Tournament: North Crowley | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Berkner | Judge:
China DA 1NC (Cuba)

A. Uniqueness- China is already working in Cuban in the oil industry
Newsmax 11 (China to Refurbish Cuban Oil Refinery, Newsmax, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/cubanrefinery-china-partnership/2011/06/05/id/398888, Sunday, 05 Jun 2011 08:17 PM, EIG)
HAVANA - China signed a letter of intent to refurbish a Cuban oil refinery and
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is scheduled to leave Cuba Tuesday and go on to Uruguay and Chile.

The U.S doesn’t operate in Cuba now, the embargo prevents
Sotolongo 11 (Cuban Oil Rush Beckons U.S. Embargo Reform, Kristi Sotolongo, July 27, 2011, http://www.epmag.com/Production/Cuban-Oil-Rush-Beckons-US-Embargo-Reform_86074, EIG)
In the deep waters off Cuba’s northwest coast, a Spanish-led consortium is
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standards for fisheries – a potential model for what could happen with drilling.

B. Link- Cuba perceives lack of U.S influence in the region as the green light to Cuba China cooperation
Ellis 12 (The United States, Latin America, and China: A "Triangular Relationship"? by Evan Ellis, Inter-American Dialogue, April 2012, http://www.chinaandlatinamerica.com/2012/04/chinas-grand-strategy-in-latin-america.html, EIG)
The ability of the United States to serve as a market and a source of
AND
such as the European Union, and actors such as Russia and Iran. 

U.S influence in the region crowds out China
Ellis 12 (The United States, Latin America, and China: A "Triangular Relationship"? by Evan Ellis, Inter-American Dialogue, April 2012, http://www.chinaandlatinamerica.com/2012/04/chinas-grand-strategy-in-latin-america.html, EIG)
At the political level, US engagement with Latin American countries has impacted the ability
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States blocked it from acquiring a comparable aircraft from the Czech Republic.30

C. Internal link- U.S influence in the region decreases to multilateralism
Stephens 13 (America’s economic retreat threatens China’s rise, Philip Stephens, October 10, 2013 1:12 pm, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/78621256-30d9-11e3-b991-00144feab7de.html~~23axzz2hXovnd2i, EIG)
As Ashley Tellis of the Carnegie Endowment told a conference hosted by the International Institute
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gainer from the liberal order, would be the biggest loser from its demise

D. Impact- That escalates to nuclear war, turning case
Lieven 12 (Anatol Lieven, Professor in the War Studies Department at King’s College and Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, June 12, 2012, "Avoiding US-China War," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html, AB)
With communism dead, the Chinese administration has relied very heavily — and successfully —
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— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America. 

That goes global
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, "World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)", Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58, AB)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
and, first and fore most, the US clash in the region.¶

Tournament: Richardson | Round: 2 | Opponent: Plano | Judge:
Dip Cap 1NC

Uniqueness-

Kerry is pushing climate cooperation with India now has to stay focused to overcome resistance – cooperation is key to modeling and solves extinction
Revkin 6/27 (Andrew C., New York Times Opinion Section, Kerry Proposes U.S.-India Push on Carbon and Climate, 6/27/13, http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/kerry-proposes-u-s-india-push-on-carbon-and-climate/?_r=0)//LA-http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/kerry-proposes-u-s-india-push-on-carbon-and-climate/?_r=0)//LA )
Shortly after prodding India in a New Delhi speech to find ways to cut greenhouse
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that work for the long haul. I hope Kerry keeps at it.

Link-

Effective Latin American diplomacy drains Kerry’s political capital – "no link" claims just prove the Aff doesn’t solve
Valencia 13 (Robert, 2/11/13, Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs and is a contributing writer for Global Voices. "Diplomatic efforts in Latin America require fresh faces", World Policy Blog, http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/02/11/diplomatic-efforts-latin-america-require-fresh-faces-http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/02/11/diplomatic-efforts-latin-america-require-fresh-faces, SJ)
While the global press largely focused on Iran, China, and the Middle East
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have deteriorated because of a lack of an active, knowledgeable diplomatic corps. 

