Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
Their engagement the Otherness is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression
Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93
(Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) 

The Orientalist has a special … have had our consciousnesses “raised.” *Note – under erasure
This is a form of shallow inclusion that reduces the interests of entire group to a sound-bite – they depoliticize the voices of marginalized groups to maintain the normative coherence of the nation
Berlant 10
Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997) 37, Questia, Web, 25 Oct. 2010.

More than a struggle to … promise of quotidian practical intimacy.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
AIDs Discourse
 Their discourse of fighting against the “threat” of aids leads to violence against contaminated bodies- turns the case
Feder ‘7 (Ellen K. “The Dangerous Individual(‘s) Mother: Biopower, Family, and the Production of Race,” Hypatia, 22.2, 2007.)
According to Foucault, plague created …  "posed by the other race" (1997/2003, 61). 

Aids Discourse causes hetereonormative domination
Wallinger 10 – THEIR AUTHOR (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2

There are three stages to ….  Barbados to illustrate its importance.
The modern world is dominated and controlled through a master logic of heteronormative whiteness.  This privileges white, masculine, heterosexual men and maintains itself through war and imperialist domination.  
Winnubst 06, Shannon (Ph.D. in philosophy from The Pennsylvania State) “Queering Freedom” 2006. p 5 

This is the domination and …  whiteness, that this text moves. 

Decision rule: our task here as scholars of economic and migration policy is to interrogate dominant power structures and the relegation of certain bodies to the periphery.
Luibhéid 2008 (received a Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley)
(Eithne Luibhéid, “An Unruly Body of Scholarship”, A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 14, Number 2-3, 2008 .)

Lessons drawn from analyzing power, … abjection of queers and queerness.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Mike Eisenstadt
Text: The United States federal government should abolish the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism and should retain the sanctions already levied by said list.

Revisions to SST list fall short of any broader ideological reform – only removing access to the distinction prompts change
Jackson 7 – your author (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2007, “Terrorism Studies and the Politics of State Power,” Paper prepared for International Studies Association’s 47th annual convention,http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1951/ISA-2007-Paper-CTS-Jackson2.pdf?sequence=1)

From a discourse analytic perspective, … number of distinctly ideological purposes.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES CAUSE A DECREASE IN RAINFALL IN AREAS WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITAION – THIS PRODUCES A NATURAL COOLING EFFECT BY KEEPING PRECIPITATION IN THE AIR
Center for Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change in 2002
(staff, “Feedback Factors (Clouds) – Summary, August 7, 2002, pg. online @ http://www.co2science.org/subject/f/summaries/feedbackcloud.htm wyo-ef)

Last of all, Rosenfeld (2000) used … tend to cool the globe.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High HO | Judge: David Gardner
The Cuban ag model is being adopted now
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

The agricultural revolution in Cuba …their innovations, but for inspiration.

Lifting sanctions destroys cubas model
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's …strategies for sustainable rural development.

That solves extinction
Peters, 10 –  LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)

An adequate food supply is … supply of fresh, nutritious food.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
The aff reduces inequality to a question of enlightenment VS ignorance. if we just knew how we were oppressing people, we wouldn't do it anymore. These are their education arguments. but this form of classism assumes that racism is the fault of the backwards, the uneducated. this burden often falls on the working class poor and deflects responsibility for systemic white privilege. 

Ahmed 04.  
Sarah.  “Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism”.  Borderlands  Volume 3.  Number 2. University of Lancaster http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm. - M.E. 

37. Of course, if you live.. subject-constitution of whiteness studies?

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic HM | Judge: Max Bugrov, Jack McGougon, Tim Lewis
The aff’s ethical discourse justifies interventionist violence against those they are trying to help – it posits humans as worthless victims
Badiou, 93 – Alain, philosophy teacher at the Ecole Normale Superieure and the College International de Philosophie in Paris (Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, first published 1993, first published in English 2001, Verso, pp. 11 - 13)Red
We don’t endorse the gendered language in this evidence

1. In the first place, because …  in short, of its subhumanity.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell PS | Judge: Max Bugrov
The aff’s liberalism reinstates their harms – subjects the subaltern to the slavery of the economy of ideology creating new master/slave dichotomies – turns the case
Franco “Bifo” Berardi ’09- a contemporary writer, media-theorist, and media-activist and teaches social history of communication at the Accademia di belle Arti (“Precarious Rhapsody”, 2009, http://www.minorcompositions.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/PrecariousRhapsodyWeb.pdf) CW

It’s a strange word, that …  info-labor no longer allows.

Thus the alternative – in the face of economic rationality we should withdraw from necronomics.

As capitalism withers away we must save desire and autonomy by withdrawing from impositions like the maintenance of a neoliberal subject.  We must use the recession and recovery as an opportunity to proliferate singularities as self-creative processes capable of retaining value and sustaining freedom.
Bifo 11 – (Franco, “After the Future,” ed. Genesko and Thoburn, AKPress, p. 147-54)Loyola
*we don’t endorse ableist language in this evidence 

Activism has generally conceived the …  considered as an unending process.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
A. Biodiversity doesn’t increase stability – stability is solely determined by the resilience of individual species
Mertz et al 03 (Leslie Mertz – biologist and veteran freelance science writer, editor, and consultant, Science in Dispute Vol. 2, “ Does greater species diversity lead to greater stability in ecosystems,” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5204/is_2003/ai_n19124307/?tag=content;col1, CM)

Although these and other experiments …  rather than simply counting species. 

B. Species extinctions are essential to stopping exponential population growth – the impact is extinction of all life on the planet
Boulter, 02 (Michael Boulter - professor for paleobiology at the Natural History Museum and the University of East London,  former editor to the Palaeontological Association, former secretary to the International Organization of Palaeobotany, and UK representative at the International Union of Biological Sciences, “Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man,” pg. 183-184, CM)

The system of life on … to start again from scratch.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep SH | Judge: Steven Sadler
Cuba’s health care and biotech industry very successful despite US embargo
Nature, 9 (“Cuba’s biotech boom,” 1/7, Volume 457 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7226/full/457130a.html)//SY

For a week after Cuba …  to contain a synthetic antigen.
The embargo catalyzed a mini-health revolution
Cassimally, 13 – Honors Degree in Bachelor of Science degree in Monash University (Khalil, “The Only Positive Effect Of The Cuban Embargo? Weight Loss”, Scitable, 4/19/13, http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/labcoat-life/the_only_positive_effect_of)//EX

Despite all the atrocity and …taxes on unhealthy food, etcetera.

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry
Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, “The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care,” Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)//SY 

Indeed, the development of the … product (see below Closed Cycle).

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall LN | Judge: Christian Luciani
Theres a small window of opportunity for Immigration reform, PC key and Obama is pushing?
Hartmann 1/8/14 – (“Immigration Reform Can Still Pass in 2014 During a Few Weeks This Spring”
By Margaret
http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/01/immigration-reform-has-one-brief-shot-in-2014.html) DF

Even before the government shutdown …  students eligible for financial aid.

The plan derails the agenda
Hanson, 13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113U.S.-Cuba Relations
Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor
Updated: January 31, 2013JH

Ending the economic embargo against … of the issue," says Sweig.
Immigration reform is key to food security
ACIR ‘7 (December 4, 2007 THE AGRICULTURE COALITION FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM 

Dear Member of Congress: The …  and legal farm labor force. 

