Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Dexter MS | Judge: Sam Shore

1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

1AC Manufacturing

Contention 1 is Manufacturing –

US-Mexico trade is increasing but infrastructure isn’t keeping up – improvements are key to manufacturing competitiveness and economic growth

Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July 2012, "Whole Nations Waiting Trade sets records, but congestion threatens competitiveness." http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm)

Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.

Delays deck border manufacturing competitiveness —- federal investment is critical to reverse that trend

Uribe 12 (Monica Ortiz Uribe, is a public radio reporter based along the U.S./Mexico border in El Paso, Texas, Marketplace — World, 10/30/12, "NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructure", http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure-http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure | AK)

Every day, more than a billion dollars worth of goods moves across the border
AND
and those are things that are really important right now to our economy."

Infrastructure constraints create business uncertainty – it’s reverse causal

Donohue and Zozaya 11 (Thomas Donohue, President and CEO of the US Chamber of Commerce, José Zozaya President American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, 2011, "Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border A U.S. Chamber of Commerce Border Report" online @ http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf

Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Now is key – companies are moving away because of border delays

Leone 12 (Christopher Leone, Cronkite News, 6/1/12, "Panel says U.S.-Mexico border issues hinder huge economic opportunities" http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/06/panel-says-u-s-mexico-border-issues-hinder-huge-economic-opportunities/)

"Border friction costs us," Wilson said. "We don’t have to give
AND
is as much as 246 billion in backlogged maintenance to that infrastructure.

Revitalizing border manufacturing is key – it’s necessary for efficient production

Beaubien 11 (Jason, 11/20/11, NPR, "Border-Town Factories Give Manufacturers An Edge" http://www.npr.org/2011/11/20/142536024/border-town-factories-give-manufacturers-an-edge)

Officials in the United States have been wringing their hands lately over how to revitalize
AND
American and Central American market — we are ideally positioned," Patridge says.

Border manufacturing is key to aerospace and defense manufacturing

Guidi 11 (Ruxandra Guidi, Fronteras reporter at KPBS, covering immigration, border issues and culture, recipient of Johns Hopkins University’s International Reporting Project, 9/28/11, "Border Business: Aerospace As A Binational Industry" http://www.fronterasdesk.org/news/2011/sep/28/business-mexico-aerospace-industry-maquiladora/)

With its high-profile speakers and 3D simulation stations, the second annual Baja
AND
aerospace companies with operations in the Mexican border state grew by 50 percent.

Mexico is key – it protects the industry’s intellectual property

Mecham 4/1/13 (Michael Mecham, Aviation Week reporter, "Mexico’s Welcome Mat Attracts Aerospace Manufacturers" http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_04_01_2013_p44-562383.xml26p=2)

But for most, tapping into Mexico as a sales market is less important than
AND
Safran’s third largest industrial base, behind France and the U.S.

That’s key to prevent war over Taiwan

Mosher 06 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, "Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy," February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian-Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Taiwan war escalates and goes nuclear—-no defense

William Lowther 3-16, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report," http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating."

However, a strong aerospace industry maintains deterrence — prevents Chinese aggression.

Dunlap 6 — Charles, Major General, Deputy Judge Advocate of the Air Force, National War College graduate with over 30 years of Armed Forces experience (Charles Dunlap Jr., Armed Forces Journal, "America’s Asymmetric Advantage," http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013-http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013)

America’s pre-eminence in air power is also the best hope we have to
AND
), the very existence of the U.S. is at risk.

Independently, defense capabilities deter conflicts and control conflict escalation

O’Hanlon 11 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/26 defense industrial base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon)

The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Our heuristic is empirically verifiable — deterrence and incentive theory provide an accurate explanation of international relations.

Moore 4 — Director at the Center for Security Law at the University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential Appointee and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton Moore, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, pp. 27-31)

As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
AND
with the later robust NATO alliance and absence of World War III.14
Considerable other evidence seems to support this historical analysis as to the importance of deterrence
AND
levels of perceived profit and military achievability of aggression in many such settings.
It should further be noted that the democratic peace is not the only significant correlation
AND
being presented with different options through the actions or effects of such organizations.
These external deterrence elements may also be yet another reason why democracies have a lower
AND
conscious of the rising costs of war and the rising gains of peace.
In assessing levels of democracy, there are indexes readily available, for example,
AND
that deterrence matters and that high levels of deterrence can prevent future war.
Following up on this initial effort to produce a more objective measure of deterrence,
AND
body subjectively faced substantial disincentives to aggressive military action and yet attacked."32
Yet another piece of the puzzle, which may clarify the extent of deterrence necessary in certain settings, may also assist in building a broader hypothesis about war. In fact, it has been incorporated into the just-discussed efforts at scoring deterrence.
That is, newer studies of human behavior from cognitive psychology are increasingly showing that
AND
It does, however, seem to elucidate some of the case studies.
In the war/peace setting, "prospect theory" suggests that deterrence may
AND
to achieve compulsion producing an action, rather than deterrence needed for prevention.
One should also be careful not to overstate the effect of "prospect theory"
AND
democracies fighting in defensive settings as they may also have more to lose.
In assessing adequacy of deterrence to prevent war, we might also want to consider
AND
totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

1AC Warming

Contention 2 is Warming

Global warming is real and anthropogenic.

Prothero 12 ~Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO~

How do we know that global warming is real and primarilyhuman caused? There are
AND
change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

It also causes extinction — positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point.

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," December 2009 Science Direct)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

Action now prevents runaway warming — it’s not too late.

Hansen 8 (James Hansen, directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,  adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, "Tell Barack Obama the Truth – The Whole Truth," Nov/Dec 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf-http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf)

Embers of election night elation will glow longer than any prior election. Glowing even
AND
and Middle East countries will decide to leave their oil in the ground. 

The plan solves:

1) Technical assistance — U.S. clean energy investment solves reduction and adaptation.

BECC 11 — Border Environment Cooperation Commission (Border Environment Cooperation Commission, November 2011, "Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region", http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf-http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC WP  Nov 2011 index.pdf, Accessed 08-29-2013)

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border region in terms of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). In the presentation, the argument is made that the primary reason this project deficit exists is due to: 

1. limited resources for project development,
   2. lack of capacity building, at the most fundamental level, in the public and public-private sectors, and
   3. lack of technical assistance program to address this deficit
   Specifically targeting a technical assistance program for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects to achieve GHG reductions would be invaluable in promoting an environment for effective climate action in border communities. A proposed technical assistance program could help public sector entities build the bases on which they can develop both mitigation and adaptation greenhouse gas projects.
   Mitigation projects are the priority of the program since they are intended to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation projects are important as well, and it is recommended they be developed as "capacity building" initiatives to assist municipalities better manage the current realities of climate change. Ultimately, these project types do need technical assistance funds, and the funds will need a highly capacitated and experienced program manager. 

2) Global modeling — U.S.-Mexico cooperation persuades developing economies to transition.