Internal link-

Diplomatic resources are finite – focus on the plan trades off
Anderson 26 Grewell, 02 ~Terry is a professor of economics at Montana State and J. Bishop is a Research Associate and Political Economy research Center, http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps20.pdf~~
Greater international environmental regulation can increase international tension. Foreign policy is a bag of
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our allies, securing vital resources, and ensuring access to foreign economies."

Impact-

Warming causes extinction – that outweighs the aff
Deibel ’7 ~Terry L. Deibel, professor of IR @ National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~
Droughts, floods, and violent storms Consensus Disease and Illness 26 of GDP
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States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Little Rock | Judge:
A. Interpretation- Economic engagement is only direct economic activity.

"Economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Çelik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

"Economic" refers to material wealth
AHD 13 (American Heritage Dictionary, "Economic", http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/economic-http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/economic)
ec•o•nom•ic    (k-nmk, k-) KEY
ADJECTIVE:
Of or relating to the production, development, and management of material wealth, as of a country, household, or business enterprise.
Of or relating to an economy: a period of sustained economic growth.

B. Violation- The Aff doesn’t directly increase economic engagement they only arrive at economic activity after plan action

C. Standards-

Predictability- 

Ground- 

.

D. T is a voter for fairness and education

Tournament: Hockaday | Round: 3 | Opponent: Greenhill LP | Judge: UNT Coach
Cp
Text: The United States federal government should increase research and development for geoengineering technology. The United States federal government should fund research and development for nanotechnology. 

Rapid warming is inevitable without increasing investment in geoengineering
Guardian ’8 ("Extreme and risky action the only way to tackle global warming, say scientists," http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/01/climatechange.scienceofclimatechange2)

Political inaction on global warming has become so dire that nations must now consider extreme
AND
and 20-50 of animal and plant species would face extinction.

Nanotech solves resource conflict
McCarthy ’8 (http://www.mccarthy.cx/WorldSystem/ Tom Mccarthy no date accessed 12/23/08)

One of the highest hopes one can have for molecular manufacturing is that it will
AND
tasks, molecular manufacturing processes will produce energy, rather than consume it.

Tournament: Jesuit | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood | Judge: John Hill

1NC Shell

A - Issue-Specific Uniqueness. Post-Chavez, "pink tide" is dying. Shortage of oil profits hurts the Leftist cause.

Panizza ’13
Dr Francisco Panizza is the Head of the Latin America International Affairs Programme at LSE IDEAS. He is a Reader in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics. "Latin America: Life after Chavez (and Lula)" – April 4^th – http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2013/04/latin-america-life-after-chavez-and-lula/

The death of Chávez and the succession of Lula by Dilma Rousseff in Brazil leaves
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regional change than encapsulated by the narrative of the rise of the left.

Chavez’s goal of hurting US regional influence now stands in the cross-roads. Petro-dollars will be important.

Menéndez ’13
Fernando Menéndez is an economist and principal of the Cordoba Group International LLC, a strategic consulting firm – "Latin America without Chávez" – The Commentator – March 14^th –    http://www.thecommentator.com/article/2932/latin_america_without_ch_vez

In all of the capitals of the Americas the atmosphere is one of waiting to
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even among some ideological enemies, and for which he will be missed.

B – Links:

First – Squo is starting to work. Lifting the embargo for oil reverses resolve.

Sadowski ’11
Richard Sadowski is a Class of 2012 J.D. candidate, at Hofstra University¶ School of Law, NY. Mr. Sadowski is also the Managing Editor of Production of¶ the Journal of International Business and Law Vol. XI. "Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and¶ Prevention within the Framework of the United¶ States’ Embargo" – ¶ Sustainable Development Law 26 Policy¶ Volume 12; Issue 1 Fall 2011: Natural Resource Conflicts Article 10 – http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=149726context=sdlp

Since its inception, the Cuban embargo has ebbed and¶ flowed in severity and
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Cuba and demonstrate resolve in¶ meeting the goals of the economic embargo.

Second – Softening embargo while the Castros are in charge means profits to finance "pink tide".

