Tournament: Scranton | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh SP | Judge: TJ McCarrick
Iranian nuclear negotiations are working now – perception of a strong international sanctions regime incentivizes talks – that’s key to prevent Iranian proliferation and regional war
Rubin 11/10/13 (Joel Rubin is the Director of Policy and Government Affairs for the Ploughshares Fund, “This Is What A Winning Negotiation With Iran Looks Like” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/11/10/2920331/winning-deal-iran-looks-like/)

The absence of a deal with Iran did nothing to prevent it from increasing its
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acquire a nuclear weapon. This is what a winning negotiation looks like.
Oil cooperation appeases Cuba – perceived as rewarding them for Alan Gross
Rubin 11 (Jennifer Rubin, Washington Post reporter who covers a range of domestic and foreign policy issues, 10/18/11, “Obama’s Cuba appeasement” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/obamas-cuba-appeasement/2011/03/29/gIQAjuL2tL_blog.html)

As bad as a prisoner exchange would have been, the administration actions didn’t stop
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Gross’s imprisonment. So naturally the administration orders up more of the same.
Credibility is key to get Iran and other countries on board
Stephens 11/14/13 (Phillip, Financial Times reporter, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2lILwmeum)

By the same token, bombing Iran’s nuclear sites could certainly delay the programme,
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with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.
Nuclear war
Russell 9 James, Senior Lecturer Department of National Security Affairs, Spring, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” Security Studies Center Proliferation Papers, http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: McDonogh RS | Judge: Johnson, Quamir
China – US cooperation solves best
NAS 10 (National Academy of sciences, “The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States,” 2010, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12987)

The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as
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for renewable energy. The recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: ICE ET | Judge: Ding, George

The 1AC is symptomatic of a new political fad – their representation of the Other as something to be saved is nothing more than a satisfaction of their own personal desire – the impact is the consumption of the Other in an act of divine commodification which turns the case

hooks 92 (bell hooks, lower case intended, American author, feminist, and social activist, 1992, "Black Looks: Race and Representation", Chapter 24 "Eating the Other: Desire and Resistance", pg 366-380 | JJ)

Within current debates about race and difference, mass culture is the contemporary location that
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since you are never that, except precisely by being condemned to it). 

To call for a ballot is to breathe life into the system that consumes all beings for dead labor which is turned on its head for more and more production – resistance is a site for power to exert itself in as a symptom of desire. To vote aff is to vote for production – vote negative to prefer exhaustion

Bifo 11 – (Franco "Bifo" Berardi, After the Future pg 106-108)

Nothing, not even the system, can avoid the symbolic obligation, and it
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new concatenation, where collective intelligence is only subjected to the common good.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science AC | Judge: Willie Johnson

Sustainability is a myth – technological solutions to environmental problems only increase unsustainable consumption logic

Deneen 9 – Writer, teaches political theory at the University of Notre Dame. From 2005 through May, 2012, he taught at Georgetown University, where he was the Founding Director of the Tocqueville Forum on the Roots of American Democracy.   Before that he taught at Princeton University from 1997-2005(Patrick J., "Against the Environment", Jun 5, 2009, http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2009/06/against-the-environment/, Daehyun)
*We don’t endorse any offensive langauge

Alexandria, VA The other night I happened to catch the second half of an
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continue in our current condition of human-environmental dualism, or delusion.

The aff creates the myth of a "dirty, foreign" where the First World exploits the Third World.

Mannathukkaren 12(Nissim, Associate Professor, International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, "Garbage as our alter ego", Nov 3, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/garbage-as-our-alter-ego/article4059003.ece)
If there is one thing that is symptomatic of the modern human condition, but
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be hidden under the carpet. It has to be confronted head on. 

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – individually rejecting the consumptive mindset is essential to degrowth – it’s the root cause of the 1acs harms

Alexander 12Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
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in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lakeland KL | Judge: Gjerpen, Katie Reed, Sammi Laricchia, Celia

Text: The United States Federal Government should mandate that farmers sink thirty percent of their crop residues into the deep ocean.  We reserve the right to clarify.

Removing 30 percent of crop residues solves for CO2 build up

University of Washington 2009, January 29
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090128212809.htm
Making bales with 30 percent of global crop residues – the stalks and such left
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percent decrease. The proposed process would remove only above-ground residue. 

