schenectady, New York. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nanomedicine; a Life Member of Sigma Xi; and serves on the Global Advisory Council of the World Future Society. Presently, he serves on the editorial boards of the peer-reviewed journals, International Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Law and Business. He is Associate Editor of the peer-reviewed journal, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. He is co-editor of a new textbook titled Nanotechnology Law to be published in 2008 by Law Journal Press, “NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENT PROLIFERATION AND THE CRISIS AT THE U.S. PATENT OFFICE,” Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 17 (3), 2008, pp.728-733, http://www.bawabiotech.com/uploads/Nanotechnology_Patent_Proliferation_and_the_Crisis_at_the__US_Patent_Office__2008_.pdf, AZhang
VIII. CONCLUSIONS, CAUTIONS AND
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game may prove too costly.

And, IP Law is the biggest internal link to US competition and trade leadership
Reuters 10 August 26, “US says protecting IP rights a top trade priority”, http://www.theglobalipcenter.com/news/us-says-protecting-ip-rights-top-trade-priority, IWren
 U.S. officials on Monday
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enforcement of intellectual property rights.

US trade leadership key to curb hostile trade blocs and global conflict
Bergsten 97 September 27 1997, C. Fred Bergsten, Director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and former Assistant Secretary for International Affairs at the Treasury Department, “Global Trade and American Politics”, http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/print.cfm?doc=pubandResearchID=291, IWren
Third, American leadership has
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staying power in other respects.

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Houston Academy for International Sciences | Judge: Jake Miller
Crisis is a global resonance machine of insurrectionary resistance.  Even failed insurrections replicate themselves in another time or place, where their power increases.  An unmanageable revolutionary movement is emerging.  They are the wrong revolution
The Invisible Committee 9 – anonymous collection of French bad-asses (The Coming Insurrection, http://tarnac9.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/thecominsur_booklet.pdf, pg. 4-10)
Everyone agrees. It’s about to explode
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How to subsist? how to find each other? 

Capitalism is imperialism—it fuels a genocidal foreign policy that threatens global destruction.  
Foster, co-editor of Monthly Review, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon, 2k3 John, “The new Age of Imperialism,” Monthly Review 55.3
At the same time, it is clear
AND
we hope not the world's—undoing

Moreover, resisting the economic evaluation of populations is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale while simultaneously anonymizing violence in a way that makes impact calculation impossible.
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through
AND
that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.

Thus our alternative is an affirmation of the Communist Hypothesis.  Every ethical decision – up to the ballot itself – should be infused with all of the significance of humanity’s destiny.  The question regarding the plan is “does it confirm or contradict the communist hypothesis.”  If we win a link argument, you should reject the affirmative because they reduce life to a barbaric ratrace and stand opposed to universal emancipation.  
Alain Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2008.  The Meaning of Sarkozy, pp. 97-103
I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode, which is
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which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 2 | Opponent: Moore MS | Judge: Derek Hilligoss
Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase its economic engagement toward the Republic of Cuba. 

Chinese investment solves Cuban reforms and economic expansion—Cuba will say yes— China’s model is critical to solvency— empirically proven.  
Hearn ’12 Adrian H. Hearn, Australian Research Council (ARC) Future ¶ Fellow at the University of Sydney and co-chair of the Latin American ¶ Studies Association (LASA) Section for Asia and the Americas, China, Global Governance and the Future of Cuba,” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41, 1, 2012, pp. 163-168, http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jcca/article/viewFile/498/496, AZhang
State-to-state cooperation has focused on building critical infrastructure as a basis
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¶ that China has become Cuba’s IMF!” (Feinberg 2011: 42).

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 2 | Opponent: Moore MS | Judge: Derek Hilligoss
China influence is up and US engagement is down – recent trips pale in comparison to policy.
Martinez ’13 (Guillermo I., Columnist, “America losing influence throughout Latin America” May 23, 2013, The Sun Sentinel, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)-mikee
Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Engagement is zero-sum – China’s power depends on America’s neglect.
Kreps ’13 (Sarah E. Kreps and Gustavo A. Flores-Macías are Assistant Professors of Government at Cornell University, “No Strings Attached? Evaluating China’s Trade Relations Abroad,” May 17, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/no-strings-attached-evaluating-chinas-trade-relations-abroad/)-mikee
To be sure, China may not have a purposeful plan to bring their trade
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its trade and diplomatic agenda as an important means of projecting influence abroad.

