Tournament: Scranton | Round: Octas | Opponent: BCC GB | Judge: Ryan Nierman, Shree Asware, Sean Hammond
A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling …outlined in the following discussion.
That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible … decisions through reasoned debate.
Only portable skill-~--means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense … favored political candidate.¶ 

Their framework’s exclusive, moralizing presupposition that they have to be outside of the state prevents self-reflexivity and results in the total breakdown of dialogue and engagement – thinking about costs and benefits for societies as a whole is important because we are less likely to be violent towards others which is the only way to prevent totalitarian thought and atrocities
Keenan, 1998 (Alan, Ph.D., Member of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at Harvard University, Theory and Event, Vol. 2 No. 1, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v002/2.1keenan.html)

The anti-political nature of guilt, in turn, … and dreariness of political action.

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a … pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology-~--that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most … not expressivist rhetoric.

Political simulation is empathic and better for decision-making
Harri Raisio 10, RESEARCHER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VAASA -~-- Researcher, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Vaasa and PhD student in Social and Health Management, at the University of Vaasa, “The Public as Policy Expert: Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Finnish Health Care Reforms and Policies,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2010, http://services.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159andcontext=jpd
In deliberation something … to focus more on  the public good.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Debate’s good yo
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences,… outlined in the following discussion.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as ... better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction ...the part of the target state.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Portage North AB | Judge: Ryan Keenan
Increase requires a net increase
Words and Phrases 8  (20B WandP – 265-265)

Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.Term “…West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
The status quo is hardline policies toward Cuba – Obama’s rhetoric hasn’t changed anything
Kovalik 6-28 Dan, Senior Associate with the AFL-CIO, Citing Lamrani, a US-Cuba relations expert “Trying to Destroy the Danger of a Good Example: The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28/13 http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/
Imagine then, what Cuba could ... support for, and joint work, with Cuba.
The plan uniquely reverses that trend - devastating US credibility and resolve
Etzioni ’11 Amitai, Prof IR at George Washington, “The Coming Test of US Credibility” Military Review http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2011/03/credibility.pdf 2011
THE RELATIVE POWER of the United ... approach to the world.
A collapse of credibility ignites a host of conflicts - extinction
Cohen 3-19 Eliot, Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins, “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 ln
In Mr. Obama's second term... up and get nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Chinese influence is increasing and trading off with US influence in Latin America – it’s zero sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)
Once upon a time, as many ...This is no fairy tale.

The link is increased economic engagement.  Lack of US influence is key to China’s expansion in Latin America
Shaiken et al ‘13
Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9
The dominant strategies ... between these two countries.

Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang ‘12
Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm 

As China plays an increasingly ... continue to surprise the world.

China’s engagement in Latin America is key to their economy and stability
Farnsworth, 12 – Vice-president of the Council of the Americas in Washington DC (Eric, “Memo to Washington: Chinaand#39;s Growing Presence in Latin America,” Americas Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, Winter, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/Farnsworth)
What is China doing in the ... across the Americas.

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating ... to the Bush presidency than China

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Fabrizio Bencosme
Easing the embargo will collapse Cuba’s health care model
Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)

According to Steven Ullmann of ... killed that vision.

Cuba’s health care model is remaking medicine and will prevent disease globally
Fitz, 12 - editor of Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought. (Don, “Why is Cuba’s health-care system the best model for poor countries?” Links: International Journal of Socialist Renewal, 12/8, http://links.org.au/node/3136)

Furious though it may be, ... claim to be the most concerned.

Diseases end civilization
David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all ... and viruses in particular.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Nieto’s energy reform will pass now – his credibility is key
Hernandez 6/20/13 (Maria Jose, analyst in Eurasia Groupand#39;s Latin America practice, holds a masterand#39;s degree in public administration and economic policy analysis from the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University, “Politics and Oil: Mexicoand#39;s Road to Reform,” 2013, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/20/politics_and_oil_mexicos_road_to_reform)

Is Mexico finally on the verge ... new presidentand#39;s political skills.

Plan derails Nieto’s agenda – perceived as interference
Hennessey and Wilkinson 13 Kathleen Hennessey and Tracy Wilkinson, writers for the Los Angeles Times, LA Times, “Obama, Mexico leader to avoid hot topics, at least publicly,” 5/1/13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/world/la-fg-obama-mexico-20130502

Obamaand#39;s visit to Mexico City ... and#34;degree of irritationand#34; in private talks.

Mexican fuel production key to manufacturing competitiveness
Mead 7/2/13 (Walter Russell Mead, James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College and Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, “Mexico Gasses Up on US Shale” http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/07/02/mexico-gasses-up-on-us-shale/

Within five years, higher ... everyone—well, except for China.
Prevents China-Taiwan conflict and Chinese heg
Mosher 6 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, “Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy,” February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism... quite possibly devastating.”