Food insecurity sparks World War 3
Calvin ’98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)

The population-crash scenario is …  warming from the North Atlantic.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Lizzy Canarie
Immigration reform will pass - PC key to early passage
Hartmann 1/8 (Margaret Hartmann, editor at the New York Post, The NEw York Post: News and Politics, 1/8/14, "Immigration Reform Can Still Pass in 2014 During a Few Weeks This Spring", http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/01/immigration-reform-has-one-brief-shot-in-2014.html)GNL

Even before the government shutdown … that commitments can be kept."
Empirics prove any change in Cuba policy drains capital – they shape the formation of policies in Cuba
LeoGrande 12 – (William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, “Fresh Start for a Stale Policy: Can Obama Break the Stalemate in U.S.-Cuban Relations?“  12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf)

The Second Obama Administration Where… forces policymakers to take action.
Immigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ
Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of “White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You.” “How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy” 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)

The assessment is positive. This … more prosperous and more stable.
Economic decline causes protectionism and war – their defense doesn’t assume accompanying shifts in global power.
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods … debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High HO | Judge: David Gardner
Will Pass – despite a litany of obstacles Obama is on board and advocates are pushing hard
NVO News 12/1/13 – (Northern Voices Online “Immigration reform 2013: No chance of comprehensive bill’s passage” http://nvonews.com/2013/12/01/immigration-reform-2013-no-chance-of-comprehensive-billE28099s-passage/) DF

With hopes of immigration reform…in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood.

The plan derails the agenda
Hanson, 13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113U.S.-Cuba Relations
Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor
Updated: January 31, 2013JH

Ending the economic embargo against … of the issue," says Sweig.

Immigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ
Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of “White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You.” “How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy” 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)

The assessment is positive. This … more prosperous and more stable.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Alex Velto
CIR will pass - Democrats need a win, Republicans needs to win the Latino vote
Dee 12/2/13 – (Jim, reporter “Immigration reform top of President Obama's Christmas list”
http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/immigration-reform-top-of-president-obamas-christmas-list-29800989.html) DF

Given the train-wreck roll-… want it. Republicans need it."¶ 

Empirics prove any change in Cuba policy drains capital – they shape the formation of policies in Cuba
LeoGrande 12 – (William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, “Fresh Start for a Stale Policy: Can Obama Break the Stalemate in U.S.-Cuban Relations?“  12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf)

The Second Obama Administration Where …  forces policymakers to take action. 

Obama’s political capital key to passage of immigration reform
Laura Matthews, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama,” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)

Still, pro-immigration advocates are … House and signed into law.”

mmigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ
Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of “White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You.” “How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy” 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)

The assessment is positive. This … more prosperous and more stable.

Economic decline causes protectionism and war – their defense doesn’t assume accompanying shifts in global power.
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods …  debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leucadia Independent GY | Judge: Scott Phillips
Obama is pushing immigration – its top priority, this year is key – don’t want to put it off
The Washington Times 2/14/14 (http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/feb/14/obama-says-immigration-reform-still-priority-2014/?page=2 “Obama taunts ‘scared’ Republicans, says immigration reform is a priority”) CHM

President Obama told House Democrats… your eye on the ball.”

PC Key
Sink, 2/14/14 (DO NOT READ WITH XO CP!! Justin is an experienced journalist and staff writer for The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/198441-obama-immigration-reform-will-get-done-by-end-of-presidency “Obama: Immigration Reform Will Get Done by End of Presidency”) CHM

Obama cast House Republicans as … are in the similar situations.”

Changing Cuba policy requires a huge investment of capital
Birns and Strain 10 - Larry Birns, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Kelsey Strain, Research Associate at the COHA, November 18, 2010, "The Mid-Term Elections: An Easy Prediction for the Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations," online: http://www.coha.org/the-mid-term-elections-an-easy-prediction-for-the-future-of-u-s-cuba-relations/

As former U.S. Ambassador to … is worth the political investment.

Immigration reform key to increase high skilled workers:
Esther Yu-Hsi Lee, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, “Class Divide Widens Between Low-Wage And High-Wage Workers In Silicon Valley,”  http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/10/16/2779601/wage-immigrants-silicon-valley/, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)

Faced with a growing need …  in the Senate immigration bill.
Skilled worker access will determine the future of the biotech industry
Dahms 3,  executive director of the California State University System Biotechnology Program (CSUPERB); chair of the Workforce Committee, Biotechnology Industry Organization; and a member of the ASBMB Education and Professional Development Committee, (A. Stephen, “ Foreign Scientists Seen Essential to U.S. Biotechnology,” in Pan-Organizational Summit on the U.S. Science and Engineering Workforce: Meeting Summary, National Academy of Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=nap10727andblobtype=pdf)  

The scarcity of skilled technicians … attention to these important topics.
Solves bioterror
Bailey, 1 Ronald, award-winning science correspondent for Reason magazine and Reason.com, where he writes a weekly science and technology column. Bailey is the author of the book Liberation Biology: The Moral and Scientific Case for the Biotech Revolution (Prometheus, 2005), and his work was featured in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2004. In 2006, Bailey was shortlisted by the editors of Nature Biotechnology as one of the personalities who have made the "most significant contributions" to biotechnology in the last 10 years. 11/7/1, “The Best Biodefense,” Reason, http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/07/the-best-biodefense

But Cipro and other antibiotics … profitable pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.

Extinction
Steinbrenner, 97
John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-1997, Lexis

Although human pathogens are often … not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Cir will pass now is key - SOTU Sets up Perfect Time for CIR and PC is Key
Escobar, 1/31/14 (Senior Policy Director for Immigration currently, Felicia previously served on U.S. Senator Ken Salazar’s legislative team, working with him to develop his legislative agenda on a host of issues including labor, civil rights, judicial nominations and immigration. Felicia advised Senator Salazar during the comprehensive immigration reform debates of 2006 and 2007 in which Senator Salazar was a key member of the bipartisan group pressing for reform. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/01/31/seizing-opportunity-pass-commonsense-immigration-reform “Seizing the Opportunity to Pass Commonsense Immigration Reform”)

Three words sum up the … to pass commonsense immigration reform.

Plan is unpopular – Congress opposes regulations that occur, hate information sharing
Silva et. al. 12 – (Michael A., is a partner in DLA Piper's Tax practice Alan Winston Granwell is an international tax of counsel resident in DLA Piper's Washington, DC office Witold Jurewicz an associate in the Tax practice, concentrates his practice on domestic and international taxation. “Treasury finalizes controversial nonresident alien US bank deposit reporting regulations” 30 APR 2012
http://www.dlapiper.com/treasury-finalizes-controversial-non-resident-alien-us-bank-deposit-reporting-regulations/) DF

Bank deposit interest paid to NRAs,…  Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
 

Solves US-India relations
LA Times, 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see … plus than not," he said.
US/India relations averts South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer, Spring 2002 (Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)

Washington's increased interest in India … relations with the United States.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
Theres a small window of opportunity for Immigration reform, PC key and Obama is pushing?
Hartmann 1/8/14 – (“Immigration Reform Can Still Pass in 2014 During a Few Weeks This Spring”
By Margaret
http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/01/immigration-reform-has-one-brief-shot-in-2014.html) DF

Even before the government shutdown …  students eligible for financial aid.

The DOD is still tied to Obama- Hegel
Shane 1995 - Dean and Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh  (Peter, “Political Accountability in a System of Checks and Balances: The Case of Presidential Review of Rulemaking”, 48 Ark. L. Rev. 161, 1995)

The reason for the insignificance … do over "purely executive" establishments.

Immigration reform key to increase high skilled workers:
Esther Yu-Hsi Lee, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, “Class Divide Widens Between Low-Wage And High-Wage Workers In Silicon Valley,”  http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/10/16/2779601/wage-immigrants-silicon-valley/, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)

Faced with a growing need …  in the Senate immigration bill.

Skilled worker access will determine the future of the biotech industry
Dahms 3,  executive director of the California State University System Biotechnology Program (CSUPERB); chair of the Workforce Committee, Biotechnology Industry Organization; and a member of the ASBMB Education and Professional Development Committee, (A. Stephen, “ Foreign Scientists Seen Essential to U.S. Biotechnology,” in Pan-Organizational Summit on the U.S. Science and Engineering Workforce: Meeting Summary, National Academy of Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=nap10727andblobtype=pdf)  

The scarcity of skilled technicians …attention to these important topics. 

Solves bioterror
Bailey, 1 Ronald, award-winning science correspondent for Reason magazine and Reason.com, where he writes a weekly science and technology column. Bailey is the author of the book Liberation Biology: The Moral and Scientific Case for the Biotech Revolution (Prometheus, 2005), and his work was featured in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2004. In 2006, Bailey was shortlisted by the editors of Nature Biotechnology as one of the personalities who have made the "most significant contributions" to biotechnology in the last 10 years. 11/7/1, “The Best Biodefense,” Reason, http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/07/the-best-biodefense

But Cipro and other antibiotics …  profitable pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.