Continued influence is key to growth and CCP stability.
Farnsworth ’12 (Eric Farnsworth is vice-president of the Council of the Americas in Washington DC and from 1995 to 1998 was senior adviser to the White House special envoy for the Americas. “Memo to Washington: China's Growing Presence in Latin America,” Americas Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, Winter, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/Farnsworth)-mikee
What is China doing in the Americas? It’s a good question—and an
AND
costs and benefits of trade with China are unequally distributed across the Americas.

CCP instability leads to nuclear war.
Rexing, 5 (San, Staff – Epoch Times, The CCP’s Last Ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War, 8-5, http://english.epochtimes.com/ news/5-8-5/30975.html)
What, then, is the gist of this wild, last-ditch gamble
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Clear Lake KV | Judge: Ben Mitchell
Text:  The United States federal government should
- Substantially increase drug treatment, prevention, and enforcement measures.
- Label the Mexican drug cartels as international terrorist organizations
- Substantially increase support for the Merida Initiative 

CP solves drug cartels and leads to US-Mexico relations
Dean et al 12(Dean et al, Final Report of the¶ Institute of Politics, Harvard Institute of Politics, “THE WAR ON MEXICAN CARTELS¶ OPTIONS FOR U.S. AND MEXICAN POLICY-MAKERS”, pg 32-34, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf,PS)
Despite current efforts by the United States to assist with the Mexican
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profitable for them to operate.

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Clear Lake KV | Judge: Ben Mitchell
The affirmative’s knowledge is not innocent—it’s rooted in a militant Western framework that guarantees the only discourses considered are those that justify the endless destruction of the Other.
Chow 6 (Rey Chow, PhD and Master’s in Modern Thought and Literature from Stanford University, Professor of Literature at Duke University, formerly professor at Brown and UC Irvine, “The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work”, kindle, loc 525-541, IWren)
Often under the modest and apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the
AND
definable object"-and by "the problem of the vanishing object."55

Their positioning of Latin America as an object to be developed and invested in epitomizes this, ultimately rendering people as expendable commodities.
Mignolo ‘09 Walter D. Mignolo, William H. Wannamaker Distinguished Professor and director of the Center for Global Studies and the Humanities at Duke University, Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Duke University, The Idea of Latin America, pp. 96-99, AZhang
The global idea of “Latin” America being deployed by imperial states today (
AND
end of the 1970s led to privatization and market-¶ driven state regulation.

Our alternative is to reject the affirmative’s Eurocentric relation to the indigenous and place ourselves as postcolonial intellectuals—using this position within the academy is key to transforming dominant Western representations.
-we must throw ourselves unrestrained into a politics that acknowledges the intrinsic value of indigenous cultures and fights without promise of success to preserve it
Banerjee 00 (Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee, Professor of Strategic Management and Director, Research at the International Graduate
School of Management, University of South Australia, PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, “Whose land is it anyway? National interest, indigenous stakeholders, and colonial discourses”, in Organization and Environment, vol 13 iss 1, proquest, IWren)
One approach is to deconstruct the post by clarifying and expanding on the reminders
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we fight for the things that are important to us. -Jacqui Katona

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 4 | Opponent: CE Byrd | Judge: Tommy Snider
Your ideas assume a profoundly Eurocentric frame-there is undeniable privilege in affirming that economically defined value is meaningless. Economics and political economy have profound, material effects upon the daily lives of most of the world population. The affirmative’s criticism never answers the fundamental question of where does their knowledge come from, how is it implicated in power structures and what sort of oppressions does it maintain. Only criticizing this position enables undermining Eurocentric contexts.
Mignolo ‘9 (Walter, Professor of Humanities at Duke, Theory, Culture, and Society 26.7/8, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom,” 2009)

The introduction of geo-historical and bio-graphical configurations in processes of knowing
AND
and puts himself or herself in a privileged position to evaluate and dictate.

