1AC - Guest Workers 1NC - Coloniality K Case Block - K Case 2NR - K Case
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Arkansas TOC - Finals
Tournament: Arkansas Tournament of Champions | Round: Finals | Opponent: Rogers Heritage MW | Judge: Ryan Dickerson, Colton Gilbert, Logan Parke Advantage 1: Instability Current counter-narcotics policies exacerbate violence and accelerate instability Hari 9 (Johann Hari is a columnist for the London Independent. He has reported from Iraq, Israel/Palestine, the Congo, the Central African Republic, Venezuela, Peru and the US, and his journalism has appeared in publications all over the world, including the New York Time, the Los Angeles Times and Le Monde. He has twice been named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International. He is also a contributing writer for Slate, “Obama Must End the War on Drugs”, 2009, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/obama-must-end-the-war-on_b_165785.html | Kushal) Here's a starter-for-ten about where AND be a narco-state controlled by the cartels.
Small arms trafficking propagates internal instability Stohl and Hogendoorn 10 (Rachel Stohl is an associate fellow at Chatham House, London based in Washington, D.C. She has worked on issues related to the international arms trade for 15 years and served as a consultant to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on the United Nations Conventional Arms Register and to the U.N. Group of Governmental Experts on the Arms Trade Treaty. EJ Hogendoorn recently completed his Ph.D. and wrote his dissertation on the humanitarian impact of arms embargoes (with case studies on Bosnia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Somalia). He has worked for the United Nations Security Council, Human Rights Watch Arms Division, and Amnesty International USA. He has twice been appointed as an arms expert on the United Nations Panel of Experts (Somalia and Sudan), “Stopping the Destructive Spread of Small Arms”, March 2010, AD: 09/09/13, http://www.scribd.com/doc/52784296/Stopping-the-Destructive-Spread-of-Small-Arms |Kushal) The proliferation of small arms and light AND countries in Central America.
Current levels of violence are obliterating the fabric of Mexican society – thousands are dying in the status quo Dean et al. 12 (William, THE WAR ON MEXICAN CARTELS, Institute of Politics, pages 7-8 William Dean Laura Derouin Mikhaila Fogel Elsa Kania Tyler Keefe James McCune Valentina Perez Anthony Ramicone Robin Reyes Andrew Seo Minh Trinh Alex Velez-Green Colby Wilkason September 2012, AD: 08/17/13, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf | Kushal) The Mexican “Drug War” has killed AND result is a ¶ new wave of killings.
Cooperation is the only way to undermine cartel influence Horne 11 (Tom Horne, Arizona Attorney General, “Horne Says Mexico Risks Becoming a Failed State Unless Mexico and the U.S. Cooperate to Combat Drug Violence and Economic Upheaval”, 02/16/11, AD: 08/02/13, https://www.azag.gov/press-release/horne-says-mexico-risks-becoming-failed-state-unless-mexico-and-us-cooperate-combat | Kushal) PHOENIX (Wednesday, February 16, 2011) -- Attorney General Tom Horne, speaking at the AND consequences of funding the Mexican Criminal Enterprises.
Mexican instability is the greatest threat to the US – economic and political interdependence means the impact would escalate faster Shirk 11 (Dr. David A. Shirk Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, “Transnational Crime, U.S. Border Security, and the War on Drugs in Mexico”, March 31, 2011, AD: 09/11/13, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony20Shirk.pdf | Kushal) A Shared Threat: U.S. Security AND of U.S. Ambassador Carlos Pascual.
Advantage 2: Economy Money laundering fuels the underground economy which obliterates Mexican growth Corchado 12 (Alfredo Corchado, Mexico bureau chief for the Dallas Morning News, Nieman Fellow ’09, “Exclusive: Mexico pays heavy price for tax evasion, report finds”, 2012, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.dallasnews.com/news/nationworld/mexico/20120128-exclusive-mexico-pays-heavy-price-for-tax-evasion-report-finds.ece | Kushal) MEXICO CITY — In a nation with nearly half the population living in AND cripple a government, despite good intentions to be effective.”
Illicit financial flows devastate investor confidence which spills over to multiple economic sectors Kar 12 (Dev Kar, formerly a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity (GFI) at the Center for International Policy (CIP), January, GFI, support from Ford Foundation, “Mexico: Illicit Financial Flows, “Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy”, 2012, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/mexico/gfi_mexico_report_english-web.pdf | Kushal) Using graphical analysis, we illustrate how AND the underground economy in that each drove the other.
The underground economy drives cartel exploitation – this decimates oil revenues Mora 12 (Edwin Mora, Cybercast News Service, “Mexico’s State-Run Oil Company: Pipeline Network ‘Practically Taken Over by Organized Crime and Armed Groups’”, 08/21/12, AD: 11/4/13, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/mexico-s-state-run-oil-company-pipeline-network-practically-taken-over-organized-crime | Kushal) (CNSNews.com) -- Organized crime in Mexico AND armed clashes associated with oil theft.
PEMEX is the lynchpin of the Mexican economy – even if decline is inevitable cartel corruption results in short term collapse and impedes long term growth potential Martin and Longmire 11 (Contributor Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas and Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert and President, Longmire Consulting, “The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War and Pemex”, 03/15/11, AD: 08/14/13, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=283:the-perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug-war-aamp-pemexandcatid=114:content0211andItemid=374 | Kushal) The stillness of early Sunday morning December 19, AND company executives scrambling to revise their 2011 outlooks and analyses.
The drug trade is the root cause of Mexico’s economic decline – trafficking is a negative externality that manifests in multiple economic sectors on a macro and micro level and devastates growth Rios 8 (Viridiana Rios, Department of Government, Harvard University, “Evaluating the economic impact of Mexico’s drug trafficking industry”, spring 2008, pages 9-13 | Kushal) The economic costs imposed by the drug industry in Mexico In general, AND economic externality that is affecting all other markets. Mexico’s economy is intertwined with the US – their generic defense is media bias and slander; even small declines reverberate and escalates to total collapse Montealegre 13 (Oscar Montealegre, Contributor for the Diplomatic Courier, “U.S.-MEXICO RELATIONS: LOVE THY NEIGHBOR”, 01/25/13, AD: 08/22/13, http://www.diplomaticourier.com/news/regions/latin-america/408-u-s-mexico-relations-love-thy-neighbor | Kushal) It is not common knowledge that AND Mexican drug war and political corruption.