Extinction
Steinbrenner, 97
John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-1997, Lexis

Although human pathogens are often …  not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic HM | Judge: Max Bugrov, Jack McGougon, Tim Lewis
Capitalism is on its way out – a litany of factors ensure a collapse of overarching systems
FREEMANSPERSPECTIVE 13 –(7/9/13 “Collapse Of Capitalism: THE 9 PLAGUES” http://www.freemansperspective.com/collapse-of-capitalism/)
*We do not endorse the abelist language in this evidence

Let me be blunt: The .. both hidden and immensely powerful.

ID politics fails at universalizing struggle – It accepts the tenants of capitalism and the neoliberal order which will replicate displaced populations
Zizek 97
(Slavoj, The Plague of Fantasies, 1997. pg. 127-128HH)jc

In the paragraphs on civil …  framework of our social life.

We understand that there are multiple causes we must fight for – but only a mediating struggle can prevent cooption – class is that struggle
Dean ’06 -  Prof. of Political Science @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges (Jodi, Zizek’s Politics, p. 184-185)JC

An additional problem with the … problems of the system itself.

The determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1AC’s scenario in the first place
Dyer-Witherford (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999
Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.

For capitalism, the use of …  backfired is all too obvious.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Misty Tippets, Chris Crowe, Kendra Doty
Capitalist economic development facilitates societal improvement and is self-correcting and sustainable
Goklany, Political Economy Research Center, 2007
Indur, Julia Simon Fellow @ the Political Economy Research Center, Reason.com, “Now for the Good News,” 3/23/2007, http://reason.com/archives/2007/03/23/now-for-the-good-news

Environmentalists and globalization foes are …  goods breed stagnation or regression.  

No transition away from growth

A) Economic weakness consolidates elite power and doesn’t change mindsets
Mead 9 – Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations  (Walter Russell, The New Republic, “Only Makes You Stronger”, 2/4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8andp=2)

But, in many other countries where … the list of financial crises.

B) Too late to quit—transition causes extinction and environmental collapse
Martin Lewis, 1994. Lecturer in history and director of the International Relations program at Stanford. Green Delusions, p. 8, Google Books.

Finally, the radical green movement …  in an already industrialized society.

C) Collapse causes global transition wars-~--turns all their impacts
Panzner 8 – Michael J. Panzner, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, 2008, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138

Continuing calls for curbs on …  of a new world war.   
D) Societal logics exists independent of individuals, means affs individual rejection does nothing to resolve the logic of growth
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50)

One important aspect of this … , its constants and its variables’.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Cap solves racismand is critical to reaching out to the Other
Hood 98
John Hood, 98 (president of the John Locke Foundation, http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=3493)

Naturally, racial stereotypes, invidious discrimination… through politics or social activism. 

Capitalism is essential to solve environmental problems – tech and wealth
Norberg 05
Johan Norberg, 10/11/05 (fellow at the Swedish think tank Timbro, http://www.johannorberg.net/?page=articlesandarticleid=143)

But Heilbroner did not make … able to continue doing that. 

Evaluate impacts within the framework of neoliberal knowledge production – market relations are stable social constructions that people assume to be true – only using them as a starting point is politically productive
Jones and Spicer ‘9
(Campbell, Senior Lecturer in the School of Management at U of Leicester, Andre, Associate Professor in the Dept of Industrial Relations @ Warwick Business School U of Warwick, Unmasking the Entrepreneur, pgs. 22-23)

The third strand in our … (see for example Swedberg, 2000).
Capitalism will reform to sustain itself
AFP 8 (Atlantic Free Press, “Creative Destruction - The Madness of the Global Economy”, 2-5, Lexis)

In 1997, a major financial … the verge of total collapse.
Capitalist economic development facilitates societal improvement and is self-correcting and sustainable
Goklany, Political Economy Research Center, 2007
Indur, Julia Simon Fellow @ the Political Economy Research Center, Reason.com, “Now for the Good News,” 3/23/2007, http://reason.com/archives/2007/03/23/now-for-the-good-news

Environmentalists and globalization foes are … goods breed stagnation or regression.  

Globalization leads to growth and solves poverty – turns the aff
Obhof, JD from Yale Law, 2003
Larry J. , J.D., Yale Law School, 2003; B.A., Ohio University, 2000,“WHY GLOBALIZATION? A LOOK AT GLOBAL CAPITALISM AND ITS EFFECTS”. University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy. Fall 2003, Lexis

The effects of globalization have…levels, particularly for the poorest. n52

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Aaron Kall, Stephen Weil, Kade Cottrell
There can be no equality in civilization, and the affirmative is crucial to the pacification and control of the dispossessed.
Layla Abdel-Rahim, 2008 (Beyond the Symbolic and towards the Collapse: Intro to John Zerzan’s conferences in Montreal, May 2008. http://layla.miltsov.org/introduction-to-z/)

The notions of equality and … , and the culture of Civilisation.¶
-
No way civilization makes it past 2100 – even with infinite resources and zero population growth, it’s a question of consumption of resources tied to centralization.

Kotke 2008 (WM.H, Published Author, “Final Empire” http://www.rainbowbody.net/Finalempire/FEchap2.htm Cites MIT Study)

The standard extrapolation of the … to live through the transition

Our alternative: vote negative.
We must refuse the blueprints and the traps of civilized logic in the movement model and its attendant hierarchy – instead we must realize chaos rules everything, trying to force order is counterproductive and authoritarian.
The appropriate question is whether or not we contribute to or detract from the momentum against civilization?

Skunk 05 (Felonius, Green Anerchy #19)

Along with the promising contagious … lives we create for ourselves.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
TEXT: The United States federal government should establish a permanent commitment to a funded, chartered entity responsible for reviewing and analyzing US performance in the science and technology industries, pursue policies to facilitate the stay of foreign students who are graduating from U.S. universities, and the immigration of highly skilled labor to the United States, particularly in the area of science and engineering, focus on cooperation efforts with the international community, and increase efforts to improve K-12 education. We’ll clarify. 

The counterplan solves competitiveness best.
RAND Corporation:  National Defense Research Institute, 2008 “U.S. Competitiveness in Science and Technology,” research study conducted for the Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG674.pdf, pp. 134-137

Recommendations for Policy- and Decisionmakers … data from naturally occurring treatments.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Scott Phillips
CIR will pass – momentum is building
Nowicki 11/2/13 Dan, The Republic “Flake: House immigration ‘breakthrough’ possible” http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131030flake-house-immigration-breakthrough-possible.html
U.S. Sen. Jeff Flake suddenly .. midterm-election politics bogs down Congress.¶ 

Immigration is top of docket and will pass now – political momentum
Evan McMorris, Santoro BuzzFeed Staff, “Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next,” 10/15/13. http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for

WASHINGTON — As the fiscal fight ..  of the House of Representatives.”
Immigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ
Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of “White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You.” “How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy” 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)

The assessment is positive. This …  more prosperous and more stable.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows ‘9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)

Of course, the report encompasses …  more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Clara Purk and Jon Williamson
Text: The United States federal government should propose through binding consultation to Brazil that the Export Import Bank of the United States should substantially increase financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico. The United States federal government should support this proposal during consultation and abide by the results of the consultation.
Brazil says yes – they want closer ties with Mexico for ethanol purposes
MercoPress 12 (UTC, MercoPress, a south Atlantic news agency, 12/19/12, "Brazil wants closer links with Mexico; Rousseff plans to travel next March", http://en.mercopress.com/2012/12/19/brazil-wants-closer-links-with-mexico-rousseff-plans-to-travel-next-march)GNL

And the big excuse for, …  collected by Petrobras in Brazil.
The Counterplan is necessary to both build U.S.-Brazil relations and build the foundation for effective cooperation
Einaudi, Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011
March 2011, Luigi R., Member of the Advisory Council of the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Distinguished Visiting Fellow in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement,” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf Idriss

Whether Brazil’s future policies will, …  reveals the complexity of the task.