Baudrillard’s ideas are intrinsically Eurocentric— his value system is an unquestionable acceptance of a Eurocentric value system.
Schwabach ‘3 Aaron Schwabach, Virtual War and International Law,” Law and Literature Spring, 2003,
http://www.sevenhorizons.org/docs/SchwabachVirtualWarandInternationalLaw.pdf, AZhang

It does not hold a similar place in the American worldview. Baudrillard, however
AND
Andre Malraux's doctrine of necessary violence, at the Sorbonne. FN51

The affirmative misses the forest amongst the trees—their ideas bout economic value and death are merely facets of a larger Eurocentric power matrix—not driving forces
Grosfoguel 11 - Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of Cal. Berkley
 (Ramon, 2011, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(1), Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality) NAR
Globalization studies, political-economy paradigms and world-system analysis, with only
AND
new civilization (indigenous’ conception of transformation in different parts of the world).

This cultural suppression makes extinction inevitable—only a transmodern alternative that rejects Eurocentrism can solve
Dussel 02 Enrique, professor of ethics at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in Mexico City. He is the author of The Invention of the Americas (1995), The Underside of Modernity: Apel, Ricoeur, Taylor, and Rorty (1996), Etica de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y de la exclusión (1998; forthcoming in translation from Duke University Press), and Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 (2001), “World-System and “Trans”-Modernity”, Nepantla: Views from the South 3.2 221-244, pMuse, IWren
Totality's “exteriority” (a metacategory that Marx proposed without making explicit see
AND
consciousness of the great majorities of humanity, of their excluded historical unconscious! 

Our alternative is to reject the affirmative’s Eurocentric relation to the indigenous and place ourselves as postcolonial intellectuals—using this position within the academy is key to transforming dominant Western representations that enable oppression—we must throw ourselves unrestrained into a politics that acknowledges the intrinsic value of indigenous cultures and fights without promise of success to preserve it
Banerjee 00 (Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee, Professor of Strategic Management and Director, Research at the International Graduate
School of Management, University of South Australia, PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, “Whose land is it anyway? National interest, indigenous stakeholders, and colonial discourses”, in Organization and Environment, vol 13 iss 1, proquest, IWren)
One approach is to deconstruct the post by clarifying and expanding on the reminders of
AND
we fight for the things that are important to us. -Jacqui Katona 

Vote negative – de-linking from colonialism begins by refusing to generate authority from Eurocentric intellectual and subjective positions — this means rejecting their authority to speak — genocide results from anything short of total epistemological de-linking from modernity and coloniality – de-linking epistemological privilege is a prior step to the Aff
Mignolo ‘7 (Walter, semiologist and professor of Humanities at Duke University, “DELINKING: THE RHETORIC OF MODERNITY, THE LOGIC OF COLONIALITY AND THE GRAMMAR OF DE-COLONIALITY” http://www.ceapedi.com.ar/imagenes/biblioteca/libros/20.pdf)
If modernity is understood essentially as a European phenomenon, then the “emancipation”
AND
-logical to¶ the Ego-logical politics of knowledge and understanding.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Union GS | Judge: Hanna Roberts
Heidegger’s work and interpretations of Being and ontology is rooted in a false inclusivity of other cultures and only serves to further his Eurocentric agenda
Nelson ’09 Eric Sean Nelson, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, “Review of Heidegger on East-West Dialogue: Anticipating the Event,” 2009, http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23967-heidegger-on-east-west-dialogue-anticipating-the-event/, AZhang
Heidegger's remarks concerning
AND
underway from ancient Greece to modernity.

The affirmative misses the forest amongst the trees—their ideas bout economic value and death are merely facets of a larger Eurocentric power matrix—not driving forces
Grosfoguel 11 - Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of Cal. Berkley
 (Ramon, 2011, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(1), Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality) NAR
Globalization studies, political-economy paradigms and world-system analysis, with only
AND
new civilization (indigenous’ conception of transformation in different parts of the world).

Despite their intentions, the affirmative remains embedded in this matrix of Eurocentric social relations that forecloses the possibility of communal relations in favor of a violent individualism—that leads to genocide on an unprecedented scale and engenders a constant state of structural violence
Kanth 5 2005, Rajani Kannepalli Kanth, visiting scholar at Harvard, studied at St George's College, Loyola College, the Delhi School of Economics, Columbia University, and the New School for Social Research. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Economics/Statistics/Poliitics, a Master's in Sociology, a second Master's in Economics, and a Ph.D. in Economics Against Eurocentrism: A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals, pg 45-48, IWren
One of the more enduring feints
AND
wasteland of a lightless sea of commodities. 