Uncontrolled laundering shatters financial credibility – macro and microeconomic consequences spill over and destroys growth potential Sarigul 13 (Hasmet Sarigul, Faculty of Management, Mevlana (Rumi) University, Turkey, International Journal of Business and Management Studies, “MONEY LAUNDERING AND ABUSE OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM”, pages 287–301 | Kushal) There are some macroeconomic and microeconomic AND widespread insider trading, fraud, and embezzlement(Quirk, 1997:9)
Economic decline causes war Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic AND in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
These conflicts go nuclear Harris and Burrows 9 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council and principal drafter of Global Trends 2025 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf) Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Plan Text: The United States federal government should implement reciprocal automatic exchange of information with Mexico as it pertains to money laundering.
Contention 3: Solvency
A focus on IFFs is key Realuyo 13 (Celina Realuyo, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She holds an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, M.A. from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), B.S. from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Certificate from l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris). “To Fight Mexican Cartels, Follow The Money”, 07/23/13, AD: 09/12/13, http://www.theglobalist.com/to-fight-mexican-cartels-follow-the-money/ | Kushal) The military operation against Treviño is AND the United States and losing their money.
Mexico says yes and automatic exchange solves Lowe 12 (Heather A. Lowe is legal counsel and director of government affairs at Global Financial Integrity, a research and advocacy organization in Washington, “Illicit funds from Mexico find safe haven in U.S.”, 2012, AD: 12/6/13, http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/12/opinion/lowe-mexico-illicit-funds-u-s-/ | Kushal) (CNN) -- The United States has a strong AND effective, low-cost option available to us in this fight.
Government cooperation is key – extends influence to institutions to reach the core of financing IOP 12 (Harvard University Institute of Politics, “THE WAR ON MEXICAN CARTELS”, September 2012, AD: 08/02/13, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf | Kushal) Upon reviewing past practices by Israel AND tide in the war on the Mexican cartels.
4/8/14
Arkansas TOC - Round 3
Tournament: Arkansas Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bentonville DM | Judge: Greg Warren Plan: The United States federal government should initiate a bilateral agriculture guest worker program with Mexico.
Contention 1 is Food
Farm labor shortages coming now— aging workforce and failure of the E-Verify system— guest workers solve confidence and labor certainty Jordan 8/12 12 August 2013, Miriam Jordan, Wall Street Journal, “America's Farm-Labor Pool Is Graying,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324263404578612383912447420.html, AZhang In California's Central Valley, nurseryman AND eligible to work in the U.S.
AND, global food shortages and soaring food prices are approaching— increased US supply is vital Klare 12 – Michael Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College. (“The Hunger Wars in Our Future,” Huffington Post, 8-7-2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-t-klare/the-hunger-wars-in-our-fu_b_1751968.html) The Great Drought of 2012 has AND droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
AND, Shortages of low-skilled agricultre workers will cause food prices to skyrocket Chamie and Mirkin ‘11 Joseph and Barry, Joseph Chamie is research director at the Center for Migration Studies, and Barry Mirkin is an independent consultant, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, reprinted in The Daily Star, “'Deportation' is the new global byword,” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10andcateg_id=5andarticle_id=123399#axzz1CrKSpYSD Illegal entry is a major AND food prices
Food prices have declined, but it’s dangerously near the critical threshold— exceeding it precipitates massive social unrest. Merchant 8/18 18 August 2013, Brian Merchant, Senior Editor, Motherboard, VICE, Cites Marco Lagi, Postdoctoral Researcher at New England Complex Systems Institute, and Yancer Bar-Yam, American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute, “High Food Prices Are Fueling Egypt's Riots—and Those in Brazil, Turkey, and Syria,” http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/high-food-prices-are-fueling-egypts-riotsand-those-in-brazil-turkey-and-syria, AZhang Conflict continues to sweep AND speculation, poor regional yields, and natural disasters.
Russian collapse causes nuclear war Filger 9 – Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356 In Russia historically, economic AND Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.
Lack of certainty ensures offshoring to Mexico— guest worker program solves Presont ’07 Julia Preston, New York Times, “U.S. farmers go where workers are: Mexico”, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/world/americas/04iht-export.4.7380436.html, AZhang A sense of crisis prevails among AND farmers have shifted to Mexico.
Offshoring undermines food independence and leadership McCland ‘08 (Stacy McCland, J.D. Law Magna Cum Laude from Barry University, MBA from Florida State University, B.S. Biochemistry at Barry University School of Law, 10 Barry L. Rev. 63, p. lexis) While food may AND food leading to mass starvation.
We would be forced to secure our food through adventurism Ikerd ’02 27 July 2002, John Ikerd, Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri, “New Farm Bill and U.S. Trade Policy: Implications for Family Farms and Rural Communities,” http://web.missouri.edu/~ikerdj/papers/FarmBill.html#_ftn2 Economists argue we AND security is simply too high.
That causes global war Gholz et al ’97 Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press (doctoral candidates in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Harvey M. Sapolsky (Professor of Public Policy and Organization in the Department of Political Science at M.I.T. and Director of the M.I.T. Defense and Arms Control Studies (DACS) Program Spring 1997 “come home America – the strategy of restraint in the face of temptation” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4 The larger long-term cost of AND engagers propose.
A guest worker program restores US ag production to sustainable levels Gowdy and Conyers 13 – Trey Gowdy is a US representative from South Carolina. John Conyers is a representative from Michigan. (“AGRICULTURAL LABOR: FROM H-2A TO A WORKABLE AGRICULTURAL GUESTWORKER PROGRAM”, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY, February 26, 2013, http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/113th/113-3_79584.PDF, Callahan) For those crops that are labor- AND millions of dollars bringing in new farmworkers.
Mexico is crucial---most important source of US farm labor Martin and Taylor 13 – Philip Martin is a Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC-Davis and Chair of the University of California’s Comparative Immigration and Integration Program. J Edward Taylor is a Profess of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Director of the Center on Rural Economics of the Americas and the Pacific Rim at UC-Davis. (“Ripe With Change: Evolving Farm Labor Markets in the United States, Mexico, and Central America”, The Regional Migration Study Group, February 2013, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-Agriculture.pdf, Callahan) The demand for hired farm labor AND Mexico and the United States.