U.S. – Brazil relations are high but consultation is necessary to maintain them – solves a laundry list of impacts
Meyer, Latin American Affairs Analyst @ CRS, 2010
3/5/10, Peter J., Analyst in Latin American Affairs at the Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA521243 Idriss

Relations with the United States … directed to activities in Brazil.
Amazon destruction causes disease spread and global economic collapse
Chase 96 (Robert S., PhD Candidate – Economics Yale U., Et Al., Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, Lexis)

The array of plants and …  Americans would feel the consequences.
Disease spread causes extinction
Scotsman, 95 (9-11, “The Mega Death”, p. 13, Lexis)

Bullets and bombs may be …  capability to engage in biological warfare.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Andres Gannon and Tom Woodhead
Text: The United States federal government should enter into binding consultation with the government of Mexico, by convening the U.S.-Mexico Inter-Parliamentary Group, over whether the United States federal government should implement bilateral automatic exchange of information with Mexico as it pertains to money laundering. The United States federal government should support this proposal during consultation and abide by the results of the consultation.

Using the IPG for genuine consultation is unprecedented and would boost the IPG’s effectiveness
US-Mexico Binational Council, 2001
September 2001, US-Mexico Binational Council report cosponsored by CSIS, “NEW HORIZONS IN U.S.-MEXICO RELATIONS: Recommendations for Policymakers,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/newhorizons5B15D.pdf Idriss

The U.S-Mexico Inter-Parliamentary .. on a year-round basis.

Mexico will say yes – economic benefits
O'Neil 09 Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
Shannon, July/August, “The Real War in Mexico,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, Iss. 4; pg. 63, 16 pgs, 2009

The foremost challenge in Mexico .. will push more Mexicans into poverty.

Prior consultation solves the case and is critical to economic stability
Ayón, et. Al, former OAS senior official, 2009
January 2009, David R., Senior Research Associate at the Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University, U.S. Director of the Focus Mexico/Enfoque Mexico Project, Robert Donnelly, Program Associate of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, former Coordinator of the Justice in Mexico Project at the University of San Diego’s Transborder Institute, Dolla Estevez, Consulting Coordinator of the U.S.-Mexico Journalism Initiative at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Eric Olson, Senior Advisor to the Security Initiative of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, formerly held senior positions at the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and the Washington Office on Latin America, Andrew Selee, Director of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Adjunct Prof. at Johns Hopkins University, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf Idriss

Crises offer challenges and opportunities ..  challenges that economic integration produces.

Genuine consultation is key to strengthening the U.S.-Mexico strategic relationship
Ayón, et. Al, former OAS senior official, 2009
January 2009, David R., Senior Research Associate at the Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University, U.S. Director of the Focus Mexico/Enfoque Mexico Project, Robert Donnelly, Program Associate of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, former Coordinator of the Justice in Mexico Project at the University of San Diego’s Transborder Institute, Dolla Estevez, Consulting Coordinator of the U.S.-Mexico Journalism Initiative at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Eric Olson, Senior Advisor to the Security Initiative of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, formerly held senior positions at the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and the Washington Office on Latin America, Andrew Selee, Director of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Adjunct Prof. at Johns Hopkins University, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf Idriss

This report is based on ..  natural resources at the border. 

That’s key to Central American instability, turns the aff
Selee and Wilson 12 Andrew, Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute at the Wilson Center, Christopher, associate with the Mexico Institute, “A New Agenda with Mexico,” Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf

As Mexico’s security crisis begins ..  region’s political and social landscape.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Alex Velto
CP text: The United States Federal government should ratify the Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and other Related Materials.
CP solves for US and OAS credibility
FAS 13  (Federation of American Scientists, “OAS Firearms Convention”, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/asmp/issueareas/oas.html, 2013)SLR

The United States and the…  terrorism and other important issues.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
Uniqueness overwhelms the link- warming isn’t the problem capitalism is
Crist, 2k7 Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse” Telos 141 Winter 2007

Rather than focusing on global … consequences of accumulating greenhouse gases.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
The United States federal government should request the governments of Brazil and Mexico engage in dialogue with Cuba on its behalf as per Iglesias. The United States federal government should implement any resulting policy recommendations made by Brazil and Mexico following the dialogue toward Cuba.

Solves the case and avoids politics
Iglesias, Commander in the U.S. Navy, 2012
Carlos, United States Navy Commander, “United States Security Policy Implications of a Post-Fidel Cuba,” manuscript submitted in partial fulfillment of the Masters of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College, United States Army War College Strategy Research Project Idriss

Unlike the policy implications above ….  anti-American influences (e.g. Chávez).100

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Palos Verde Peninsula SW | Judge: Kendra Doty
Lifting sanctions destroys Cuba’s urban agriculture system
Gonzalez 3 (Carmen, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA”, Summer of 2003, book p. 729-33, Assistant Professor at Seattle University School of Law)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest … borne of crisis and isolation. 

Urban agriculture is key to Cuban quality of life and is modeled internationally
Peters 10 (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf, LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law)

While urban agriculture was a .. affect Cuba’s food distribution system.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Lizzy Canarie
Text:
- The United States federal government should publically acknowledge that Cuba’s current reforms are genuine.
- Specifically, President Obama should expand categories of opportunities for Americans to visit to Cuba.  

US support for Cuban Reforms and loosening travel restrictions solve Cuban economy, but keeps the embargo in place
Laverty 11 – (Collin Laverty is a Cuba consultant at the Center for Democracy in the Americas. “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for US Policy”. 2011. http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

We have a new opportunity… and jobs for small businesses.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Ross Garrett, Christian Bato
Failure to dedevelop ensures global pandemics and extinction
Frank Ryan, M.D., 1997, virus X, p. 366

How might the human race …  extinction of the human species?

Tech fixes without decreasing consumption risk extinction – don’t address the root cause of climate change
Godhaven 9 (Merrick, environmental writer and activist, “Swapping technologies fails to address the root causes of climate change,” July 15, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/cif-green/2009/jul/15/technofix-climate-change)

Technology is part of the … as more important than survival.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Aaron Kall, Stephen Weil, Kade Cottrell
The brink is now- US stock markets and corporate returns are faltering, it is spilling over to the global economy
Associated Press 1/31/14 (“US stocks end tough January with another decline”, Boston Herald, http://bostonherald.com/business/business_markets/2014/01/us_stocks_end_tough_january_with_another_decline) LEA

Concerns about the global economy … Turkey, South Africa and Argentina.

Growth unsustainable because resource depletion from water to minerals to oil – tech can’t solve
Trainer 11 real-world economics review, issue no. 57 “The radical implications of a zero growth economy”, Ted Trainer, Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia, 2011

Before offering support for these ..  reductions that must be made.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
The distinction between US/Mexican forces fighting drug trafficking and narco-terrorist violence is a false one. Fighting drug trafficking intensifies an ongoing war against civilians in LA - turning their instability arguments.
Wright 11
 Melissa W. Spring 2011. Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border. Departments of Geography and Women’s Studies, Pennsylvania State University. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/65749

However, shortly after the United …  will be no more violence.

Tournament: Email | Round: 1 | Opponent: Email | Judge: Email
caitlinp96@gmail.com

dylantheconqueror02@gmail.com

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable
López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, “Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba,” The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years, … leaders in an orderly fashion.
Lifting the embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms
Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//EX

Still, in a country where … of work to be done.”
Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform….  maintenance of the status quo.
Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID

Some in the United States …. a mass exodus of refugees.
This turns every part of the aff
NAÍM, 1 – editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, “When Countries go Crazy”, MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy)//eek

Some countries can drive other … to the lessons of experience.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge: Chris Crowe and Scott Phillips
Cuba has an amazing system now--Lifting the embargo crushes Cuban healthcare killing millions
Garrett ’10 –Senior Director of Foreign Policy
Laurie, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?” (August 1010)
thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/.../Castrocare-in-Crisis.docx? / JMR

Cuba's economic situation has been …  as basic children's health care.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
Hard power undermines US diplomatic efforts which are key to solve warming, economic growth and disease – shrinking the military causes a mindset shift
Zenko and Cohen, 12 - *Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael A., Fellow at the Century Foundation (“Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012)Red

Since the end of the … policy that reflect that reality.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Alex Velto
Hard power undermines US diplomatic efforts which are key to solve warming, economic growth and disease – shrinking the military causes a mindset shift
Zenko and Cohen, 12 - *Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael A., Fellow at the Century Foundation (“Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012)Red
Since the end of …  that reflect that reality.