Selee 12 — Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute, and Wilson, associate with the
Mexico Institute (Andrew and Christopher, November, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "A New Agenda With Mexico," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf)

Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have
AND
the developed and developing worlds, and between North America and Latin America. 

That’s key to solve climate change — U.S. investment in renewables is key.

Passell 12 (Peter Passell, the Economics Editor of Democracy Lab, is a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 5/23/12, "Two Worlds, One Climate," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate?page=full)

Climate change, we are often told, is everyone’s problem. And without a
AND
with the army you’ve got, not the one you’d like to have.

1AC Solvency

Contention 3 is Solvency

Expanding the existing bank mandate solves infrastructure development — the plan ensures accountability, private investment, and Mexico says yes.

Rodriguez 9 — Raul Rodriguez, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University, Benson Chair in Banking and Finance and Distinguished Professor at the HEB School of Business and Administration at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico, former CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas (Raul Rodriguez, The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, June 2009, "The Future of the North American Development Bank", http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ20NADBANK.pdf-http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ NADBANK.pdf, Accessed 08-21-2013)

Many agencies and programs have a bearing on border issues, but the region still
AND
at least US24100 million should be justified for future funding cycles.

Additionally, the plan catalyzes renewables development with Mexico — the NADBank is key to financing and technical assistance.

Wood 10 — Duncan Wood, is the Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. For 17 years, Dr. Wood was a professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He also held the role of researcher at the Centro de Derecho Económico Internacional at ITAM. He is a member of the Mexican National Research System, a member of the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica and has been an editorial advisor to Reforma newspaper. In 2007, he was a non?resident Fulbright Fellow. Between 2007 and 2009, he was technical secretary of the Red Mexicana de Energia, a group of experts in the area of energy policy in Mexico. He has been a Senior Associate with the Simon Chair and the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington D.C. His research focuses on Mexican energy policy, including renewable energy, and North American relations. He studied in the UK and Canada, receiving his PhD in Political Studies from Queen’s University, Canada in 1996 (Duncan Wood, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, May 2010, "Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies", http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf-http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2013)

Funding RE at the border – the role of the NADBANK
The North American Development Bank’s (NADBank) impact on questions of environmental management on
AND
studies relating to a range of clean energy projects throughout the border region.
Two recent projects stand out. In the first, a biodiesel project in El
AND
along the border offers the prospect of large scale production of clean biodiesel.
The second recent project that deserves attention here concerns the capture and processing of methane
AND
anaerobic digester to mix with irrigation water to be used in local farms.
Despite the growth in clean energy projects and the potential for meaningful investments in all
AND
, but bring jobs, increase profits, and satisfy a growing demand.
Even more worrying is the fact that the NADBank’s grants are in decline because of
AND
development and employment and economic opportunities, suggests that things are turning around.
Other institutions that have become important in the area of RE include the Border Governors Conference (BGC), which in 2002 created an energy committee and immediately seized on the potential for renewable energy in the border states. Its 2009 meeting in Monterrey, NL, had a significant emphasis on renewable energy at the border. The energy work table, for example, committed itself to three broad goals in the area:
• identify and promote a United States?Mexico border region program for renewable energy by exchanging information on policies and financial incentives;
• work with federal bi?national organizations, the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, the North American Development Bank and international organizations to facilitate project development;
• identify financial opportunities for at least one renewable energy project before 2010.
More importantly in terms of the long term vision of the BGC was the presentation
AND
improvement and prosperity, and to the potential for cross border RE flows.
The Plan emphasized the further development of border renewable energy projects, and laid out a number of policy proposals (see table below), including the creation of a "geo?referenced database of renewable energy resources" as a necessary step on the road to fully developing RE along the border. But, perhaps the most important contribution of the Plan was to redefine the scope of the border region:
The Plan contains an innovation regarding space: Rather than limiting itself to the area
AND
billion, equivalent to third?largest national economy in the world.59
This redefinition of the border region is of vital importance for expanding renewable energy activities
AND
projects that could benefit from assistance from the NADBank and from the BGC.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Jesuit Dallas FP | Judge: Steven Pipken

1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

1AC Manufacturing

Contention 1 is Manufacturing –

US-Mexico trade is increasing but infrastructure isn’t keeping up – improvements are key to manufacturing competitiveness and economic growth

Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July 2012, and#34;Whole Nations Waiting Trade sets records, but congestion threatens competitiveness.and#34; http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm)

Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.

Delays deck border manufacturing competitiveness —- federal investment is critical to reverse that trend

Uribe 12 (Monica Ortiz Uribe, is a public radio reporter based along the U.S./Mexico border in El Paso, Texas, Marketplace — World, 10/30/12, and#34;NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructureand#34;, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure-http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure | AK)

Every day, more than a billion dollars worth of goods moves across the border
AND
and those are things that are really important right now to our economy.and#34;

Infrastructure constraints create business uncertainty – it’s reverse causal

Donohue and Zozaya 11 (Thomas Donohue, President and CEO of the US Chamber of Commerce, José Zozaya President American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, 2011, and#34;Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border A U.S. Chamber of Commerce Border Reportand#34; online @ http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf

Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Now is key – companies are moving away because of border delays

Leone 12 (Christopher Leone, Cronkite News, 6/1/12, and#34;Panel says U.S.-Mexico border issues hinder huge economic opportunitiesand#34; http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/06/panel-says-u-s-mexico-border-issues-hinder-huge-economic-opportunities/)

and#34;Border friction costs us,and#34; Wilson said. and#34;We don’t have to give
AND
is as much as 246 billion in backlogged maintenance to that infrastructure.

Revitalizing border manufacturing is key – it’s a model for national competitiveness

Beaubien 11 (Jason, 11/20/11, NPR, and#34;Border-Town Factories Give Manufacturers An Edgeand#34; http://www.npr.org/2011/11/20/142536024/border-town-factories-give-manufacturers-an-edge)

Officials in the United States have been wringing their hands lately over how to revitalize
AND
American and Central American market — we are ideally positioned,and#34; Patridge says.

Border manufacturing is key to aerospace and defense manufacturing

Guidi 11 (Ruxandra Guidi, Fronteras reporter at KPBS, covering immigration, border issues and culture, recipient of Johns Hopkins University’s International Reporting Project, 9/28/11, and#34;Border Business: Aerospace As A Binational Industryand#34; http://www.fronterasdesk.org/news/2011/sep/28/business-mexico-aerospace-industry-maquiladora/)

With its high-profile speakers and 3D simulation stations, the second annual Baja
AND
aerospace companies with operations in the Mexican border state grew by 50 percent.

Mexico is key – IPR protections prevent Chinese aerospace dominance

Mecham 4/1/13 (Michael Mecham, Aviation Week reporter, and#34;Mexico’s Welcome Mat Attracts Aerospace Manufacturersand#34; http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_04_01_2013_p44-562383.xml26p=2)

But for most, tapping into Mexico as a sales market is less important than
AND
Safran’s third largest industrial base, behind France and the U.S.

