Tournament: Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: Charles Li | Judge: Sara Sanchez
For all cite requests email daehyun97@gmailcom. I will post all 1NC's and 2NC/1NR cards on request. I probably won't upload repetitive da's (politics) but if you email me, I'll put up the cites.

Navigation
1 - Topicality/F/W
2 - Disadvantages
3 - Counerplans
4 - Case Turns
5 - Criticisms
6 - Specific Cites Requests (Tournament - Team)

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Octas | Opponent: BCC GB | Judge: Ryan Nierman, Shree Asware, Sean Hammond
A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling …outlined in the following discussion.
That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible … decisions through reasoned debate.
Only portable skill-~--means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense … favored political candidate.¶ 

Their framework’s exclusive, moralizing presupposition that they have to be outside of the state prevents self-reflexivity and results in the total breakdown of dialogue and engagement – thinking about costs and benefits for societies as a whole is important because we are less likely to be violent towards others which is the only way to prevent totalitarian thought and atrocities
Keenan, 1998 (Alan, Ph.D., Member of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at Harvard University, Theory and Event, Vol. 2 No. 1, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v002/2.1keenan.html)

The anti-political nature of guilt, in turn, … and dreariness of political action.

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a … pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology-~--that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most … not expressivist rhetoric.

Political simulation is empathic and better for decision-making
Harri Raisio 10, RESEARCHER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VAASA -~-- Researcher, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Vaasa and PhD student in Social and Health Management, at the University of Vaasa, “The Public as Policy Expert: Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Finnish Health Care Reforms and Policies,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2010, http://services.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159andcontext=jpd
In deliberation something … to focus more on  the public good.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Shree Asware, Lawrence Grandpre, Kyla Sommers
Federal government is the national government
Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national … Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3

“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, “Economic sanctions and engagement policies,” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies … affects the position of others in the same direction.
A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so … be outlined in the following discussion.
That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible … these decisions through reasoned debate.
Their framework’s exclusive, moralizing presupposition that they have to be outside of the state prevents self-reflexivity and results in the total breakdown of dialogue and engagement – thinking about costs and benefits for societies as a whole is important because we are less likely to be violent towards others which is the only way to prevent totalitarian thought and atrocities
Keenan, 1998 (Alan, Ph.D., Member of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at Harvard University, Theory and Event, Vol. 2 No. 1, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v002/2.1keenan.html)

The anti-political nature of guilt, in turn, helps …aggressivity, and dreariness of political action.

Debating over positive pragmatic action is key to creating change
Susan D. Carle, Dec. 2005, “Theorizing Agency,” 55 Am. U.L. Rev. 307, p ln

Precisely because he believed … the promotion of political disengagement and apathy. 287

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Debate’s good yo
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences,… outlined in the following discussion.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Debate should be an academic exercise where the aff plays the role of the federal government and the Negative negates the plan. Also, the affirmative must affirm the resolution – that means that their voice and feminism arguments are in violation of our framework. Only This creates a competitive space to imagine new ideas and translate them into practical suggestions—key to emancipatory change
Andrews 6(Peter, Consulting Faculty Member at the IBM Executive Business Institute in Palisades, New York, Executive Technology Report, August, Www-935.Ibm.Com/Services/Us/Bcs/Pdf/G510-6313-Etr-Unlearn-to-Innovate.Pdf)

High stakes innovation requires ... a new idea or approach).

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of ... outlined in the following discussion.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as ... better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction ...the part of the target state.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
The aff’s not topical – engagement must be bilateral
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between or ... some countries than to others.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Increase requires a net increase
Words and Phrases 8  (20B WandP – 265-265)

Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.Term “…West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC CK | Judge: Kyla Somers
Resolved requires a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument …  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Federal government is the national government
Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government …l government. Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3

 “Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, “Economic sanctions and engagement policies,” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies … position of others in the same direction.

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation – it’s the only portable skill so it turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling….will be outlined in the following discussion.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
The status quo is hardline policies toward Cuba – Obama’s rhetoric hasn’t changed anything
Kovalik 6-28 Dan, Senior Associate with the AFL-CIO, Citing Lamrani, a US-Cuba relations expert “Trying to Destroy the Danger of a Good Example: The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28/13 http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/
Imagine then, what Cuba could ... support for, and joint work, with Cuba.
The plan uniquely reverses that trend - devastating US credibility and resolve
Etzioni ’11 Amitai, Prof IR at George Washington, “The Coming Test of US Credibility” Military Review http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2011/03/credibility.pdf 2011
THE RELATIVE POWER of the United ... approach to the world.
A collapse of credibility ignites a host of conflicts - extinction
Cohen 3-19 Eliot, Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins, “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 ln
In Mr. Obama's second term... up and get nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Immigration reform will pass now but political capital’s key
PR 10-17 — Press Release, http://www.enewspf.com/latest-news/latest-local/47094-gutierrez-optimistic-about-immigration-s-chances-when-government-shutdown-is-resolved.html

"It is hard to be optimistic about … House and signed into law."

