Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic HM | Judge: Chris Thiele

1NC

The Aff’s failure to advance a defense of the federal government substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential

Resolved requires a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Federal government is the national government

Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8^th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national politics matters – Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2.  the U.S. government – Also termed national government. ~Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3~

"Economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, "Economic sanctions and engagement policies," http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

1 Limits

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.¶ 

2 Roleplaying

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

3 Switch side

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions

Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology—-that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

1NC

The affirmative’s view of the Other is flawed – a call for the ballot creates a prize of otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – that is the basis of the Western intellectual subject – turns the entirety of the K

Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 "Can the Subaltern Speak?," Online, azp)

SOME OF THE most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result
AND
supplementing an earlier economic text, can the subaltern speak? . . . 

Vote neg on presumption – they can’t actualize any change

Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall)

As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition. 

They reduce the subaltern to a fungible object to be consumed by debate – turns colonialism

Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)

In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Vote neg to reject the aff’s false "political mobilization" – creates the possibility for change

Baudrillard 8 (Jean, ex-Prof of Sociology at Paris X, January 2008, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, "Present Considerations: The Uncertainty of All Value Systems", http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol5_1/pf/v5-1-article2-petit_pf.html | JJ)

Baudrillard: The paradox of liberation is that the people liberated are never the ones
AND
Marcuse. Decidedly, freedom isn’t simple, and liberation even less so. 

1NC

Engagement with Mexico wrecks endangered species’ habitats

WorldWatch Institute No Date ("Biodiversity on the U.S.-Mexican Border," Conservation Biology in the U.S.-Mexican Border Region, Atleast in the 21st century, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/567 EH)

Establishing effective cross-border policies is not easy. While nations can readily agree
AND
at least three endangered wildlife species," writes California environmental journalist Terry Rodgers. 

It’s a hotspot

WorldWatch Institute No Date ("Biodiversity on the U.S.-Mexican Border," Conservation Biology in the U.S.-Mexican Border Region, Atleast in the 21st century, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/567** EH)

The U.S.-Mexican border region has the highest rate of species endangerment
AND
regardless where the fences or guards might stand-to encompass whole ecosystems.

Biodiversity loss leads to extinction

Jowit 8 (edited Julien, The Guardian, World is facing a natural resources crisis worse than financial crunch, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/oct/29/climatechange-endangeredhabitats)

The world is heading for an "ecological credit crunch" far worse than the
AND
planet Earth," said Chief Emeka Anyaoku, the president of WWF International.

1NC Case

Latin America improving now – inequality and poverty decreasing

Ferreira 12 (Francisco H. G. , head Economist at the World Bank’s Research Department and a Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA, Bonn). During his World Bank career, he has also served as Deputy Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean, and as a co-Director of the World Development Report 2006, on Equity and Development. He has published widely in the fields of poverty, inequality, and the political economy of development, and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Economic Inequality, the Review of Income and Wealth, the World Bank Economic Review and the Economic Analysis Review, Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class, Julian Messina, Jamele Rigolini, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, Maria Ana Lugo, Renos Vakis, Luis Felipe Ló, pez-Calva, Page xi, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=BfGvmd4mSe0C26oi=fnd26pg=PP126dq=latin+america+progress+socioeconomic26ots=rAMn0rJqxV26sig=AKE8fOjyIlvJ2pqz3tpkluCV4os~~23v=snippet26q=22decline20in20poverty2226f=false)

That remains true today: apart from South Africa and Swaziland. all other countries
AND
millennium. The year 2003 stands out as a break in the series.

The causality of their impact is backwards

Zack Beauchamp 12/11, "5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human, Reporter/Blogger for ThinkProgress.org. He previously contributed to Andrew Sullivan’s The Dish at Newsweek/Daily Beast, and has also written for Foreign Policy and Tablet magazines, holds B.A.s in Philosophy and Political Science from Brown University and an M.Sc in International Relations from the London School of Economics, http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/~~23

Between the brutal civil war in Syria, the government shutdown and all of the
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

No prior questions

Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Democracy checks

O’Kane 97 – Prof Comparative Political Theory, U Keele (Rosemary, "Modernity, the Holocaust and politics," Economy and Society 26:1, p 58-9)
Modern bureaucracy is not ’intrinsically capable of genocidal action’ (Bauman 1989: 106).
AND
and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides. 

Root cause theory is flawed – means they can’t solve their impacts

Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 ~JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf~~
 The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized. 

Their K of the West is reductionist and masks oppression by other systems

Shaw 2 – Sussex IR Professor (Martin, The Problem of the Quasi-Imperial State, www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm)
Nor have many considered the possibility that if the concept of imperialism has a relevance
AND
many of them there are far more real and dangerous enemies closer to.

The 1AC’s use of decolonization as a metaphor for debate is a way to assuage our guilt and entrench the status quo—-playing Indian is the oldest move in the imperialist book—-reject the 1ac to force the aff to face the complicity of their gesture

Tuck 12—Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz.  (Eve, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)
Decolonization as metaphor allows people to equivocate these contradictory decolonial desires because it turns decolonization
AND
unsettle innocence, which we discuss in the final section of this article.

FOD is productive and avoids their offense

Macy 2K – Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243
The move to a wider ecological sense of self is in large part a function
AND
there will be a future is the pivotal psychological reality of our time.
Over the past twelve years my colleagues and I have worked with tens of thousands
AND
of our world stretches or collapses the culturally defined boundaries of the self.
It becomes clear, for example, that the grief and fear experienced for our
AND
in which we are as intricately connected as cells in a larger body.
This shift in consciousness is an appropriate, adaptive response. For the crisis that
AND
as a species – be immune to what we do to other beings. 

The state must be engaged—-action can be reoriented away from past abuses

Williams and Krause 97 Michael, assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine and Keith, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, associate professor of political science at York University, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Krause and Williams, p. xvi
Many of the chapters in this volume thus retain a concern with the centrality of
AND
of influencing what remains the most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.

Simulation of Latin American policymaking is key to social progress – prefer specificity

Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
("An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America," p. 375-377)BB

Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.

Only coherent ethical rubric is to maximize the number of lives saved—that’s key to equality and value to life

Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Weigh consequences—moral absolutism reproduces evil.

Isaac 2 — Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, 2002 ("Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent, Volume 49, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via EBSCOhost, p. 35-36) 

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brooklyn Tech CN | Judge: Brian Manuel

1NC

The Aff’s failure to advance a defense of the federal government substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential

Resolved requires a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Federal government is the national government

Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8^th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national politics matters – Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2.  the U.S. government – Also termed national government. ~Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3~

"Economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, "Economic sanctions and engagement policies," http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

1 Limits

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

2 Roleplaying

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

3 Switch side

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions

Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology—-that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

1NC

====Their ignorance of spatio-temporal assentation makes solvency impossible – Vote negative to construct a retrofuturist and, adopt our alternative as a self-reflexive, phantasmagoric trick of deconstruction====
Clanton 12 – Ph.D. in Cultural Studies from Goldsmiths College, University of London; Advocate in the Centre for Cultural Studies
(Carrie, "Hauntology Beyond the Cinema: The Technological Uncanny", ManyCinemas, Issue 3, p. 66-76)krishnik

Summary¶ Cinema is an intrinsically ghostly medium, its narratives conjuring other times and
AND
phantasmagoric, dialectical, profane, but above all, deconstructive and hauntological.

