Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stuyvesant DB | Judge: Brad Meloche
Its is possessive – means investment must be done solely by the US
Manderino 73 (Justice – Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Sigal, Appellant, v. Manufacturers Light and Heat Co”., No. 26, Jan. T., 1972, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 450 Pa. 228; 299 A.2d 646; 1973 Pa. LEXIS 600; 44 Oil and Gas Rep. 214, Lexis)

On its face, the written instrument ... were intended to mean.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: New Trier OW | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
The United States federal government should:
-- proactively license for export to Cuba any U.S. equipment and technology necessary for emergency oil flow suppression, spill containment and clean-up
-- pre-approve licenses for travel to Cuba by qualified U.S. citizens to contribute to oil spill mitigation efforts
-- provide the government of Cuba with satellite imagery and predictive models to assess the potential impact of an oil disaster
-- hold joint exercises with Cuba to coordinate oil emergency responses

Cuba says yes to a bilateral spill response agreement
Richard Sadowski 11, J.D., Hofstra University School of Law, Fall 2011, “IN THIS ISSUE: NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICT: CUBAN OFFSHORE DRILLING: PREPARATION AND PREVENTION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE UNITED STATES' EMBARGO,” Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 12 Sustainable Dev. L. and Pol'y 37, p. lexis
Further, spill response planning can be implemented before drilling begins. The United States
AND
of mutual interest, both countries should work to draft and implement it. 

Avoids politics---but only narrow exceptions for oil companies are politically possible
NYT 10 – New York Times, September 29, 2010, “Drilling Plans Off Cuba Stir Fears of Impact on Gulf,” p. lexis
The nascent oil industry in Cuba is far less prepared to handle a major spill
AND
be more forward-moving after the election,” Mr. Richardson said.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: Atholton AZ | Judge: Jordan Epstein
The United States federal government should:
- invite Mexico to join the North American Aerospace Defense Command
- utilize current foreign assistance funding to create a “Security for Freedom Fund” modeled on the Millenium Challenge Account to provide assistance for the Mexican oil regulatory regime.

NORAD solves offshore oil spill response and relations
Loris et al 10 (Nicolas Loris, Claude G. Berube, James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., Ben Lieberman, Jack Spencer and Matt A. Mayer, Nicolas D. Loris is a Research Assistant in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation, 6/15/10, “Stopping the Slick, Saving the Environment: A Framework for Response, Recovery, and Resiliency” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/stopping-the-slick-saving-the-environment-a-framework-for-response-recovery-and-resiliency)

Include Mexico in NORAD. To ... transnational criminal activity.

MCA plank solves oil regulations – solves spills
Loris et al 10 (Nicolas Loris, Claude G. Berube, James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., Ben Lieberman, Jack Spencer and Matt A. Mayer, Nicolas D. Loris is a Research Assistant in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation, 6/15/10, “Stopping the Slick, Saving the Environment: A Framework for Response, Recovery, and Resiliency” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/stopping-the-slick-saving-the-environment-a-framework-for-response-recovery-and-resiliency)

Build Disaster-Response Capacity ... and catastrophic disaster response.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Chloe Coughlin-Schulter
Text: The United States Federal Government should  if and only if the Federal Government of Mexico changes regulations to further incentivize renewable energy.

Nieto’s commitment to renewables is key to send a signal – the international community doubts his commitment to Calderon’s reforms
Ochoa and Vega 12 (Alberto, professor @ San Diego state university, and Julian, staff writer for renewable energy world news, 12/24/12, “Renewable Energy Review: Mexico ,” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/12/renewable-energy-review-mexico)

While few doubt that the new ... which this opportunity is realized

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant DB | Judge: Brad Meloche
Text: The Department of Homeland Security’s Border Infrastructure Task Force should enter into public-private partnerships with interested private sector entities to upgrade land Ports of Entry on the United States’ border with Mexico.
P3s solve – comparative – doesn’t link to spending
HSAC 12 (Homeland Security Advisory Council, “BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE TASK FORCE
TASK FORCE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS,” November 2012, Secretary Napolitano, http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Final20BITF20Recommendations20112012_0.pdf EH)

The Border Infrastructure Task Force (BITF) was created by the Secretary of the
AND
, so that tolls do not constrain the flow of trade and travel.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: LaSalle CK | Judge: Zack Elias
The United States federal government should INSERT PLAN TEXT if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.