That’s key to prevent war over Taiwan

Mosher 06 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, and#34;Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy,and#34; February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian-Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Taiwan war escalates and goes nuclear—-no defense

William Lowther 3-16, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, and#34;Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,and#34; http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.and#34;

However, a strong aerospace industry maintains deterrence — prevents Chinese aggression.

Dunlap 6 — Charles, Major General, Deputy Judge Advocate of the Air Force, National War College graduate with over 30 years of Armed Forces experience (Charles Dunlap Jr., Armed Forces Journal, and#34;America’s Asymmetric Advantage,and#34; http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013-http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013)

America’s pre-eminence in air power is also the best hope we have to
AND
), the very existence of the U.S. is at risk.

Independently, defense capabilities deter conflicts and control conflict escalation

O’Hanlon 11 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and#34;The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,and#34; pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/26 defense industrial base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon)

The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Our heuristic is empirically verifiable — deterrence and incentive theory provide an accurate explanation of international relations.

Moore 4 — Director at the Center for Security Law at the University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential Appointee and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton Moore, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, pp. 27-31)

As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
AND
with the later robust NATO alliance and absence of World War III.14
Considerable other evidence seems to support this historical analysis as to the importance of deterrence
AND
levels of perceived profit and military achievability of aggression in many such settings.
It should further be noted that the democratic peace is not the only significant correlation
AND
being presented with different options through the actions or effects of such organizations.
These external deterrence elements may also be yet another reason why democracies have a lower
AND
conscious of the rising costs of war and the rising gains of peace.
In assessing levels of democracy, there are indexes readily available, for example,
AND
that deterrence matters and that high levels of deterrence can prevent future war.
Following up on this initial effort to produce a more objective measure of deterrence,
AND
body subjectively faced substantial disincentives to aggressive military action and yet attacked.and#34;32
Yet another piece of the puzzle, which may clarify the extent of deterrence necessary in certain settings, may also assist in building a broader hypothesis about war. In fact, it has been incorporated into the just-discussed efforts at scoring deterrence.
That is, newer studies of human behavior from cognitive psychology are increasingly showing that
AND
It does, however, seem to elucidate some of the case studies.
In the war/peace setting, and#34;prospect theoryand#34; suggests that deterrence may
AND
to achieve compulsion producing an action, rather than deterrence needed for prevention.
One should also be careful not to overstate the effect of and#34;prospect theoryand#34;
AND
democracies fighting in defensive settings as they may also have more to lose.
In assessing adequacy of deterrence to prevent war, we might also want to consider
AND
totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

1AC Warming

Global warming is real and anthropogenic.

Prothero 12 ~Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, and#34;How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused,and#34; Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO~

How do we know that global warming is real and primarilyhuman caused? There are
AND
change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

It also causes extinction — positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point.

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, and#34;World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,and#34; December 2009 Science Direct)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

Action now prevents runaway warming — it’s not too late.

Hansen 8 (James Hansen, directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,  adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, and#34;Tell Barack Obama the Truth – The Whole Truth,and#34; Nov/Dec 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf-http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf)

Embers of election night elation will glow longer than any prior election. Glowing even
AND
and Middle East countries will decide to leave their oil in the ground. 

The plan solves:

1) Technical assistance — U.S. clean energy investment solves reduction and adaptation.

BECC 11 — Border Environment Cooperation Commission (Border Environment Cooperation Commission, November 2011, and#34;Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Regionand#34;, http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf-http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC WP  Nov 2011 index.pdf, Accessed 08-29-2013)

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border region in terms of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). In the presentation, the argument is made that the primary reason this project deficit exists is due to: 

1. limited resources for project development,
   2. lack of capacity building, at the most fundamental level, in the public and public-private sectors, and
   3. lack of technical assistance program to address this deficit
   Specifically targeting a technical assistance program for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects to achieve GHG reductions would be invaluable in promoting an environment for effective climate action in border communities. A proposed technical assistance program could help public sector entities build the bases on which they can develop both mitigation and adaptation greenhouse gas projects.
   Mitigation projects are the priority of the program since they are intended to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation projects are important as well, and it is recommended they be developed as and#34;capacity buildingand#34; initiatives to assist municipalities better manage the current realities of climate change. Ultimately, these project types do need technical assistance funds, and the funds will need a highly capacitated and experienced program manager. 

2) Global modeling — U.S.-Mexico cooperation persuades developing economies to transition.

Selee 12 — Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute, and Wilson, associate with the
Mexico Institute (Andrew and Christopher, November, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and#34;A New Agenda With Mexico,and#34; http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf)

Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have
AND
the developed and developing worlds, and between North America and Latin America. 

That’s key to solve climate change — U.S. investment in renewables is key.

Passell 12 (Peter Passell, the Economics Editor of Democracy Lab, is a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 5/23/12, and#34;Two Worlds, One Climate,and#34; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate?page=full)

Climate change, we are often told, is everyone’s problem. And without a
AND
with the army you’ve got, not the one you’d like to have.

1AC Solvency

Contention 3 is Solvency

Expanding the existing bank mandate solves infrastructure development — the plan ensures accountability, private investment, and Mexico says yes.

Rodriguez 9 — Raul Rodriguez, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University, Benson Chair in Banking and Finance and Distinguished Professor at the HEB School of Business and Administration at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico, former CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas (Raul Rodriguez, The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, June 2009, and#34;The Future of the North American Development Bankand#34;, http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ20NADBANK.pdf-http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ NADBANK.pdf, Accessed 08-21-2013)

Many agencies and programs have a bearing on border issues, but the region still
AND
at least US24100 million should be justified for future funding cycles.

Additionally, the plan catalyzes renewables development with Mexico — the NADBank is key to financing and technical assistance.

Wood 10 — Duncan Wood, is the Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. For 17 years, Dr. Wood was a professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He also held the role of researcher at the Centro de Derecho Económico Internacional at ITAM. He is a member of the Mexican National Research System, a member of the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica and has been an editorial advisor to Reforma newspaper. In 2007, he was a non?resident Fulbright Fellow. Between 2007 and 2009, he was technical secretary of the Red Mexicana de Energia, a group of experts in the area of energy policy in Mexico. He has been a Senior Associate with the Simon Chair and the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington D.C. His research focuses on Mexican energy policy, including renewable energy, and North American relations. He studied in the UK and Canada, receiving his PhD in Political Studies from Queen’s University, Canada in 1996 (Duncan Wood, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, May 2010, and#34;Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energiesand#34;, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf-http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2013)