Brookes ’9
(Peter – Heritage council, Senior Fellow, Brookes is serving his third term as a congressionally appointed member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. He previously served in the administration of President George W. Bush as deputy assistant secretary of defense for Asian and Pacific affairs. In this post, he was responsible for U.S. defense policy for 38 countries and five bilateral defense alliances in Asia, Brookes was a professional staff member with the House International Relations Committee. He also served with the CIA and the State Department at the United Nations. In the private sector, he worked in the defense and intelligence industries.¶ A decorated Navy veteran, Brookes served on active duty in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East in aviation and intelligence billets, Brookes, now a retired Navy commander, served as a reservist with the National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Naval Intelligence, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Office of the Vice President, Brookes is pursuing a doctorate at Georgetown University. He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy (B.S.); the Defense Language Institute (Russian); the Naval War College; and the Johns Hopkins University (M.A.). He also has taught at the National Defense University and studied German and Polish, National Security Affairs, "Keep the Embargo, O" – April 16 – http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)

Of course, the big empanada is the US economic embargo against Cuba, in
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

C- Impact

First – Castro-led pink tide causes US-Russia military confrontations.

Walser ’8
(Ray Walser, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America at the Heritage Foundation – Chávez, Venezuela, and Russia: A New Cuban Missile Crisis? – WebMemo ~232064 — September 15th http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm2064.cfm)

Like his iconic mentor, Fidel Castro, Chávez thrives on mounting tensions and confrontation
AND
will take as it shapes its policy toward America’s neighbors in the hemisphere.

Small US-Russia conflicts can escalate or cause nuclear miscalc.

Gottemoeller ’8
(Rose Gottemoeller was sworn in as the United States Department of State’s Assistant Secretary for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance on April 6, 2009. She was the chief negotiator of the follow on for the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty otherwise known as the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) with the Russian Federation. Since 2000, she had been with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – "U.S.-Russia Cooperation on Iran: Aftermath of the Summer War in Georgia," Carnegie Moscow Center, August- July 2008. PLESE NOTE – THIS CARD APPEARS IN A HOST OF CURRENT OPEN-SOURCE DEBATE DOCS AND THE URL THAT APPEARS ON THOSE CARDS MISDIRECTS TO A DIFFERENT Gottemoeller ARTICLE. The website below redirects to her October article:   http://www.scribd.com/doc/13031239/RussianAmerican-Security-Relations-After-Georgia)

No holds barred, no rules—the United States and Russia may be heading
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us, we could come close to nuclear  catastrophe before we knew it.

Tournament: DUDA Hs 1 | Round: Finals | Opponent: W T White | Judge: idk tbh
Drives to create a secure world, free from threats, only justifies the extermination of those threats. The affirmative forgets that total security is impossible and the logic behind the 1ac perpetuates constant violence.

Der Derian 05 ~James Der Derian, "National security: an accident waiting to happen", Sep 22, 2005~

It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
Federal Emergency Management Agency) that transform isolated events and singular attacks into global
1NC Shell (2/5)
disasters? Just as "normal accidents" are built into new technologies—from
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means."

?
1NC Shell (3/5)
The violent quest to overcome uncertainty in the international arena is doubly dangerous: It has both created the implements that make human extinction possible and the political context that renders it necessary and inevitable.

Dillon and Campbell 93 (Michael Dillon and David Campbell, The Political Subject of Violence, pg 163-165)

This interpretation of violence as constitutive of identity might, paradoxically, offer
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of death, and its employment of the technology of a modern state,
1NC Shell (4/5)
the Holocaust ’was not an irrational outflow of the not-yet-fully-
AND
desiderata of rationality from interference of ethical norms and moral inhibitions.’?
1NC Shell (5/5)
Thus the alternative: Reject the 1ac.

Rejection is not a default to the status quo, it is an active stance against the logic of security. Challenging such a paradigm opens up space for new alternatives.