Sinking crop residues has no detrimental effects

University of Washington 2009, January 29
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090128212809.htm
Strand bases his calculations on using 30 percent of crop residue because that’s what agricultural
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his work on using plants to remediate contaminated groundwater, soil and sediment.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lakeland KL | Judge: Gjerpen, Katie Reed, Sammi Laricchia, Celia

Grid expansion now – the plan speeds up renewable development – collapses reliability

Garrison 10 – Environment and Climate Change Consultant for the United States Agency for International Development (John L, "Clean Energy 26 Climate Change Opportunities Assessment for USAID/Mexico," USAID, 4/30/10, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADS950.pdf)//SJF

b. Barriers to a Cross?Border California?Baja California Renewable Energy Market
A key issue for renewable energy power development is access to electricity grid infrastructure.
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Given the current economic climate, the transmission expansion envisioned by RETI may not materialize.

Adding Mexico grid interconnections means increased renewable investment kills spare capacity – causes overstretch and blackouts – Turns the Aff

The Economist 11 ("Difference Engine: Disaster waiting to happen," Babbage, 9/16/11, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/09/reliability-grid)//SJF

Yet, further down the coast, 6m citizens of southern California and south-west Arizona, along with their cousins across the Mexican border, were just recovering from a man-made disaster that had plunged their sweltering world into darkness—shutting down schools, hospitals, offices, factories, shops and restaurants, as lighting, air-conditioning and other essential equipment ceased to function.
Beaches in San Diego had to be closed to the public because raw sewage had
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the country—from terrorist or technician—can only become more severe. 

Blackouts risks nuclear meltdowns

Cappiello, 11 (3/29/2011, Dina, "AP IMPACT: Long blackouts pose risk to US reactors," http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-to-us-reactors/)

WASHINGTON — It’s a nightmarish scenario - a days-long blackout at a nuclear power plant leading to a radioactive leak. Though the odds of that happening are extremely remote, an Associated Press investigation has found that some U.S. plants are more vulnerable than others.
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Eleven U.S. reactors are designed to cope with a station blackout lasting eight hours, while 93 are designed for four-hour blackouts. 

Impact is on par with nuclear warfare – fallout will be massive and global

Drell, 9 Professor emeritus of theoretical physics at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and a member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and Science Advisory Committee, 12 (THE NUCLEAR ENTERPRISE High-Consequence Accidents: How to Enhance Safety and Minimize Risks in Nuclear Weapons and Reactors, pg. 1-3)

We live in dangerous times for many reasons. Prominent among them is the existence
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the public by providing information on how to respond to such an event.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lakeland KL | Judge: Gjerpen, Katie Reed, Sammi Laricchia, Celia

The central question of the debate is how we respond to anxiety—using nanotech to solve warming is a dangerous palliative that gives us the allusion of control by affirming our mastery over nature and distracting us from our consumptive practices—-ensures serial policy-failure

Dodds 12 Joseph, MPhil, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK, MA, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK BSc, Psychology and Neuroscience, Manchester University, UK, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) of the British Psychological Society (BPS), and a member of several other professional organizations such as the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society, Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos p 27 *gender mod

Why psychoanalysis? On the face of it, it seems frankly irrelevant. Surely
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of ’holding environments’, the ultimate ’environment mother’ (Winnicott 1999,1987).

Technological management is an expression of the death drive—-causes projection of our fears onto the human and non-human world to justify their annihilation—-turns and outweighs the case

We continue to solve envrio with new tech and that results in a race of dualism
Dodds 12 Joseph, MPhil, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK, MA, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK BSc, Psychology and Neuroscience, Manchester University, UK, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) of the British Psychological Society (BPS), and a member of several other professional organizations such as the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society, Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos p 70 *gender mod

Here there are echoes of Freud’s (1916) idea of ’anticipatory mourning’ and the
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of bringing about our extinction. (Searles 1972: 371-372)

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Groves CP | Judge: Elijah Smith
Resolved requires a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Federal government is the national government
Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national politics matters – Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2.  the U.S. government – Also termed national government. Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3
“Its” refers to the United States Federal Government and is possessive
Updegrave 91 (W.C., “Explanation of ZIP Code Address Purpose”, 8-19, http://www.supremelaw.org/ref/zipcode/updegrav.htm)