The Hartman framing of Demos evidence depicts the 1ac as a dull counterfactual – retrofuturism breathes life back into the exhaustion that was the 1AC – only the alt can challenge oppression

-card also includes an uq takeout (boxed in the middle)
Venezia 13 – Ph.D. on Historical Imagination from Birkbeck, University of London; Visiting Teacher of English and of Film at Birkbeck and Middlesex University; Is Peer-reviewed
(Tony, "Utopia Loops, Ghost Legacies," Alluvium, Vol. 2 - No. 4, (Thatcher’s Legacies" Special Issue): n, 7/21/13)krishnik

There is the distinct sense here that rave’s utopian reclamation of public spaces has been
AND
derailed. An untimely ghostly legacy whose parameters I want to trace below.

1NC Case

No social death – history proves

Brown 9 Vincent, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249
THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40

Anti-blackness is not an ontological antagonism—-conflict is inevitable in politics, but does not have to be demarcated around whiteness and blackness—-the alt’s ontological fatalism recreates colonial violence

Peter Hudson 13, Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa, has been on the editorial board of the Africa Perspective: The South African Journal of Sociology and Theoria: A Journal of Political and Social Theory and Transformation, and is a member of the Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, 2013
Thus the self-same/other distinction is necessary for the possibility of identity
AND
, as distinct from "subject" position based on a determinate identity.

Their performance is a double-turn – Assertions of black agency in the face of immense violence cannot be separated from the colonial consumption of black enjoyment—-staging performances only confirms the reach of the master—-interrogating the connections between enjoyment and terror is a prerequisite to successful resistance tactics

Saidiya V. Hartman 97, professor at Columbia, Scenes of Subjection, 21-3
By slipping into the black body and figuratively occupying the position of the enslaved,
AND
and violence was transformed into a display of agency and good cheer. .
What concerns me here is the spectacular nature of black suffering and, conversely,
AND
it exemplify the use of the body as an instrument against the self?
The scenes of subjection considered here—the coerced spectacles orchestrated to encourage the trade
AND
Indeed, the convergence of terror and enjoyment cannot be understood outside it.

Reforms are possible and desirable—-tangible change outweighs the risk of cooption and is still a better strategy than symbolic victories

Michael Omi 13, and Howard Winant, Resistance is futile?: a response to Feagin and Elias, Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 961-973, 2013 Special Issue: Symposium - Rethinking Racial Formation Theory
In Feagin and Elias’s account, white racist rule in the USA appears unalterable and
AND
and anti-democratic social movements that are evident in US politics today.

Their utopian vision gets trapped in current status quo

Ilan Kapoor, Prof. of Environ Studies @ York University, 2004, Third World Quarterly 25.4, "Hyper-self-reflexive development? Spivak on representing the Third World ’Other’" p. 637

 ’Intimately inhabiting’ and ’negotiating’ discourse  Taking Derrida’s lead, Spivak
AND
one toward a non-hierarchical encounter with the  Third World/subaltern. 

Policy focus key to combat racism—-anti-blackness is not ontological

Jamelle Bouie 13, staff writer at The American Prospect, Making and Dismantling Racism, http://prospect.org/article/making-and-dismantling-racism
Over at The Atlantic, Ta-Nehisi Coates has been exploring the intersection of
AND
helped destroy it. There’s no reason racism can’t work the same way. 

Reject their slavery metaphor—-it’s not accurate and violently displaces a specific kind of evil

Rebecca Wanzo 9, Associate Professor of Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St Louis. She self-identifies as an African-American woman – The Suffering Will Not Be Televised: African American Women and Sentimental Political Storytelling, p. 43-44
Slavery stands in U.S. history not only as an acknowledged evil,
AND
as an aesthetically evocative metaphor that ignores the distance from real chattel slavery.

Analogy alone is a turn – minimizes a contextual and specific suffering

Jamelle Bouie 13, staff writer for The Daily Beast, and former fellow at The American Prospect and The Nation Institute. His work centers on politics, race, and the intersection of the two. He graduated from the University of Virginia with degrees in political and social thought, government, and religious studies. "The Right’s Slavery Obsession" – The Daily Beast – November 12, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/12/the-right-s-slavery-obsession.html
Chattel slavery stands apart in American history. It was unlike anything else in the
AND
, and—in a small way—minimize the reality of suffering.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Text: The United States federal government should should take incremental measures to substantially increase its science and technology cooperation with Cuba if and only if Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross.

CP solves – Cuba will say yes if economic engagement is conditioned on Gross’s release

Piccone 12 (Ted, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy @ The Brookings Institution, Richard Feinberg,
nonresident Senior Fellow @ The Brookings Institution, Diego Ruiz, Member of delegation of business leaders to Cuba organized by the Council of the Americas, Inc.http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2012/12/1020cuba/20121210_cuban_economy.pdf)

Thank you. Back to the stalemate in which we now find¶ ourselves with
AND
facilitate economic relations between the two, if would¶ seem to me.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Hardline against Cuba now – terror list

Kasperowicz 5/30/13 ~Pete, Staff Writer for the Hill, "State keeps Cuba on terror sponsors list", 5/30/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/americas/302609-cuba-remains-a-state-sponsor-of-terror-despite-some-improvements, Accessed July 6,~
As expected, the State Department on Thursday released a report that keeps Cuba on
AND
between FARC and Colombia were not enough to remove Cuba from the list.

Lifting the embargo is appeasement – emboldens adversaries and turns the case

Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. "KEEP THE EMBARGO, O" April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)

In the end, though, it’s still Fidel Castro and his brother Raul who’ll
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Appeasement kills credibility – it shows countries that the US isn’t hard line - playing a weak hand doesn’t work

Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, "President Obama’s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder", August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html-http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)
There’s a simple explanation: we are no longer feared. Superpowers of yesteryear,
AND
it. Israel long ago learned this lesson, regardless of world outrage.

Obama’s credibility is uniquely key to solve conflict – deescalates Indo-Pak war

Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Indo-Pak war escalates quickly to extinction—-no checks

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

1NC CR Politics

Will Pass – renewed interest in politically difficult compromises

Bowles and Simpson 9/16 (Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson co-chaired the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform and now co-chair the Moment of Truth Project, and are guest writers for CSM, 9/16/13, "Government shutdown? A leap of trust can seal a budget deal", http://news.yahoo.com/government-shutdown-leap-trust-seal-budget-deal-144702994—politics.html)
For their part, a growing number of Republican senators have indicated they are willing
AND
goal of substantially reducing rates and the Democratic goal of raising new revenue.