Contention 2 is Sustainability
Increased labor determines the future prosperity of organic farms Mandelbaum 12 – Richard Mandelbaum is policy coordinator for CATA, el Comité de Apoyo a los Trabajadores Agrícolas (Farmworker Support Committee). (“Organic Farms and Immigration Policy”, 7/17/2012, http://tnfarchives.nofa.org/?q=article/organic-farms-and-immigration-policy, Callahan) In recent years organic farms in the AND our country and a peaceful, friendly neighbor.
Lack of labor causes failed mechanization and farm consolidation Calvin and Martin 10 – Linda Calvin, Agricultural Economist at the USDA, Economic Research Service, and Philip Martin, professor in the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California-Davis. (“The U.S. Produce Industry and Labor: Facing the Future in a Global Economy”, USDA, November 2010, http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/135123/err106.pdf) Interest in mechanization rises AND number of commodities produced on their farms.
Mechanization causes unsustainable industrialization and kills small farms Ikerd 2 – John Ikerd is Professor Emeritus at the University of Missouri, Columbia. (“Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security”, November 13, 2002, http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html, Callahan) Until recently, the specialization, standardization AND direction of giant agribusiness corporations.
Small farms prevent extinction Altieri 8 Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), “Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South,” Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115 The Via Campesina has long argued AND now and even more so in the future.
Resource and environmental constraints make industrial agriculture unsustainable – a transition to sustainable farms resolves this and prevents soil erosion Hellwinckel ‘10 Chad Hellwinckel and Daniel De La Torre Ugarte, Chad Hellwinckel, Ph.D., is a research assistant professor at the University of Tennessee's Agricultural Policy Analysis Center. Daniel De La Torre Ugarte, Ph.D., is a professor at the Department of Agricultural Economics of the University of Tennessee and the associate director of the Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, Peak Oil and the Necessity of Transitioning to Regenerative Agriculture, 9/2, Global food crisis, http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions-global-food-crisis/20100209-21284.html The food crisis of 2008 gave a first AND cultural land-use practices, but others are newly forged systems.
Soil erosion threatens extinction. ASAE ’02 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December, 2002, In Defense of Soil and Water Resources in the United States, p. http://www.asabe.org/pr/soilerosion.html, AZhang Our soil resource is vital to the AND potable water resources and improving water and air quality.
Water shortages are destroying crop production now— a shift to organic agriculture solves groundwater depletion. Ho 2005, Dr. Mae-Wan “Food Bubble Economy” http://www.i-sis.org.uk/TFBE.php What’s new in Lester Brown’s message is that the most vulnerable economic sector may be food. Food production is facing imminent collapse unless the urgent problems of water shortage, overpopulation and rising temperatures are tackled right away. (And no, he does not think GM crops are the answer to feeding the world.) The world is fast running out of water AND the key to delivering health to the nation, whether rich or poor.
Groundwater depletion empirically collapses civilization. The Economist 2003, July 10 “Irrigate and Die” PRIVATISATION and dams may arouse great AND What will the mid-west do for water then?
Contention 3 is Solvency
Mexico would say yes and cooperation is key to ensure enforcement MacNeil 7 (Melissa, magna cum laude as a Distinguished Honors Scholar with a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies and Spanish and Board of Regents Scholar at the University of North Texas, Discussion of the Validity of a Guest Worker Program in the United States, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86950/m2/1/high_res_d/macneil-melissa.pdf, no date given but research for the paper occurred in May 2007) With this many people emigrating AND costs in the long term (Abell et al., 2006).
A bilateral agreement is critical to agriculture productivity, cooperation, and relations. Bickerton 1 (Maria, Mara is a founding member of Bradshaw and Bickerton PLLC and formerly practiced at Vinson and Elkins L.L.P. Maria has over 10 years of experience practicing employee benefits, ERISA, executive compensation, and tax law. Maris is recognized in The Best Lawyers in America® for employee benefit, Prospects for a Bilateral Immigration Agreement with Mexico: Lessons from the Bracero Program, Lexis, March 2001) This Note will examine the bilateral AND improve the prospects for a new bilateral program.
4/8/14
Arkansas TOC - Semis
Tournament: Arkansas Tournament of Champions | Round: Semis | Opponent: Little Rock Central PS | Judge: Colton Gilbert, Kathleen Holladay, Logan Parke, Advantage 1: Instability Current counter-narcotics policies exacerbate violence and accelerate instability Hari 9 (Johann Hari is a columnist for the London Independent. He has reported from Iraq, Israel/Palestine, the Congo, the Central African Republic, Venezuela, Peru and the US, and his journalism has appeared in publications all over the world, including the New York Time, the Los Angeles Times and Le Monde. He has twice been named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International. He is also a contributing writer for Slate, “Obama Must End the War on Drugs”, 2009, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/obama-must-end-the-war-on_b_165785.html | Kushal) Here's a starter-for-ten about where AND be a narco-state controlled by the cartels.
Small arms trafficking propagates internal instability Stohl and Hogendoorn 10 (Rachel Stohl is an associate fellow at Chatham House, London based in Washington, D.C. She has worked on issues related to the international arms trade for 15 years and served as a consultant to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on the United Nations Conventional Arms Register and to the U.N. Group of Governmental Experts on the Arms Trade Treaty. EJ Hogendoorn recently completed his Ph.D. and wrote his dissertation on the humanitarian impact of arms embargoes (with case studies on Bosnia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Somalia). He has worked for the United Nations Security Council, Human Rights Watch Arms Division, and Amnesty International USA. He has twice been appointed as an arms expert on the United Nations Panel of Experts (Somalia and Sudan), “Stopping the Destructive Spread of Small Arms”, March 2010, AD: 09/09/13, http://www.scribd.com/doc/52784296/Stopping-the-Destructive-Spread-of-Small-Arms |Kushal) The proliferation of small arms and light AND countries in Central America.
Current levels of violence are obliterating the fabric of Mexican society – thousands are dying in the status quo Dean et al. 12 (William, THE WAR ON MEXICAN CARTELS, Institute of Politics, pages 7-8 William Dean Laura Derouin Mikhaila Fogel Elsa Kania Tyler Keefe James McCune Valentina Perez Anthony Ramicone Robin Reyes Andrew Seo Minh Trinh Alex Velez-Green Colby Wilkason September 2012, AD: 08/17/13, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf | Kushal) The Mexican “Drug War” has killed AND result is a ¶ new wave of killings.