Accepting decline is key – hegemony ensures conflicts that will inevitably cause America’s own demise – a transition to multipolarity is key
Layne 6 (Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service, “The Unipolar Illusion Revisited”, The Coming of the United States' Unipolar Moment, p 40-41, 2006, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info3Aofi2Fenc3AUTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandrft.atitle=The+Unipolar+Illusion+Revisitedandrft.jtitle=International+Securityandrft.au=Christopher+Layneandrft.date=2006-01-01andrft.pub=MIT+Press+Journalsandrft.issn=0162-2889andrft.volume=31andrft.issue=2andrft.spage=7andrft.externalDocID=1174852781) ZA

At bottom, multilateral offshore balancing ….  America's next grand strategy.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Desert Vista LT | Judge: Collin Roark
Hard power undermines US diplomatic efforts which are key to solve warming, economic growth and disease – shrinking the military causes a mindset shift
Zenko and Cohen, 12 - *Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael A., Fellow at the Century Foundation (“Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012)Red

Since the end of the … policy that reflect that reality.

A smooth transition to multipolarity is underway now – economic decline, military overstretch, China’s rise, and shifting alliances mean the US has already lost its monopoly on global power
Hadar, 11 – Leon T., research fellow at the Cato Institute (“Israel's Post-American Future,” 1/3/11, Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12675)Red

It's even more challenging for …  had done in the past.

Heg causes military entanglements, increases instability, risks conflict with China, and kills US-Arab relations
Posen, 13 – Barry R., Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“Pull Back,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2013, Print)Red

FRIENDS WITHOUT BENEFITS Another problematic …  relations with the Arab world.

Hegemony is the biggest internal link into economic decline- the US can no longer afford to be an empire
Bandow 10(Doug Bandow, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, former special assistant to President Reagan, J.D. from Stanford University, April 19, 2010, “Bankrupt Empire”, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/bankrupt-empire) ZA

The United States government is …  with a normal foreign policy.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Scott Phillips
Accepting decline is key – hegemony ensures conflicts that will inevitably cause America’s own demise – a transition to multipolarity is key
Layne 6(Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service, “The Unipolar Illusion Revisited”, The Coming of the United States' Unipolar Moment, p 40-41, 2006, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info3Aofi2Fenc3AUTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandrft.atitle=The+Unipolar+Illusion+Revisitedandrft.jtitle=International+Securityandrft.au=Christopher+Layneandrft.date=2006-01-01andrft.pub=MIT+Press+Journalsandrft.issn=0162-2889andrft.volume=31andrft.issue=2andrft.spage=7andrft.externalDocID=1174852781) ZA
At bottom, multilateral offshore balancing …  is America's next grand strategy.

Hard power undermines US diplomatic efforts which are key to solve warming, economic growth and disease – shrinking the military causes a mindset shift-
Zenko and Cohen, 12 - *Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael A., Fellow at the Century Foundation (“Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012)Red
Since the end of the …  policy that reflect that reality.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Misty Tippets, Chris Crowe, Kendra Doty
The affirmative’s framework is bankrupt – the psyche can’t possibly be ‘first’ because it takes no specific form outside of social interactions. A claim of an independent psyche naturalizes power relations
Butler, Prof Rhetoric and Comp Lit @ UC-Berkeley, 2000
(Judith, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, ed Butler, Laclau, Zizek, p 153-4)

Whereas I accept the psychoanalytic … does not imply its autonomy.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Misty Tippets, Chris Crowe, Kendra Doty
Their focus on the psyche trades off with science
Winther, 99 - psychologist (Mats, http://home.swipnet.se/~w-73784/hillmcrit.htm)//ahayes

Hillman's notion of a world-…  an exaltation of the psyche.

Extinction
Sokal, 4 (Alan D. Department of Physics New York University Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity)ahayes

Finally, postmodern science provides a ..  a reenactment of state socialism.91

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf, Roger Copenhaver, Steven Sander
The affirmative relies on binary thinking that blames the actions of others for suffering –
Their role of the ballot is who best performatively and uncompromisingly breaks down anti-blackness – i.e an exclusive focus as to how the black body is marginalized
This ensures the failure of resistance and develops a culture of victimization that recreates imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy which is the foundation of all oppression
hooks 12, Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea
(bell, Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice, pg. 43)

Clearly the future of diversity …  resist seeing the larger picture.
Conceptualizing the struggle for racial justice as resisting the oppression of black people by whites prevents reformation of white supremacist thinking which is the only way to effectively challenge racism
hooks 12, Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea
(bell, Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice, pg. 23)

As long as this nation … a focus on self-determination.

Orienting resistance against imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy is a critical means of naming interlocking systems of oppression in which we are both victim and victimizer.  This is critical to the creation of agency and the resistance of dominator thinking
hooks 12, Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea
(bell, Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice, pg. 43)

When I first began to … is the place of hope.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
The affirmative relies on binary thinking that blames the actions of others for suffering – they literally frame their role of the ballot around the deconstruction of capitalism

This ensures the failure of resistance and develops a culture of victimization that recreates imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy which is the foundation of all oppression
hooks 12, Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea
(bell, Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice, pg. 43)

Clearly the future of diversity… resist seeing the larger picture.

Placing resistance before rethinking ensures a counterproductive struggle that appears to alleviate oppression but greatly reproduces it elsewhere
hooks 12, Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea
(bell, Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice, pg. 43)

Even though origin stories which… capitalist or anti-sexist voices.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
Congress pulling punches now - Obama’s investment of capital is key to dissuade hawks and AIPAC
John Hudson, “Despite AIPAC Lobbying, Obama Admin Calms Congress on Iran Talks,” Foreign Policy, 10/23/13

On Wednesday, the Obama administration …. begin in Geneva on Nov. 7.

Changing Cuba policy requires a huge investment of capital
Birns and Strain 10 - Larry Birns, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Kelsey Strain, Research Associate at the COHA, November 18, 2010, "The Mid-Term Elections: An Easy Prediction for the Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations," online: http://www.coha.org/the-mid-term-elections-an-easy-prediction-for-the-future-of-u-s-cuba-relations/

As former U.S. Ambassador to ….. is worth the political investment.

Agreement on Iranian proliferation solves regional tension, Iranian prolif, and war now – new congressional sanctions crush the fragile momentum
NIAC, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the interests of the Iranian-American community, “NIAC Applauds US-Iran Diplomatic Progress, Warns Congress Against Sabotaging a Deal,” 10/16/2013. http://www.niacouncil.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticleandid=9893

Washington, DC - The National Iranian ….. U.S. into a military confrontation.