Counterplan solves the case-~--Latin American governments will say yes-~--it triggers Cuban reform that avoids a Vietnamese model during the transition-~--and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico's foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, “The Right Deal on Cuba,” online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html

The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American
AND
change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Ryan Cooper

The President of the United States should

Observation 1: Competition

A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code

US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal Government is established by the US Constitution. The Federal Government
AND
of the President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action

Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies,
AND
, 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Observation 2: Solvency

The president can control foreign economic engagement policy

Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL
The specific empirical puzzle, how to explain the pattern of U.S.
AND
an analytical focus on the president’s strategic motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edgemont JN | Judge: John Fowle
We start off with a poem from Borderlands/La Frontera, by Gloria Anzaldúa:

“She has this fear that she has no names that she has many names that she doesn’t know her names
She has this fear that she’s an image that comes and goes clearing and darkening the fear that she’s the dreamwork inside someone’s else’s skull
She has this fear that if she takes off her clothes shoves her brain aside peels off her skin that if she drains the blood vessels strips the flesh from the bone flushes out the marrow
She has this fear that when she does reach herself turns around to embrace herself a lion’s or witch’s or serpent’s head will turn around swallow her and grin
She has this fear that if she digs into herself she won’t find anyone that when she gets “there” she won’t find her notches on the trees the birds will have eaten all the crumbs
She has this fear that she won’t find the way back.”

The mestiza/o is constantly marginalized, alienated even from academia
Pedraza 8 (Venetia June Pedraza, PhD. University of Texas at San Antonio, “Third Space Mestizaje as a Critical Approach to Literature”, 2008, Google Books | JJ)

Furthermore, Third Space Mestizaje as a theoretical approach to literature analyzes the identities and
AND
as promotes social change in regard to all third space mestizas/os. 

The state of intimate terrorism has multiple selves. The self that is oppressed by the Mexican world, the self that is oppressed by the Anglo world, and the only place for resistance is the self in between. The woman of color does NOT FEEL SAFE WITHIN THE INNER LIFE OF HER SELF

The 1NC creates an intellectual grounds for resistance – view this round through who can best solve for a lens for resistance
Lugones 92 (Maria, an Argentine scholar, philosopher, feminist, and an Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Philosophy and of Women's Studies at Binghamton University in New York, “On Borderlands/La Frontera: An Interpretive Essay”, Hypatia, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lesbian Philosophy (Autumn, 1992), pp. 31-37)AL

Borderlands has been a very important text for me. I have found company in
AND
been then that I decided to put stories on paper. (65) 

Thus my partner JJ and I affirm a new identity, the Third World Mestizaje.
This round is key - The new mestiza consciousness and process of the métissage enables resistance to hegemony and oppression by accessing the third space but a continuous theorizing is key – this card subsumes all of your offense
Feghali 11 (Zalfa, PhD from Nottingham University, writing for Journal of International Women's Studies, “Re-articulating the New Mestiza”, JIWS, Vol 12, #2 2011, http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/vol12_no2/pdfs/6_zalfa.pdf)//AL

Refiguring the mestiza In the previous section, I presented several weaknesses in Anzaldúa?
AND
, nor are they interdependent. They are simply means of elucidating identity.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Anna Pinchuk

JJ and I embrace the narrative of the Yellow Body to expose the myth of the model minority and interrogate the social power structure of the nation-state in order to accept the culture burning the academy and rebuilding of it into a space where oppressed bodies can resist against dominant structures of hell on earth through a process of conscientization.