This cultural suppression makes extinction inevitable—only a transmodern alternative that rejects Eurocentrism can solve
Dussel 02 Enrique, professor of ethics at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in Mexico City. He is the author of The Invention of the Americas (1995), The Underside of Modernity: Apel, Ricoeur, Taylor, and Rorty (1996), Etica de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y de la exclusión (1998; forthcoming in translation from Duke University Press), and Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 (2001), “World-System and “Trans”-Modernity”, Nepantla: Views from the South 3.2 221-244, pMuse, IWren
Totality's “exteriority” (a metacategory that Marx proposed without making explicit see
AND
consciousness of the great majorities of humanity, of their excluded historical unconscious! 

Our alternative is to reject the affirmative’s Eurocentric relation to the indigenous and place ourselves as postcolonial intellectuals—using this position within the academy is key to transforming dominant Western representations that enable oppression—we must throw ourselves unrestrained into a politics that acknowledges the intrinsic value of indigenous cultures and fights without promise of success to preserve it
Banerjee 00 (Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee, Professor of Strategic Management and Director, Research at the International Graduate
School of Management, University of South Australia, PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, “Whose land is it anyway? National interest, indigenous stakeholders, and colonial discourses”, in Organization and Environment, vol 13 iss 1, proquest, IWren)
One approach is to deconstruct the post by clarifying and expanding on the reminders of
AND
we fight for the things that are important to us. -Jacqui Katona

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Clear Lake KV | Judge: Ben Mitchell
Farm bill will pass and its key to solve food prices
The Daily Journal, 12/5/13 (“Farm bill talks continue with deadline approaching,” http://www.daily-journal.com/news/nation/farm-bill-talks-continue-with-deadline-approaching/article_b9a88d6f-37cc-589d-b8ed-c8c5f9ce1bdb.html, bgm)
House and Senate negotiators plan to meet
AND
to aides familiar with the talks. 

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters
Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
than it ought to be. 

Obama’s political capital is key—the impact is food security
Eva M. Clayton, 11/5-13, Former Congresswoman and former Assistant Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Huffington Post, Congressional and Presidential Leadership Needed for a Fair and Equitable Farm Bill, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html, jj
Will Congress and the president demonstrate
AND
 nation's food security depends on it.

Extinction
Lugar 2k Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. “calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism,
AND
of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reagan PX | Judge: Nick Vail
Our counter advocacy is that we should discuss and advocate the implications of the affirmative in noncompetitive forums outside of the debate round.

Discussion forums solve better than the affirmative – we should encourage community wide discussions to discuss the advocacy of the affirmative
Joseph P. Zompetti (Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University) “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY” September 2004  Contemporary Argumentation and Debate volume 25   
Interjecting the personalized into debate rounds has
And
to personalizing debate, however, are, in my opinion, enormous. 

There are multiple net benefits to the CP:

1) Alliance Splitting
The affirmative advocacy risks splitting alliances and distorting solutions causing resistance and backlash
Joseph P. Zompetti (Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University) “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY” September 2004  Contemporary Argumentation and Debate volume 25
The purpose of this essay is to outline
And
more important structural problems within the debate community. 

2) Ignores Structural Solutions
The shifting of the problems in the community to the specific debate rounds turns their movement solely into a means to win and ignores more structural problems within the community
Joseph P. Zompetti (Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University) “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY” September 2004  Contemporary Argumentation and Debate volume 25
The purpose of this essay is to outline
and
important structural problems within the debate community.

3) Debate Rounds are terrible forums for discussions
The drive for competition, time constraints, multiple personal advocacies and resource disparities all make these discussions of marginalization impossible – turns the aff
Joseph P. Zompetti (Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University) “PERSONALIZING DEBATING: DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN THE DEBATE COMMUNITY” September 2004  Contemporary Argumentation and Debate volume 25
The second major problem with this turn in
And
 of more important factors such as resource disparity.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge: Leigha Maddy
Our interpretation is that the affirmative must solely defend the instrumental adoption of a plan by the United States federal government and claim advantages solely from that adoption
Ericson ‘3 (Jon, Dean Emeritus, College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future
AND
to perform the future action that you propose. 