Funding RE at the border – the role of the NADBANK
The North American Development Bank’s (NADBank) impact on questions of environmental management on
AND
studies relating to a range of clean energy projects throughout the border region.
Two recent projects stand out. In the first, a biodiesel project in El
AND
along the border offers the prospect of large scale production of clean biodiesel.
The second recent project that deserves attention here concerns the capture and processing of methane
AND
anaerobic digester to mix with irrigation water to be used in local farms.
Despite the growth in clean energy projects and the potential for meaningful investments in all
AND
, but bring jobs, increase profits, and satisfy a growing demand.
Even more worrying is the fact that the NADBank’s grants are in decline because of
AND
development and employment and economic opportunities, suggests that things are turning around.
Other institutions that have become important in the area of RE include the Border Governors Conference (BGC), which in 2002 created an energy committee and immediately seized on the potential for renewable energy in the border states. Its 2009 meeting in Monterrey, NL, had a significant emphasis on renewable energy at the border. The energy work table, for example, committed itself to three broad goals in the area:
• identify and promote a United States?Mexico border region program for renewable energy by exchanging information on policies and financial incentives;
• work with federal bi?national organizations, the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, the North American Development Bank and international organizations to facilitate project development;
• identify financial opportunities for at least one renewable energy project before 2010.
More importantly in terms of the long term vision of the BGC was the presentation
AND
improvement and prosperity, and to the potential for cross border RE flows.
The Plan emphasized the further development of border renewable energy projects, and laid out a number of policy proposals (see table below), including the creation of a and#34;geo?referenced database of renewable energy resourcesand#34; as a necessary step on the road to fully developing RE along the border. But, perhaps the most important contribution of the Plan was to redefine the scope of the border region:
The Plan contains an innovation regarding space: Rather than limiting itself to the area
AND
billion, equivalent to third?largest national economy in the world.59
This redefinition of the border region is of vital importance for expanding renewable energy activities
AND
projects that could benefit from assistance from the NADBank and from the BGC.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Albuquerque SW | Judge: Sam Shore

1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

1AC Manufacturing

Contention 1 is Manufacturing –

US-Mexico trade is increasing but infrastructure isn’t keeping up – improvements are key to manufacturing competitiveness and economic growth

Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July 2012, "Whole Nations Waiting Trade sets records, but congestion threatens competitiveness." http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm)

Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.

Delays deck border manufacturing competitiveness —- federal investment is critical to reverse that trend

Uribe 12 (Monica Ortiz Uribe, is a public radio reporter based along the U.S./Mexico border in El Paso, Texas, Marketplace — World, 10/30/12, "NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructure", http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure | AK)

Every day, more than a billion dollars worth of goods moves across the border
AND
and those are things that are really important right now to our economy."

Infrastructure constraints create business uncertainty – it’s reverse causal

Donohue and Zozaya 11 (Thomas Donohue, President and CEO of the US Chamber of Commerce, José Zozaya President American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, 2011, "Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border A U.S. Chamber of Commerce Border Report" online @ http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf

Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Now is key – companies are moving away because of border delays

Leone 12 (Christopher Leone, Cronkite News, 6/1/12, "Panel says U.S.-Mexico border issues hinder huge economic opportunities" http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/06/panel-says-u-s-mexico-border-issues-hinder-huge-economic-opportunities/)

"Border friction costs us," Wilson said. "We don’t have to give
AND
is as much as 246 billion in backlogged maintenance to that infrastructure.

Revitalizing border manufacturing is key – it’s necessary for efficient production

Beaubien 11 (Jason, 11/20/11, NPR, "Border-Town Factories Give Manufacturers An Edge" http://www.npr.org/2011/11/20/142536024/border-town-factories-give-manufacturers-an-edge)

Officials in the United States have been wringing their hands lately over how to revitalize
AND
American and Central American market — we are ideally positioned," Patridge says.

Border manufacturing is key to aerospace and defense manufacturing

Guidi 11 (Ruxandra Guidi, Fronteras reporter at KPBS, covering immigration, border issues and culture, recipient of Johns Hopkins University’s International Reporting Project, 9/28/11, "Border Business: Aerospace As A Binational Industry" http://www.fronterasdesk.org/news/2011/sep/28/business-mexico-aerospace-industry-maquiladora/)

With its high-profile speakers and 3D simulation stations, the second annual Baja
AND
aerospace companies with operations in the Mexican border state grew by 50 percent.

Mexico is key – it protects the industry’s intellectual property

Mecham 4/1/13 (Michael Mecham, Aviation Week reporter, "Mexico’s Welcome Mat Attracts Aerospace Manufacturers" http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_04_01_2013_p44-562383.xml26p=2)

But for most, tapping into Mexico as a sales market is less important than
AND
Safran’s third largest industrial base, behind France and the U.S.

That’s key to prevent war over Taiwan

Mosher 06 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, "Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy," February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian-Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Taiwan war escalates and goes nuclear—-no defense

William Lowther 3-16, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report," http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating."

However, a strong aerospace industry maintains deterrence — prevents Chinese aggression.

Dunlap 6 — Charles, Major General, Deputy Judge Advocate of the Air Force, National War College graduate with over 30 years of Armed Forces experience (Charles Dunlap Jr., Armed Forces Journal, "America’s Asymmetric Advantage," http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013)

America’s pre-eminence in air power is also the best hope we have to
AND
), the very existence of the U.S. is at risk.

Independently, defense capabilities deter conflicts and control conflict escalation

O’Hanlon 11 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon)

The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Our heuristic is empirically verifiable — deterrence and incentive theory provide an accurate explanation of international relations.

Moore 4 — Director at the Center for Security Law at the University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential Appointee and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton Moore, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, pp. 27-31)

As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
AND
with the later robust NATO alliance and absence of World War III.14
Considerable other evidence seems to support this historical analysis as to the importance of deterrence
AND
levels of perceived profit and military achievability of aggression in many such settings.
It should further be noted that the democratic peace is not the only significant correlation
AND
being presented with different options through the actions or effects of such organizations.
These external deterrence elements may also be yet another reason why democracies have a lower
AND
conscious of the rising costs of war and the rising gains of peace.
In assessing levels of democracy, there are indexes readily available, for example,
AND
that deterrence matters and that high levels of deterrence can prevent future war.
Following up on this initial effort to produce a more objective measure of deterrence,
AND
body subjectively faced substantial disincentives to aggressive military action and yet attacked."32
Yet another piece of the puzzle, which may clarify the extent of deterrence necessary in certain settings, may also assist in building a broader hypothesis about war. In fact, it has been incorporated into the just-discussed efforts at scoring deterrence.
That is, newer studies of human behavior from cognitive psychology are increasingly showing that
AND
It does, however, seem to elucidate some of the case studies.
In the war/peace setting, "prospect theory" suggests that deterrence may
AND
to achieve compulsion producing an action, rather than deterrence needed for prevention.
One should also be careful not to overstate the effect of "prospect theory"
AND
democracies fighting in defensive settings as they may also have more to lose.
In assessing adequacy of deterrence to prevent war, we might also want to consider
AND
totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

1AC Warming

Contention 2 is Warming

Global warming is real and anthropogenic.

Prothero 12 ~Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO~

How do we know that global warming is real and primarilyhuman caused? There are
AND
change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

It also causes extinction — positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point.

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," December 2009 Science Direct)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

Action now prevents runaway warming — it’s not too late.

Hansen 8 (James Hansen, directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,  adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, "Tell Barack Obama the Truth – The Whole Truth," Nov/Dec 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf)

Embers of election night elation will glow longer than any prior election. Glowing even
AND
and Middle East countries will decide to leave their oil in the ground. 