Two disads to their methodology –

First is collateral damage – the failure to focus on the Southeast Asian in racial discourse turns Southeast Asians into discursive collateral damage

Tang 2K(Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago, 2000, “Collateral Damage: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States”, Project Muse)

Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
AND
fully exposed--reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

Second is the model minority – Asian-Americans have become figureheads of the “minorities” – failure to acknowledge the Yellow Body allowswhite conservatives to turn them into a battering ram to hurt the Black and Hispanic Bodies –that adversely affects the Southeast Asians and independently turns discrimination

Thrupkaew citing Wu 2 (NoyThrupkaew citing Frank Wu, a law professor at Howard University and the author of “Yellow: Race beyond Black and White”, 3/25/2002, “The Myth of the Model Minority”, http://prospect.org/article/myth-model-minority)

The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
AND
, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."

Conscientization offers a critical counter against nihilism in the struggle for anti-racism

Osajima 7 (Keith Osajima, professor and director of race and ethnic studies at the University of the Redlands, 2007, “Replenishing the Ranks: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans”, Project Muse)

The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic,
AND
and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: New Trier OW | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Yesterday’s deal was a step in the right direction, but a strong signal of credibility is essential for Iranian follow through—the aff wrecks the deal
KUNA 11-24 — Kuwait News Agency (http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2346362andlanguage=en)

GENEVA -- Meanwhile, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle described the deal as an important
AND
closer an end to the decade-long standoff over Tehran's nuclear program.

Oil cooperation appeases Cuba – perceived as rewarding them for Alan Gross
Rubin 11 (Jennifer Rubin, Washington Post reporter who covers a range of domestic and foreign policy issues, 10/18/11, “Obama’s Cuba appeasement” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/obamas-cuba-appeasement/2011/03/29/gIQAjuL2tL_blog.html)

As bad as a prisoner exchange would have been, the administration actions didn’t stop
AND
Gross’s imprisonment. So naturally the administration orders up more of the same.

Credibility is key to get Iran and other countries on board
Stephens 11/14/13 (Phillip, Financial Times reporter, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2lILwmeum)

By the same token, bombing Iran’s nuclear sites could certainly delay the programme,
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

Nuclear war
Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon,” online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html
The experts who study this depressing issue seem to agree that a Middle East in
AND
must be stopped before it reaches fruition with a nuclear weapons delivery capability.”

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: ICW TS | Judge: Robel Worku
Iranian nuclear negotiations are working now – perception of a strong international sanctions regime incentivizes talks – that’s key to prevent Iranian proliferation and regional war
Rubin 11/10/13 (Joel Rubin is the Director of Policy and Government Affairs for the Ploughshares Fund, “This Is What A Winning Negotiation With Iran Looks Like” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/11/10/2920331/winning-deal-iran-looks-like/)

The absence of a deal with Iran did nothing to prevent it from increasing its
AND
acquire a nuclear weapon. This is what a winning negotiation looks like.

Lifting the embargo is appeasement – emboldens adversaries and turns the case
Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. “KEEP THE EMBARGO, O” April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)

In the end, though, it's still Fidel Castro and his brother Raul who'll
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Credibility is key to get Iran and other countries on board
Stephens 11/14/13 (Phillip, Financial Times reporter, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2lILwmeum)

By the same token, bombing Iran’s nuclear sites could certainly delay the programme,
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

Nuclear war
Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon,” online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html
The experts who study this depressing issue seem to agree that a Middle East in
AND
must be stopped before it reaches fruition with a nuclear weapons delivery capability.”

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Ryan Cooper

Immigration reform will pass - Republicans willing

Weigel 1/30 (David Weigel, He is a Slate political reporter, "House GOP Campaign Chief: Immigration Reform Could Happen This Summer", January 30, 2014, http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2014/01/30/house_gop_campaign_chief_immigration_reform_could_happen_this_summer.html?wpisrc=burger_bar)
CAMBRIDGE, Md.—They've been whispering it for weeks: House Republicans intended to
AND
an approach that's transparent, an approach that requires security on the border."

The plan drains PC and derails immigration reform — perceived as deprioritizing security, kowtowing to Mexico, and hardliners will control the spin

Shear 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Political capital is key

Kunhenn 1/8 – (Jim, writer for the Associated Press, White House and politics reporter in the Washington Bureau of the Associated Press, “There's new hope Congress will pass immigration reform this year,” 1/8/14, Associated Press, http://www.dailytribune.com/government-and-politics/20140108/theres-new-hope-congress-will-pass-immigration-reform-this-year)

His agenda tattered by last year's confrontations and missteps, President Barack Obama begins 2014
AND
In the end, "we're going to have to do it all."