Cooperation is the only way to undermine cartel influence Horne 11 (Tom Horne, Arizona Attorney General, “Horne Says Mexico Risks Becoming a Failed State Unless Mexico and the U.S. Cooperate to Combat Drug Violence and Economic Upheaval”, 02/16/11, AD: 08/02/13, https://www.azag.gov/press-release/horne-says-mexico-risks-becoming-failed-state-unless-mexico-and-us-cooperate-combat | Kushal) PHOENIX (Wednesday, February 16, 2011) -- Attorney General Tom Horne, speaking at the AND consequences of funding the Mexican Criminal Enterprises.
Mexican instability is the greatest threat to the US – economic and political interdependence means the impact would escalate faster Shirk 11 (Dr. David A. Shirk Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, “Transnational Crime, U.S. Border Security, and the War on Drugs in Mexico”, March 31, 2011, AD: 09/11/13, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony20Shirk.pdf | Kushal) A Shared Threat: U.S. Security AND of U.S. Ambassador Carlos Pascual.
State failure is the biggest existential risk – conventional state-on-state war is obsolete and great power conflict escalation is only possible through state collapse Manwaring 12 (Dr. Max G. Manwaring is a Professor of Military Strategy in the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) of the U.S. Army War College (USAWC), has held the General Douglas MacArthur Chair of Research at the USAWC, and is a retired U.S. Army colonel. He has served in various civilian and military positions, including the U.S. Southern Command, the Defense Intelligence Agency, Dickinson College, and Memphis University. Dr. Manwaring is the author and co-author of several articles, chapters, and books dealing with Latin American security affairs, political-military affairs, and insurgency and counterinsurgency. His most recent book is The Complexity of Modern Irregular War, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, forthcoming. His most recent article is “Security, Stability, and Sovereignty Challenges of Politicized Gangs and Insurgents in the Americas,” Small Wars and Insurgencies, December 2011, pp. 860-889. His most recent SSI monograph is The Strategic Logic of the Contemporary Security Dilemma, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, December 2011. Dr. Manwaring is a graduate of the U.S. Army War College, and holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Illinois., “AMBASSADOR STEPHEN KRASNER’S ORIENTING PRINCIPLE FOR FOREIGN POLICY (AND MILITARY MANAGEMENT)— RESPONSIBLE SOVEREIGNTY”, April 2012, AD: 08/02/13, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1104.pdf | Kushal) That reasoning begins with the fact that the AND effectively in the security arena now and in the future.
Advantage 2: Economy Money laundering fuels the underground economy which obliterates Mexican growth Corchado 12 (Alfredo Corchado, Mexico bureau chief for the Dallas Morning News, Nieman Fellow ’09, “Exclusive: Mexico pays heavy price for tax evasion, report finds”, 2012, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.dallasnews.com/news/nationworld/mexico/20120128-exclusive-mexico-pays-heavy-price-for-tax-evasion-report-finds.ece | Kushal) MEXICO CITY — In a nation with nearly half the population living in AND cripple a government, despite good intentions to be effective.”
Illicit financial flows devastate investor confidence which spills over to multiple economic sectors Kar 12 (Dev Kar, formerly a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity (GFI) at the Center for International Policy (CIP), January, GFI, support from Ford Foundation, “Mexico: Illicit Financial Flows, “Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy”, 2012, AD: 11/30/13, http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/mexico/gfi_mexico_report_english-web.pdf | Kushal) Using graphical analysis, we illustrate how AND the underground economy in that each drove the other.
The underground economy drives cartel exploitation – this decimates oil revenues Mora 12 (Edwin Mora, Cybercast News Service, “Mexico’s State-Run Oil Company: Pipeline Network ‘Practically Taken Over by Organized Crime and Armed Groups’”, 08/21/12, AD: 11/4/13, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/mexico-s-state-run-oil-company-pipeline-network-practically-taken-over-organized-crime | Kushal) (CNSNews.com) -- Organized crime in Mexico AND armed clashes associated with oil theft.
PEMEX is the lynchpin of the Mexican economy – even if decline is inevitable cartel corruption results in short term collapse and impedes long term growth potential Martin and Longmire 11 (Contributor Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas and Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert and President, Longmire Consulting, “The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War and Pemex”, 03/15/11, AD: 08/14/13, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=283:the-perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug-war-aamp-pemexandcatid=114:content0211andItemid=374 | Kushal) The stillness of early Sunday morning December 19, AND company executives scrambling to revise their 2011 outlooks and analyses.
The drug trade is the root cause of Mexico’s economic decline – trafficking is a negative externality that manifests in multiple economic sectors on a macro and micro level and devastates growth Rios 8 (Viridiana Rios, Department of Government, Harvard University, “Evaluating the economic impact of Mexico’s drug trafficking industry”, spring 2008, pages 9-13 | Kushal) The economic costs imposed by the drug industry in Mexico In general, AND economic externality that is affecting all other markets. Mexico’s economy is intertwined with the US – their generic defense is media bias and slander; even small declines reverberate and escalates to total collapse Montealegre 13 (Oscar Montealegre, Contributor for the Diplomatic Courier, “U.S.-MEXICO RELATIONS: LOVE THY NEIGHBOR”, 01/25/13, AD: 08/22/13, http://www.diplomaticourier.com/news/regions/latin-america/408-u-s-mexico-relations-love-thy-neighbor | Kushal) It is not common knowledge that AND Mexican drug war and political corruption.
Uncontrolled laundering shatters financial credibility – macro and microeconomic consequences spill over and destroys growth potential Sarigul 13 (Hasmet Sarigul, Faculty of Management, Mevlana (Rumi) University, Turkey, International Journal of Business and Management Studies, “MONEY LAUNDERING AND ABUSE OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM”, pages 287–301 | Kushal) There are some macroeconomic and microeconomic AND widespread insider trading, fraud, and embezzlement(Quirk, 1997:9)
Economic decline causes war Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic AND in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
These conflicts go nuclear Harris and Burrows 9 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council and principal drafter of Global Trends 2025 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf) Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
The United States federal government should implement reciprocal automatic exchange of information with Mexico as it pertains to money laundering.
Contention 3: Solvency
A focus on IFFs is key Realuyo 13 (Celina Realuyo, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She holds an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, M.A. from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), B.S. from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Certificate from l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris). “To Fight Mexican Cartels, Follow The Money”, 07/23/13, AD: 09/12/13, http://www.theglobalist.com/to-fight-mexican-cartels-follow-the-money/ | Kushal) The military operation against Treviño is AND the United States and losing their money.