The plan drains PC and precipitates a fight— deficit concerns and gridlock neutralize support
Halverstadt 13 — Lisa Halverstadt, reporter at Voice of San Diego (Lisa Halverstadt, Voice of San Diego, 04-25-2013, “Waiting on Congress to Ease Border Waits”, http://voiceofsandiego.org/2013/04/25/waiting-on-congress-to-ease-border-waits/, Accessed 08-01-2013 | AK)

Funding to improve the world’s … to do the same,” Alvarez said.

Expanding visas is key to Russian bioweapon security – otherwise there’s no check on pathogen engineering
Brumfiel ‘3
Geoff.  Physical Science for Nature.“Russia’s Bioweapons Labs: Still Out in the Cold” Nature, Vol 423. June 2003. EbscoGBS-JV
Collaborations between Western … take over three months," he says.
 Russian bioweapons cause extinction
Maartens 6
(Dr. Willie, Ph.D. – Business Economics and Management, Mapping Reality: A Critical Perspective on Science and Religion, p. 251-252) Kerwin
The scientists are the ’high … known deadly agents.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Chinese influence is increasing and trading off with US influence in Latin America – it’s zero sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)
Once upon a time, as many ...This is no fairy tale.

The link is increased economic engagement.  Lack of US influence is key to China’s expansion in Latin America
Shaiken et al ‘13
Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9
The dominant strategies ... between these two countries.

Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang ‘12
Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm 

As China plays an increasingly ... continue to surprise the world.

China’s engagement in Latin America is key to their economy and stability
Farnsworth, 12 – Vice-president of the Council of the Americas in Washington DC (Eric, “Memo to Washington: Chinaand#39;s Growing Presence in Latin America,” Americas Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, Winter, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/Farnsworth)
What is China doing in the ... across the Americas.

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating ... to the Bush presidency than China

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Casey Harrigan
Hardline against Cuba now – terror list
Kasperowicz 5/30/13 Pete, Staff Writer for the Hill, "State keeps Cuba on terror sponsors list", 5/30/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/americas/302609-cuba-remains-a-state-sponsor-of-terror-despite-some-improvements, Accessed July 6,
As expected, the State Department …remove Cuba from the list.

Lifting the embargo is appeasement – emboldens adversaries and turns the case
Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. “KEEP THE EMBARGO, O” April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)

In the end, though, it's still … onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Appeasement kills credibility – it shows countries that the US isn’t hard line - playing a weak hand doesn’t work
Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, “President Obama's Compulsive Appeasement Disorder”, August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)
There's a simple explanation: … this lesson, regardless of world outrage.
Credible engagement is key to prevent Iranian proliferation
Ghitis 13 (Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. “World to Obama: You can't ignore us,” 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world)

President Obama made it very … plans of American presidents.
Iran prolif causes nuclear war
Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon,” online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html
The experts who study this … with a nuclear weapons delivery capability.”

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
Easing the embargo will collapse Cuba’s health care model
Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)

According to Steven Ullmann of ... killed that vision.

Cuba’s health care model is remaking medicine and will prevent disease globally
Fitz, 12 - editor of Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought. (Don, “Why is Cuba’s health-care system the best model for poor countries?” Links: International Journal of Socialist Renewal, 12/8, http://links.org.au/node/3136)

Furious though it may be, ... claim to be the most concerned.

Diseases end civilization
David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all ... and viruses in particular.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Shutdown wonand#39;t happen - just talk
Cohen 9/20 (Tom Cohen, He is a CNN Wire news editor at CNN, He used to work at Media Relations Director at Conservation International Newsman, Editor, Correspondent, Bureau Chief at The Associated Press and#34;Congress: will it be a government shutdown or budget compromise?and#34;, September 20, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/19/politics/congress-shutdown-scenarios/index.html)
Despite an escalating political... studies at the Brookings Institution.

The plan causes the shutdown
Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future
The only thing found Thursday ... weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;

PC is key – causes us default, kills the economy, and decks US credibility
Norm Ornstein, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, 9/1/13, Showdowns and Shutdowns, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/01/showdowns_and_shutdowns_syria_congress_obama

Then there is the overload ... about America and Syria.

Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, 10-28, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html

Then there are the dolorous ... with external adventures.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Nieto’s energy reform will pass now – his credibility is key
Hernandez 6/20/13 (Maria Jose, analyst in Eurasia Groupand#39;s Latin America practice, holds a masterand#39;s degree in public administration and economic policy analysis from the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University, “Politics and Oil: Mexicoand#39;s Road to Reform,” 2013, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/20/politics_and_oil_mexicos_road_to_reform)

Is Mexico finally on the verge ... new presidentand#39;s political skills.