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Chloe Coughlin-Schulter
China’s expanding into Latin America-~--US influence is key to crowd them out
Dowd 12 (Alan, Senior Fellow with the American Security Council Foundation, “Crisis in the America's,” http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas)
Focused on military operations in the ... power in the Western Hemisphere.

The plan limits China’s influence in the region – restarts U.S. – Latin Ties
Pham 10
Dr. J. Peter Pham is senior vice president of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy and the incoming editor of American Foreign Policy Interests., China’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America: What It Means for U.S. Interests, 2010, American Foreign Policy Interests, 32: 363–381

All of this led to Secretary of State ... sanctions against American products.89

Chinese influence is existential– it controls every extinction scenario
Zhang ‘12
Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm
As China plays an increasingly ... it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: LaSalle CK | Judge: Zack Elias
Cuba is following an environmentally sustainable path
Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, Global Research, reviewing and citing a book by Sinan Coont, the only book devoted entirely to describing Cuba’s agriculture, “Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba”, April 19, 2013, http://www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167, js)
In conjunction with these movements, Cuba has made remarkable strides toward establishing a system
AND
percent of agriculture in Cuba. Almost all of urban agriculture is organic.

Plan crushes sustainable Cuban agriculture – crowds out Cuban producers
Carmen G. Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Cuban agriculture is modeled globally
Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Prevents inevitable food shocks
Rodman 11 (Sarah Rodman, Doctoral Fellow and Research Assistant Center for a Livable Future. 9/27/11. "Food Systems After Peak Oil: A Look at Cuba". www.livablefutureblog.com/2011/09/food-systems-after-peak-oil-a-look-at-cuba)

Peak oil is fast approaching, a reality that is widely recognized by many scientific
AND
… Change carries cost and risk. So, however, does inaction.”

That guarantees instability and great power wars
CRIBB 10 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 20)
The threat or conflict over food, land, and water is not, however
AND
of people across borders could deepen tensions and provoke conflict and wars."15

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: ICW TS | Judge: Robel Worku
Farm bill will pass now, but PC is still key to negotiate a compromise
Dale Hildebrant, 11-17-2013, “Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving,” Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html
Little has been heard from the Farm Bill Conference Committee since its opening session on
AND
believes that President Obama’s intervention will prove useful in getting the issue resolved.

Cuba policy is a political firestorm — the plan angers congressional hardliners and causes Obama’s agenda to be taken hostage.
LeoGrande 12 — William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Political capital is key -~-- overcomes partisanship
Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, “No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
AND
the year if our focus is on what's good for the American people."

Farm bill’s key to advances in biofuels-~--stable policy and funding are vital
Sustainable Business 11/6/13, “Farm Bill is Back, Will Renewable Energy Be Included?,” http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/25339
While we don't often think of the farm-renewable energy connection, under the
AND
stable policies that support clean energy manufacturing and innovation," the letter says. 

Farm bill renewables grants are key to the Navy’s Great Green Fleet
Tina Casey 12, specializes in military and corporate sustainability, advanced technology, emerging materials, biofuels, and water and wastewater issues for Clean Technica, 8/27/12, “Farmers in Cahoots with Navy Biofuel Mission,” http://cleantechnica.com/2012/08/27/chemtex-gets-usda-loan-for-biofuel-plant-in-north-carolina/#OdGkBwbQVPdqPi7r.99
When Republican leadership in Congress tried to torpedo the U.S. Navy’s ambitious
AND
this summer, and a full Great Green Fleet is planned for 2016.

GGF’s key to U.S. clean tech leadership
Peter Lehner 12, Executive Director of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 7/31/12, “Navy Launches Great Green Fleet, Powered by Biofuels,” http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/plehner/navy_launches_great_green_flee.html
The U.S. Navy launched its Great Green Fleet recently at RIMPAC,
AND
grown, low-carbon biofuels that provide maximum benefits for all Americans.  