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact---T debates also solve any possible turn
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of
AND
in the following discussion.

Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development---we control uniqueness: high school students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates---government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined---and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government
AND
contextualize and act on information.14

Third, Switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS
AND
beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Tournament: Arkansas Tournament of Champions | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cabot GJ | Judge: Dylan Parker
Same as UC Berkeley Round 7

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GK | Judge: Jim Freeman
Same as earlier FW

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Boise JV | Judge: Edward Kelinsky
Gotta have a plan—failure to have a concrete option we can debate against guarantees that oppression continues and efforts for change backfire
STEVE 2007  (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)
What follows is not an attempt to
AND
to build up the state or a new state.

Third, it undermines clash—it’s impossible to engage their ideas if we don’t know what they are—that clash is critical to develop strategies and test ideas which eventually result in social change
Branham 1995 (Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)
In the years following his release from
AND
generated by confrontation.

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reagan PX | Judge: Nick Vail
Ideology is sustained through establishing a safe critical distance. Attempts to protest the symbolic order are in actuality what sustain it. It’s the enjoyment gained in the process, not a desire to tear down the symbolic that motivate these protests.
Carlson 99 – Professor of Law Benjamin N (David Gray, “Cardozo School of Law Columbia Law Review, November)
Schlag presents a dark vision of what he
AND
 to what ought to be abolished.

Ideology is sustained because we gain political enjoyment from protesting it. Attempts to break down the system from the private reclusion of a debate tournament function as the ultimate act of conformity, since nothing is at stake, this resistance remains apolitical and empty.  
Žižek 95 – Philosopher and Psychoanaylst (Slavoj, “Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljbljana, “Cardozo Law Review”)
Emphasis should be laid on the inherent
AND
it more bearable, but we can never be rid of it. 

We must eliminate the distance between ideology and ourselves. Overidentification renders visible the obscene dominant nature of ideology that had previously remained hidden.  
Žižek 95 – Philosopher and Psychoanaylst (Slavoj, “Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljbljana, “Cardozo Law Review”)
How are we to combat effectively
AND
of psychoanalysis is the shift from desire to drive.  n34

Engaging in “activism” through debate is irresponsibility- No matter the outcome of the round their project won’t be enacted thus they can avoid the consequences.  By refusing to accept the mantle of responsibility the affirmative is comforted by the no-risk venture of their “politics”, and ideology is sustained.
Žižek 99 – Philosopher and Psychoanaylst (Slavoj, Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljbljana, “Ticklish Subject,” 234-8)
This criticism should not be misread as relying on
AND
that actually sustains every Order of Being.

Action cannot assuage guilt- Instead our conscious assumes the role of a loan shark. The more we pay it off by acting due to guilt, the more we end up owing.  The ever increasing weight of our guilt removes critical consideration from our actions making error replication inevitable.
Žižek 95 – Philosopher and Psychoanaylst (Slavoj, “Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljbljana, “Cardozo Law Review”)
This directive, however, in no way implies that, in the
AND
upon the good of the community.

The alternative is to adopt the role of the analyst—Voting negative is a matter of analyzing the psychological investment that the affirmative has in the politics of the status quo, and their attendent structures of exclusion. Only by analyzing these structures do we clear the way for authentic political acts that can transform the entire ideological system.  
Žižek 0 – Philosopher and Psychoanaylst (Slavoj, “Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljbljana, “Contingency, Hegemony, Universality”, p. 124-127)
Now I can also answer the obvious counter-argument
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the fantasy towards the Real.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge: Leigha Maddy
Text: Sarthak and I demand the United States Federal Government should proceed to search for, locate, and assassinate Assata Shakur.

This demand is to make Assata a martyr, because we realize that the demand for freedom can never be fully satisfied. This is a better way to use Assata’s neoslave narrative to tear down pillars of oppression.