More specifically, looking at the map on page 11 of the National ZIP Code
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Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, making the explanatory statement literally correct.
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, “Economic sanctions and engagement policies,” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state
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position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

The Aff’s failure to advance a defense of the federal government substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential
A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
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in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
Only portable skill-~--means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.¶
Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology-~--that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
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not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Groves CP | Judge: Elijah Smith
Images of suffering only create pity – which foregoes all opportunities to have any true relationship with the victims – this means their moral obligation arguments are functionally co-opted since we cant establish a relationship and this pity creates a sense of moral absolutism which allows for the worst sort of violence towards the other
Delgado 96 (Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law, University of Colorado, 1996
84 Calif. L. Rev. 61)
"My point exactly," Rodrigo continued. "Empathy is least useful where we
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you will know better. Is that your general idea?" I asked. 

The act of pity takes out solvency
Bruckner 86 Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 49-50
The result is a terrible paradox. The more widespread hunger is, the greater
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. When catastrophe becomes an everyday thing, it ceases to be catastrophe.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverhill SS | Judge: Max Hantel
Look at our aff wiki, same one

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: McDonogh RS | Judge: Johnson, Quamir
Reform will pass, but Nieto’s political capital is at a tipping point – Plan breaks the balance
Farrar 10/6 –(Julie, “Mexican President’s Big Ambitions All Come Down to Oil”, http://www.worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/mexican-president-039-s-big-ambitions-may-all-come-down-to-oil/pemex-pena-nieto-mexico-oil-government/c1s13584/#)
Ten months after taking over the presidency of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto has found himself at a critical moment. His ambitious project to reform practically all Mexican institutions is meeting opposition from the right and the left, at a time when his popularity is beginning to wane.
The right opposes his proposal to increase taxes on businesses and individuals with high incomes, while the left disagrees with his education reforms, which call for reorganizing the National Union of Education (SNTE, the biggest trade union in all of Latin America, with 1.5 million members).
Peña Nieto is preparing to remove cushy jobs and other privileges from teachers. During
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as well as his own party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Plan causes massive opposition – engagement with the US is an insurmountable obstacle which tanks Nieto’s cred
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics”, October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andcad=rjaandved=0CD4QFjACandurl=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.docandei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQandusg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCgandsig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the
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being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.
Reform is key to the Mexican and global economies – investment
Siskind 6/25/13 (Cory, Research analyst, Control Risks, “Mexico Plays the Waiting Game on Big Reforms” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cory-siskind/mexico-plays-the-waiting-_b_3493542.html)

Early 2013 saw one of the most productive one hundred days in Mexican political history
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the lowest rates of domestic credit to the private sector in the Americas.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science AC | Judge: Willie Johnson

The USFG should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico if and only if Mexico agrees to end human rights abuses. The USFG should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

Congress should make assistance to Mexico contingent upon a periodic certification process to determine Mexican human rights abuses are investigated and prosecuted – counterplan effectively uses leverage to improve human rights conditions

HRW, 07 Human Rights Watch, the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse, 10/24, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/23/mexico-us-aid-should-include-human-rights-conditions, "Mexico: US Aid Should Include Human Rights Conditions," ADM
The US Congress should oppose counternarcotics assistance to Mexico unless it includes strong conditions aimed
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Mexico’s security forces to improve their appalling human rights record," said Vivanco.

Current measures to improve human rights in Mexico fail – the US has an obligation to condition aid and reform assessment methods

Daly et al, 12 Catherine, with Kimberly Heinle and David A. Shirk, Trans-Border Institute, Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, University of San Diego, http://justiceinmexico.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/12_07_31_armed-with-impunity.pdf, "Armed with Impunity: Curbing Military Human Rights Abuses in Mexico," ADM
Ongoing concerns about human rights abuses in Mexico raise questions about what can be done
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then protecting against human rights violations and other unintended consequences also shared responsibility. 