Plan derails Nieto’s agenda – perceived as interference
Hennessey and Wilkinson 13 Kathleen Hennessey and Tracy Wilkinson, writers for the Los Angeles Times, LA Times, “Obama, Mexico leader to avoid hot topics, at least publicly,” 5/1/13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/world/la-fg-obama-mexico-20130502

Obamaand#39;s visit to Mexico City ... and#34;degree of irritationand#34; in private talks.

Mexican fuel production key to manufacturing competitiveness
Mead 7/2/13 (Walter Russell Mead, James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College and Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, “Mexico Gasses Up on US Shale” http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/07/02/mexico-gasses-up-on-us-shale/

Within five years, higher ... everyone—well, except for China.
Prevents China-Taiwan conflict and Chinese heg
Mosher 6 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, “Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy,” February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism... quite possibly devastating.”

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
CBI funds distributed to state departments solves the aff
Balido 11 (Nelson, president of the Border Trade Alliance, The BTA, 5/4/11, “Alert: Critical Coordinated Border Infrastructure Funding at Risk”, http://www.thebta.org/btanews/alert-critical-coordinated-border-infrastructure-funding-at-risk.html)

CBI dollars distributed to … reduce congestion and create jobs.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Shree Asware, Lawrence Grandpre, Kyla Sommers
Story telling is the only way to come to terms with pain – only through rewriting history can we change the way we conceptualize of El Dorado
Creevy 10 (Shane, journalist, 3/8/10, "Fascinating re-telling of an ancient Amazonian myth," http://politico.ie/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=6412)

“Don’t we breathe through what we speak? … Atwood, A.S. Byatt, Su Tong and Sally Vickers.

Reclamation is key -- future actions are determined by the way we perceive history because the act of judging is determined by the past – only reclaiming narrative tales serves as an appeal to human dignity to transform the way we view Coloniality in Latin America
Noor 8 (Ashraf, Rosenzweig Research Center, "Consideration and Reclamation: Arendt and Ricoeur Judgement," Naharaim, Vol. 1, p. 1-26)

In the Postscriptum to the first volume … from self-interest in thought and judgment.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Counterplan solves the case---Latin American governments will say yes---it triggers Cuban reform that avoids a Vietnamese model during the transition---and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico's foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, “The Right Deal on Cuba,” online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html

The question of what to do about... policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton CP MY | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
Plan crushes sustainable Cuban agriculture – crowds out Cuban producers
Carmen G. Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33

Notwithstanding these … and from the global trading system.
Cuban agriculture is modeled globally
Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in ..opposition to a corporate global food regime.
Prevents inevitable food shocks
Rodman 11 (Sarah Rodman, Doctoral Fellow and Research Assistant Center for a Livable Future. 9/27/11. "Food Systems After Peak Oil: A Look at Cuba". www.livablefutureblog.com/2011/09/food-systems-after-peak-oil-a-look-at-cuba)

Peak oil is fast approaching, a … and risk. So, however, does inaction.”
That guarantees instability and great power wars
CRIBB 10 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 20)
The threat or conflict over food, … provoke conflict and wars."15

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world ... principle strengths of pluralism.
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these ... support of its national interests.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Trade liberalization is key to Latin American growth and stability
Gwartney* and Vasquez 1 – *co-author of Economic Freedom of the World, director of the Project on Global Economic Liberty (James D. Gwartney and Ian Vásquez, “Why Latin America Needs a Free-Trade Zone” National Post, April 18 2001, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-latin-america-needs-freetrade-zone?print) MR
At the Summit of the Americas ...from free trade in the Americas.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC CK | Judge: Kyla Somers
The 1ac’s focus on queerness is not neutral – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)//RSW

For this reason, the various … anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1

Anthropocentrism is the root cause of all violence – their politics doom us to endless repetition of the status quo
Best, 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s “The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust”, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf) MD 

While a welcome advance over…baggage official Christianity left behind.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to ... have your dissent and make it too." n205

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life ... encouragement of memory to become present.
 

Identity arguments are only ever implicit explanations of the constitutive effects of the social order, never a manifestation of some metaphysical status.  Experience does not create us; we constitute experience and identity in concert with others.  Knowledge of experience is therefore not the province of the individual; instead, we can only know identity through the shared practices that make communities the locus of knowledge production.  
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
We suggest that alternative ... real actions, practices and projects. 

4. Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity---the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 47-51) 

The postmodern exposure of ... taste for political argument.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
‘Respecting difference’ only operates insofar as the other is willing to be integrated into Western modes of thought – all others are characterized as dangerous and expendable.
Badiou, 98 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 23-25)

What then becomes of … I will respect your difference.'