The plan solves:

1) Technical assistance — U.S. clean energy investment solves reduction and adaptation.

BECC 11 — Border Environment Cooperation Commission (Border Environment Cooperation Commission, November 2011, "Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region", http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf, Accessed 08-29-2013)

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border region in terms of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). In the presentation, the argument is made that the primary reason this project deficit exists is due to: 

1. limited resources for project development,
   2. lack of capacity building, at the most fundamental level, in the public and public-private sectors, and
   3. lack of technical assistance program to address this deficit
   Specifically targeting a technical assistance program for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects to achieve GHG reductions would be invaluable in promoting an environment for effective climate action in border communities. A proposed technical assistance program could help public sector entities build the bases on which they can develop both mitigation and adaptation greenhouse gas projects.
   Mitigation projects are the priority of the program since they are intended to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation projects are important as well, and it is recommended they be developed as "capacity building" initiatives to assist municipalities better manage the current realities of climate change. Ultimately, these project types do need technical assistance funds, and the funds will need a highly capacitated and experienced program manager. 

2) Global modeling — U.S.-Mexico cooperation persuades developing economies to transition.

Selee 12 — Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute, and Wilson, associate with the
Mexico Institute (Andrew and Christopher, November, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "A New Agenda With Mexico," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf)

Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have
AND
the developed and developing worlds, and between North America and Latin America. 

That’s key to solve climate change — U.S. investment in renewables is key.

Passell 12 (Peter Passell, the Economics Editor of Democracy Lab, is a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 5/23/12, "Two Worlds, One Climate," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate?page=full)

Climate change, we are often told, is everyone’s problem. And without a
AND
with the army you’ve got, not the one you’d like to have.

1AC Solvency

Contention 3 is Solvency

Expanding the existing bank mandate solves infrastructure development — the plan ensures accountability, private investment, and Mexico says yes.

Rodriguez 9 — Raul Rodriguez, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University, Benson Chair in Banking and Finance and Distinguished Professor at the HEB School of Business and Administration at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico, former CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas (Raul Rodriguez, The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, June 2009, "The Future of the North American Development Bank", http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ20NADBANK.pdf, Accessed 08-21-2013)

Many agencies and programs have a bearing on border issues, but the region still
AND
at least US24100 million should be justified for future funding cycles.

Additionally, the plan catalyzes renewables development with Mexico — the NADBank is key to financing and technical assistance.

Wood 10 — Duncan Wood, is the Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. For 17 years, Dr. Wood was a professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He also held the role of researcher at the Centro de Derecho Económico Internacional at ITAM. He is a member of the Mexican National Research System, a member of the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica and has been an editorial advisor to Reforma newspaper. In 2007, he was a non?resident Fulbright Fellow. Between 2007 and 2009, he was technical secretary of the Red Mexicana de Energia, a group of experts in the area of energy policy in Mexico. He has been a Senior Associate with the Simon Chair and the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington D.C. His research focuses on Mexican energy policy, including renewable energy, and North American relations. He studied in the UK and Canada, receiving his PhD in Political Studies from Queen’s University, Canada in 1996 (Duncan Wood, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, May 2010, "Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies", http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2013)

Funding RE at the border – the role of the NADBANK
The North American Development Bank’s (NADBank) impact on questions of environmental management on
AND
studies relating to a range of clean energy projects throughout the border region.
Two recent projects stand out. In the first, a biodiesel project in El
AND
along the border offers the prospect of large scale production of clean biodiesel.
The second recent project that deserves attention here concerns the capture and processing of methane
AND
anaerobic digester to mix with irrigation water to be used in local farms.
Despite the growth in clean energy projects and the potential for meaningful investments in all
AND
, but bring jobs, increase profits, and satisfy a growing demand.
Even more worrying is the fact that the NADBank’s grants are in decline because of
AND
development and employment and economic opportunities, suggests that things are turning around.
Other institutions that have become important in the area of RE include the Border Governors Conference (BGC), which in 2002 created an energy committee and immediately seized on the potential for renewable energy in the border states. Its 2009 meeting in Monterrey, NL, had a significant emphasis on renewable energy at the border. The energy work table, for example, committed itself to three broad goals in the area:
• identify and promote a United States?Mexico border region program for renewable energy by exchanging information on policies and financial incentives;
• work with federal bi?national organizations, the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, the North American Development Bank and international organizations to facilitate project development;
• identify financial opportunities for at least one renewable energy project before 2010.
More importantly in terms of the long term vision of the BGC was the presentation
AND
improvement and prosperity, and to the potential for cross border RE flows.
The Plan emphasized the further development of border renewable energy projects, and laid out a number of policy proposals (see table below), including the creation of a "geo?referenced database of renewable energy resources" as a necessary step on the road to fully developing RE along the border. But, perhaps the most important contribution of the Plan was to redefine the scope of the border region:
The Plan contains an innovation regarding space: Rather than limiting itself to the area
AND
billion, equivalent to third?largest national economy in the world.59
This redefinition of the border region is of vital importance for expanding renewable energy activities
AND
projects that could benefit from assistance from the NADBank and from the BGC.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine SJ | Judge: Sam Shore
Same as 1AC Greenhill Round 2

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Sam Shore

1AC

1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase its jobs and support for development assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

1AC Manufacturing

Contention 1 is Manufacturing –

US-Mexico border infrastructure is lacking now – that creates a congestion crisis

Lauren Villagran 4/15, and Kevin Robinson-Avila, ABQ Journal Staff Writers, "Infrastructure crisis building along U.S.-Mexico border", 2014, www.abqjournal.com/384153/news/infrastructure-crisis-building-on-border.html
A crisis is building, with local roads and border crossings pushed to their limits
AND
, foreshadowing more congestion until more lanes are built with dedicated commercial lanes.

Now is key – nearshoring is happening now but the aff is key to make it effective —-there’s no uniqueness for their turns

EIU 13 — Economist Intelligence Unit, citing Harold Sirkin, senior partner for the Boston Consulting Group, and Christopher Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ("China’s loss is Mexico’s gain", 07-29-2013, Available Online at: https://globalconnections.hsbc.com/us/en/articles/chinas-loss-mexicos-gain, Accessed 02-08-2014)

After China committed itself to free market standards with its World Trade Organization (WTO
AND
expected," Sirkin says. "There’s already a significant ramp-up."

Infrastructure improvements are key to manufacturing competitiveness and economic growth

Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July 2012, "Whole Nations Waiting Trade sets records, but congestion threatens competitiveness." http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm)

Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.

And, delays deck border manufacturing competitiveness —- federal investment is critical to reverse that trend

Uribe 12 (Monica Ortiz Uribe, is a public radio reporter based along the U.S./Mexico border in El Paso, Texas, Marketplace — World, 10/30/12, "NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructure", http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure | AK)

Every day, more than a billion dollars worth of goods moves across the border
AND
and those are things that are really important right now to our economy."