Solves extinction-~--green leadership’s more important to heg than oil independence
Louis Klarevas 9, Professor for Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, 12/15, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
AND
. needs to become green energy dominant as opposed to black energy independent.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Chloe Coughlin-Schulter
Will Pass – Calderon Agrees
Pickrell 9/20 (Emily, Energy Reporter for Fuel Fix, “Former Mexico president expects lawmakers to pass energy reforms”, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/09/20/former-mexican-president-expects-lawmakers-to-pass-energy-reforms/)
Because of a changed political ... different to those I faced while in office.”

Nieto push key – needs PC
Flannery 6/24 (Nathaniel, a Mexico City based writer who has worked on projects in Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia, India, China, and Chile and written articles for Forbes, The Atlantic, World Policy Journal, The Nation, Global Post, and Lapham's Quarterly, “Is the Time Right for Energy Reform in Mexico?”, http://americasquarterly.org/content/time-right-for-energy-reform-in-mexico )

In Mexico, the debate on opening the state oil company ... he should be able to pass the reform.

Plan causes massive opposition – engagement with the US is an insurmountable obstacle which tanks Nieto’s cred
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics”, October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andcad=rjaandved=0CD4QFjACandurl=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.docandei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQandusg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCgandsig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)
The final implication of Mexican ... guidance from north of the border.

Reform is key to the Mexican and global economies – investment
Siskind 6/25/13 (Cory, Research analyst, Control Risks, “Mexico Plays the Waiting Game on Big Reforms” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cory-siskind/mexico-plays-the-waiting-_b_3493542.html)

Early 2013 saw one of the most productive ... to the private sector in the Americas.

Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses ... within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Ryan Cooper

Secondary legislation for Mexican energy reform is coming now – that’s key to implementation – Nieto cred is key

Garza 12/20/13 (Antonio Garza is a former U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. Ambassador Garza is Counsel in the Mexico City office of White and Case and serves as chairman of Vianovo Ventures, “Mexican energy reforms set stage for investment” http://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Mexican-energy-reforms-set-stage-for-investment-5082610.php)

Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional passage
AND
continued political opposition from the left can't be dismissed as a potential complication.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: Atholton AZ | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Russia perceives the shale revolution as confined and limited
McKeigue, 7/8/2013 (James – reporter for Oil and Gas Investor, How to profit from the shale revolution in Latin America, Money Week, p. http://moneyweek.com/new-world-how-to-profit-from-the-shale-revolution-in-latin-america/)

What do the Russian government and ... it’s about to spark the revolution over there.

The plan compounds US shale with Mexican energy reserves – makes the US energy stakehold massive
Karl, 5/7/2013 (David – president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, board of counselors of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy, former director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, Time for a North American Energy Initiative, Monsters Abroad, p. http://monstersabroad.wordpress.com/2013/05/07/time-for-a-north-american-energy-initiative/)
Mexico possesses energy reserves so ... to debate the Pena Nieto energy reforms.

Increased natural gas exports displaces Russia
Ratner, 13 Specialist in Energy Policy (Michael Ratner, 4/8/13, “U.S. Natural Gas Exports:
New Opportunities, Uncertain Outcomes”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42074.pdf)//EM
Many of the projected projects in Figure 5 ... that are highly dependent on one supplier.

That decimates the Russian economy
Weitz, 11 senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard Weitz, November 2011, “Can We Manage a Declining Russia?”, http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)
Europe is an unavoidable partner... markets any better than it has in the past. 

Nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia historically, economic ... Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edgemont JN | Judge: John Fowle
The Aff’s failure to advance a defense of the federal government substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill---means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.¶ 

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Anna Pinchuk

“Resolved” means legislative action

LHoR 5 (Louisiana House of Representatives, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies,
AND
, 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

And – the USFG is the government in Washington, D.C.

Encarta, 2K (Online Encyclopedia, http://encarta.msn.com)

The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.

Our framework narrows the topics of debate to a finite set of political potentialities. Expanding beyond this makes an infinite number of philosophical beliefs germane.

Lutz 2K (Donald, Professor of Political Science – U Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 39-40)

Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels – discourse
AND
the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.  