The plan sparks fights in both chambers

Gary Gentile 12, Inside Energy, 4/30/12, "Salazar accuses House of living a ’fairy tale’; urges votes on 3 issues," p. lexis
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar is blaming Congress, especially the Republican-controlled House,
AND
Mexico’s legislature has already ratified the agreement, but that Congress has not.

The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done

Frank James, 9-13-2013, "Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future," NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future-http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future

The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-
AND
people. When we have something to report, we’ll let you know."

Government shutdown wrecks CDC disease monitoring – key to check outbreaks

Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, "Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted," Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826
The vast majority of employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC
AND
won’t have the manpower we have right now," the HHS spokesman said.

Extinction

Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: CE Byrd NN | Judge: Andrew Spomer

1NC Case

SQ is getting better because of rationality —- it’s only a question of sustaining current dynamics and preventing shocks to the system

Pinker 11 Steven Pinker is Professor of psychology at Harvard University "Violence Vanquished" Sept 24 online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html

On the day this article appears, you will read about a shocking act of
AND
that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.

Death actually is the end of human consciousness

Stenger 92 – Victor J. Stenger, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, University of Colorado, 1992, "The Myth of Quantum Consciousness," online: http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Quantum/QuantumConsciousness.pdf
Quantum mechanics is called on further to argue that the cosmic field, like Newton’s
AND
previously a universe that seemed to have need for neither gods nor humanity.
If Bohr and Heisenberg had spoken of measurements made by inanimate instruments rather than "observers," perhaps this strained relationship between quantum and mind would not have been drawn. For, nothing in quantum mechanics requires human involvement.
Quantum mechanics does not violate the Copernican principle that the universe cares not a whit
AND
will do so under the same rules of quantum mechanics that operate today.

Fear of death affirms life

Beres 1996 ~Louis Rene, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, Feb., The Freeman http://www.freeman.org/m_online/ feb96/ beresn.htm~

Fear of death, the ultimate source of anxiety, is essential to human survival
AND
it loses, possibly forever, the altogether critical benefits of "anxiety." 

Action to resolve suffering is good—-they’re wrong

Norris 4 Trevor Norris, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, hannah arendt and jean baudrillard: pedagogy in the consumer society, http://www.infed.org/biblio/pedagogy_consumer_society.htm
For Baudrillard, as a result of this separation, "we disappear behind our
AND
curve, with the acquisition and manipulation of goods and messages."~44~
Just as consumerism entails the loss of reality, so too does it point towards
AND
instrument, and perennial monument that survived the generations of men."~47~
The making explicit of the inner workings of privacy implies an analysis of the psychodynamics
AND
be consummated, but is the "frustrated desire for totality."~55~
For Baudrillard, not only are we never satiated and always frustrated, but there
AND
used to illuminate the consequences of its manifestation within the realm of education.
The consumer society and education
Although there has been some work done over the last ten or twelve years on
AND
market. Henry Giroux has written widely on this issue, and observes that
    schools are being transformed into commercial rather than public spheres as students become subject to the whims and practices of marketers whose agenda has nothing to do with critical learning and a great deal to do with restructuring civic life in the image of market culture. Civic courage—upholding the most basic non-commercial principles of democracy—as a defining principle of society is devalued as corporate power transforms school knowledge.~60~
As Kerry T. Burch describes this dynamic, "~N~owadays, most schools are not producing critically reflective democratic citizens; they are far more engaged in the mass production of idiocy. I use this phrase with precision: the ancient Greek etymology of idios refers to a ’purely private person,’ one who could participate in the polis as a citizen, but did not."~61~ One can hear an echo of Arendt’s description of the parallel between the oikos and idios.
Advertising has become perhaps the most important influence on the socialization process; in Baudrillard’s
AND
citizens by shifting its focus to producing a democracy of consumers."~64~
This dynamic raises several important questions concerning education: what is the difference between educating
AND
entails the marginalization of the ethical, social and political dimensions of education.
Yet this trend can be observed within the daily life of any student: even
AND
the life, each of these activities has been well documented.~68~
We can ask why corporations and advertisers would want access to public schools. First
AND
and administrators are required to enforce or risk losing their funding.~72~
As Henry Giroux states, corporations "substitute corporate propaganda for real learning, upset
AND
practices, and the cultivation of civic responsibility within a vibrant public realm.
Conclusion: Arendt, political action and natality
The discussion of Baudrillard ended with a consideration of the possibility of resisting consumer society
AND
is our polis, and reality itself, which we stand to lose.
Through consumption we attempt to differentiate ourselves from others and assert our identity, to
AND
and natality, we may yet bring health to our "feverish city."

The alternative fails to confront real world politics.

Best 26 Kellner 98 Department of Philosophy at University of Texas-El Paso, 1998 ~Steven 26 Douglas, http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/illuminations/kell28.htm, "Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future"~ 

In the aftermath of the 1960s, novel and conflicting conceptions of postmodern politics emerged
AND
we can do is "accommodate ourselves to the time left to us." 

Extinction results

Boggs 97 (Carl Boggs, 1997, National University, Los Angeles, The Great Retreat: Decline of the Public Sphere in Late Twentieth-Century America, http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/international.olde/mias/readings07/10.pdf)

The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
AND
universal, collec-tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Capitalism is inevitable – empirical attempts to break down have failed

Isbister 1 (John, Professor Economics, U. Cal @ Santa Cruz, in Capitalism and Justice, p. 46)

Some in the capitalist world try to retain or re-create the
AND
societies, we cannot return to them.  The door has been closed.

Rationality is good and argumentation should start from empirical and political problem-solving —- the aff fails and devolves into crippling relativism

