Tournament: UT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Reagan PX | Judge: Hunter Jones, Tyler Minton, Ryan Barden
2

A. Interpretation -
Substantial is meaningful
WordNet, 6  (WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
Dictionary.reference.com/ browse/substantial

Substantial, adjective
AND
"substantial equivalents"
Increase requires specification
OED, 89 (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Online through Emory)

increase, v.
AND
advance in.
Engagement is a strategy that depends on positive incentives
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

The term ‘engagement’
AND
important disagreements.

Tournament: UT | Round: Octas | Opponent: Austin SFA EE | Judge: Rob Wyde, Yao-Yao Chen, Brian Kersch
3

Text: The United States federal government should reauthorize the National Nanotechnology Initiative to continue nanofactory development. The United States federal government should not increase engagement with the Republic of Mexico for nanotechnology development.

The US has successful initiatives for nanotechnology development that solve the aff – reauthorizing the NNI ensures that this continues
Tour 11 (James, Ph.D. at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/Tour20Testimony.pdf, 12/26)

In order to achieve
AND
the existing gap.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: New Trier GT | Judge: Joseph Morales
1
Senate maintaining pressure on Iran
Digital journal February 9, 2014 (White House pressured by key senators over Iran nuclear talks)

As negotiations with Iran
AND
over the Iranian negotiations.
New strategies for an Iran resolution could derail negotiations: PC is key.
Ahmadi February 14, 2014 (Alirezi http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/02/14/350620/us-hawks-scheming-anew-against-iran/)

Republican hawks and the strong pro-Israel lobby
AND
between Iran and the P5+1 countries.

The aff drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven – Cuba policy is totally unique.
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch
AND
to take action.
No deal means we strike Iran – causes Middle East war
AFP News, 11/13/13, “New Iran sanctions would risk war, White House warns” http://za.news.yahoo.com/iran-sanctions-risk-war-white-house-warns-230957181.html

Carney said Americans
AND
to Obama's approach.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Acorn AJ | Judge: Leo Kim
2
Debate is a sphere of politics: the purpose of the space of debate is public deliberation for activities of world building and the collective decision of what this different world could be. The question of the debate is which team enhances the prospects for productive political action best. If we win the aff overdetermines the political relationship amongst the participants in this debate, then we should win the debate because they preclude the communicative ethics necessary for political transformation.

Lani Guinier 1995 (Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School, prominent Black legal scholar Article: More Democracy The University of Chicago Legal Forum
1995 U Chi Legal F 1)

The cure for the ailments
AND
at getting a chance at bat?

We contend the affirmative destroys the possibility for debate as a site for productive politics.
Performance is not a mode of resistance – it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146-9)
146
Performance’s only life
AND
rather than, as Benveniste warned, constative utterances.

The impact is totalitarian logic and violence; we are not claiming that we need some liberal universalism to guarantee democracy; rather, the aff’s obsession with securing a subject that can remain unaltered by others is dedicated to a means/ends subordination of the debate space to a mere support for expression of stable identity, which, in its unquestioned sovereignty, allows all violence done in its name.  – gender edited
Hannah Arendt, 1952 (public intellectual, professor at Columbia, Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government Author(s): Hannah Arendt Source: The Review of Politics, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jul., 1953), pp. 303-327)

It is the monstrous
AND
when it will abolish itself.

We propose an alternative conception of politics; reliant not on the what question of the subject—what are we? White, black, man, women; but on the who, which is irreducible in the pluralism of human experience. This plurality forces us to confront that freedom is not a condition we can pursue by ourselves, but is always constituted in our confrontation with others. Only giving up the quest of sovereignty and certainty of place can we truly be free. 

Linda Zerilli 2005 (prof of political science, University of Chicago, Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom)

What if instead we
AND
predict or control with certainty.47 

Our alternative is political because of its dedication to articulate matters of common concern. The aff’s nihilism, of giving up any idea of common concern in modern Amercian democracy, is anathema to true political freedom.  – gender edited
Linda Zerilli 2005 (prof of political science, University of Chicago, Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom)

What keeps the public realm
AND
publicly articulating matters of common concern.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Ryan Nierman
1