Two impacts – first is decisionmaking

A limited topic that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg andFreeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences,so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

That’s key – it’s the only way to challenge status quo problems with democracy

Gutmann and Thompson 96 – Amy Gutmann 96 is the president of Penn and former prof @ Princeton, AND Dennis Thompson is Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University, Democracy and Disagreement, pp 1

OF THE CHALLENGES that American democracy faces today, none is more formidable thanthe problem
AND
means for deciding what means are morally required to pursue our common ends.

Second is simulation – it’s good – key to portable skills and breaking down expert monopoly on policy advice

Robert Farley 13, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, February 29, 2012, “Teaching Crisis Decision-Making Through Simulations,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11628/over-the-horizon-teaching-crisis-decision-making-through-simulations
What goes for war goes for policy other than war. Public and foreign policy
AND
games, may evenprove a pathway to success in a public policy career.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant DB | Judge: Brad Meloche
Economic decline doesn’t cause war
Ferguson 6 (Niall, Professor of History – Harvard University, Foreign Affairs, 85(5), September / October, Lexis)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Peak oil, food production, and debt make economic collapse inevitable. Collapse now will allow a sustainable localized economy to develop.
Korowicz 11 (5/14/11, David, physicist and human systems ecologist, the director of The Risk/Resilience Network in Ireland, a board member of FEASTA (The Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability), “In the world, at the limits to growth,”http:www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/)

Yet our feet of clay are that our economy and civilisation exist only by virtue
AND
meaningful lives can be lived, and a rich texture of experience found.

Economic collapse prevents inevitable extinction from nuclear war, environmental collapse, warming, and poverty - forces societal transportation
Djordjevic 98 (Johnny BA Global Econ, studies global sustainability at U. Cali, Peer reviewed by PETER A. BOWLER: Ph.D. U Cali, Senior Lecturer in Evolutionary Biology and Global Sustainability, and citing Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales Ted Trainer. March, “Sustainability,” http://www.dbc.uci.edu/sustain/global/sensem/djordj98.html)
Max Weber believed in the power of an idea. This political theorist discussed how
AND
in the developed world), otherwise the world will cease to support life.

Collapse now creates sustainable local civilizations
Lewis 98 (Chris H. Lewis, Instructor in the Sewall American Studies Program at the University of Colorado, 1998, “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Modern Industrial Civilization," The Coming Age of Scarcity: Preventing Mass Death and Genocide in the Twenty-first Century, edited by Michael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann, Published by Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0815627440, p. 44-45)

With the collapse of global industrial civilization, smaller, autonomous, local and regional
AND
as modern people so often do, will themselves face collapse and ruin.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edgemont JN | Judge: John Fowle
Multiculturalism creates band-aid solution that inevitably fail – they can’t accurately sort out struggles – polyculturalism is necessary to encourage complexity and differences within cultures
Prashad 1 (Vijay Prashad, Professor of International Studies at Trinity College, where he holds the George and Martha Kellner Chair of South Asian History, author of fourteen books, B.A. from Pomona College, and  Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, 2001, “Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity”, pg. 39-40nz)

Beyond the color blind and the primordial is the problem of multiculturalism. It is
AND
of universal, and nonembodied, values. But more on that later.

“Multiculturalism” is the white man’s guilt and an empty hope for unification of cultures that fundamentally cannot agree with each other – polyculturalism, or the acceptance of those identities without actively attempting to change them, is key – no one culture is more significant than the other
Prashad 1 (Vijay Prashad, Professor of International Studies at Trinity College, where he holds the George and Martha Kellner Chair of South Asian History, author of fourteen books, B.A. from Pomona College, and  Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, 2001, “Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity”, pg. X-XInz)

We begin our journey in the Indian Ocean region, with the destruction of the
AND
. We have already begun to grow our own patchwork, defiant skins.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Anna Pinchuk

The aff’s method is bad – First, it reinforces a system of identity privilege where who they are becomes cultural capital – that recreates oppression and Second, their method precludes political and social transformation on a global scale – global transformation, not individual transformation is key because epistemic communities define our identities