Mexico says yes and automatic exchange solves Lowe 12 (Heather A. Lowe is legal counsel and director of government affairs at Global Financial Integrity, a research and advocacy organization in Washington, “Illicit funds from Mexico find safe haven in U.S.”, 2012, AD: 12/6/13, http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/12/opinion/lowe-mexico-illicit-funds-u-s-/ | Kushal) (CNN) -- The United States has a strong AND effective, low-cost option available to us in this fight.
4/8/14
OU RR 1AC - Round 1
Tournament: University of Oklahoma Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Jason Russell Observation One: The Status Quo
The US caused the food crisis in Cuba- even before the embargo US policies created dependence that structurally annihilated the country Collins et al., 89 (Joseph Collins- the cofounder of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, Michael Scott- researcher on agrarian reform and director of overseas programs for Oxfam America, Medea Benjamin- nutritionist with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the Swedish International Development Agency, “No free lunch: food and revolution in Cuba today”, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Jun 1, 1989, 11-24, jld) Dependence on the United States AND of thousands of poor Cuban families.
Despite the food exemption, the US still violates international law by prosecuting companies for selling food to Cuba LAMRANI 5-16-2013 (Salim, academic, journalist and specialist in Cuba-US relations, “Obama's endless siege,” Morning Star, Lexis) During his election campaign in 2007 AND main obstacle to Cuba's development.
The United States violates the moral order—there is a worldwide consensus that American policies violate the right to food XINHUA 2012 (Chinese envoy says US embargo brings "huge sufferings" to Cubans BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific - PoliticalSupplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring November 14, 2012, Lexis) The economic, commercial and financial AND of third countries," Wang said.
The US still maintains financial restrictions that deny Cuban access to American food exports—these should be lifted CUBA NEWS 4-1-2013 (“Illinois advocacy group pushes soybean exports to Cuba,” Lexis) Agroup of Illinois soybean farmers recently traveled AND is waiting for Cuba to change," Lehrer told CubaNews.
No alt causes – The Cuban embargo is the biggest contributor to starvation and neurological disease Kirkpatrick 96, MD; 32 years of experience and practices in Anesthesiology - Pain Medicine; (Anthony F. Kirkpatrick, November 30, 1996, The Lancet “Role of the USA in shortage of food and medicine in Cuba” Vol. 348, Pg. 1491)JES This argument rings hollow. First, AND with neurological disease in Cuba due to malnutrition.14
Utilitarianism does not apply to hunger—accepting starvation undermines our status as moral actors SHIELDS 1995 (David, research associate, Peace and Conflict Studies Program at UC Berkeley, The Color of Hunger: Race and Hunger in National and International Perspective, p. 49) One of the great myths about hunger is AND person into one more object of study.
Intervening actors will solve their impact but not ours SHIELDS 1995 (David, research associate, Peace and Conflict Studies Program at UC Berkeley, The Color of Hunger: Race and Hunger in National and International Perspective, p. 1-2) Imagine, for a moment, that unknown AND simply part of the present world order.
Plan Plan: the United States federal government should normalize its food trade with Cuba.
Observation Two: Morality
Access to food is a moral responsibility—we are obligated to ensure it even in the face of human extinction WATSON 1977 (Richard, Professor of Philosophy at Washington University, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p. 118-119) These arguments are morally spurious. AND human species survives as a result of individual behavior.
The United States embargo uses food as a weapon against Cuba while constructing a narrative of Cuban moral inferiority and American imperialism Fazzino, 10 - Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks. M.S., Sustainable Systems, Slippery Rock University, December 1999; J.D., University of Florida Levin College of Law, 2007; and Ph.D., Anthropology, University of Florida, 2008 (David V., “WHOSE FOOD SECURITY? CONFRONTING EXPANDING COMMODITY PRODUCTION AND THE OBESITY AND DIABETES EPIDEMICS,” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, 15 Drake J. Agric. L. 393, LexisNexis)HAL It's important for our nation to build AND historically produced discourse. n34
This equality is a side constraint—regardless of consequences, we cannot take any course of action if it is unjust RAWLS 1971 (John, philosopher, A Theory of Justice, p. 3-4) Justice is the first virtue of social AND and justice are uncompromising.
Even if Cuba can get food elsewhere this does not resolve our responsibility to act AITKEN 1977 (William, teaches philosophy at Chatham College, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p 93-94) Some have maintained that there is AND a minimal condition for obligation.
We must refuse to sacrifice one group to prevent a bad consequence—intervening actors mean that our responsibility does not extend to the effects of the plan—only the moral act of feeding hungry people GEWIRTH 1983 (Alan, philosopher, Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications, p 230-231) A third distinction is between respecting other AND at the price of the rights of blacks.
The food sanctions imposed on Cuba are a modern version of siege warfare – they purposefully deprive civilians of basic necessities putting the most vulnerable at risk Gordon-prof philosophy Fairfield-6 (Joy, Professor of Philosophy at Fairfield University, published in the Harvard University Press, “A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics Of Economic Sanctions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, 4-11-06, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1999.tb00330.x/pdf)
In many regards, sanctions are the modern AND the same moral objections as siege warfare.
This strategy of targeting the most vulnerable can be seen in Cuba where sanctions deny food to those that need it most Hidalgo and Martinez 2k (Vilma, professor of macroeconomics at the University of Havana, Milagros, Research Fellow at the University of Havana, working with the Centro de Estudios sobre Estados Unidos (CESEU), “Is the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba Morally Defensible?,” muse.jhu.edu/journals/logos/v003/3.4hidalgo.html, Project Muse) Assuring Adequate Food Supplies and Good AND pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, and fuel
This strategy reduces human life to a means to an end-It uses civilian suffering as leverage to enforce a political agenda and should be rejected Gordon 6 (Joy, Professor of Philosophy at Fairfield University, published in the Harvard University Press, “A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics Of Economic Sanctions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, 4-11-06, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1999.tb00330.x/pdf) But deontological arguments do AND lives of other human beings.
Even if consequentialism is generally good, we must have moral side constraints—some immoral actions must never be allowed no matter what the consequences are NAGEL 1979 (Thomas, Philosopher, Mortal Questions, p 58-59) Many people feel, without being able to say much more AND a certain number of charred babies.