Burke 02 ~Anthony, Alternatives pp. 27~

 It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for freedom
AND
there is a world after security, and what its shimmering possibilities might be

Tournament: Berkner HS | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Prosper | Judge: PJ Martinez, Collin Quinn
Substantial T 1NC (Cuba)

Interpretation-

"Substantially" means great in amount

Random House, 2009
~Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "Substantially," http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantially, mss~
sub?stan?tial  ~suhb-stan-shuhl~
–adjective

1.  of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.
   2.  of a corporeal or material nature; tangible; real.
   3.  of solid character or quality; firm, stout, or strong: a substantial physique.
   4.  basic or essential; fundamental: two stories in substantial agreement.
   5.  wealthy or influential: one of the substantial men of the town.
   6.  of real worth, value, or effect: substantial reasons.
   7.  pertaining to the substance, matter, or material of a thing.
   8.  of or pertaining to the essence of a thing; essential, material, or important.
   9.  being a substance; having independent existence.
   10.  Philosophy. pertaining to or of the nature of substance rather than an accident or attribute.
   –noun
   1.  something substantial.

In terms of debate we define substantial as removing more than 50 percent of the economic embargo on Cuba 

A.  Violation- the affirmative does not substantially increase economic engagement, authorizing licenses to help one portion of the embargo alone is a small action.

B. Standards- 

1.) Limits- if you allow the affirmative to debate small topics outside the word "substantial" in the resolution it will over limit the negative research burden and forces overly specific debates.

2.) Ground- over specification of plan action allows the aff to spike links to disads like politics and counterplans by saying their increase wouldn’t be enough to trigger the link. They justify excessively small and unpredictable cases.

C. Voter- Fairness and Education, its critical to preserve the integrity of debate, if you give the aff their 1AC it gives them an unfair advantage over the neg, they get the edge on evidence and literature on the topic WE DON’T, don’t allow them to cripple the neg by running such a small aff.

Tournament: TFA Region 2, Regional Tournament | Round: Finals | Opponent: Coppell | Judge: Colleyville LD Asst Coach
1NC
Text: The United States federal government and European Union should invite Mexico to participate in the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.

Mexico agrees- solves relations
Farnsworth ’13 (Eric Farnsworth, aff author 08 May 2013, Obama’s Mexico Trip Yielded Progress, Missed Opportunities Briefing http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12934/obama-s-mexico-trip-yielded-progress-missed-opportunities)

These initiatives are certainly worthy, but the leaders missed an opportunity to think bigger
AND
post-NAFTA trade and economic agenda that both presidents want to establish. 

And key to the economy and trade
Meacham ’13 (Carl, director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies "https://csis.org/publication/trans-atlantic-trade-and-investment-partnership-mexico-wants-why-not) 

Under this broad umbrella, there has been one question increasingly posed by policymakers in
AND
the biggest trade agreement in history, encompassing 40 percent of global output.

Tournament: TFA Region 2, Regional Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Guyer | Judge: Caleb White
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to …..

Contention 1: Solvency

Executive orders effectively implement policy with the force of law.
Mayer 01 ~Kenneth, Professor of Political Science @ University of Wisconsin – Madison, With the Stroke of a Pen~

These chronicles of presidential decisiveness and unilateral action are at odds with the prevailing scholarly
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lawmaking role is substantial, persistent, and in many cases disturbing."8 

?

Executive Order – 1NC Shell (2/3)
Contention 2: Presidential Powers net benefit

Pres powers on the brink – Obama has little presidential influence – Cowed by conservatives, supports those who backstab him, and betrays campaign promises
The Agonist, 7/6/10 (Aurelius, Freelance writer, "The CV Is Hardening: Obama is Weak", http://agonist.org/aurelius/20100706/the_cv_is_hardening_obama_is_weak-http://agonist.org/aurelius/20100706/the_cv_is_hardening_obama_is_weak)

"Weak," "wimp," "soft." This is a uniquely dangerous way
AND
to name a few, what they’re doing during the 2012 Democratic primaries.
?
Executive Order – 1NC Shell (3/3)
Executive orders are key to presidential powers – they control policies and set agendas.
Mayer 01 ~Kenneth, Professor in the Department of Poli Sci @ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Executive Orders and Presidential Power, pg. 28-29~

This theoretical perspective offered by the new institutional economics literature provides a way of making
AND
tactically effective within a particular structure context over which they have no control.

Presidential power is critical to advance U.S. agenda in foreign policy.
Bob Deans, 2000  (Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 1-23, Lexis THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY: White House power growing, accessed 7-27-07 )

Yet the U.S. presidency, long regarded as the most powerful institution
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new book, ’’A Century’s Journey,’’ that elaborates on the theme.

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