Deal prevents global nuclear war
Edelman, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ‘11
(Eric S, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February)

The reports of the Congressional Commission….. triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Andrew Arsht
Obama is holding off new Iranian sanctions that would scuttle a deal that makes war likely
Jacob Glass, Truman-Albright Fellow, “As Iran Nuclear Negotiations Begin, Threat of Increased Sanctions Looms Large,” Huffington Post, 3/25/2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html
Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries -- Russia, China, Britain, France, the U.S., plus Germany -- began a new round of negotiations in the Austrian capital of Vienna. While perhaps overshadowed by tensions on the Crimean Peninsula and missing Malaysian Flight 370, the talks mark a significant step towards resolving the Iranian nuclear crisis. Yet misguided calls by Congress to increase sanctions on Iran threaten to scuttle progress, and underscore the fragility of the negotiating process.¶ Over the past three decades, Iran has faced crippling sanctions imposed by America and the international community. Trade restrictions have steadily increased to block Iran's lucrative petroleum export market as well as the country's participation in the global banking system. All told, international sanctions have cost Iran over $100 billion in lost oil profits alone.¶ So called "carrot and stick" policies have long been fundamental to international diplomacy. The "stick" has been a sharp one, and has finally brought the Iranians to the negotiating table.¶ During his September visit to the UN General Assembly in New York, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani spoke with President Obama over the phone, marking the first direct communication between an American and Iranian president since 1979. On November 24, an interim "first-step" deal was reached to freeze Iran's nuclear development program and pave the way for a comprehensive agreement. The deal halts uranium enrichment above 3.5 percent and puts international observers on the ground in Iran, all but ensuring that negotiations cannot be used as a delay tactic.¶ Yet amid these positive signs that diplomacy is working, members of Congress have advocated for even more sanctions to be levied against Iran, specifically in the form of Senate Bill 1881, sponsored by Illinois Republican Mark Kirk and New Jersey Democrat Robert Menendez.¶ New sanctions would torpedo the Vienna talks and reverse the diplomatic progress that has been made.¶ Iranian officials have already promised to abandon negotiations if new sanctions are passed. Even our own allies, along with Russia and China, have opposed the move. Passing unilateral sanctions will splinter the fragile international coalition, needlessly antagonize Iranian negotiators, and make a violent conflict with Iran more likely. Diplomatic victory will only be achieved if the international community stands united before Iran.¶ To this point, the Obama administration has avoided a vote on SB 1881 by threatening a veto of the bill, and the administration's full court press to prevent Senate Democrats from supporting new sanctions has bought international negotiators time. Several influential Democrats, including Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut, have agreed to postpone a vote on the bill, contingent on productive negotiations.¶ Although legislation imposing new sanctions has been avoided thus far, the pressure on Congressional Democrats to act will intensify as talks in Vienna move forward. This round of negotiations is widely projected to be more difficult than the November deal, and inflammatory rhetoric from Tehran is likely. Nevertheless, sanctions are not the answer. Instead, we must continue to let diplomacy run its course.¶ Sanctions have done their job by bringing Iran to the table. In return, Iran expects to be rewarded with sanctions relief. The passage of new trade restrictions would effectively withdraw the carrot, and hit Iran with another stick. Consider the negotiations over.¶ The risks of delaying new sanctions is slight. The sanctions relief Iran is receiving is valued between $6 and $7 billion, and represents only a small fraction of the remaining restrictions blocking Iran from using the international banking system and selling oil. Should Iran prove to be a dishonest negotiating partner, sanctions can be renewed and ratcheted up. Most importantly, international observers will be on the ground in Iran to prevent Tehran from racing towards a nuclear weapon while negotiations are ongoing.¶ At the same time, the benefits of successful diplomacy are immense, as a comprehensive deal would be a dramatic victory for U.S. non-proliferation efforts. Further, the dismantling of Iran's nuclear program would significantly ease tensions between its two biggest rivals in the region, Israel and Saudi Arabia.¶ Our congressional leaders must not be so confident as to think Iran is desperate for a deal. The unprecedented overtures of President Rouhani to the West are widely seen as a test to gauge if a favorable solution can be negotiated with the international community. Should he fail to do so, hardliners within the Iranian government will be empowered to revert back to a pre-Rouhani foreign policy dominated by isolation from the West and an aggressive nuclear development program.¶ Our senators are facing significant political pressure to resist multilateralism and pursue increased sanctions based on an uncompromising mistrust of Iran. But history judges leaders not upon their conformity with party politics, but upon the ultimate results they achieve. It's time to negotiate with the Iranians on good faith, and begin the serious work of establishing a meaningful nuclear agreement that could signal the beginning of a new era in Iranian-Western relations.