The Martyrdom of a revolutionary figure is the key cornerstone to incite specifically black revolutionary movements – past civil rights movements prove.
Corrigan ‘9 (Lisa M. Corrigan, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication, “Sacrifice, Love, and Resistance: The Hip Hop Legacy of Assata Shakur” Women and Language Volume 32 No 2 (2009) http://assatateachin.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/assatarapmusic.pdf. DPatt)
To understand heroism and its importance
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Black Power hero Assata Shakur and praised her revolutionary resistance.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge: Leigha Maddy
Assata Shakur a murderer a father of two, too radical for the Black Panther Party. The political framework the aff has adopted is centered on a violent and revolutionary ideal.
Washington Times 13’ (The Washington Times, May 10, 2013, Assata Shakur, terrorist, The FBI accurately labels a cop-killer, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/10/assata-shakur-terrorist/, DPatt)
Not a month has passed since the
AND
a cell waiting at Guantanamo Bay. 

Revolutionary overthrow reproduces domination- only agonism provides effective political critique
Newman ‘00,
(Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow @ Macquarie University, Anarchism and the Politics of Ressentiment, muse)

What is the point of this
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 our possibilities of freedom

We should embrace a radical politics based around the Love Ethic – embracing other racial bodies as allies and resisting domination through a politics of love. Past black social movements prove this framework is the only way to solve. Radical black movements that focus on terroristic and violent tactics historically become coopted by other forms of western domination and perpetuate a culture of endless violence, turning case.
Hooks 09’ (Bell Hooks, an American author, feminist, and social activist, May 11’, 2009, Love As The Practice of Freedom PG. 243-245, DPatt)
IN this society, there is no powerful
AND
human value and valorizes materialism.

Furthermore, pessimism towards progressivism inverts the error and makes racism worse. This card rules:
Jones ’99 Richard Wyn Jones is at Cardiff University, where he is currently a Professor of Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in critical security studies at Aberystwyth University. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. ISBN 1-55587-335-9 (hc. :alk. paper) ON-LINE ED.: Columbia International Affairs Online, Transcribed, proofread, and marked-up in HTML, September 1999.
An even more troubling feature of
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Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Moore CG | Judge: Mike Weitz
Critique from the margins is not revolutionary – they are a site of orientation towards rather than opposition to the center.  By defining themselves as Pro-Zapatistas in opposition to Neoliberalism, the other team defines themselves by Neoliberalism in Mexico and is just integrated into the system they attempt to destroy.
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
The intellectual position is therefore
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in other tactical forms.

This is key in the instance of the Zapatistas – pinning the goals of their revolution into a few  ideological tags guts the true revolutionary nation of their nomadic movement, turning case.
Watkins 05’ (Mary Watkins, “Pacifica Graduate Institute faculty depth psychology, Notes from a Visit to Chiapas:
Toward Practices of Nomadic Identity and Hybridityi”, http://www.pacifica.edu/gems/whenhistorywakes/watkinsnotes.pdf, DPatt)
At first glance my town, Santa Barbara,
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a long shadow on a sunny town like this.

And intellectual warfare is nothing revolutionary.  Their performance against the pigs is highly ritualized and has no disruptive potential.  
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
As the economy in general and
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itself with these ludicrous gifts.

Our alternative is guerilla warfare in the face of the “revolutionary” position adopted by the 1NC.  We refuse to define our criticism in relation to status quo oppression.  Critique without position can accomplish anything once it is freed from the shackles of the 1AC. Our position posits itself closer to the true nature of the nomadic Zapatistas.
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
It is nonetheless already the case
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but the rest are secret.

You should vote for the team that best activates their revolutionary agency.  By refusing to define a static positional and oppositional nature for our critique, we can develop a logic no longer constrained by institutional interiority, a logic that is free from the shackles of intellectual slavery.
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
I will return to the precisely oxymoronic
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pursue knowledge itself, in the following manner:

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Moore CG | Judge: Mike Weitz
The Revolution must be awesome.

The aff works to liberate the future through  accumulation of anti-capitalist productivity. This drive to hoard dooms them to new cycles of capitalist accumulation. We cannot escape the ghosts of past oppression through laboring for the future.
Wendling, 2k6. (Amy Wendling, Assistant Professor of Philosophy @ Creighton College. Reading Bataille Now. Ed. Winnubst. P 64-51)
Sovereignty and the Revolutionary Subject
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postrevolutionary subjects.