Republican debt ceiling deal on the table; but budget negotiations are key; plan destroys any negotiations.
O’Connor et al, October 10, 2013 (Patrick O'Connor, Kristina Peterson and Siobhan Hughes 4 Traders News;  http://www.4-traders.com/news/House-Speaker-Boehner~-~-GOP-May-Offer-Plan-for-Broad-Budget-Talks-Along-With-6-Week-Debt-Ceiling-Inc~-~-17341252/
House Speaker Boehner : GOP May Offer Plan for Broad Budget Talks Along With 6-Week Debt Ceiling Increase)

WASHINGTON--House Republicans on
AND
six-week deadline.
Ryan hates Cuba engagement.
Lake 2012 (John, September 23 http://blogcritics.org/romney-and-ryan-get-tough-on/ Romney and Ryan Get Tough on Venezuela and Cuba)

The Republican team of
AND
United States and Cuba,
Paul Ryan Key to a debt ceiling deal; he will balk at anything that will lose conservative support.
Hooper October 10, 2013 (Molly, the hill, Ryan steps up to shape a deal http://thehill.com/homenews/house/327671-ryan-steps-forward-to-shape-a-deal)

Paul Ryan is back
AND
at critical times.
Hitting the ceiling causes immediate recession and destroys the global financial system
Krugman 9-29-13 Paul, Nobel Prize Winning Economist, Rebels Without a Clue, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/krugman-rebels-without-a-clue.html?pagewanted=print

This may be the way
AND
Lehman Brothers five years ago.   
2

Topical affirmatives must expand ECONOMIC ties toward the target country—
Celik ‘11. Arda Can Celik. MA Politics and Intl Studies, Uppsala University. “Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies.” Pg. 11
Introduction Economic engagement policies
AND
in the same direction.

“Commercial” and “economic” engagement are conceptually distinct -~-- the plan’s only commerce—including both
Vickers 12 – Dr. Brendan Vickers, Research Associate on Global Economy and Development at the Institute for Global Dialogue, South African Foreign Policy Review, Volume 1, Ed. Landsberg and Van Wyk, p. 112-113

Conceptually, it is
AND
broader economic diplomacy processes.1

Voting issue–
Limits– there are an infinite number of specific exports/imports the aff could increase, makes an infinite neg research burden.
Ground– no one writes literature about specific commodities, and kills link magnitude for any disad
3

The aff’s epistemological understanding of security is based on gendered threat construction—guarantees extinction
Tickner 1 Ann professor at the School of International Relations USC. B.A. in History, U London. fgrM.A. in IR, Yale. PhD in pol sci, Brandeis U Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era

New issues and new definitions
AND
to undertake such reanalyses

Extinction
Nhanenge 7 Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT

Technology can be used
AND
these experts.  (Kelly 1990: 112-114; Eisler 1990: 3233; Schumacher 1993: 20, 126, 128, 130).  

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s gendered enframing of the world—simply the process of critique removes the ideological blinders inherent in policy-making.  The permutation is doomed to failure b/c the starting point of the 1AC was profoundly militarized  
Shepherd 8 Laura J. Shepherd, Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security Studies,” EBSCO

As discussed above
AND
what we assume to be legitimate ways of constructing knowledge about the world (Zalewski 1996, p. 352, emphasis in original).
1NC Steel Advantage
China influence in Latin America increasing now and it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time
AND
This is no fairy tale.
US-Cuba relations decrease Chinese influence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro ‘6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains
AND
of all parties involved.
China’s engagement in Latin America is key to its economy
Farnsworth, 12 – Vice-president of the Council of the Americas in Washington DC (Eric, “Memo to Washington: China's Growing Presence in Latin America,” Americas Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, Winter, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/Farnsworth)//VP

What is China doing
AND
across the Americas.
China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS

But imagine a China
AND
presidency than China
China influence solves every impact – collapse causes conflict
Zhang ’12 Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm 

As China plays
AND
to surprise the world.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Jenny Heidt
1
Immigration reform will pass and Obama’s PC is key – bipart support
ENEWS PF 10-17-13 ENews Park Forest, citing Luis Guitierrez, Member of the Judiciary Committee and the Immigration Subcommittee and Chair of the Immigration Task Force of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, http://www.enewspf.com/latest-news/latest-local/47094-gutierrez-optimistic-about-immigration-s-chances-when-government-shutdown-is-resolved.html 

Yesterday, President Obama
AND
politics of the issue," says Sweig.
Ag industry’s collapsing now---immigration’s key to revive it
Serrano ‘12
Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/
The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers
AND
according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.
Key to small farms
Gual 10
(Frank, Farm job, anyone?, Associated Content, p. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5877166/farm_job_anyone.html 10/17/10)
Those calling for
AND
from the local community.
Prevents extinction
Altieri 8
Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), “Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South,” Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115
The Via Campesina has long argued
AND
more so in the future.
2