The argument that survival outweighs sharing food relies on a misunderstanding of moral agency and justifies infinite atrocities—because no such agent as “the human species” exists, we are responsible only to individuals who are starving WATSON 1977 (Richard, Professor of Philosophy at Washington University, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p. 121-123) Given that the human species has rights as a AND life equally is “impractical” and “irrational.”
Great power war is obsolete and small conflicts will not escalate MANDELBAUM 1999 (Michael, Professor of American Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University; Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “Transcript: is Major War Obsolete?” Transcript of debate with John Mearsheimer, CFR, Feb 25, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/) My argument says, tacitly, that while this point of AND standing guard against an attack on a king.”
Expert predictions are wrong—we can’t know the future - prefer systemic violence first MENAND 2005 (Louis, “Everybody’s an Expert,” The New Yorker, December 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1) It is the somewhat gratifying lesson of Philip AND but the long run irons them out.
1/16/14
UT 1AC - Round 1
Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Smithville BV | Judge: Eric Beane Contention 1 is Food
Labor shortages are crippling farmers— a guest worker program solves this. Wozniacka 9/27 (9/27/13, Gosia Wozniacka, writer for Associated Press, “West Coast farms face labor shortages”, http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/sep/27/west-coast-farms-face-labor-shortages/, TB) FRESNO, Calif. — With the harvest in full swing on the West Coast AND , and it's going to get worse in the next few years," said
Global food shortages and soaring food prices are approaching— increased US supply is vital Klare 12 – Michael Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College. (“The Hunger Wars in Our Future,” Huffington Post, 8-7-2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-t-klare/the-hunger-wars-in-our-fu_b_1751968.html) The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we AND droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
Shortages of low-skilled agricultre workers will cause food prices to skyrocket Chamie and Mirkin ‘11 Joseph and Barry, Joseph Chamie is research director at the Center for Migration Studies, and Barry Mirkin is an independent consultant, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, reprinted in The Daily Star, “'Deportation' is the new global byword,” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10andcateg_id=5andarticle_id=123399#axzz1CrKSpYSD Illegal entry is a major means through which AND less labor-intensive crops. Invariably, the result is higher food prices
Food prices have declined, but it’s dangerously near the critical threshold— exceeding it precipitates massive social unrest. Merchant 8/18 18 August 2013, Brian Merchant, Senior Editor, Motherboard, VICE, Cites Marco Lagi, Postdoctoral Researcher at New England Complex Systems Institute, and Yancer Bar-Yam, American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute, “High Food Prices Are Fueling Egypt's Riots—and Those in Brazil, Turkey, and Syria,” http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/high-food-prices-are-fueling-egypts-riotsand-those-in-brazil-turkey-and-syria, AZhang Conflict continues to sweep Egypt, and the death toll is rising fast. Demonstrators AND too vulnerable to commodity speculation, poor regional yields, and natural disasters.
That causes global instability—collapses Russia and China Lynn 13 – Matthew Lynn is a financial journalist based in London. (“Food prices may be catalyst for 2013 revolutions”, January 26, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/food-prices-may-be-catalyst-for-2013-revolutions-2013-01-16) LONDON (MarketWatch) — What is the trigger for a revolution? Sometimes it AND may be the most likely cause of turmoil in the markets this year.
Russian collapse causes nuclear war Filger 9 – Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356 In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that AND the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.
Reduced production means China enters political crisis Shea 12 – Irish Economics, Finance and Investment writer. (Paul, “The US Has a Very Important Resource which China Doesn’t: Food”, ValueWalk, May 29, 2012, http://www.valuewalk.com/2012/05/the-us-has-a-very-important-resource-which-china-doesnt-food/) As China’s economy grows, so too will its demand for food. It’s own AND deal with them at least as fervently as we deal with our own.
That results in an internal war that causes lash-out Kane and Serewicz 1 Thomas. Security Studies from Hull. And Lawrence – Foreign Policy Analyst “China's Hunger: The Consequences of a Rising Demand for Food and Energy” Parameters, Fall 2001 Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be AND China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.
Extinction Hunkovic 9, American Military University, 09 Lee J, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate AND outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
A guest worker program restores US ag production to sustainable levels Gowdy and Conyers 13 – Trey Gowdy is a US representative from South Carolina. John Conyers is a representative from Michigan. (“AGRICULTURAL LABOR: FROM H-2A TO A WORKABLE AGRICULTURAL GUESTWORKER PROGRAM”, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY, February 26, 2013, http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/113th/113-3_79584.PDF) For those crops that are labor-intensive, especially at harvest time, hard AND the country to spend hundreds of millions of dollars bringing in new farmworkers.
Mexico is crucial-~--most important source of US farm labor Martin and Taylor 13 – Philip Martin is a Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC-Davis and Chair of the University of California’s Comparative Immigration and Integration Program. J Edward Taylor is a Profess of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Director of the Center on Rural Economics of the Americas and the Pacific Rim at UC-Davis. (“Ripe With Change: Evolving Farm Labor Markets in the United States, Mexico, and Central America”, The Regional Migration Study Group, February 2013, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-Agriculture.pdf) The demand for hired farm labor is complex. In each country it depends on AND pressure on wages and working conditions in both Mexico and the United States.
1AC Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should establish a bilateral agriculture guest worker program with the government of Mexico.
Contention 2 is Sustainability
Lack of labor causes failed mechanization and farm consolidation Calvin and Martin 10 – Linda Calvin, Agricultural Economist at the USDA, Economic Research Service, and Philip Martin, professor in the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California-Davis. (“The U.S. Produce Industry and Labor: Facing the Future in a Global Economy”, USDA, November 2010, http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/135123/err106.pdf) Interest in mechanization rises and falls with the price and availability of labor. When AND crop, they may reduce the number of commodities produced on their farms.
Mechanization causes unsustainable industrialization and kills small farms Ikerd 2 – John Ikerd is Professor Emeritus at the University of Missouri, Columbia. (“Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security”, November 13, 2002, http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html, Callahan) Until recently, the specialization, standardization, and consolidation of farming had been AND , but production increasingly is carried out under direction of giant agribusiness corporations.
Small farms prevent extinction Altieri 8 Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), “Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South,” Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115 The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their AND on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.
Continued reliance on industrial mechanized ag results in catastrophic warming Cummins 10 – Ronnie is the International Director of the Organic Consumers Association. (“Industrial Agriculture and Human Survival: The Road Beyond 10/10/10”, Organic Consumer’s Association, October 7, 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21747.cfm) Despite decades of deception and mystification, a critical mass at the grassroots is waking AND farming, we and our children are doomed to reside in Climate Hell.