Robert C. Rowland 95 is a Professor of Communication at the University of Kansas, "In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory and Response to the Postmodern Critique" Philosophy 26 Rhetoric Vol. 28, No. 4Oct 1, 1995, EBSCO
A pragmatic theory of argument
The first step in developing a justifiable theory of rational argument that can account for
AND
the intrusiveness of its moral and political will" (1992, 64).
The performative contradiction at the heart of postmodernism is nowhere more evident than in the
AND
is pragmatic efficacy in fulfilling a purpose in relation to a given problem.
Both modernists and postmodernists generally assume that truth and fact are equivalent terms. Thus, a "true" statement is one that is factually correct in all circumstances. By this standard, of course, there are no totally "true" statements. However, if no statement can be proved factually true, then a focus on facts is an inappropriate standard for judging truth.
I suggest that knowledge and truth should be understood not as factual statements that are
AND
or tomorrow, because it usefully and consistently solves a particular epistemic problem.
The standard for "truth" is pragmatic utility in fulfilling a purpose in relation
AND
the facts," it does not deny that a real-world exists.
Thus, a pragmatist endorses a given scientific theory because the symbolic description present in
AND
work, that is, avoiding nature’s kicks in fulfilling a given purpose.
The foregoing suggests that a principled pragmatic theory of argument sidesteps the postmodern critique.
AND
justified pragmatically, based on their value for producing useful solutions to problems.
A pragmatic theory of argument can be understood as operating at three levels, all
AND
likely to be useful and those that are less likely to be useful.
At a third level, that of specific fields or subfields, principles of argumentation
AND
that a higher standard of proof be applied in this area than elsewhere.
The pragmatic perspective I have described is quite different from that of interpretive pragmatists such
AND
emerge is firmly in place, settled" (Fish 1989a, 308).
Unfortunately, a theory of argumentation cannot be salvaged merely by grounding reason in conversational
AND
I argue that those concepts must be redefined in relation to problem solving.
The pragmatic theory of argument that I have advanced provides a principled means of choosing
AND
also provides a principled approach to argument that does not lead to relativism.
In defense of rational argument
When argument is viewed as a pragmatic problem-solving tool, the power of the postmodern critique largely dissipates. At the most basic level, a pragmatic theory of argument is based on premises such as the following:
’Statements supported by evidence and reasoning are more likely to be useful for satisfactorily solving a problem than ones that lack that support.
’Consistent arguments are more likely to be generalizable than inconsistent ones.
’Experts are more likely to have useful viewpoints about technical questions tied to a particular
AND
recognizes the functional utility of general standards for testing argument form and process.
Arguing should be understood as a pragmatic process for locating solutions to problems. The
AND
. This is a rare event in any society grounded in democratic ethics.
Additionally, argument as a form and process is inherently person-respecting because in
AND
on power) is one that recognizes the fundamental humanity in all people.
Furthermore, argument is one of the most important means of protecting society from symbolic oppression. Argument as an internal process within an individual and external process within society provides a method of testing the claims of potential oppressors. Therefore, training in argument should be understood as a means of providing pragmatic tools for breaking out of terministic or disciplinary prisons.
Against this view, it could be argued that pragmatism, because of its "
AND
for which the factory is the prototype of human existence" (50).
The claims that pragmatism reduces reason to a mere instrument of production or leads to
AND
be justified pragmatically to serve the aims that Horkheimer assigns to that form.
Moreover, a pragmatic theory of argument should not be confused with a decision-
AND
unpragmatic to defer to expert opinion, absent good reasons and strong evidence.
The previous analysis in no way denies the risks associated with technical reason. It
AND
used to protect society from the nihilistic excesses of a purely instrumental reason.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Shunta Jordan

The aff operates in a modernist logic of recognition that privileges "respect, freedom, and equality" and leaves UNTOUCHED the basic structures of oppression—betterment of peoples lives within the colonial matrix of power is insufficient to solve

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 148-50~ DDI13

It is not possible to understand fully the difference between Fanon’s and Honneth’s critical takes
AND
violates the very meaning and purpose of the logic of lordship and bondage. 

Focus on legal remedies to solve the everyday problems of the marginalized destroys social justice- the aff is a stance that ignores the exclusion of immigrants in adjudication

Gilbert 5 (Lauren, Associate Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law; J.D., University of Michigan School of Law, 1988; B.A., Harvard University, 1983., FIELDS OF HOPE, FIELDS OF DESPAIR: LEGISPRUDENTIAL AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE AGJOBS BILL OF 2003, lexis, Summer 2005)

Critical legal studies scholars question the underlying legitimacy of law and the lawmaking process.
AND
community even though they are unable to participate in the electoral process. n419

Their focus on property and material compensation links

Speed, 2005(Shannon- expert professor from the University of Texas at Austin on Latin America, Dangerous Discourses:¶ Human Rights and Multiculturalism in Neoliberal Mexico, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/doi/10.1525/pol.2005.28.1.29/pdf, 5/2005, PoLAR)

A number of analysts have suggested that we should approach the question of¶ human
AND
¶ of their subjects as a means of social control (Rouse 1995).

Our alternative is to decolonize economic engagement. Questioning the politics of space and knowledge that make engagement an economic tool of manipulation is key to sustainable development.

Walsh, Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2012
(Catherine, "The Politics of Naming", Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)

Cultural Studies, in our project, is constructed and understood as more than a
AND
Studies is only one of our options, and part of the politics of
naming.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Email zaki.atia@gmail.com for neg cites

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

The aff’s invocation of death impacts is necrophilia, a blind obsession with body counts that ends in extinction. Vote neg to reject death impacts—this is a gateway issue—if they win death impacts are good, the rest of the 1NC applies—we won’t cross-apply to prove links

Erich Fromm 64, PhD in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922, psychology prof at MSU in the 60’s, "Creators and Destroyers", The Saturday Review, New York (04. January 1964), pp. 22-25

People are aware of the possibility of nuclear war; they are aware of the
AND
those of us who love life will not cease the struggle against necrophilia.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City GO | Judge: Tyler Thur

1NC

Farm bill will pass now, but PC is still key to negotiate a compromise

Dale Hildebrant, 11-17-2013, "Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving," Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html
Little has been heard from the Farm Bill Conference Committee since its opening session on
AND
believes that President Obama’s intervention will prove useful in getting the issue resolved.

Plan costs PC and takes a long time

OECD 9 (ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Managing for Development Results, http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/42447575.pdf-http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/42447575.pdf, March 2009) MfDR is Managing for Development Results

No two countries implement MfDR in exactly the same way. While changes in planning
AND
ensure that the process is not seen as partisan or donor driven. N

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike – massive economic damage

NELSON 10 – 17 – 13 Staff Writer ~Joe Nelson, Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill, http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html~~
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be made.
President Obama listed the farm bill as one of his top priorities to address, which could protect farmers and low income families.
"We should pass a farm bill, one that American farmers and ranchers can
AND
What are we waiting for? Let’s get this done," Obama said.
Farmers said if they struggle without a farm bill, it could cause food prices to spike, force some out of the industry and damage the economy.
"If the milk price falls below a certain level, the Farm bill does help support farmers during a time of an economic crisis when prices drop too low," Chippewa County U.W. Extension Crops and Soils Educator, Jerry Clark
The current, five-year Farm bill was temporarily extended, but both farmers and Clark said with much to lose, a new one is needed.
"Any time we can get the new bill passed, it’s definitely going to help because there’s always new changes in agriculture, as far as commodities or practices that need to be implemented," Clark said. "So those types of things should be passed to keep up with the current trends in agriculture.
Durand corn and soybean farmer and Value Implement dealer TJ Poeschel says not having a new farm bill and reverting to a bill from 1949 could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

High food prices cause Russian instability —— forces the Kremlin to force dietary changes which was at the core of past revolutions

Stratfor 8
("Russia: Problems in the Winners’ Circle", 6-13, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/russia_problems_winners_circle, Google Cache)
As an energy and grain exporter, Russia is one of the clear winners in
AND
Europe, though Moscow wants to be the dominant partner in that relationship. 