Mexico wants to comply with human rights conditions – prefer evidence in the context of Nieto

also a no link to politics
Seelke, 13 Clare Ribando, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Congressional Research Service, 1/16, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42917.pdf, "Mexico’s New Administration: Priorities and Key Issues in U.S.-Mexican Relations," ADM
Congress has expressed ongoing concerns about human rights conditions in Mexico; these concerns have
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the police and judicial reforms it is implementing are bolstering human rights protections.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Groves CP | Judge: Elijah Smith

1. A point of stasis in a competitive format is essential to address structural problems-~-- personal focus causes complacency- narratives are subjective
   Tonn ’5 (Tonn, Mari Boor, Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland, Fall 2005, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Fall)FS

Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational, personal,
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 only the very limited realm of therapeutic, small group interaction.”40
Finally, and related, a therapeutic framing of social problems threatens to locate the
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defenders of the status quo to admonish citizens to “heal” themselves.
Below, various exemplars of public interactions and decision-making processes couched as “
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conversation and dialogue into the public realm can foster and sustain such problems. 

2. Their narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and crushes reform – it subverts its radical intentions
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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publication record is itself sufficient evidence of the success of their endeavor. n200
Certainly, publication of a best seller may transform its author's life, with the
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Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: McDonogh RS | Judge: Johnson, Quamir
Allowing market principles to dictate the transition to renewables short circuits it—creates resource wars that only the alt can solve.
Abramsky, former Institute of Advanced Studies in Science, Technology and Society fellow, 2010
(Kolya, Sparking a Worldwide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Post-Petrol World, pg 26-7)

The fact that coal and oil are finite resources means that there is a long
AND
-commercial technology transfer against the iron straitjacket of the international patent regimes. 

Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all
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of the poorest people to afford market prices, are both likely causes.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
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underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westlake AB | Judge: Trevett, Kyle

Text: The United States Federal government should prohibit the terror list.

Removing Cuba from the terrorist list only increases the credibility of the list

Levy 11 (Arturo Lopez-Levy, Lecturer and Doctoral Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Affairs at the University of Denver, received the Leonard Marks Essay Award of the American Academy of Diplomacy, masters degree from Columbia in International Affairs, "A Call for Cuba’s Removal from the List of State Sponsers of Terrorism", Center for International policy/Latin American Working Group, 12/1/11, http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/Cuba/lawg_cip_dec_2011.pdf) 

So, let me discuss the first issue, why including Cuba on the terrorist
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countries or entities such as Iran whose presence on the list is justified.

We must escape the bounds of state-sponsored terrorism discourse – strengthening the terror list construction turns all of case

1AC Jackson 9 (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume 1 Issue 3, "The ghosts of state terror: knowledge, politics and terrorism studies")

Related to these broader normative and ideological effects, the treatment of state terrorism ¶
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which ignore the involvement in state?sponsorship by ¶ Western states themselves.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bronx Science LM | Judge: Randall, Chris
We read everything before - look at the cites

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: ICE ET | Judge: Ding, George

Voting affirmative does nothing – their normative thought renders their experiment useless and ineffective.

Schlag 90 – professor of law at the University of Colorado (Pierre, "NORMATIVE AND NOWHERE TO GO", Stanford Law Review, November, 1990, http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/pubpdfs/schlag/SchlagSLR.pdf)

In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will
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in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.

Their speech act does not spill over either – language is not a conduit but a barrier.

Schlag 90 – professor of law at the University of Colorado (Pierre, "NORMATIVE AND NOWHERE TO GO", Stanford Law Review, November, 1990, http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/pubpdfs/schlag/SchlagSLR.pdf)

One answer is precisely that normative legal thought conceives its own linguistic situation in just
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need for active intervention on the part of the participants in constructing communication.

Thus, my partner and I advocate that we should adopt an open border policy towards the US-Mexico Border

We must never sacrifice our individual ability to create change by passing it on to the state. We are where the power is.

Bleiker 2K (Roland, Professor of IR at Harvard / Cambridge, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 206-7)

This chapter has mapped out some of the discursive terrains in which transversal dissent takes
AND
so, articulate a viable and non-essentialist concept of human agency.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westlake AB | Judge: Trevett, Kyle

1NC

Interpretation – Economic engagement is exclusively economic

Jakštait? 10 (Gerda, Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania), "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES," December 10, 2010, BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), http://versita.metapress.com/content/0w3157n438689417/fulltext.pdf)

The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
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ensure safety in particular, whereas economic benefit is not a priority objective.