Industrial agriculture is the leading cause for environmental disasters - a shift to organic farming reduces emissions by 25 Rees 7/9 (Eifion Rees, 7/9/13, journalist for The Ecologist and writer for The Guardian, “Change Farming to Cut CO2 Emissions by 25 per cent”, http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/280491/change_farming_to_cut_co2_emissions_by_25_per_cent.html, TB) A new report has revealed that a change in the way we manage agricultural land AND be reached in 100 years, the report found.¶ xist worldwide.’
Organics is key to climate resilience— reducing mineral fertilizers solves— promotes global organic development Scialabba 10 – Nadia is from the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (“Organic agriculture and climate change”, February 2, 2010, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.2, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/275960/al185e.pdf, Callahan) Organic agricultural systems have an inherent potential to both reduce GHG emissions and to enhance AND are needed to better unlock its potential and application on a large scale.
US leadership is critical Bertini and Glickman ‘09 Catherine Bertini and Dan Glickman, cochairs of the Global Agricultural Development Initiative as part of The Chicago Council on Global Affairss, one of the oldest and most prominent independent and nonpartisan international affairs organizations in the United States, “Renewing American Leadership in the Fight Against Global Hunger and Poverty,” pp.39-40, 2009, http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/GlobalAgDevelopment/Report/gadp_final_report.pdf, AZhang The challenge today is to revive governmental support for agricultural development. ¶ This proposition AND past two decades is that without American ¶ leadership, little will happen.
AND, accelerated warming causes extinction— rate is key Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122 The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Contention 3 is Solvency
Mexico would say yes and cooperation is key to ensure enforcement MacNeil 7 (Melissa, magna cum laude as a Distinguished Honors Scholar with a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies and Spanish and Board of Regents Scholar at the University of North Texas, Discussion of the Validity of a Guest Worker Program in the United States, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86950/m2/1/high_res_d/macneil-melissa.pdf, no date given but research for the paper occurred in May 2007) With this many people emigrating annually, Mexican officials have been studying the effects of AND eventually decrease costs in the long term (Abell et al., 2006).
A bilateral agreement is critical to agriculture productivity, cooperation, and relations. Bickerton 1 (Maria, Mara is a founding member of Bradshaw and Bickerton PLLC and formerly practiced at Vinson and Elkins L.L.P. Maria has over 10 years of experience practicing employee benefits, ERISA, executive compensation, and tax law. Maris is recognized in The Best Lawyers in America® for employee benefit, Prospects for a Bilateral Immigration Agreement with Mexico: Lessons from the Bracero Program, Lexis, March 2001) This Note will examine the bilateral nature of the Bracero Program, and the various AND . n206 These overlapping goals improve the prospects for a new bilateral program.
CIR doesn’t solve— laundry list of reasons Harvard 7/11 11 July 2013, Sarah Harvard, PanAm Post, Executive editor of DL Magazine, published in the Chicago Tribune, The Daily Caller, the Nation, “Hateful Rhetoric, Economic Illiteracy Undermine Immigration Reform,” http://panampost.com/sarah-harvard/2013/07/11/hateful-rhetoric-economic-illiteracy-undermine-immigration-reform/, AZhang Of course, the Gang of Eight Immigration Reform Bill is not ideal. It AND status quo, though, there is still great need for immigration reform.
12/15/13
UT 1AC - Round 6
Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science MD | Judge: Jenny Phillips SAME AS ROUND 1, JUST ONE ADDITIONAL CARD AT END OF SOLVENCY
Contention 1 is Food
Labor shortages are crippling farmers— a guest worker program solves this. Wozniacka 9/27 (9/27/13, Gosia Wozniacka, writer for Associated Press, “West Coast farms face labor shortages”, http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/sep/27/west-coast-farms-face-labor-shortages/, TB) FRESNO, Calif. — With the harvest in full swing on the West Coast AND , and it's going to get worse in the next few years," said
Global food shortages and soaring food prices are approaching— increased US supply is vital Klare 12 – Michael Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College. (“The Hunger Wars in Our Future,” Huffington Post, 8-7-2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-t-klare/the-hunger-wars-in-our-fu_b_1751968.html) The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we AND droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
Shortages of low-skilled agricultre workers will cause food prices to skyrocket Chamie and Mirkin ‘11 Joseph and Barry, Joseph Chamie is research director at the Center for Migration Studies, and Barry Mirkin is an independent consultant, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, reprinted in The Daily Star, “'Deportation' is the new global byword,” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10andcateg_id=5andarticle_id=123399#axzz1CrKSpYSD Illegal entry is a major means through which AND less labor-intensive crops. Invariably, the result is higher food prices
Food prices have declined, but it’s dangerously near the critical threshold— exceeding it precipitates massive social unrest. Merchant 8/18 18 August 2013, Brian Merchant, Senior Editor, Motherboard, VICE, Cites Marco Lagi, Postdoctoral Researcher at New England Complex Systems Institute, and Yancer Bar-Yam, American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute, “High Food Prices Are Fueling Egypt's Riots—and Those in Brazil, Turkey, and Syria,” http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/high-food-prices-are-fueling-egypts-riotsand-those-in-brazil-turkey-and-syria, AZhang Conflict continues to sweep Egypt, and the death toll is rising fast. Demonstrators AND too vulnerable to commodity speculation, poor regional yields, and natural disasters.
That causes global instability—collapses Russia and China Lynn 13 – Matthew Lynn is a financial journalist based in London. (“Food prices may be catalyst for 2013 revolutions”, January 26, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/food-prices-may-be-catalyst-for-2013-revolutions-2013-01-16) LONDON (MarketWatch) — What is the trigger for a revolution? Sometimes it AND may be the most likely cause of turmoil in the markets this year.
Russian collapse causes nuclear war Filger 9 – Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356 In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that AND the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.
Reduced production means China enters political crisis Shea 12 – Irish Economics, Finance and Investment writer. (Paul, “The US Has a Very Important Resource which China Doesn’t: Food”, ValueWalk, May 29, 2012, http://www.valuewalk.com/2012/05/the-us-has-a-very-important-resource-which-china-doesnt-food/) As China’s economy grows, so too will its demand for food. It’s own AND deal with them at least as fervently as we deal with our own.