Infrastructure constraints create business uncertainty – it’s reverse causal

Donohue and Zozaya 11 (Thomas Donohue, President and CEO of the US Chamber of Commerce, José Zozaya President American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, 2011, "Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border A U.S. Chamber of Commerce Border Report" online @ http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf

Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Revitalizing border manufacturing is key – it’s necessary for efficient production

Beaubien 11 (Jason, 11/20/11, NPR, "Border-Town Factories Give Manufacturers An Edge" http://www.npr.org/2011/11/20/142536024/border-town-factories-give-manufacturers-an-edge)

Officials in the United States have been wringing their hands lately over how to revitalize
AND
American and Central American market — we are ideally positioned," Patridge says.

Specifically, it’s crucial to aerospace and defense manufacturing

Guidi 11 (Ruxandra Guidi, Fronteras reporter at KPBS, covering immigration, border issues and culture, recipient of Johns Hopkins University’s International Reporting Project, 9/28/11, "Border Business: Aerospace As A Binational Industry" http://www.fronterasdesk.org/news/2011/sep/28/business-mexico-aerospace-industry-maquiladora/)

With its high-profile speakers and 3D simulation stations, the second annual Baja
AND
aerospace companies with operations in the Mexican border state grew by 50 percent.

Mexico is key – it protects the industry’s intellectual property

Mecham 4/1/13 (Michael Mecham, Aviation Week reporter, "Mexico’s Welcome Mat Attracts Aerospace Manufacturers" http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_04_01_2013_p44-562383.xml26p=2)

But for most, tapping into Mexico as a sales market is less important than
AND
Safran’s third largest industrial base, behind France and the U.S.

That’s key to prevent war over Taiwan

Mosher 06 (Stephen Mosher, President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, "Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy," February 14, 2006, pg lexis)

The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian-Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Taiwan war escalates and goes nuclear—-no defense

William Lowther 13, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report," http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating."

However, a strong aerospace industry maintains deterrence — prevents Chinese aggression.

Dunlap 6 — Charles, Major General, Deputy Judge Advocate of the Air Force, National War College graduate with over 30 years of Armed Forces experience (Charles Dunlap Jr., Armed Forces Journal, "America’s Asymmetric Advantage," http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013)

America’s pre-eminence in air power is also the best hope we have to
AND
), the very existence of the U.S. is at risk.

Independently, defense capabilities deter conflicts and control conflict escalation

O’Hanlon 11 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon)

The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Expanding the existing bank mandate solves infrastructure development — the plan ensures accountability, private investment, and Mexico says yes

Rodriguez 9 — Raul Rodriguez, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University, Benson Chair in Banking and Finance and Distinguished Professor at the HEB School of Business and Administration at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico, former CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas (Raul Rodriguez, The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, June 2009, "The Future of the North American Development Bank", http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ20NADBANK.pdf, Accessed 08-21-2013)

Many agencies and programs have a bearing on border issues, but the region still
AND
at least US24100 million should be justified for future funding cycles.

1AC MDBs

CONTENTION 2 is MDBs

Multilateral Development Banks are threatened now

Fernando Prada 12, associate researcher at FORO Nacional Internacional, "World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and Subregional Development Banks in Latin America: Dynamics of a System of Multilateral Development Banks", September, http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.09.05.wp380.dynamics.system.multilateral.dev.banks.pdf
Harmonizing approaches and coordinating areas of support could increase the capacities of ¶ public officers
AND
as regional development, support to the private sector, and countercyclical role.

That causes Afghan instability, and South Sudan collapse

Marisa Lago 11, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, September 21, "The Impact of the World Bank and Multilateral Development Banks on National Security," http://financialservices.house.gov/UploadedFiles/091511lago.pdf
Under our leadership, the MDBs are supporting stability operations in weak states like Afghanistan
AND
confront us today, and preventing and deterring threats that may emerge tomorrow.

Now’s key —- increased Afghan instability will cause great power intervention

Ali Imran 3-2, Washington-based journalist, Pakistan Times, "The high cost of Afghan uncertainty", http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/03/02/comment/the-high-cost-of-afghan-uncertainty/
Afghanistan is yet again on the edge of uncertainty and its future fragile as ever
AND
the edgy countries into a proxy-led or even direct broader conflict.¶ 

US commitment to NADBank is key to the success of other MDBs—-failure spills over

MIS 11 Moody’s Investor Services, "Credit Analysis: North American Development Bank", http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/aboutUs/Moodys20-20NADB20Sept2011.pdf
Member commitment to support is an even stronger consideration in the case of NADB,
AND
, something Moody’s believes the U.S. would want to avoid. 

Causes nuclear war

Audrey Kurth Cronin 13, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University and author of How Terrorism Ends and Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria. Thinking Long on Afghanistan: Could it be Neutralized? Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Washington Quarterly • 36:1, pp. 55-72, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751650
With ISAF withdrawal inevitable, a sea change is already underway: the question is
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except this time the outcome could be not just terrorism but nuclear war.

South Sudan goes regional—-every country has key interests at stake

Gaaki Kigambo 2-28, Ugandan journalist and a graduate of Carleton University. He is currently a special correspondent for The East African, Regional Tensions Complicate South Sudan’s Crisis, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13597/regional-tensions-complicate-south-sudan-s-crisis
The deadly conflict in South Sudan, itself the culmination of a long-running
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of the conflict looms, further complicating any efforts to resolve the crisis.

Nuclear war

Caroline Glick 7, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, "Condi’s African holiday", December 11, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, which rage continuously, can easily escalate into big wars. Local conflicts have regional and global aspects. All of the conflicts in this tinderbox, which controls shipping lanes from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, can potentially give rise to regional, and indeed global conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers. 

High risk of escalation—-US engagement is key

Walter Russell Mead 13, foreign affairs professor at Bard College, Peace In The Congo? Why The World Should Care, December 15, http://www.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/12/15/peace-in-the-congo-why-the-world-should-care/
These wars continue today; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the war in Syria
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are willing to provide the security guarantees and deterrents that prevent mass mayhem.

Conflict spills over to Egypt-Ethiopian water disputes

Keith Johnson 3-6, senior reporter for Foreign Policy, "Troubled Waters", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/06/troubled_waters
Egypt’s musical-chairs government faces enough challenges. So why is a construction project
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given Egypt the highest level of economic development among all Nile Basin countries.