Their ethical stance is just camouflage for cultural domination.  Only others who are already compatible with the dominant ideology will be embraced by their ethics.  
McCarraher, 01 (Eugene teaches humanities at Villanova University Review of Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil By Alain Badiou,  http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/18/mccarraher2518.html).
While purporting to "respect … economic and military domination.

Their politically compromised framework allows the West to wage perpetual war on those it considers ethical outsiders.
Badiou 04 (Alain, FRAGMENTS OF A PUBLIC DIARY ON THE AMERICAN WAR AGAINST IRAQ Vol. 8, No. 3 Summer 2004, pp. 223–238 ISSN 1740-9292 print/ISSN 1477-2876 ??2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals)

From the moment we begin …barbarian aggressiveness of the poor.

The alternative is to break with such rules and give ourselves over to the particular event—what Badiou calls fidelity to the event.
Badiou, 1998 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 14-16)

Every collective will to the …others -because the Budget

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Shree Asware, Lawrence Grandpre, Kyla Sommers
Post-colonialism falls prey to speculative leftism – it refuses the historical narrative of imperialism in favor of fetishization of particularity
Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, ‘6
(Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174)
Emboldened by rampant U.S. American …of postmodernist postcolonialism.4

Capitalism is the root cause of economic inequality.
Bhandari 6 ¬(Rakesh,Professor of Rhetoric at University of California Berkeley, “Poverty and Capitalism by Barbara Harriss-White”, April 11th 2006, http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/0025.html) 

Conclusion: The Poor Are Always With …the levels and causes of poverty.

This round is key – Let the discussion become a metaphoric condensation for Communism. Voting negative means the battle is already won.
Badiou ‘10 (Alain, Prof. @ European Graduate School, Former chair of Philosophy @ École Normale Supérieure, The Idea of Communism, pgs. 11-13 bb)
We will now ask: why is it necessary to resort to this … between Statist, hence historical, facts and the eternal consequences of an event.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Fordist capitalism disadvantages Mexican labor – ensures out-migration, makes the poorest segments of the population disposable, and makes economic collapse inevitable
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, “Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty,” http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf, alp)

This article explores the way in which the … undocumented or unauthorized workers.

The alternative is to interrogate and deconstruct neoliberalism by rejecting neoliberal policies like the affirmative – debate is the key sphere
Hay, Professor of Political Analysis at the University of Sheffield04 (Colin, “The normalizing role of rationalist assumptions in the institutional embedding of neoliberalism”, Economy and Society 33:4, 2004, Taylor and Francis)AS

Accordingly, however depoliticized … such judgement at all at the ballot box?

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton CP MY | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear … contribute powerfully to the process.

Our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac---this is the only way to solve inevitable extinction
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift … policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC CK | Judge: Kyla Somers
The aff’s method is bad
Smith 13 – Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside.(Andrea, “The Problem with “Privilege”, Aug 14, 2013, http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/, Daehyun)

In my experience working with a … cannot imagine now for the future.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 5 | Opponent: BCC SW | Judge: Frank Laschewitz
The ballot is meaningless and so are you – the nature of debate necessitates an appeal to the judge and the ballot – that puts faith in a political system that has already died
Invisible Committee 9 (The Invisible Committee, an anonymous group of French philosophers, 2009, “THE COMING INSURRECTION”, http://libcom.org/library/coming-insurrection-invisible-committee, PDF attachment on website | JJ)

From whatever angle … haunt the ruling class.
The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in doing so, shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA

I keep secrets. Even … morally require secrecy.
Here’s the framing question: “Why do they need a ballot to affirm solidarity with the Zapatistas?” – the alternative is to embrace invisibility as a method for insurrection – that solves comparatively better
Invisible Committee 9 (The Invisible Committee, an anonymous group of French philosophers, 2009, “THE COMING INSURRECTION”, http://libcom.org/library/coming-insurrection-invisible-committee, PDF attachment on website | JJ)

Flee visibility. Turn anonymity … permanently destroy computerized databases.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Casey Harrigan
The counterplan creates an effective coalition---only multilateralism results in normalization of US-Cuba relations
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico's foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, “The Right Deal on Cuba,” online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html

Without outside pressure, the … violations and play a constructive role.
CP solves relations – builds multilateral ties through negotiations – your author
1AC Robert E. White, 3/7/2013, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, was the United States ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 to 1979 and to El Salvador from 1980 to 1981, After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all

The re-election of President … would be reduced to a historical footnote.

Only engaging with regional powers solves – their author
Vivanco 6 – LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch. (Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba)

To its credit, the Bush … Cuba stop looking like David.