The pups of war are yelping, and the 1AC adds their bark of protest to the chorus. Demands of restrint from the war machine mean nothing, for militarism thrives on the 1AC’s fascinated indignation.
John Hutnyk 2003   Goldsmith College at University of London; Critique of Anthropology v. 23
Bataille  was clearly a militant
AND
yelping pups of  doom. Fair call, Georges Bataille.   
?
The alternative is to engage in the Potlatch. The Potlatch is a form of gift giving which transcends traditional means of calculating value through a rational, utilitarian perspective. The gift is an act of ostensible generosity which is able to break down the capital driven approach to politics that perpetuates war and social inequality
Hutnyk 4 (John Hutnyk, Three single authored monographs 1996, 2000, 2004 each often reviewed and cited, and marking distinct research areas: urban studies, music and politics, politics and theory. One co-authored book Diaspora and Hybridity 2005 and four edited book collections 1996, 1999, 2006, 2012, BA HONS, Anthropology, First, Deakin University ¶ 1994, PhD, Political Science, University of Melbourne,http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandfrm=1andsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCsQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fwww.revalvaatio.org2Fwp2Fwp-content2Fuploads2Fhutnyk-bad_marxism_capitalism_and_cultural_studies.pdfandei=m9HNUYKiB-rw0gH42YHwDwandusg=AFQjCNHO6lL9HfP1ty4ocOOnqLvUk4whPAandsig2=fLDK3X7BYYG6Qsbb99x1fQ)
Bataille had attended Mauss’s lectures in the
AND
(for a better deal) is indeed a form of civil war.

We must sacrifice the need to promote the greater good to break with capitalism.
Yang 2k. (Mayfaire Mei-Hui, Professor of Anthropology @ the U of California, Santa Barbara. Current Anthropology, Volume 41, Number 4. Aug-Oct. 2000)
¶ Another body of critiques of capitalism
AND
in both capitalist and state socialist modernity

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Green Valley SG | Judge: Jordan Newton
The counterplan prevents extinction—even if only a few people survive, it ensures humanity will recover.

Jason G. Matheny, Research Associate at the Future of Human Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. Candidate in Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University, holds a Master’s in Public Health from the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University and an M.B.A. from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University, 2007 (“Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis, Volume 27, Issue 5, October, Available Online at http://jgmatheny.org/matheny_extinction_risk.htm, Accessed 07-04-2011)

Perhaps more cost effective
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setback compared to extinction.

Tournament: OU RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Moore CG | Judge: Mike Weitz
A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement
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widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement
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some countries than to others.

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his
AND
belongs to me.)

Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reagan PX | Judge: Nick Vail
Interpretation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more effective framework for
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Boise JV | Judge: Edward Kelinsky
The battle for the public sphere is over—the public lost.  Movements are coopted from within or externally targeted for eradication as soon as they become visible.  Rejecting politics is the only political act
The Invisible Committee, ‘7 an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book “The Coming Insurrection” published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf
Whatever angle you look at it
AND
conclusions to be drawn from it.

To make politics visible is to coopt it by giving resistance an object – this understanding allows resistance to be framed, to be declared a failure and prevents the imperceptible politics of anti-pedagogy
Tsianos et al. ‘8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press
In this sense imperceptible
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force for imperceptible politics.

Indigenous pedagogy makes it worse – cements Western epistemology for academics
Beauline-Sterling 12 Rebecca Beauline-Sterling is an MA student at York University. She self-describes as “an Indigenous woman negotiating her way through academia”. She is also a contributor to NeoAmericanist: A Review of¶ Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande – Originally published in the Vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2012) issue. http://www.neoamericanist.org/review/red-pedagogy
Grande further initiates the articulation
AND
rather than Indigenous people or communities. 

That academic tie forecloses aff solvency
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19
Totally managed death. A machine for
AND
doesn’t participate in this graveyard?

The alternative is the invisibility and imperceptible politics of anti-pedagogy – solves the K best
Bickel 4 “From artist to A/r/tographer : an autoethnographic ritual inquiry into writing on the body”, Barbara Bicket,  Degree Master of Arts - MA¶ Program Curriculum Studies, Master’s Thesis, 2004
I have unconsciously enacted an anti-pedagogical
AND
discontinuities, regressions, and deferred action (p. 23)."