That escalates

Professor Alemayehu G. Mariam 13, teaches political science at California State University, San Bernardino, Ethiopia: Rumors of Water War on the Nile?, March 11, http://open.salon.com/blog/almariam/2013/03/10/ethiopia_rumors_of_water_war_on_the_nile
A spokesman for the regime in power in Ethiopia sought to minimize the importance of
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that cultivate peace…/ ...From my Ethiopia sacred mountains of the sun…" 

It’s the most likely global war

Graeme Coddrington 10, is an expert on the new world of work and multi-generational workplaces. He is a keynote presenter, author, futurist, facilitator and strategy consultant working across multiple industries and sectors. His unique style blends cutting-edge research, thought leading insights with humour and multimedia-driven presentations and workshops.  He has a particular interest in trends affecting how people live, work, interact and connect with each other. He speaks on the TIDES of change – the five disruptive forces shaping the new world of work in the next decade: Technology, Institutional change, Demographics, the Environment and shifting Social values.  Speaking internationally to over 100,000 people in about 20 different countries every year, he has shared the platform with the likes of Edward de Bono, Jonas Ridderstrale, Allan Pease, Sir Ken Robinson and Neil Armstrong. He has won numerous awards for his speaking and facilitation, including "Speaker of the Year" by the Academy for Chief Executives. His client list includes some of the world’s top companies, and CEOs invite him back time after time to share his latest insights and help them and their teams gain a clear understanding of how to successfully prepare for the future.  Graeme is the co-founder and a senior partner of TomorrowToday, a global firm of futurists and business strategists. He is also a guest lecturer at four top business schools, including the London Business School, Duke Corporate Education and the Gordon Institute of Business Science. He is a professional member of a number of associations, including the World Future Society, The Institute of Directors, the International Association for the Study of Youth Ministry, the SA Market Research Association, the Global Federation of Professional Speakers and MENSA. He has a Doctorate in Business Administration (note: his DBA was awarded by the now non-accredited Rushmore University – Graeme is in the process of completing further doctoral studies), a Masters in Sociology, an Honours in Youth Work and two undergraduate degrees – in Arts (Theology/Philosophy) and Commerce. He has three best-selling books published by Penguin, including the award winning, "Mind the Gap" and "Future-Proof Your Child". He is currently involved in a number of writing projects.  Graeme’s breadth of knowledge and expertise makes him highly relevant in today’s rapidly evolving business world. Along with his formal qualifications and research credentials, he has a wide range of business experience. He did Chartered Accountancy articles at KPMG, was involved in an IT startup, has been a professional musician, a strategy consultant and is now a full-time speaker, facilitator and author, 7/1, http://www.tomorrowtoday.co.za/2010/07/01/a-looming-crisis-world-water-wars/
 People go to war when their way of life is threatened. I have
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stopping growing rice, for example) and their dependence on the Nile.  

Also causes massive famines in Egypt—-that causes state collapse

Gwynne Dyer 13, Canadian journalist, PhD in military and Middle Eastern history at King’s College London, DYER: Egypt faces famine over Nile dam, June 6, http://www.lfpress.com/2013/06/06/dyer-egypt-faces-famine-over-nile-dam
All students of geopolitics are familiar with the legend that Egypt has privately warned the
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— but its options are not very good on that front, either.

Global nuclear war

Allan Erickson 11, The fall of Egypt and the prospect of nuclear war, http://www.examiner.com/political-buzz-in-portland/the-fall-of-egypt-and-the-prospect-of-nuclear-war, http://www.examiner.com/political-buzz-in-portland/the-fall-of-egypt-and-the-prospect-of-nuclear-war
Worldwide attention has been focused for many days on events in Cairo, the central
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embargo in 1973, inviting armed conflict like nothing we have ever seen.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kinkaid RB | Judge: Nathaniel Haass
The United States federal government should expand the mandate of the North American Development Bank and substantially increase its investment in North American Development Bank economic assistance towards Mexico.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: 

1AC — Warming

The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

Contention 1 is Warming.

Global warming is real and anthropogenic.

Prothero 12 ~Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO~

How do we know that global warming is real and primarilyhuman caused? There are
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change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

It also causes extinction — positive feedbacks will push us past the tipping point.

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," December 2009 Science Direct)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
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civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

Action now prevents runaway warming — it’s not too late.

Hansen 8 (James Hansen, directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,  adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, "Tell Barack Obama the Truth – The Whole Truth," Nov/Dec 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf)

Embers of election night elation will glow longer than any prior election. Glowing even
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and Middle East countries will decide to leave their oil in the ground. 

The plan solves:

1) Technical assistance — U.S. clean energy investment solves reduction and adaptation.

BECC 11 — Border Environment Cooperation Commission (Border Environment Cooperation Commission, November 2011, "Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region", http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf, Accessed 08-29-2013)

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
This white paper describes the current deficit in the U.S.-Mexico border region in terms of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). In the presentation, the argument is made that the primary reason this project deficit exists is due to: 

1. limited resources for project development,
   2. lack of capacity building, at the most fundamental level, in the public and public-private sectors, and
   3. lack of technical assistance program to address this deficit
   Specifically targeting a technical assistance program for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and transportation projects to achieve GHG reductions would be invaluable in promoting an environment for effective climate action in border communities. A proposed technical assistance program could help public sector entities build the bases on which they can develop both mitigation and adaptation greenhouse gas projects.
   Mitigation projects are the priority of the program since they are intended to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation projects are important as well, and it is recommended they be developed as "capacity building" initiatives to assist municipalities better manage the current realities of climate change. Ultimately, these project types do need technical assistance funds, and the funds will need a highly capacitated and experienced program manager. 

2) Global modeling — U.S.-Mexico cooperation persuades developing economies to transition.

Selee 12 — Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute, and Wilson, associate with the
Mexico Institute (Andrew and Christopher, November, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "A New Agenda With Mexico," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf)

Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have
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the developed and developing worlds, and between North America and Latin America. 

That’s key to solve climate change — U.S. investment in renewables is key.

Passell 12 (Peter Passell, the Economics Editor of Democracy Lab, is a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 5/23/12, "Two Worlds, One Climate," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate?page=full)

Climate change, we are often told, is everyone’s problem. And without a
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with the army you’ve got, not the one you’d like to have.

Allowing warming and coal consumption to continue perpetuates and amplifies racist inequalities

Hoerner 8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, "A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S." July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)

Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
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points and raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent.

1AC — Solvency

Contention 2 is solvency.

Public advocacy of climate solutions key to change governmental policy—-individual change insufficient

CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager,  Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher,  Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA.  - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes 26  Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk, University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia.  - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University 26 Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf)

This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass
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they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.
 

Simulation and institutional deliberation are valuable and motivate effective responses to climate risks

Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, "Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information", 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)

Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience
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engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.
 

The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming

Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, "The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty", MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8

While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
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at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17
 

Pragmatic warming policy is effective and key to prevent extinction

Simpson 10 (Francis, College of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, "Environmental Pragmatism and its Application to Climate Change The Moral Obligations of Developed and Developing Nations to Avert Climate Change as viewed through Technological Pragmatism", Spring 2010 | Volume 6 | Number 1)

Pragmatism and Footprinting¶ Environmental pragmatism is a relatively new field of environmental ethics that
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have a moral obligation to protect the future of humanity and the biosphere.
 

Apocalyptic rhetoric is key in warming debates – it hasn’t actually been deployed yet

Romm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010.? In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~2388 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment? and "The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw 241 billion in R26D, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, "Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ’Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate", http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/~~23more-432546)

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday
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by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.
 