Plan is unpopular – costs massive PC
Williams, 5/3 (Carol J. Williams, 5/3/13, “Political calculus keeps Cuba on U.S. list of terror sponsors”, http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502,0,2494970.story, accessed 6/24/13, Los Angeles Times writer)
Politicians who have pushed for a continued hard line against Cuba cheered their victory in getting the Obama administration to keep Cuba on the list. U.S. Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a South Florida Republican whose efforts to isolate and punish the Castro regime have been a central plank of her election strategy throughout her 24 years in Congress, hailed the State Department decision as “reaffirming the threat that the Castro regime represents.”¶ Arash Aramesh, a national security analyst at Stanford Law School, blamed the continued branding of Cuba as a terrorism sponsor on politicians “pandering for a certain political base.” He also said President Obama and Secretary of State John F. Kerry have failed to make a priority of removing the impediment to better relations with Cuba.¶ “As much as I’d like to see the Castro regime gone and an open and free Cuba, it takes away from the State Department’s credibility when they include countries on the list that aren’t even close” to threatening Americans, Aramesh said.¶ Political considerations also factor into excluding countries from the “state sponsor” list, he said, pointing to Pakistan as a prime example. Although Islamabad “very clearly supports terrorist and insurgent organizations,” he said, the U.S. government has long refused to provoke its ally in the region with the official censure.¶ The decision to retain Cuba on the list surprised some observers of the long-contentious relationship between Havana and Washington. Since Fidel Castro retired five years ago and handed the reins of power to his younger brother, Raul, modest economic reforms have been tackled and the government has revoked the practice of requiring Cubans to get “exit visas” before they could leave their country for foreign travel.¶ There was talk early in Obama’s first term of easing the 51-year-old embargo, and Kerry, though still in the Senate then, wrote a commentary for the Tampa Bay Tribune in 2009 in which he deemed the security threat from Cuba “a faint shadow.” He called then for freer travel between the two countries and an end to the U.S. policy of isolating Cuba “that has manifestly failed for nearly 50 years.”¶ The political clout of the Cuban American community in South Florida and more recently Havana’s refusal to release Gross have kept any warming between the Cold War adversaries at bay.¶ It’s a matter of political priorities and trade-offs, Aramesh said. He noted that former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton last year exercised her discretion to get the Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen Khalq, or MEK, removed from the government’s list of designated terrorist organizations. That move was motivated by the hopes of some in Congress that the group could be aided and encouraged to eventually challenge the Tehran regime.¶ “It’s a question of how much political cost you want to incur or how much political capital you want to spend,” Aramesh said. “President Obama has decided not to reach out to Cuba, that he has more important foreign policy battles elsewhere.”
Loss of political capital causes Democrats flop and support sanctions
Kraushaar 1-22
(Josh Kraushaar, staff writer at the National Journal. “The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind” 1-22-14 http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131122//wyoccd)
All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on Election Day, in an awkward position. Do they stand with the president on politically sensitive foreign policy issues, or stake their own course? That difficult dynamic is currently playing out in Congress, where the Obama administration is resisting a Senate push to maintain tough sanctions against Iran. This week, Obama met with leading senators on the Banking and Foreign Relations committees to dissuade them from their efforts while diplomacy is underway. "There's a fundamental disagreement between the vast majority of Congress and the president when it comes to increasing Iran sanctions right now," said one Democratic operative involved in the advocacy efforts. "Pro-Israel groups, like AIPAC, try to do things in a bipartisan way; they don't like open confrontation. But in this instance, it's hard." That awkwardness has been evident in the lukewarm reaction from many of Obama's Senate Democratic allies to the administration's outreach to Iran. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Robert Menendez of New Jersey said last week he was concerned that the administration seems "to want the deal almost more than the Iranians." Normally outspoken Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, a reliable ally of Israel, has been conspicuously quiet about his views on the negotiations. In a CNN interview this month, Democratic Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Florida, whose job as chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee is to defend the president, notably declined to endorse the administration's approach, focusing instead on Obama's past support of sanctions. This, despite the full-court press from Secretary of State John Kerry, a former congressional colleague. On Tuesday, after meeting with Obama, Menendez and Schumer signed a bipartisan letter to Kerry warning the administration about accepting a deal that would allow Iran to continue its nuclear program. The letter was also signed by Sens. John McCain, R-Ariz., Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Robert Casey, D-Pa. Democrats, of course, realize that the president plays an outsized role in the policy direction of his party. Just as George W. Bush moved the Republican Party in a more hawkish direction during his war-riven presidency, Obama is nudging Democrats away from their traditionally instinctive support for the Jewish state. "I can't remember the last time the differences between the U.S. and Israel were this stark," said one former Democratic White House official with ties to the Jewish community. "There's now a little more freedom for progressive Democrats to say what they want to say, without fear of getting their tuchus kicked by the organized Jewish community." A Gallup survey conducted this year showed 55 percent of Democrats sympathizing with the Israelis over the Palestinians, compared with 78 percent of Republicans and 63 percent of independents who do so. A landmark Pew poll of American Jews, released in October, showed that 35 percent of Jewish Democrats said they had little or no attachment to Israel, more than double the 15 percent of Jewish Republicans who answered similarly. At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, many delegates booed a platform proposal supporting the move of the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In 2011, Democrats lost Anthony Weiner's heavily Jewish, solidly Democratic Brooklyn House seat because enough Jewish voters wanted to rebuke the president's perceived hostility toward Israel. Pro-Israel advocacy groups rely on the mantra that support for Israel carries overwhelming bipartisan support, a maxim that has held true for decades in Congress. But most also reluctantly acknowledge the growing influence of a faction within the Democratic Party that is more critical of the two countries' close relationship. Within the Jewish community, that faction is represented by J Street, which positions itself as the home for "pro-Israel, pro-peace Americans" and supports the Iran negotiations. "Organizations that claim to represent the American Jewish community are undermining Obama's approach by pushing for new and harsher penalties against Iran," the group wrote in an action alert to its members. Some supporters of Israel view J Street with concern. "There's a small cadre of people that comes from the progressive side of the party that are in the business of blaming Israel first. There's a chorus of these guys," said a former Clinton administration foreign policy official. "But that doesn't make them the dominant folks in the policy space of the party, or the Hill." Pro-Israel activists worry that one of the ironies of Obama's situation is that as his poll numbers sink, his interest in striking a deal with Iran will grow because he'll be looking for any bit of positive news that can draw attention away from the health care law's problems. Thus far, Obama's diminished political fortunes aren't deterring Democrats from protecting the administration's prerogatives. Congressional sources expect the Senate Banking Committee, chaired by South Dakota Democrat Tim Johnson, to hold off on any sanctions legislation until there's a resolution to the Iranian negotiations. But if Obama's standing continues to drop, and if Israel doesn't like the deal, don't be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered a delicate stage. But in 2014, the tensions will escalate dramatically as a bipartisan group of Senators brings a new Iran sanctions bill to the floor for a vote. As many others have warned, that promise of new measures against Tehran will almost certainly blow up the interim deal reached by the Obama administration and its UN/EU partners in Geneva. But Congress' highly unusual intervention into the President's domain of foreign policy doesn't just make the prospect of an American conflict with Iran more likely. As it turns out, the Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act essentially empowers Israel to decide whether the United States will go to war against Tehran.¶ On their own, the tough new sanctions imposed automatically if a final deal isn't completed in six months pose a daunting enough challenge for President Obama and Secretary of State Kerry. But it is the legislation's commitment to support an Israeli preventive strike against Iranian nuclear facilities that almost ensures the U.S. and Iran will come to blows. As Section 2b, part 5 of the draft mandates:¶ If the Government of Israel is compelled to take military action in legitimate self-defense against Iran's nuclear weapon program, the United States Government should stand with Israel and provide, in accordance with the law of the United States and the constitutional responsibility of Congress to authorize the use of military force, diplomatic, military, and economic support to the Government of Israel in its defense of its territory, people, and existence.¶ Now, the legislation being pushed by Senators Mark Kirk (R-IL), Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Robert Menendez (D-NJ) does not automatically give the President an authorization to use force should Israel attack the Iranians. (The draft language above explicitly states that the U.S. government must act "in accordance with the law of the United States and the constitutional responsibility of Congress to authorize the use of military force.") But there should be little doubt that an AUMF would be forthcoming from Congressmen on both sides of the aisle. As Lindsey Graham, who with Menendez co-sponsored a similar, non-binding "stand with Israel" resolution in March told a Christians United for Israel (CUFI) conference in July:¶ "If nothing changes in Iran, come September, October, I will present a resolution that will authorize the use of military force to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear bomb."¶ Graham would have plenty of company from the hardest of hard liners in his party. In August 2012, Romney national security adviser and pardoned Iran-Contra architect Elliott Abrams called for a war authorization in the pages of the Weekly Standard. And just two weeks ago, Norman Podhoretz used his Wall Street Journal op-ed to urge the Obama administration to "strike Iran now" to avoid "the nuclear war sure to come."¶ But at the end of the day, the lack of an explicit AUMF in the Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act doesn't mean its supporters aren't giving Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu de facto carte blanche to hit Iranian nuclear facilities. The ensuing Iranian retaliation against to Israeli and American interests would almost certainly trigger the commitment of U.S. forces anyway.¶ Even if the Israelis alone launched a strike against Iran's atomic sites, Tehran will almost certainly hit back against U.S. targets in the Straits of Hormuz, in the region, possibly in Europe and even potentially in the American homeland. Israel would face certain retaliation from Hezbollah rockets launched from Lebanon and Hamas missiles raining down from Gaza.¶ That's why former Bush Defense Secretary Bob Gates and CIA head Michael Hayden raising the alarms about the "disastrous" impact of the supposedly surgical strikes against the Ayatollah's nuclear infrastructure. As the New York Times reported in March 2012, "A classified war simulation held this month to assess the repercussions of an Israeli attack on Iran forecasts that the strike would lead to a wider regional war, which could draw in the United States and leave hundreds of Americans dead, according to American officials." And that September, a bipartisan group of U.S. foreign policy leaders including Brent Scowcroft, retired Admiral William Fallon, former Republican Senator (now Obama Pentagon chief) Chuck Hagel, retired General Anthony Zinni and former Ambassador Thomas Pickering concluded that American attacks with the objective of "ensuring that Iran never acquires a nuclear bomb" would "need to conduct a significantly expanded air and sea war over a prolonged period of time, likely several years." (Accomplishing regime change, the authors noted, would mean an occupation of Iran requiring a "commitment of resources and personnel greater than what the U.S. has expended over the past 10 years in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars combined.") The anticipated blowback?¶ Serious costs to U.S. interests would also be felt over the longer term, we believe, with problematic consequences for global and regional stability, including economic stability. A dynamic of escalation, action, and counteraction could produce serious unintended consequences that would significantly increase all of these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