Text: The United States federal government should lift the Cuban embargo if and only if the Cuban government:
- Releases political prisoners in Cuban jails
- Allows American investments in selected sectors of the Cuban economy and in partnership with the Cuban government
- Cooperates in drug interdiction

The Cuban government would want the above in exchange for lifting the Cuban embargo
Suchlicki 9 - Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami. (Jaime, “Negotiating with Cuba”, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies University of Miami, Jul 23, 2009, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FOCUS_Web/Issue110.htm)||DK 

I. The Cuban government would want:
AND
military planes and naval ships.
CP avoids politics
Kurlantzick, 8 - special correspondent for The New Republic, a columnist for Time, and a senior correspondent for The American Prospect (Josh, “It's Time to End the Cuban Embargo”, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, FEBRUARY 24, 2008, http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=19931andzoom_highlight=global)  EK

Another study, by polling firm
AND
bilateral relations with the island.
3

The aff’s epistemological understanding of security is based on gendered threat construction—guarantees extinction
Tickner 1 Ann professor at the School of International Relations USC. B.A. in History, U London. fgrM.A. in IR, Yale. PhD in pol sci, Brandeis U Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era

New issues and new definitions
AND
to undertake such reanalyses

Extinction
Nhanenge 7 Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT

Technology can be used to dominate
AND
view than these experts.  (Kelly 1990: 112-114; Eisler 1990: 3233; Schumacher 1993: 20, 126, 128, 130).  

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s gendered enframing of the world—simply the process of critique removes the ideological blinders inherent in policy-making.  The permutation is doomed to failure b/c the starting point of the 1AC was profoundly militarized  
Shepherd 8 Laura J. Shepherd, Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security Studies,” EBSCO

As discussed above
AND
 knowledge about the world (Zalewski 1996, p. 352, emphasis in original).
1NC Leadership Advantage

Hegemonic collapse is inevitable---restraint now is uniquely key
Posen, professor of political science, 13 Barry R. Posen is the Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy” Jan/Feb Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138466/barry-r-posen/pull-back
In pursuit of this ambitious agenda, the United States has consistently spent hundreds of billions of dollars per year on its military -- far more than the sum of the defense budgets of its friends and far more than the sum of those of its potential adversaries. It has kept that military busy: U.S. troops have spent roughly twice as many months in combat after the Cold War as they did during it. Today, roughly 180,000 U.S. soldiers remain stationed on foreign soil, not counting the tens of thousands more who have rotated through the war zones in Afghanistan and Iraq. Thousands of American and allied soldiers have lost their lives, not to mention the countless civilians caught in the crossfire.
This undisciplined, expensive, and bloody strategy
AND
over the long run.
Retrenchment is key to avoiding great power war
Monteiro 12 Nuno P. Monteiro is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, “Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,” International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness
AND
unequaled self-restraint.

Embracing the inevitable decline of hegemony is key---the alternative is a quick collapse which triggers their impacts
Posen, professor of political science, 13 Barry R. Posen is the Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy” Jan/Feb Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138466/barry-r-posen/pull-back
Of course, the United States
AND
more dangerous path.
1NC Trade Advantage
The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable
López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, “Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba,” The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years
AND
in an orderly fashion.
Lifting the embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms
Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//EX

Still, in a country where Cubans
AND
to be done.”
Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform
AND
maintenance of the status quo.
Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID

Some in the United States
AND
mass exodus of refugees.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blue Valley Southwest HS | Judge: Emily Parker
2
Topical affirmatives must expand long term ECONOMIC ties toward the target country—
Celik ‘11. Arda Can Celik. MA Politics and Intl Studies, Uppsala University. “Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies.” Pg. 11
Introduction Economic engagement policies
AND
in the same direction.
“Increase” means to become larger or greater in quantity
Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)
in•crease  in kr?ss
transitive and intransitive
AND
noun  (plural in•creas•es)
ADV 2
SMALL FARMERS OPPOSE BIOTECH
Buckley 00
(Stephen, Washington Post Foreign Service, “Brazil Battles Over Beans; Farmers at Odds Over Genetically Modified Crops”, lexis nexis, vc)
Hostility toward globalization
AND
than their conventional counterparts.
BIOTECH IS KEY TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Hutchins 00
The Role of Technology in Sustainable Agriculture  Scott H., Ph.D. Leader, North America Technology Development Dow AgroSciences, http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/hutchins3.htm, April 19
Sustainability in agriculture
AND
industrial applications).