"Increase" means to become greater in quantity

Encarta 6 (Encarta Online Dictionary, 2006, "Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

in•crease ~ in kr?ss ~ transitive and intransitive verb (past and past participle in•creased, present participle in•creas•ing, 3rd person present singular in•creas•es)Definition: make or become larger or greater: to become, or make something become, larger in number, quantity, or degree noun (plural in•creas•es)

Violation: The affirmative is extra-topical – their mandate includes removing

Voting Issue:

1. Limits – there are countless non-economic engagement policies – decimates our ability to prepare for a specific aff.

2. Ground – the aff denies access to key DA links by changing the ground from economics – kills fairness and economic education

3. Extra-topicality is especially bad – allows infinite aff advantage ground.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science AC | Judge: Willie Johnson

Interpretation – "Economic engagement" is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~
Non-Economic Engagementand International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine the
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relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh SP | Judge: TJ McCarrick
Interpretation – Engagement requires government to government DIRECT talks
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
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realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: McDonogh RS | Judge: Johnson, Quamir
Interpretation – Engagement Requires Positive Incentives
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k (Richard N. Haass, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, former senior aide to President George Bush, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, 2000, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Survival, Volume 42, Number 2, Summer, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf, p. 1-2)

The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
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shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be an explicit quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 (John, Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August 2006, Science direct)

Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
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run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science AC | Judge: Willie Johnson

TPA will pass now

Spulak 2/12 (Thomas, Partner at King and Spaulding legal practice, clients have included Bacardi USA, Cooper Industries, and the Coalition to Advance Renewable Energy through Bulk Storage, was Democratic Staff Director and General Counsel of the House Committee on Rules and General Counsel to the House, attended School of Politics and Public Affairs at the University of Miami and has a Juris Doctor from FSU, "Expect Trade Promotion Authority Bill To Pass," Law 360, 2/12/14, http://www.law360.com/articles/509435/expect-trade-promotion-authority-bill-to-pass)

It is hard to imagine that a TPA bill will not be enacted, but
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work this out with his fellow Democrats. We believe that he will.

Obama’s PC is key

McKenna 2/10 – (Barrie, Columnist and business correspondent with the Globe and Mail, "Washington’s tangled politics could slow Trans-Pacific Partnership," 2/10/14, The Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/washingtons-tangled-politics-could-slow-trans-pacific-partnership/article16771118/?service=mobile)**

A new TPA bill is now before Congress. But the odds of it being
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make deeper trade concessions. Getting those votes might involve pain for Canada.

Renewable incentives drain PC – budget pressures, GOP and fossil fuel lobby opposition

E26E Daily, 12  (Environment and Energy Daily, 1/17, lexis)

Overseeing shrinking budgets as renewables, fossil fuels vie for their share: With jurisdiction
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in the marketplace when it benefits oil, gas, nuclear and coal.

TPA solves trade and economic growth

Evans 1/20 (Micheal, Frank Schweitzer, Ryan Severson, JDSupra Business Advisor, 1/20/2014, "Trade Promotion Authority Legislation Could Have Significant Impact on U.S. Trade Agenda", http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/trade-promotion-authority-legislation-co-05075/)

The bill includes statutorily-mandated negotiating objectives; sets out requirements related to notification
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"strengthening the effective operation of legal regimes and the rule of law." 

Decline causes global nuclear war

Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westlake AB | Judge: Trevett, Kyle

A Bipartisan TPA will pass- assumes all warrants

Spulak 2/12 (Thomas, Partner at King and Spaulding legal practice, clients have included Bacardi USA, Cooper Industries, and the Coalition to Advance Renewable Energy through Bulk Storage, was Democratic Staff Director and General Counsel of the House Committee on Rules and General Counsel to the House, attended School of Politics and Public Affairs at the University of Miami and has a Juris Doctor from FSU, "Expect Trade Promotion Authority Bill To Pass," Law 360, 2/12/14, http://www.law360.com/articles/509435/expect-trade-promotion-authority-bill-to-pass)

It is hard to imagine that a TPA bill will not be enacted, but
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work this out with his fellow Democrats. We believe that he will.

Polcap crucial in order to pass TPA
McKenna 2/10 – (Barrie, Columnist and business correspondent with the Globe and Mail, "Washington’s tangled politics could slow Trans-Pacific Partnership," 2/10/14, The Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/washingtons-tangled-politics-could-slow-trans-pacific-partnership/article16771118/?service=mobile)**

A new TPA bill is now before Congress. But the odds of it being
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make deeper trade concessions. Getting those votes might involve pain for Canada.

Cuba policy is a political firestorm — the plan angers congressional hardliners and causes Obama’s agenda to be taken hostage.