Smith 13 – Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside.(Andrea, “The Problem with “Privilege”, Aug 14, 2013, http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/, Daehyun)

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
the settler/white subject may not in fact be self-determining.
As a result, the white/settler subject reasserts their power through self-
AND
open ourselves to new possibilities that we cannot imagine now for the future.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Yunhan Xu
Neoliberalism key to biotech advancement—manufactures market scarcity
Birch 6 (Kean, Research Fellow working for the Center for Public Policy for Regions, Neoliberalism studies, University of Glasgow, Journal of Genomics, Society and Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3, “The Neoliberal Underpinnings of the Bioeconomy: the Ideological Discourse and Practices of Economic Competitiveness,” online)

In this sense we can see that the biotech market has not developed in response
AND
also ensure that the marginal returns from private investment produce monopoly profits.47

Biotech solves soil erosion
McGloughlin 99 (Prof @ Univ of California Davis, Journal of Agrobiotech Management and Economics Vol.2 No.3/4 Article. 4)

The argument that adoption of biotechnology crops is "creating genetic uniformity" inducing vulnerability
AND
formation, microbial activity in the soil, and water infiltration and storage. 

Extinction
Francis 94 (Ag research @ U Nebraska, http://www.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/csas/v6ch8.htm)

Nothing is more basic to long term survival of the human species than the availability
AND
valuable reference for researchers in an area of growing importance for the future. 

Globalization is key to the pharmaceutical industry
Mukherjee and Krieckhaus 12 – Department of Political Science, University of Missouri (Nisha Mukherjee and Jonathan Krieckhaus, “Globalization and human well-being” International Political Science Review, vol. 33 no. 2, March 2012, Sage Publications) MR
Trade also entails trade in essential drugs, which tend to be in short supply
AND
rates in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (UNDP, 2001).

Solves bioterror
Thompson 2   Secretary of Health and Human Services
(Tommy G., "CDC, Pharmaceutical Companies Counter Bioterror Threat," 4/11 http://japan.usembassy.gov/e/p/tp-se1295.html)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and
AND
Pharmacia Corporation. "Knowledge is our best weapon against this invisible enemy." 

Nuclear World War III and extinction
Alexander 7 (Timothy, Former Scottish Editor of Burke’s Peerage, B.Sc. in Pol. Sc. and History; M.A. in European Studies, October 22nd, “War On Iran = You Die from Biowar”, Op Ed News, http://www.opednews.com/articles/genera_lord_sti_071020_war_on_iran__3d_you_di.htm, REQ)
We have been conditioned, by seeing films of mushroom clouds and images of nuclear
AND
that they are totally blind to the profound risk to their own lives.

Trade liberalization key to food security
Mukherjee and Krieckhaus 12 – Department of Political Science, University of Missouri (Nisha Mukherjee and Jonathan Krieckhaus, “Globalization and human well-being” International Political Science Review, vol. 33 no. 2, March 2012, Sage Publications) MR
Economic globalization also entails greater trade in agricultural flows, with greater availability of corn
AND
large positive effect on food production and food supply in most developing countries.

Extinction
BROWN 9 (Lester Brown, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute, 2009, Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant DB | Judge: Brad Meloche
Prolif will be slow even in the new era.
Tepperman 9 (Jonathon, former Deputy Managing Ed. Foreig Affairs and Assistant Managing Ed. Newsweek, Newsweek, “Why Obama should Learn to Love the Bomb”, 44:154, 9-7, L/N)

The risk of an arms race--with, say, other Persian Gulf states
AND
be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior.

No chain reactions. Prolif domino effects never materialize.
Alagappa 8 (Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow – East-West Center, in “The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, Ed. Muthiah Alagappa , p. 521-522)

It will be useful at this juncture to address more directly the set of instability
AND
the drivers of national and regional security in Iran and the Middle East. 

Prolif is crucial to preventing future global wars
Haggerty 98 (Dean, lecturer of International Politics at the University of Illinois, The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons of South Asia)

Twenty five years have now passed since the last Indo-Pakistani war. During
AND
Pakistani relations, which saw war erupt on three different occasions over Kashmir.