Nuclear war

Filger 9 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction" http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356-http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westside HW | Judge: Dan Lingel

Resolved requires a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm-http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term and#34;resolvedand#34;. Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Federal government is the national government

Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8^th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national politics matters – Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2.  the U.S. government – Also termed national government. ~Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3~

and#34;Itsand#34; refers to the United States Federal Government and is possessive

Updegrave 91 (W.C., and#34;Explanation of ZIP Code Address Purposeand#34;, 8-19, http://www.supremelaw.org/ref/zipcode/updegrav.htm-http://www.supremelaw.org/ref/zipcode/updegrav.htm)

More specifically, looking at the map on page 11 of the National ZIP Code
AND
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, making the explanatory statement literally correct. 

and#34;Economic engagementand#34; is limited to expanding economic ties

Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, and#34;Economic sanctions and engagement policies,and#34; http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.¶ 

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation and#34;NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,and#34; 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Their framework’s presupposition that they have to be outside of the state prevents self-reflexivity and results in the total breakdown of dialogue and engagement – thinking about costs and benefits for societies as a whole is important because we are less likely to be violent towards others which is the only way to prevent totalitarian thought and atrocities

Keenan, 1998 (Alan, Ph.D., Member of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at Harvard University, Theory and Event, Vol. 2 No. 1, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v002/2.1keenan.html)**

The anti-political nature of guilt, in turn, helps explain the political
AND
their belief in the futility, aggressivity, and dreariness of political action.

Switch-side is key to self-reflexivity– that forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions

Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, and#34;Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,and#34; Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology—-that’s key to self-reflexivity which is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas and#34;Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoricand#34; JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Immigration reform will pass now but political capital’s key

PR 10-17 — Press Release, http://www.enewspf.com/latest-news/latest-local/47094-gutierrez-optimistic-about-immigration-s-chances-when-government-shutdown-is-resolved.html

"It is hard to be optimistic about the prospects for anything happening in a
AND
can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law."

Cuba policy is a political firestorm — the plan angers congressional hardliners and causes Obama’s agenda to be taken hostage.

LeoGrande 12 — William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war

Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

The United States federal government should PLAN if and only if Mexico agrees to end human rights abuses. The United States federal government should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

Congress should make assistance to Mexico contingent upon a periodic certification process to determine Mexican human rights abuses are investigated and prosecuted – counterplan effectively uses leverage to improve human rights conditions

HRW, 07 Human Rights Watch, the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse, 10/24, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/23/mexico-us-aid-should-include-human-rights-conditions-http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/23/mexico-us-aid-should-include-human-rights-conditions, "Mexico: US Aid Should Include Human Rights Conditions," ADM
The US Congress should oppose counternarcotics assistance to Mexico unless it includes strong conditions aimed
AND
press Mexico’s security forces to improve their appalling human rights record," said Vivanc

Avoids politics

Seelke, 13 Clare Ribando, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Congressional Research Service, 1/16, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42917.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42917.pdf, "Mexico’s New Administration: Priorities and Key Issues in U.S.-Mexican Relations," ADM
Some bilateral issues may require immediate congressional action in order to advance, while others
AND
and strengthening democracy in Mexico also lend themselves to long-term oversight.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City GO | Judge: Tyler Thur

1NC

The United States federal government should give the International Boundary and Water Commission the authority to engage the federal government of Mexico as a binational water bank in the Colorado River Basin. The United States federal government should direct the International Boundary and Water Commission to submit water management recommendations to the North American Development Bank

CP solves and avoids politics

1AC Nitze 2 (William A. Nitze, adjunct fellow with the Americas Program at CSIS, president of the Gemstar Group, a nonprofit corporation dedicated to developing and implementing market-based solutions to environmental problems, April 2002, "Meeting the Water Needs of the Border Region A Growing Challenge for the United States and Mexico" http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/nitze5B15D.pdf)

Another approach, which may be more politically feasible, would be to give an
AND
the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin," Water Policy, October 2001.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westside HW | Judge: Dan Lingel

Trying to make debate a site for social change destroys coalitions

Atchison and Panetta 9 – *Director of Debate at Trinity University and Director of Debate at the University of Georgia (Jarrod, and Edward, and#34;Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,and#34; The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed., 2009, p. 317-334)

The final problem with an individual debate round focus is the role of competition.
AND
long community problems requires a tremendous effort by a great number of people.

Their vision of debate forces private extension of the self – not suitable for a competive forum and turns their advocacy

Rita Smith, Executive Director of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, explains:
Rita Smith. Executive Director of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Dec 6, 2011. Email with the author, cross-posted on nsdupdate.com discussion.
The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence does not support this kind of activity. Victims
AND
, and thanks for inviting me to the discussion for just a bit. 

Requiring personal experience in debate reinforces power structures and normalizes oppression

Tonn ’5
(Tonn, Mari Boor, Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland, Fall 2005, and#34;Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Publicand#34;, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Fall)FS
This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline
AND
nor attitude adjustments fostered through psychotherapy but, rather, unrestricted opportunities.102 

A point of stasis ~or plan focus~ in a competitive format is essential to address structural problems—- personal focus causes complacency

Tonn ’5
(Tonn, Mari Boor, Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland, Fall 2005, and#34;Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Publicand#34;, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Fall)FS
Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational, personal,
AND
~ only the very limited realm of therapeutic, small group interaction.and#34;40
Finally, and related, a therapeutic framing of social problems threatens to locate the
AND
defenders of the status quo to admonish citizens to and#34;healand#34; themselves.
Below, various exemplars of public interactions and decision-making processes couched as and#34;
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conversation and dialogue into the public realm can foster and sustain such problems.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
====Expanding globalization to Cuba is part of an imperial strategy to displace revolutionary potential in Cuba- that makes environmental degregation and mass inequality inevitable ====
Bliss 2005 (Dr. Susan Bliss: Director of Global Education, 7/5/2005, "Sustainability of Modern Cuba’s post revolution globalisation process",)

Globalisation is not a new phenomenon in Cuba, evolving from the 16th century with
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are ’free and fair’, equitably structured and immune from corporate power.

Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making

Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html-http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce, and the privatization of all available resources and services. In this scenario, public life will be at the mercy of market forces, as the extracted profits benefit the few, writes Rajesh Makwana.
The thrust of international policy behind the phenomenon of economic globalization is neoliberal in nature. Being hugely profitable to corporations and the wealthy elite, neoliberal polices are propagated through the IMF, World Bank and WTO. Neoliberalism favours the free-market as the most efficient method of global resource allocation. Consequently it favours large-scale, corporate commerce and the privatization of resources.
There has been much international attention recently on neoliberalism. Its ideologies have been rejected by influential countries in Latin America and its moral basis is now widely questioned. Recent protests against the WTO, IMF and World Bank were essentially protests against the neoliberal policies that these organizations implement, particularly in low-income countries.
The neoliberal experiment has failed to combat extreme poverty, has exacerbated global inequality, and is hampering international aid and development efforts. This article presents an overview of neoliberalism and its effect on low income countries.
Introduction
After the Second World War, corporate enterprises helped to create a wealthy class in society which enjoyed excessive political influence on their government in the US and Europe. Neoliberalism surfaced as a reaction by these wealthy elites to counteract post-war policies that favoured the working class and strengthened the welfare state.
Neoliberal policies advocate market forces and commercial activity as the most efficient methods for producing
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corporations and affluent countries to secure their financial advantage within the world economy.
The policies were most ardently enforced in the US and Europe in the1980s during the
AND
, economic and political leverage, they continue to further their neoliberal objectives.
There is a consensus between the financial elite, neoclassical economists and the political classes
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the most likely means of reducing poverty and inequality in the poorest regions.
There is a huge discrepancy between the measurable result of economic globalization and its proposed
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economic growth per capita grew to over 8 between 1980 and 2000.)
Neoliberalism has also been unable to address growing levels of global inequality. Over the last 25 years, the income inequalities have increased dramatically, both within and between countries. Between 1980 and 1998, the income of richest 10 as share of poorest 10 became 19 more unequal; and the income of richest 1 as share of poorest 1 became 77 more unequal (again, not including China).
The shortcomings of neoliberal policy are also apparent in the well documented economic disasters suffered
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and medical expertise throughout the region and with other countries around the world.
The dramatic economic and social improvement seen in these countries has not stopped them from
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economic dominance has been and continues to be the USA’s main economic objective.
According to Maria Páez Victor:
"Since 1846 the United States has carried out no fewer than 50 military invasions and destabilizing operations involving 12 different Latin American countries. Yet, none of these countries has ever had the capacity to threaten US security in any significant way.  The US intervened because of perceived threats to its economic control and expansion.  For this reason it has also supported some of the region’s most vicious dictators such as Batista, Somoza, Trujillo, and Pinochet."
As a result of corporate and US influence, the key international bodies that developing
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project contracts. They all gain considerably from the neo-liberal model.
So influential are corporations at this time that many of the worst violators of human rights have even entered a Global Compact with the United Nations, the world’s foremost humanitarian body. Due to this international convergence of economic ideology, it is no coincidence that the assumptions that are key to increasing corporate welfare and growth are the same assumptions that form the thrust of mainstream global economic policy.
However, there are huge differences between the neoliberal dogma that the US and EU
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to achieving development by imposing an ideology that suits their own economic needs.
The US and EU also provide huge subsidies to many sectors of industry. These devastate small industries in developing countries, particularly farmers who cannot compete with the price of subsidized goods in international markets. Despite their neoliberal rhetoric, most ’capitalist’ countries have increased their levels of state intervention over the past 25 years, and the size of their government has increased. The requirement is to ’do as I say, not as I do’.
Given the tiny proportion of individuals that benefit from neoliberal policies, the chasm between what is good for the economy and what serves the public good is growing fast. Decisions to follow these policies are out of the hands of the public, and the national sovereignty of many developing countries continues to be violated, preventing them from prioritizing urgent national needs.
Below we examine the false assumptions of neoliberal policies and their effect on the global economy.
Economic Growth
Economic growth, as measured in GDP, is the yardstick of economic globalization which
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economic growth is the only way to prosper a country and reduce poverty.
Logically, however, a model for continual financial growth is unsustainable. Corporations have to go to extraordinary lengths in order to reflect endless growth in their accounting books. As a result, finite resources are wasted and the environment is dangerously neglected. The equivalent of two football fields of natural forest is cleared each second by profit hungry corporations.
Economic growth is also used by the World Bank and government economists to measure progress
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growth have proved impossible due to the inadequacy of the statistical measures employed.
The mandate for economic growth is the perfect platform for corporations which, as a result, have grown rapidly in their economic activity, profitability and political influence. Yet this very model is also the cause of the growing inequalities seen across the globe. The privatization of resources and profits by the few at the expense of the many, and the inability of the poorest people to afford market prices, are both likely causes.

Reject neoliberalism to embrace Cubanalismo – endorsing Cuba’s economic model is key to demonstrate that alternatives exist outside dominant Western ideology

Fanelli 8(Carlo Fanelli, Department of Sociology, York University, November 2008, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism", https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=226ik=ca602910b826view=att26th=1402883ba36493ee26attid=0.126disp=inline26realattid=f_hjp4psz2026safe=126zw26saduie=AG9B_P_TyPHIjOArXXGZNtwjo8L526sadet=137538208314226sads=e9iC4I3SMN1yjSDGkdM0Hnivuwo-https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=226ik=ca602910b826view=att26th=1402883ba36493ee26attid=0.126disp=inline26realattid=f_hjp4psz2026safe=126zw26saduie=AG9B_P_TyPHIjOArXXGZNtwjo8L526sadet=137538208314226sads=e9iC4I3SMN1yjSDGkdM0Hnivuwo) ZA

As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout this discussion, alternatives to neoliberalism do
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alternative modes of socioeconomic and environmental polices can and do continue to exist.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

Fordist capitalism disadvantages Mexican labor – ensures out-migration, makes the poorest segments of the population disposable, and makes economic collapse inevitable

Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, "Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty," http://www.sfu.ca/~~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf-http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf**, alp)

This article explores the way in which the U.S. economy has faced
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of migrants to the United States do so as undocumented or unauthorized workers.

Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making

Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html-http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce, and the privatization of all available resources and services. In this scenario, public life will be at the mercy of market forces, as the extracted profits benefit the few, writes Rajesh Makwana.
AND
The mandate for economic growth is the perfect platform for corporations which, as a result, have grown rapidly in their economic activity, profitability and political influence. Yet this very model is also the cause of the growing inequalities seen across the globe. The privatization of resources and profits by the few at the expense of the many, and the inability of the poorest people to afford market prices, are both likely causes.

Vote negative to endorse a world of Mexican labor sovereignty in the face of the neoliberal globalization of North American trade

Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, "Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty," http://www.sfu.ca/~~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf-http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf**, alp)

An alternative policy conclusion could be as follows: if the dismal conditions in rural
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that could alter dominant trends in the world economy from the bottom up.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Shunta Jordan
====Will pass – broad bipartisan support for post-recess vote ====
Mullin 4/10 (Joe Mullin, bachelor’s degree in history and a masters in journalism from UC Berkely, 4/10/14, "Anti-patent-troll bill stalls in Senate, but reformers remain hopeful", http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/04/anti-patent-troll-bill-stalls-in-senate-but-reformers-remain-hopeful/?utm_source=feedburner26utm_medium=feed26utm_campaign=Feed3A+arstechnica2Findex+(Ars+Technica+-+All+content))

However, late yesterday Leahy’s office said that a "manager’s amendment"—that is
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hope those measures are as strong as they were in the House bill." 