LeoGrande 12 — William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

TPA solves for trade and fosters economic growth

Evans 1/20 (Micheal, Frank Schweitzer, Ryan Severson, JDSupra Business Advisor, 1/20/2014, "Trade Promotion Authority Legislation Could Have Significant Impact on U.S. Trade Agenda", http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/trade-promotion-authority-legislation-co-05075/)

The bill includes statutorily-mandated negotiating objectives; sets out requirements related to notification
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"strengthening the effective operation of legal regimes and the rule of law." 

Global nuclear war

Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westlake AB | Judge: Trevett, Kyle

Vietnam is the primary exporter of rice to Cuba now—lifting the embargo trades off and kills exports

Ruan 12 (R.G., April 12, United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, "I am L.G. Raun, a rice producer from El Campo, Texas, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:y0xpJdP-kPkJ:www.ag.senate.gov/download/3Fid3Da7caeddb-b518-4e98-8503-aad67454d291+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us)

Cuba: Prior to 1962 Cuba was the largest market for U.S.
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place could provide substantial¶ opportunities for much larger rice exports to Cuba.

Rice is the backbone of the Vietnamese economy

Young 2 (Kenneth B, Professor @ University of Arkansas, Young, Eric J. Wailes, Gail L. Cramer, Nguyen Tri Khiem - Can Tho University, April, "Vietnam’’s Rice Economy: Developments and Prospects", p 5, http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/968.pdf)

Vietnam’s food crop sector, comprising more than¶ 85 rice, is the
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at 1.8 million mt¶ (USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service).

Collapse of the Vietnamese economy causes internal instability and lash-out—escalates to South China Sea conflict

Lun 12 (Justin Ho Chen, honours student at the Department of International Relations, the Australian National University. East Asia Forum:  Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific. A joint effort of the East Asian Bureau of Economic Research (EABER) and the South Asian Bureau of Economic Research (SABER), December 15th, 2012, "Sino–Vietnamese tensions in the South China Sea." http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/12/15/sino-vietnamese-tensions-in-the-south-china-sea/)

Vietnamese nationalism today is inextricably linked to anti-China sentiment and the South China
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, lead claimant states onto a collision course in the South China Sea.

The impact is extinction

Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
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—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh SP | Judge: TJ McCarrick
Observation 1: Competition
A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code
US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal Government is established by the US Constitution. The Federal Government shares sovereignty over the United Sates with the individual governments of the States of US. The Federal government has three branches: i) the legislature, which is the US Congress, ii) Executive, comprised of the President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House ?Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Observation 2: Solvency

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL
The specific empirical puzzle, how to explain the pattern of U.S.
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an analytical focus on the president’s strategic motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.
XOS Shape American Policy – they are key to prez powers
McCormick 10 (James M. McCormick, , “American Foreign Policy and Process,” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=m_MOrBfBEmYCandoi=fndandpg=PR5anddq=executive+orders+quick+processandots=HTAhZJp2qWandsig=7FfCHf0qgQRvKqDAEbGC_c-Dmw0#v=onepageandq=eecutive20orderandf=false)

Other executive orders in the past sent American foreign policy in a new direction.
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, they found that 149 out of the 1,028 executive orders sampled
were “significant” in their effect on policy and society. Of those 149, moreover, we estimated that 58(or 39 percent) dealt with foreign policy. Importantly, then, executive orders afford presidents yet another avenue of influence on foreign affairs.
Obama needs to take unilateral action to solve warming
Westmoreland 10 (Joshua Westmoreland, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 1/1/10 “Global Warming and Originalism: The Role of the EPA in the Obama Administration:” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027andcontext=ealrandsei-redir=1#search=22presidential20power20global20warming20obama22)

Mapping the national and international response to global warming poses a major challenge to President
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Administrator to issue GHG-emission-limiting regulations pursuant to the CAA.

Only action now solves future catastrophe-must stabilize temperature rise
Antholis and Talbott 10 – Director and President @ Brookings
(William Antholis, managing director of the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in Governance Studies, former director of studies at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution, deputy Sec. of State under Clinton, “The Global Warming Tipping Point,” The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=8523)//BB
Moreover, we need to start reductions now in order to slow temperature rise later
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not burn fossil fuels and therefore do not pump CO2 into the atmosphere.