Solving nuclear prolif causes a shift to bio-weapons
Cordesman 2K (Anthony, Senior Fellow for Strategic Assessment – CSIS, Federal News Service, 3-28, L/N)

New, critical technologies are escaping our control One of the problems I have noticed
AND
tends to simply push proliferation into other weapons systems and modes of delivery.

Extinction
Ochs 2 (Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately” 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
no known cure or vaccine. Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues?

Prolif stops huge conventional wars
Karl 97 (David, Ph.D. International Relations at the University of Southern California, "Proliferation Pessimism and Emerging Nuclear Powers," International Security, Winter, JSTOR)

Proliferation optimists hold generally reassuring views of the effects of nuclear proliferation on regional stability
AND
much so that some even advocate its selective abettance by current nuclear powers.

These would trump the effects of a nuclear war and make World War II look minuscule
Hanam 96 (Andrew, International Relations Department at San Francisco State University, Armed Forces Society, vol 23 Issue 1, Fall)

A zero-nuclear weapons world would tend to level the military playing field.
AND
, have benefited from the presence of American nuclear power held in reserve.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Yunhan Xu
Western norms matter and are inevitable—the success of global democratic revolutions depends on a focus on the pragmatic details of international institutions and global norms—the alternative is genocides and nuclear war
Shaw, Professor of International Relations and Politics at the University of Sussex, ’99 (Martin, November 9, “The unfinished global revolution: Intellectuals and the new politics of international relations”
The new politics of international relations require us, therefore, to go beyond the
AND
and analytical challenges for students of international relations and politics, are intertwined.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Anna Pinchuk

Whiteness theory improperly blames the white working class for racism while ignoring overwhelming historical evidence that capital creates racism to discipline both classes – only a broad struggle against capitalism can dismantle racism

Smith 6 (Sharon, Author of Women and Socialism: Essays on Women’s Liberation, “Race, class, and "whiteness theory"” International Socialist Review, Issue 46, http://www.isreview.org/issues/46/whiteness.shtml bb)

But who is responsible for the perpetuation of racism—both ideologically and structurally—
AND
crap” that must be conquered if the labor movement is to succeed.

Class is the root cause of racism

McLaren and D’Anniballe 4 (Peter, Professor at the Graduate School of Education at UCLA, and Valerie “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’”, Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia)

For example, E. San Juan (2003) argues that race relations and
AND
which preserve the exploited and oppressed position of these “racial” solidarities’.

Race framing directly trades off with a prioritization of class—vote negative to move past the politics of racial difference into a radical critique of the material conditions of racial oppression

McLaren and D’Anniballe 4 (Peter, Professor at the Graduate School of Education at UCLA, and Valerie “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’”, Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia)

A radical political economy framework is crucial since various ‘culturalist’ perspectives seem to diminish
AND
and the primacy of the working class as the fundamental agent of change.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Chloe Coughlin-Schulter
The aff’s attempt to increase free trade in Latin America is a form of neoliberal engagement that exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization... market prices, are both likely causes.

Our alternative is to decolonize economic engagement. Questioning the politics of space and knowledge that make engagement an economic tool of manipulation is key to sustainable development.  
Walsh, Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2012
(Catherine, “The Politics of Naming”, Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)

Cultural Studies, in our project, is constructed ... part of the politics of naming.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: LaSalle CK | Judge: Zack Elias
Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "
AND
to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Ryan Cooper

Interpretation – Engagement requires government to government DIRECT talks

Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant DB | Judge: Brad Meloche
Its is possessive – means investment must be done solely by the US
Manderino 73 (Justice – Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Sigal, Appellant, v. Manufacturers Light and Heat Co”., No. 26, Jan. T., 1972, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 450 Pa. 228; 299 A.2d 646; 1973 Pa. LEXIS 600; 44 Oil and Gas Rep. 214, Lexis)

On its face, the written instrument granting easement rights in this case is ambiguous
AND
relaying . . . said pipeline . . ." were intended to mean.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: New Trier OW | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf

“Economic sanctions”, a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: Atholton AZ | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Interpretation – Engagement requires trade promotion
Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, “Economic sanctions and engagement policies,” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Literature of liberal ... transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)