Plan is unpopular

Shear 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
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in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

PC is key

Julian Hattem, 3-5-2014, "Congress gets out club for patent ’trolls’," TheHill, http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/199954-lawmakers-look-to-push-patent-troll-bill
Proponents of a bill to prevent patent "trolls" from harassing businesses are increasingly
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side, where we had stronger vote totals than we were necessarily expecting."

Reform that targets patent trolling is key to green tech

Adam Gerschel-Clarke 13, independent design strategist specialising in the societal aspects of design and a contributing writer at Sustainable Brands, 11/14/13, "Are patent trolls strangling sustainable innovation?," http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/patent-trolls-sustainable-innovation
Disputes over intellectual property have risen dramatically over the last few years and, despite the global advantage green technologies offer, they have not been immune from these battles over ownership.
According to the latest figures published by the World Intellectual Property Organisation, applications to patent greentech have risen by over 6 since 2011, making it one of the leading growth areas for IP. Over the same period we’ve seen increasingly urgent global efforts to preserve the environment and avert lasting impact on society. So how is the volatile IP climate affecting the development of green technologies and the pace of progress towards a sustainable future?
Patents were originally conceived as temporary defensive measures to protect and promote innovation. They grant the holder exclusive rights to make, use or sell an invention for up to 20 years. The aim was to ensure businesses investing time and effort into developing technology have the opportunity to commercialise it without competition from firms that haven’t made the same commitment.
Trolling
However, the ability to sell or licence patents for a fee has led to a slow proliferation of patent ’trolling’ which is now threatening the creation of new sustainable systems and products.
Patent trolls are non-manufacturing companies which acquire and exploit libraries of patents to extract licensing fees from creative firms. Small entities, such as entrepreneurs, are particularly at risk from trolling, as their limited budgets often prevent them from contesting spurious claims. Although multi-million pound battles between wealthy technology firms may dominate media coverage, recent figures suggest that 60 of patent litigation is now brought by patent trolls mostly against firms with low annual incomes.
For sustainable development, the danger is that trolling replaces the financial protection that patents offer with financial encumbrance. This reduces the incentive to turn green ideas into green technology and impairs the creativity that is at the core of sustainable progress.
Stifling green growth
But there are even greater risks with the patent system. By using patents on essential components and concepts, established manufacturers can keep a tight grip on emerging new technology as well as on creative talent in the field.
Potential innovators and entrepreneurs – the driving force behind economic progress - are faced with the choice of either starting a business at the risk of being crushed by patent litigation, or going to work for one of the same companies that would have sued them. And to add insult to injury, the price of choosing the latter often includes complete surrender of those ideas - Matt Stanford, 2012
Often it is not in the interests of incumbent firms to develop new technology.
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provide a temptation to strategically purchase sustainable innovation purely to obstruct its development.
In 1989, for example, innovator Stanford Ovshinsky invented a new nickel-based battery that was cheaper, safer and more powerful than contemporary battery technology. In 1994 he sold the patent to General Motors, to help develop the world’s first mass-produced electric car, the EV1.
After testing the technology GM opted to stick with their conventionally powered vehicles and sold the battery patent to Texaco, an oil retailer. Ovshinsky’s battery technology has since been licensed by a succession of petrochemical companies. The licence conditions for his batteries limit their application in hybrid vehicles and effectively prohibit use in fully electric vehicles.
The effect of this restriction can be seen in the pace of EV development today. Lithium-based batteries, used in contemporary vehicles such as the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i-MiEV, are only just approaching the range and performance of the original EV1 technology and they cost considerably more to produce.
Even though it seems the patents are failing to promote and protect sustainable innovation, arguably sustainable development would be worse off without them. The system includes an obligation to publish details of protected technology. Without patents, manufacturers may keep valuable scientific and technological knowledge secret, starving the global community of the building blocks of future innovation.
Future of sustainable technology
We need to update the existing patent system to reflect the changing face of innovation. The process of finding solutions and meeting societal needs has become a community undertaking, increasingly motivated by concerns over human and environmental welfare, alongside potential profit.
The traditional influence of financiers on the innovation process is diminishing as crowdfunding platforms enable communities to develop products and services without banks and loans. Similarly in business, social enterprises have grown in strength and look set to play a significant role in our future economy.
An effective system to promote and protect innovation must recognise the complete spectrum of stakeholders
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technologies by limiting the breadth of patents and regulating licences on basic technologies.
A new protection system for socially and environmentally valuable technology should be set up. We must devise a better IP protection strategy for greentech, such as a royalty or prize fund system to make sustainable knowledge available to all potential innovators and still ensure that those who push technology forward for human and environmental good are financially rewarded.
Whatever strategy we adopt, tackling the negative effects of the present system on innovation must be a priority for the sustainable development community. Without action, as the market for greentech grows, we face the prospect that our journey towards a sustainable future will become ever slower and more difficult.

Clean tech solves warming

Buczynski 12 – (6/14/12, citing a recent International Energy Agency report "Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 Pathways to a Clean Energy System," and Maria van der Hoeven, executive director of the IEA, Beth, "CLEAN ENERGY’S CHANCE TO SLOW CLIMATE CHANGE FADING FAST," http://revmodo.com/2012/06/14/clean-energys-chance-to-slow-climate-change-fading-fast/)

A recent report from the International Energy Agency (IEA)  found that there is indeed a solution that would allow us to limit global average temperature increase to 2°C and thus prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the Earth’s climate system. But don’t celebrate just yet. Achieving this goal requires a radical transformation of the global energy network and the end of centralized fossil fuel generation.
Never has the phrase "easier said than done" been more appropriate.
In a 68-page document titled Energy Perspectives 2012, the IEA examines the status of technology development, the alternatives, the state of policy support and R26D, and various scenarios that could give the world the best chance of avoiding dangerous climate change.
In order to meet the 2°C goal, the IEA says it’s absolutely essential to establish more flexible energy generation and distribution systems, so that at least 50 percent of the world’s electricity is provided by renewables by the middle of the century. In order for this to happen, global investments in what IEA sees as critical technologies – carbon capture and storage, solar thermal, and offshore wind – must double by 2020.
Since all three of those technologies are already in use around the world, we know it’s possible to achieve this ambitious goal. As the report points out, however, the issue holding everything back is money. Even though the switch to decentralized, clean energy technologies would be costly, they’re merely a drop in the bucket compared to what we’re destined to spend extracting, refining, burning, and cleaning up after fossil fuels.
"An additional 2436 trillion of investment would be required to overhaul the world’s current energy system by the middle of the century, but this would be offset by 24100 trillion in savings through reduced use of fossil fuels," reads the report.
You would think that in a time of worldwide financial crisis, with the world’s major economies in trillions of dollars of debt, these types of savings would be all that’s needed to put the wheels of progress in motion. But alas, that is not the case. Although government funding of clean technology may seem more robust than ever, the report found that R26D for emerging technologies is less than it was in the 1980s.
"Now that we have identified the solution and the host of related benefits, and with the window of opportunity closing fast, when will governments wake up to the dangers of complacency and adopt the bold policies that radically transform our energy system? To do anything less is to deny our societies the welfare they deserve," said IEA Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven.