That results in an internal war that causes lash-out Kane and Serewicz 1 Thomas. Security Studies from Hull. And Lawrence – Foreign Policy Analyst “China's Hunger: The Consequences of a Rising Demand for Food and Energy” Parameters, Fall 2001 Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be AND China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.
Extinction Hunkovic 9, American Military University, 09 Lee J, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate AND outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
A guest worker program restores US ag production to sustainable levels Gowdy and Conyers 13 – Trey Gowdy is a US representative from South Carolina. John Conyers is a representative from Michigan. (“AGRICULTURAL LABOR: FROM H-2A TO A WORKABLE AGRICULTURAL GUESTWORKER PROGRAM”, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY, February 26, 2013, http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/113th/113-3_79584.PDF) For those crops that are labor-intensive, especially at harvest time, hard AND the country to spend hundreds of millions of dollars bringing in new farmworkers.
Mexico is crucial---most important source of US farm labor Martin and Taylor 13 – Philip Martin is a Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics at UC-Davis and Chair of the University of California’s Comparative Immigration and Integration Program. J Edward Taylor is a Profess of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Director of the Center on Rural Economics of the Americas and the Pacific Rim at UC-Davis. (“Ripe With Change: Evolving Farm Labor Markets in the United States, Mexico, and Central America”, The Regional Migration Study Group, February 2013, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-Agriculture.pdf) The demand for hired farm labor is complex. In each country it depends on AND pressure on wages and working conditions in both Mexico and the United States. 1AC Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should establish a bilateral agriculture guest worker program with the government of Mexico.
Contention 2 is Sustainability
Lack of labor causes failed mechanization and farm consolidation Calvin and Martin 10 – Linda Calvin, Agricultural Economist at the USDA, Economic Research Service, and Philip Martin, professor in the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California-Davis. (“The U.S. Produce Industry and Labor: Facing the Future in a Global Economy”, USDA, November 2010, http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/135123/err106.pdf) Interest in mechanization rises and falls with the price and availability of labor. When AND crop, they may reduce the number of commodities produced on their farms.
Mechanization causes unsustainable industrialization and kills small farms Ikerd 2 – John Ikerd is Professor Emeritus at the University of Missouri, Columbia. (“Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security”, November 13, 2002, http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html, Callahan) Until recently, the specialization, standardization, and consolidation of farming had been AND , but production increasingly is carried out under direction of giant agribusiness corporations.
Small farms prevent extinction Altieri 8 Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), “Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South,” Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115 The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their AND on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.
Continued reliance on industrial mechanized ag results in catastrophic warming Cummins 10 – Ronnie is the International Director of the Organic Consumers Association. (“Industrial Agriculture and Human Survival: The Road Beyond 10/10/10”, Organic Consumer’s Association, October 7, 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21747.cfm) Despite decades of deception and mystification, a critical mass at the grassroots is waking AND farming, we and our children are doomed to reside in Climate Hell.
Industrial agriculture is the leading cause for environmental disasters - a shift to organic farming reduces emissions by 25 Rees 7/9 (Eifion Rees, 7/9/13, journalist for The Ecologist and writer for The Guardian, “Change Farming to Cut CO2 Emissions by 25 per cent”, http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/280491/change_farming_to_cut_co2_emissions_by_25_per_cent.html, TB) A new report has revealed that a change in the way we manage agricultural land AND be reached in 100 years, the report found.¶ xist worldwide.’
Organics is key to climate resilience— reducing mineral fertilizers solves— promotes global organic development Scialabba 10 – Nadia is from the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (“Organic agriculture and climate change”, February 2, 2010, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.2, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/275960/al185e.pdf, Callahan) Organic agricultural systems have an inherent potential to both reduce GHG emissions and to enhance AND are needed to better unlock its potential and application on a large scale.
US leadership is critical Bertini and Glickman ‘09 Catherine Bertini and Dan Glickman, cochairs of the Global Agricultural Development Initiative as part of The Chicago Council on Global Affairss, one of the oldest and most prominent independent and nonpartisan international affairs organizations in the United States, “Renewing American Leadership in the Fight Against Global Hunger and Poverty,” pp.39-40, 2009, http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/GlobalAgDevelopment/Report/gadp_final_report.pdf, AZhang The challenge today is to revive governmental support for agricultural development. ¶ This proposition AND past two decades is that without American ¶ leadership, little will happen.
AND, accelerated warming causes extinction— rate is key Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122 The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Contention 3 is Solvency
Mexico would say yes and cooperation is key to ensure enforcement MacNeil 7 (Melissa, magna cum laude as a Distinguished Honors Scholar with a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies and Spanish and Board of Regents Scholar at the University of North Texas, Discussion of the Validity of a Guest Worker Program in the United States, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86950/m2/1/high_res_d/macneil-melissa.pdf, no date given but research for the paper occurred in May 2007) With this many people emigrating annually, Mexican officials have been studying the effects of AND eventually decrease costs in the long term (Abell et al., 2006).
A bilateral agreement is critical to agriculture productivity, cooperation, and relations. Bickerton 1 (Maria, Mara is a founding member of Bradshaw and Bickerton PLLC and formerly practiced at Vinson and Elkins L.L.P. Maria has over 10 years of experience practicing employee benefits, ERISA, executive compensation, and tax law. Maris is recognized in The Best Lawyers in America® for employee benefit, Prospects for a Bilateral Immigration Agreement with Mexico: Lessons from the Bracero Program, Lexis, March 2001) This Note will examine the bilateral nature of the Bracero Program, and the various AND . n206 These overlapping goals improve the prospects for a new bilateral program.
CIR doesn’t solve— laundry list of reasons Harvard 7/11 11 July 2013, Sarah Harvard, PanAm Post, Executive editor of DL Magazine, published in the Chicago Tribune, The Daily Caller, the Nation, “Hateful Rhetoric, Economic Illiteracy Undermine Immigration Reform,” http://panampost.com/sarah-harvard/2013/07/11/hateful-rhetoric-economic-illiteracy-undermine-immigration-reform/, AZhang Of course, the Gang of Eight Immigration Reform Bill is not ideal. It AND status quo, though, there is still great need for immigration reform.
The rest of the world will follow the US’ lead CSA 90 The Committee for Sustainable Agriculture, “Industry Leaders Define “Sustainable AND The international programs of universities can become centers of sustainability training and research.