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep TW | Judge: Jason Courville
3
Lifting the embargo will collapse Cuba’s successful health care model
Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)//EX

According to Steven Ullmann
AND
killed that vision.
Current Cuban health care effective model for elimination of disease
Cooper et al, 6 - Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (Richard S., Joan F Kennelly, and Pedro Orduñez-Garcia, “Health in Cuba,” International Journal of Epidemiology, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full)//SY

Two aspects of the Cuban experience
AND
most middle-income countries.
Infectious diseases cause mass deaths and extinction
Platt, 10 – Science journalist, Scientific American (John R., “Humans are more at risk from diseases as biodiversity disappears,” Scientific American, 12/7, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2010/12/07/humans-are-more-at-risk-from-diseases-as-biodiversity-disappears/)//SY

Well, according to new research
AND
Lyme disease," Ostfeld said.
4

Text: The United States federal government should lift all non-agricultural sanctions against Cuba.
Lifting food sanctions gives US agribusiness a free hand to destroy Cuba’s ag model
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge
AND
for sustainable rural development.
NAFTA proves – cheaper US ag products will industrialize production and destroy the Cuban sustainable model
McKibben, 5 – author, environmentalist, and activist. In 1988, he wrote The End of Nature, the first book for a common audience about global warming. He is the co-founder and Chairman of the Board at 350.org, an international climate campaign that works in 188 countries around the world (Bill, “The Cuba Diet”, Harper’s Magazine, April, reprinted here - http://billtotten.blogspot.com/2005/04/cuba-diet.html

One question is:
AND
began in southern Mexico.
Sustainable yields are key to prevent food wars
Vatkiotis, 08 – Asia regional director for the Geneva-based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (Michael, 05/28/08, New Straits Times, “A hungry world tests skills of peacemakers,” Lexis) SP

THE food price crisis
AND
elite and popular grievances.
Food crises escalate and cause extinction
Calvin, ‘02 – University of Washington (William H, “A Brain For All Seasons”, http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/BrainForAllSeasons/NAcoast.htm) SP
The population-crash scenario
AND
from the North Atlantic.

Tournament: Memorial Spring Woods | Round: 3 | Opponent: Katy Taylor DK | Judge: M Agbefe
3

Text: The United States federal government and the Republic of Mexico should get rid of borders between the United States and Mexico.

Solves the entirety of the case and also solves war

Caplan, 2013  Brian Caplan, http://openborders.info/global-benefits/, access 9/21/13

Open borders are expected
AND
against those countries.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayzata DK | Judge: Ernie Rose
1

Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

The agricultural revolution in Cuba
AND
but for inspiration.
Engaging with Cuba leads to agribusiness getting a free hand to destroy Cuba’s ag model – causes environmental collapse
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's
AND
for sustainable rural development.
Environmental collapse risks extinction
Ehrlich and Ehrlich 13 – Professor of Biology and Senior Research Scientist in Biology @ Stanford University (Paul R. Ehrlich (President of the Center for Conservation Biology @ Stanford University) and Anne H. Ehrlich, “Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?,” Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, Proc. R. Soc. B 2013 280, published online 9 January 2013)HA

Virtually every past civilization
AND
of people would disappear. pg. 1-2 

2

The 1AC does more than just advance an instrumental defense of the federal government substantially increasing economic engagement-~--that undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential-~-- 

Resolved is used to introduce a policy resolution—limited to only the exact immediate question of the resolution
Robert 15 General Henry M. Robert, US Army, 1915, http://www.bartleby.com/176/4.html
A motion is a proposal
AND
where possible to avoid it, nor to the motives of members.

“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
action that you propose. 

And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling
AND
in the following discussion.

Second, effective decision-making outweighs-~--key to social improvements in all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume
AND
through reasoned debate.

Third, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development-~--we control uniqueness-~--university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates-~--government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined-~--and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations
AND
and act on information.14

Fourth, switch-side is key-~--effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
3

Their obligation to the Other necessitates the exclusion of those who are not a known face and legitimizes endless structural violence. The alt reconstructs ethics as universal indifference to all.
Zizek 2k—Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana Slavoj, “Smashing the Neighbor’s Face”, http://www.lacan.com/zizsmash.htm

One should therefore assume
AND
with regard to - the neighbor.