Consensus-based climate science ensures best environmental policy

Rice 09 (Jennifer Lea, PHD in Phil Thesis, U of Arizona, "MAKING CARBON COUNT: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND LOCAL  CLIMATE GOVERNANCE IN THE UNITED STATES", http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/194452/1/azu_etd_10727_sip1_m.pdf~~23page=111)

In Seattle, the science of climate change has been framed in three distinct and
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multiple and diverse ways during  debates about urban governance in the Seattle area.
But how are these close relations of science and policy negotiated within the  science and
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by government workers trying to mitigate GHG  emissions and prepare for climate impacts.
 But, even as evidence that "science ~is~ a socially embedded
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the estimation of possible sea level rise provided in a regional  scientific report:
"If you want a rough guide to how bad it ~sea level rise~ could really be over the next 100  years, here it is. At one point she ~a coastal engineer~ said, ’You’re frustrating me. Why  don’t you just tell me the answer?’ You know better than that. You’re not a politician. So  that’s an example of how we were asked."

This statement suggests that the role of scientists should end at the door of the  decision-maker. Even though the practices of resource managers and city workers  legitimate and reinforce the importance of science, scientists cannot (and should not) act  as policy advisors. The presentation of science and policy as autonomous spheres of  practice, even though they are widely understood and accepted as intimately intertwined,  is the heart of the "science effect."
 The importance of this phenomenon is twofold. First, the nature of the
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This extended quote from a regional research scientist in  Seattle captures this sentiment:                                                                                   
"I try to be very clear about the fact that we cannot predict the
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our  future,’ And that’s just the way you have to be."
Importantly, I do not wish to claim that this is an inappropriate relationship.  Indeed, good environmental policies are based on sound scientific information. Rather,  the point here is that the "science effect" necessities a careful distinction between what is  scientific fact and what is the perception of politicians. Scientists, it seems, walk the line  of science and policy with great caution.
Second, because of the need for objective and reliable scientific basis in climate  policy, only those that produce or utilize this type of information are relevant
for political  practice. The City must go to great lengths to justify their environmental
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of action, the causes and  consequences of which can be independently verified.  
Importantly, the three framings of science in Seattle presented here have forged a  progressive
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effect" can often suggest that those scientists are no longer  truly objective.
 Recently, some organizations have begun to integrate science and policy more  aggressively.
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arrangements of their engagements, however, is one of separation and  independence.
 Perhaps, the example provided by the City of Seattle and regional climate  scientists
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experiences to scientific inquiry, are incorporated into the making of climate policy.  
 

Creating a global ethical commitment to future generations is the ONLY way to appreciate the moral scope of climate change – government policy action must be the primary moral focus to create change and unify support

Callicott 11 – (Oct. 2011, J. Baird, University Distinguished Research Professor and a member of the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies and the Institute of Applied Sciences at the University of North Texas, "The Temporal and Spatial Scales of Global Climate Change and the Limits of Individualistic and Rationalistic Ethics," Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, Volume 69, October 2011, pp 101-116, cambridge journals)

The temporal scale of this proposed moral ontology – moral considerability for human civilization per
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lies in scaling up the moral agent as well as the moral patient.
The identity of that moral agent is no mystery: the world’s several governments acting
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to identify the effective moral agent for an ethics of global climate change.
Nor do I mean to reject altogether out of hand the efficacy of voluntary individual
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, is considered to be quite wrong and irresponsible as well as illegal.
Unfortunately, there is a limit to this contagious effect. Environmentalism has created a
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one dimension of a complex political struggle sometimescharacterized as ’the culture war’.
I now conclude. This essay has not been about practical ethics, but about
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be effective in mitigating global climate change, they must act in concert.
 

Individual focus destroys progressive climate politics and forcloses technological solutions to the energy crisis – our primary focus should be rapid development of clean energy technologies

Karlsson 12 – (Nov. 2012, Rasmus, PhD, lecturer at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul, South Korea, "Individual Guilt or Collective Progressive Action? Challenging the Strategic Potential of Environmental Citizenship Theory," Environmental Values 21 (2012): 459–474, ingenta)

In terms of its performative content, environmental citizenship theory tends to overlook the fundamental
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crisis but also to build public support for radical investments in breakthrough technologies.
Recent paleoclimatological evidence suggests that in order to avoid reaching the tipping level for catastrophic
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2008) can we expect them to be implemented on a sufficient scale.
By individualising the site of political change, we risk losing the collective force necessary
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and radical investments to meet the challenges of environmental change (Lomborg 2010).

Climate change should be addressed through consequentialism – scientifically proven and most politically effective

Grasso 12 – (10/12, Marco, Senior Lecturer (Tenured Assistant Professor) in Economic and Political Geography Department of Sociology and Social Research, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, "Climate ethics: with a little help from moral cognitive neuroscience," Environmental Politics, taylor and francis)

Ultimately, in this article, I simply assume the fundamental, and less controversial
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deontological arguments is, therefore, far beyond the scope of the article.
What implication does the dual-process theory have for climate ethics? To put
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with human morality, and perhaps because of its possibly greater political feasibility.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
For aff cites, email xiekevin08@gmail.com
For neg cites, email zaki.atia@gmail.com

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Jesuit Dallas FP | Judge: Steven Pipken

Plan solves the border environment

Taj 6 (Mitra, "Possible shutdown of NADBank worries some U.S. lawmakers," Tucson Citizen, 3/16/06, http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2006/03/16/152961-possible-shutdown-of-nadbank-worries-some-u-s-lawmakers/)

"I don’t want to see the NADBank go away," she said. "
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responsive to the environmental needs of border citizens would be a welcome move.

Key to environmental hotspots

Selee and Wilson 12 (Andrew, Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute at the Wilson Center, Christopher, associate with the Mexico Institute, "A New Agenda with Mexico," Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf) 

The border region is home to a number of unique biomes known as "natural
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the fragmentation and destruction of the physical environment caused by the border wall.

Extinction

Kunich 1 (John C., Assoc. Prof Law – Roger Williams University School of Law, 52 Hastings L.J. 1149, Lexis)

It is rather well known, even beyond the scientific community, that many of
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first examine the degree of risk to which earth’s biodiversity is exposed today.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood CB | Judge: Martin Osborne

Plan solves multinational development bank strength

Moody’s Investor Services 11 ("Credit Analysis: North American Development Bank", http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/aboutUs/Moodys20-20NADB20Sept2011.pdf, Sept 16 2011) KT

Member commitment to support is an even stronger consideration in the case of NADB,
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something Moody’s ¶ believes the U.S. would want to avoid.

MDBs solve war wars

Moller 5 (Lars Christian Moller, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, September 2005, "Transboundary Water Conflicts over Hydropower and Irrigation: Can Multilateral Development Banks Help?" http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/credit/documents/papers/05-09.pdf)

Transboundary rivers can elicit conflict as well as cooperation. 1 Although no water conflict
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thus potential for further involvement by multinational development banks in transboundary water management.

Those wars go global

Reilly 2 (Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts, "NOT A DROP TO DRINK," http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml-http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)

The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
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the basin becomes salty, and the water is permanently lost to use.