It also causes extinction — positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point.

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," December 2009 Science Direct)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
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civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

Russia perceives the shale revolution as confined and limited

McKeigue, 7/8/2013 (James – reporter for Oil and Gas Investor, How to profit from the shale revolution in Latin America, Money Week, p. http://moneyweek.com/new-world-how-to-profit-from-the-shale-revolution-in-latin-america/-http://moneyweek.com/new-world-how-to-profit-from-the-shale-revolution-in-latin-america/)

What do the Russian government and Greenpeace have in common? They both fear the
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one company that looks like it’s about to spark the revolution over there.

The plan compounds US shale with Mexican energy reserves – makes the US energy stakehold massive

Karl, 5/7/2013 (David – president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, board of counselors of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy, former director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, Time for a North American Energy Initiative, Monsters Abroad, p. http://monstersabroad.wordpress.com/2013/05/07/time-for-a-north-american-energy-initiative/)
Mexico possesses energy reserves so large that they rival Kuwait’s and it is the third
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bilateral partnership just as Mexico begins to debate the Pena Nieto energy reforms.

Increased natural gas exports displaces Russia

Ratner, 13 Specialist in Energy Policy (Michael Ratner, 4/8/13, "U.S. Natural Gas Exports:
New Opportunities, Uncertain Outcomes", http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42074.pdf)//EM
Many of the projected projects in Figure 5 are targeting the Asian LNG demand centers
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could also provide options for some countries that are highly dependent on one supplier

That decimates the Russian economy

Weitz, 11 senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard Weitz, November 2011, "Can We Manage a Declining Russia?", http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)
Europe is an unavoidable partner. The European market consumes 90 of Russia’s total
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economy or target new markets any better than it has in the past. 

Nuclear war

Filger 9 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction" http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356-http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

First, Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening.

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22^nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)
The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom.
If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI.
Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on.
As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week.
The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport.
Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict.
But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality?
AND
, on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions?
We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of
AND
rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order.
Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It
AND
it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in.
Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the
AND
three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order.
An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious
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reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this?
First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.)
Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force."
Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.
Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we
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on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing.
We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

First, Mexico is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — abuses are widespread.

Pachico 13 — Elyssa Pachico, Analyst at InSight Crime—a think tank about organized crime in the Americas, 2013 ("Amnesty International Critiques Human Rights Abuses of Mexico Drug War," InSight Crime, May 23^rd, Available Online at
In its annual report, Amnesty International criticized Mexico for human rights abuses committed during President Calderon’s militarized response to organized crime, a war which left more than 60,000 people dead and some 150,000 displaced.
The report noted that while organized criminal groups are responsible for the majority of killings seen during Calderon’s six-year term, they often acted in collusion with public officials.
An ongoing problem is abuses committed by the security forces, especially when carrying out anti-crime operations, the report stated. While Mexico’s National Humans Rights Commission registered 1,921 complaints against the military and 802 complaints against the Federal Police, only eight members of the military were convicted in military courts in 2012. There is no available information on the number of police prosecuted and/or convicted for human rights crimes, the report added.
Arbitrary detention under the so-called "arraigo" law — which allows authorities to holds suspects for up to 80 days without charge — is routinely used by prosecutors at both the state and federal level, and represents a serious abuse of human rights, the report said. Torture is also regularly used to obtain confessions from suspects, with the National Human Rights Commission registering 1,662 complaints last year alone.
The report also criticized Mexico for the security forces’ excessive use of force and extra-judicial killings in confrontations with criminal groups and for collusion between public officials and criminals in abusing migrants.
InSight Crime Analysis
Amnesty International’s assessment makes a strong case that Mexico is sorely lacking in its commitment to human rights. It also stated that the US could arguably have done more to push Mexico in the right direction. As noted by Amnesty, in 2011 the US State Department released some 2436 million in specific aid to Mexico, even though Mexico was not meant to receive these funds without meeting several human rights criteria.
Amnesty International is not the only international human rights watchdog to level critiques against Mexico’s flawed justice system. Earlier this year, Human Rights Watch openly called for the arraigo law to be abolished, a move which, as InSight Crime has argued, would make sense both in terms of protecting human rights and fighting organized crime more effectively. 

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict.
But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality?
AND
, on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions?
We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of
AND
rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order.
Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It
AND
it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in.
Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the
AND
three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order.
An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious
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reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this?
First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.)
Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force."
Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.
Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we
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on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing.
We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park TX HS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Interpretation: Economic engagement includes tangible incentives- violation: they are cultural engagement

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
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govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’s global market.’
Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional
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of the incentives that might be offered under a policy of cultural engagement.
This brief overview of the various forms of engagement illuminates the choices open to policymakers
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a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Standards:

Predictable Limits- Our interpretation provides a predictable caselist that limits the topic to 10 areas-anything else explodes the limits for the neg.

Ground- They skew international counterplans and influence disads by making the topic about non tangible incentives

Precision-our interp has an intent to define and provides a caselist-most precise definition

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City GO | Judge: Tyler Thur
====Environment treaties are NOT economic engagement====
Rose 8 (Andrew K, professor @ Haas School of Business Administration @ University of California, Berkeley, Mark M. Spiegel, researcher @ Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," NBER Working Paper No. 13988, May 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988)

We examine the role of non-economic partnerships in promoting international economic exchange.
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. Our results support the notion that international environmental cooperation facilitates economic exchange.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Jon Voss

1NC

Interpretation:

"Toward" means in the direction of

Taylor 6 – CJ Taylor, Supreme Court Justice on the Supreme Court of Michigan, "Supreme Court of Michigan. Grievance Administrator, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Geoffrey N. Fieger, Respondent-Appellee", 7-31, http://faculty.law.wayne.edu/henning/ProfResp/Grievance20Administrator20v20Fieger.pdf

MRPC 3.5(c) provides that a lawyer shall not "engage
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in the direction of" and "with respect to; as regards."

"Mexico" means the United Mexican States

Treasury 12 – United States Department of the Treasury, "Agreement Between the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America and the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of the United Mexican States to Improve International Tax Compliance Including with Respect to FATCA", 11-19, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Mexico-11-19-2012.pdf

Article 1
Definitions

1. For purposes of this Agreement and any annexes thereto ("Agreement"), the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below:
   a) The term "United States" means the United States of America, including the States thereof; the term, however, does not include the U.S. Territories. Any reference to a "State" of the United States includes the District of Columbia.
   b) The term "U.S. Territory" means American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
   c) The term "IRS" means the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
   d) The term "Mexico" means the United Mexican States.