The affirmative is interpassivity—it serves to challenge the system, while preserving it to benefit and ensure the stability of global capitalism.
Zizek 02—Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana Slavoj, “Revolution at the Gates”, pg 167-172
The problem lies in the further
AND
the logic of the global market.

The impact is the structural violence of billions at the hands of capitalism
Zizek and Daly 4—Profesor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology in Ljubljana Slavoj and Glyn, “Conversations with Zizek”, pg 14-16
For Zizek it is imperative
AND
ethics which is not 

The alternative is to do nothing. Refusal to take action breaks down the pseudo-activity that maintains capitalism and steers away from past Communist failures
Zizek 08—Senior Research @ Institute for Social Studies-Ljubljana Slavoj, Violence, p. 207-217
Mutatis mutandis, the
AND
violent thing to do.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Damien BQ | Judge: Scott Phillips
2

Economic engagement is the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor – (energy) is non-EE
Rose, 8 (UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, SS)

Non-Economic Engagement and
AND
practice, is positive.
3
Text: Canada should assist Venezuela in liberalizing its energy sector.
The counterplan solves the case
Jeffs, ’12 - President of the Canadian International Council a non-partisan, membership-based research council focused on international affairs, Ph.D. in International Political Economy (IPE) from the University of Toronto, (Jennifer, Latin America: Land of Opportunity, March 22, 2012, http://opencanada.org/features/blogs/dispatch/latin-america-land-of-opportunity/)//A-Berg
The recent Republican debates
AND
have largely neglected.
Canada’s soft power prevents Sino-Japan war---it goes nuclear.
FATDC 12 – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, Stopping the Free-Fall Implications of SinoJapanese Rivalry for Regional Stability and Canadian Interests, 2012-09-14 http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/isrop-prisi/research-recherche/intl_security-securite_int/yuan2007/section1a.aspx?lang=eng)//A-Berg
This report discusses developments
AND
alliance protection wanes.
Regional instability leads to extinction
Toon et. Al. 7 Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder (Owen B. Toon, 2 March 2007, “Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science Magazine, Vol 315, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/SciencePolicyForumNW.pdf)//KP
*Secondary authors include: Alan Robock
AND
dawn of humans.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Shree Awsare
3

Their focus on textual hegemony recreates Pine Crest as the only subjects in debate rendering the inmates of Guantanamo and all of the colonial world mere objects for our analysis and strategy. They replicate the very patriarchal domination they seek to displace
Mohanty 84
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses”, boundary 2, Vol. 12/13, Vol. 12, no. 3 - Vol. 13, no. 1, On Humanism and the University I: The Discourse of Humanism (Spring - Autumn, 1984), pp. 333-358, JSTOR)SK

What happens when this assumption
AND
maintaining existing first/third world connections. 

And their discursive strategy is doomed to failure – the world is made up not of words but of real, existing people. The academic obsession with the pure terrain of symbols erases the materiality of the gendered body from consideration, creating bankrupt scholarship and political strategies.

Taft-Kaufman 95
 Jill Taft-Kaufman, “Other ways: Postmodernism and performance praxis,” The Southern Communication Journal, Volume 60, Issue 3, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via ProQuest Research Library Professor in the Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts at Central Michigan University, 1995  MI

If the lack of consistency
AND
the budgets that fuel them. 

No liberatory potential—the prisoners’ survival and emancipation is rooted in the necessary, the material. Intellectual freedom is a white masculine construct used to justify domination.
Mann 05
(Bonnie  "WORLD ALIENATION IN FEMINIST THOUGHT" ETHICS and THE ENVIRONMENT, 10(2) 2005 PROJECT MUSE) MI

Yet there is another philosophical question
AND
entirely in favor of discourse

Our alternative is to begin with the materiality of the experience of the gendered bodies of the third world – The only way to uncover the knowledge power regimes that guarantee sexual violence is to situate our knowledge practices in the everyday lived experience of third world women
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite of “special interest” thinking.
AND
theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.

Tournament: Memorial Spring Woods | Round: 5 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Stephen Garrett
2

Critiquing the empire is dangerous whining. Embracing their criticism devastates US hegemony
Kagan, PhD, 98 – PhD, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, adjunct history professor at Georgetown, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Robert, Foreign Policy, “The benevolent empire”

Those contributing to the growing chorus
AND
next American humbling.