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Shree Asware, Lawrence Grandpre, Kyla Sommers
Story telling is the only way to come to terms with pain – only through rewriting history can we change the way we conceptualize of El Dorado
Creevy 10 (Shane, journalist, 3/8/10, "Fascinating re-telling of an ancient Amazonian myth," http://politico.ie/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=6412)

“Don’t we breathe through what we speak? … Atwood, A.S. Byatt, Su Tong and Sally Vickers.

Reclamation is key -- future actions are determined by the way we perceive history because the act of judging is determined by the past – only reclaiming narrative tales serves as an appeal to human dignity to transform the way we view Coloniality in Latin America
Noor 8 (Ashraf, Rosenzweig Research Center, "Consideration and Reclamation: Arendt and Ricoeur Judgement," Naharaim, Vol. 1, p. 1-26)

In the Postscriptum to the first volume … from self-interest in thought and judgment.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton CP MY | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
Plan crushes sustainable Cuban agriculture – crowds out Cuban producers
Carmen G. Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33

Notwithstanding these … and from the global trading system.
Cuban agriculture is modeled globally
Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in ..opposition to a corporate global food regime.
Prevents inevitable food shocks
Rodman 11 (Sarah Rodman, Doctoral Fellow and Research Assistant Center for a Livable Future. 9/27/11. "Food Systems After Peak Oil: A Look at Cuba". www.livablefutureblog.com/2011/09/food-systems-after-peak-oil-a-look-at-cuba)

Peak oil is fast approaching, a … and risk. So, however, does inaction.”
That guarantees instability and great power wars
CRIBB 10 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 20)
The threat or conflict over food, … provoke conflict and wars."15

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Trade liberalization is key to Latin American growth and stability
Gwartney* and Vasquez 1 – *co-author of Economic Freedom of the World, director of the Project on Global Economic Liberty (James D. Gwartney and Ian Vásquez, “Why Latin America Needs a Free-Trade Zone” National Post, April 18 2001, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-latin-america-needs-freetrade-zone?print) MR
At the Summit of the Americas ...from free trade in the Americas.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to ... have your dissent and make it too." n205

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life ... encouragement of memory to become present.
 

Identity arguments are only ever implicit explanations of the constitutive effects of the social order, never a manifestation of some metaphysical status.  Experience does not create us; we constitute experience and identity in concert with others.  Knowledge of experience is therefore not the province of the individual; instead, we can only know identity through the shared practices that make communities the locus of knowledge production.  
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
We suggest that alternative ... real actions, practices and projects. 

4. Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity---the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 47-51) 

The postmodern exposure of ... taste for political argument.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Shree Asware, Lawrence Grandpre, Kyla Sommers
Post-colonialism falls prey to speculative leftism – it refuses the historical narrative of imperialism in favor of fetishization of particularity
Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, ‘6
(Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174)
Emboldened by rampant U.S. American …of postmodernist postcolonialism.4

Capitalism is the root cause of economic inequality.
Bhandari 6 ¬(Rakesh,Professor of Rhetoric at University of California Berkeley, “Poverty and Capitalism by Barbara Harriss-White”, April 11th 2006, http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/0025.html) 

Conclusion: The Poor Are Always With …the levels and causes of poverty.

This round is key – Let the discussion become a metaphoric condensation for Communism. Voting negative means the battle is already won.
Badiou ‘10 (Alain, Prof. @ European Graduate School, Former chair of Philosophy @ École Normale Supérieure, The Idea of Communism, pgs. 11-13 bb)
We will now ask: why is it necessary to resort to this … between Statist, hence historical, facts and the eternal consequences of an event.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton CP MY | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear … contribute powerfully to the process.

Our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac---this is the only way to solve inevitable extinction
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift … policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 5 | Opponent: BCC SW | Judge: Frank Laschewitz
The ballot is meaningless and so are you – the nature of debate necessitates an appeal to the judge and the ballot – that puts faith in a political system that has already died
Invisible Committee 9 (The Invisible Committee, an anonymous group of French philosophers, 2009, “THE COMING INSURRECTION”, http://libcom.org/library/coming-insurrection-invisible-committee, PDF attachment on website | JJ)

From whatever angle … haunt the ruling class.
The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in doing so, shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA

I keep secrets. Even … morally require secrecy.
Here’s the framing question: “Why do they need a ballot to affirm solidarity with the Zapatistas?” – the alternative is to embrace invisibility as a method for insurrection – that solves comparatively better
Invisible Committee 9 (The Invisible Committee, an anonymous group of French philosophers, 2009, “THE COMING INSURRECTION”, http://libcom.org/library/coming-insurrection-invisible-committee, PDF attachment on website | JJ)

Flee visibility. Turn anonymity … permanently destroy computerized databases.