Threats are inevitable. Retreat from primacy magnifies every international problem and escalates conflict
Thayer 6 – PhD, professor of security studies at Missouri State, Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard (Bradley, The National Interest, “In defense of primacy”)

A grand strategy
AND
equivalent of a blitzkrieg.

The alternative is to endorse and align yourself with American hegemony. The only tangible threat to US Primacy is isolationism – rhetoric of support is critical to preserving international stability
Kristol and Kagan 96 (William Kristol – visiting professor in government at Harvard University and Robert Kagan – senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PhD in American History, “Toward a Neo-Reganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs. July/August, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=276 AFM)

TWENTY YEARS later,
AND
military supremacy and moral confidence.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lane Tech MS | Judge: Hannah Nasser
3

CP Text: The fifty states and all relevant territories should substantially increase their
State action encourages nanotech development—current policies prove

FDI, 05 – Foreign Direct Investment (Premier Financial Times Group publication for the business of globalization, “The Next Big Thing?” http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1364/The_next_big_thing_.html)//VP

The US is by far
AND
government and defence related.

Tournament: UT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Katy Taylor AL | Judge: Chris Leonardi
1
Our interpretation is that the Judge can only vote for a topical plan and nothing more-~--otherwise the affirmative would always win on “racism is bad” which destroys debate as a competitive activity
Patrick Speice and Lyle 3 Debate coach at Wake Forest University, and Jim Lyle, Debate Coach, Clarion University “Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever” http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm
This notion of predictability
AND
of the affirmative. 

And, our interpretation is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means
AND
in the following discussion.
2

The affirmative is interpassivity—it serves to challenge the system, while preserving it to benefit and ensure the stability of global capitalism.
Zizek 02—Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana Slavoj, “Revolution at the Gates”, pg 167-172
The problem lies
AND
of the global market.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Juan Diego LZ | Judge: Nate Wong
3
International promotion of liberal governance is a tool for domination and requires permanent war
Nick Mansfield 6, Associate Professor in Critical and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University in Sydney, 2006, “War and Its Other: Between Bataille and Derrida,” Theory and Event, Vol. 9, No. 4
It is a truism
AND
complex becomes articulable.

Environmental apocalypse rhetoric makes warming inevitable---creates apathy and denial that turn the case
Foust et al. 8 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, et al., with William O. Murphy, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and Chelsea Stow, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 2008, “Global Warming and Apocalyptic Rhetoric: A Critical Frame Analysis of US Popular and Elite Press Coverage from 1997-2007,” Paper Submitted to the Environmental Communication Division of the National Communication Association Convention in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23
Elements of an apocalyptic frame
AND
to resolve the issue.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Matt Harkins
1

Immigration reform expands skilled labor --- spurs relations and economic growth in China and India.
Los Angeles Times, 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform
AND
 than not," he said.

US/India relations averts South Asian nuclear war.
Schaffer, Spring 2002 (Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)
Washington's increased interest
AND
good relations with the United States.

Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued
AND
US clash in the region.
2
Interpretation – economic engagement means government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between
AND
than to others.
‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its
AND
 it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan authorizes businesses and doesn’t directly economic engage with other countries
C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible for arbitrary agencies

2. Negative ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ‘engagement’

3. Extra-topicality – independent voting issue for claiming advantages that are not topical from the aff, makes it unpredictable and impossible for the negative to win, kills fairness and education.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Edina SS | Judge: Michael Moorhead
2

Ideological transgression is a continuation of the existing order—the power of the protest structurally depends upon the continued authority of the system.  The affirmative functions as a carnivalesque reversal of authority—we make a gesture of non-compliance that posits us as the “real” masters of fate
Zizek 95 Slavoj,  International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, LAW AND THE POSTMODERN MIND: SUPEREGO BY DEFAULT, Cardozo Law Review, 1995, 16 Cardozo L. Rev. 925

In the traditional patriarchal society
AND
with the national thing?   

Critiques uphold the existing system because they are a safe outlet for transgression, which is a necessary supplement to any system of power.   
Zizek 95 Slavoj,  International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, LAW AND THE POSTMODERN MIND: SUPEREGO BY DEFAULT, Cardozo Law Review, 1995, 16 Cardozo L. Rev. 925

The proper way
AND
with a specific form of enjoyment).

Assume the position of the analyst to interrogate their libidinal desire to maintain the status quo
Žižek 2k Senior Researcher @ University of Ljubljana, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality 124-127

Now I can also answer
AND
towards the Real.