War with Iran escalates and draws in all major powers
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including a regional war, global economic collapse and a major power clash.¶ For an Israeli campaign to succeed, it must be quick and decisive. This requires an attack that would be so overwhelming that Iran would not dare to respond in full force.¶ Such an outcome is extremely unlikely since the locations of some of Iran’s nuclear facilities are not fully known and known facilities are buried deep underground.¶ All of these widely spread facilities are shielded by elaborate air defense systems constructed not only by the Iranians but also the Chinese and, likely, the Russians as well.¶ By now, Iran has also built redundant command and control systems and nuclear facilities, devloped early warning systems, acquired ballistic and cruise missiles and upgraded and enlarged its armed forces.¶ Because Iran is well-prepared, a single, conventional Israeli strike—or even numerous strikes—could not destroy all of its capabilities, giving Iran time to respond.¶ Unlike Iraq, whose nuclear program Israel destroyed in 1981, Iran has a second-strike capability comprised of a coalition of Iranian, Syrian, Lebanese, Hezbollah, Hamas, and, perhaps, Turkish forces. Internal pressure might compel Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority to join the assault, turning a bad situation into a regional war.¶ During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, at the apex of its power, Israel was saved from defeat by President Nixon’s shipment of weapons and planes. Today, Israel’s numerical inferiority is greater, and it faces more determined and better-equipped opponents. After years of futilely fighting Palestinian irregular armies, Israel has lost some of its perceived superiority—bolstering its enemies’ resolve.¶ Despite Israel’s touted defense systems, Iranian coalition missiles, armed forces, and terrorist attacks would likely wreak havoc on its enemy, leading to a prolonged tit-for-tat.¶ In the absence of massive U.S. assistance, Israel’s military resources may quickly dwindle, forcing it to use its alleged nuclear weapons, as it had reportedly almost done in 1973.¶ An Israeli nuclear attack would likely destroy most of Iran’s capabilities, but a crippled Iran and its coalition could still attack neighboring oil facilities, unleash global terrorism, plant mines in the Persian Gulf and impair maritime trade in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean.¶ Middle Eastern oil shipments would likely slow to a trickle as production declines due to the war and insurance companies decide to drop their risky Middle Eastern clients. Iran and Venezuela would likely stop selling oil to the United States and Europe.¶ From there, things could deteriorate as they did in the 1930s. The world economy would head into a tailspin; international acrimony would rise; and Iraqi and Afghani citizens might fully turn on the United States, immediately requiring the deployment of more American troops.¶ Russia, China, Venezuela, and maybe Brazil and Turkey—all of which essentially support Iran—could be tempted to form an alliance and openly challenge the U.S. hegemony.¶ Russia and China might rearm their injured Iranian protege overnight, just as Nixon rearmed Israel, and threaten to intervene, just as the U.S.S.R. threatened to join Egypt and Syria in 1973. President Obama’s response would likely put U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.¶ Iran may well feel duty-bound to respond to a unilateral attack by its Israeli archenemy, but it knows that it could not take on the United States head-to-head. In contrast, if the United States leads the attack, Iran’s response would likely be muted.¶ If Iran chooses to absorb an American-led strike, its allies would likely protest and send weapons but would probably not risk using force.¶ While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf, Roger Copenhaver, Steven Sander
Vote negative to affirm the aff without the use of the phrase “Latin America”
The phrase “Latin” America is a product of colonial nomenclature – it homogenizes the historical and cultural uniqueness of the region, turning the aff
Mignolo, 2005. Walter, “The Idea of Latin America” Pg 22. Google Books 

You may be wondering at … are identified) as “Latin Americans”

The counterplan solves their method–deconstructing normative understandings of “Latin America” is key to unravel the geopolitics of knowledge from the perspective of coloniality – key to adopt a historical and ethical criticism of slave-labor.
Mignolo, 2005. Walter, “The Idea of Latin America” Pg 22. Google Books 

Preface The narrative and argument … and educated in South America.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Puget SoundInterlake LM | Judge: Taylor Coles
the Affirmative should be read as a manifesto for revolution – challenges to the status quo have become the new model for capitalism. Their rejection of hierarchy and logocentrism become marketing slogans

Frank, 1997 – prof of American History at Univ of Chicago Thomas The Business of Culture in the new Gilded Age Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler ed. By Frank and Weiland; “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent”; Pages 31-32)

CAPITALISM IS CHANGING, obviously and …  soda pop or automobile manufacturer.

The avant-garde is the sacrifice Capitalism makes against itself to keep the system vital and growing – Affirmative “revolutionary” acts are always already part of system that they rebel against.

Mann 91 Paul, Philosopher, “The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde,” Book, 1991, page 45-46, 7/20/12

The very term "avant-garde" …way its history is told.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Bill Smelko, Mark Weinhardt, Joe Skoog
The first two cards are pictures so if you want them hmu - Caitlin

The impact is militarism—policy makers are using peripheral instantiations of anti-militaristic strategies to insulate themselves and develop smarter technology and more dangerous weapons, turns the case.
Mann 96, Prof @ Pomona, “Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare.” 

It would be a mistake … video games and smart bombs.

The alt is to reject the aff and do nothing. Passivity is a form of resistance that prevents us from becoming tools of power.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
FIRST, A TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM IS INEVITABLE AS THE SYSTEM WILL SOON BE IN IT’S DEATH-THROES—THERE’S NOTHING LEFT TO EXPLOIT, STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT IS COMING, PARASITIC CAPITAL IS RAMPANT AND IDEOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS ARE COLLAPSING

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo

p. 438-9
NEVERTHELESS, we may speak of … but inescapable process of transition.?

THIRD, WE SHOULD PRAY THE TRANSITION DOES COME—CURRENT GROWTH IS ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE: WARMING, ENERGY, WATER, FISH, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, GENERAL OVERSHOOT

John Bellamy Foster, University of Oregon, “Organizing the Ecological Revolution,” THE MONTHLY REVIEW v. 57 n. 5, October 2005. Available from the World Wide Web at: www.monthlyreview.org/1005jbf.htm, accessed 4/12/06.

The more we learn about … present represents a dead end.
FIRST, CAPITALISM DOOMS US TO ECO-DOOM AND EXTINCTION

Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 5.

As the world, or to …if we are to survive.

The alternative is to refuse action in the face of the crisis presented by the affirmative and do nothing

THAT WAS THE TEXT.  NOW, SO THERE’S NO CONFUSION, HERE’S THE EVIDENCE THAT SAYS THAT SOLVES:

ZIZEK 2004
Slavoj, Serbian Nationalist and Historical Revisionist, Revolution at the Gates, p. 169-171 wyo-tjc

Indeed, since the “normal” functioning … space and state apparatuses work.

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland BG | Judge: Scott Odekirk
FIRST, A TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM IS INEVITABLE THERE’S NOTHING LEFT TO EXPLOIT, STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT IS COMING, PARASITIC CAPITAL IS RAMPANT AND IDEOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS ARE COLLAPSING

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo
p. 438-9

NEVERTHELESS, we may speak of …  but inescapable process of transition.

THIRD,—CURRENT GROWTH IS ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE: WARMING, ENERGY, WATER, FISH, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, GENERAL OVERSHOOT

John Bellamy Foster, University of Oregon, “Organizing the Ecological Revolution,” THE MONTHLY REVIEW v. 57 n. 5, October 2005. Available from the World Wide Web at: www.monthlyreview.org/1005jbf.htm, accessed 4/12/06.

The more we learn about … present represents a dead end.

The aff fails to answer the right question – poverty can only be fixed after reducing the inequalities stemming from capitalism – this holds true in every society
Navarro,M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Public Policy, Sociology, and Policy Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 2007
(Vicente, “NEOLIBERALISM AS A CLASS IDEOLOGY; OR, THE POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GROWTH OF INEQUALITIES,” International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 37.1,  pp 60)SG

This enormously important scientific finding… second is above the median.

 CAPITALISM causes ecological destruction and extinction

Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 5.

As the world, or to …  if we are to survive.
TRANSITION IS THE ONLY POSSIBLE HOPE—THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE IS EXTINCTION OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH.  SOONER IS BETTER

LEWIS (Instructor, Sewall Academic Program @ CU Boulder) 2002
Chris H., On the Edge of Scarcity, “Global Industrial Civilization: The Necessary Collapse”, ed. M. Dobkowski and I. Wallimann, Syracuse U. Press, p.mac-tjc

In conclusion, the only solution …  web of life on Earth.

The alternative is to refuse action in the face of the crisis presented by the affirmative and do nothing

THAT WAS THE TEXT.  HERE’S THE EVIDENCE THAT SAYS THAT SOLVES:

ZIZEK 2004
Slavoj, Serbian Nationalist and Historical Revisionist, Revolution at the Gates, p. 169-171 wyo-tjc

Indeed, since the “normal” functioning .. space and state apparatuses work.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
The affirmative makes decisions in the way that they research, and their decision to not experience and collaborate with those whom have experienced the devastation of US militarism, because that is what their aff prescribed to do- their privilege as scholars provides them with the necessity of collaborating with and providing an opportunity for the voiceless to present their voices in your research on their own terms and in their own words- Lack of this kind of research ignores your responsibility- This reenacts forms of domination and colonization on those you claim to speak for and help.

Kirsch, 1997 ( Gesa, Prof. of , “Multi-vocal Texts and Interpretive Responsibility”, College English, Vol. 59, No. 2 (Feb., 1997), pp. 191-202, jstor.org)

At the same time, however, …..with our new interpretive responsibilities.

Epistemological considerations precede politics—it is the most authentic way to understand oppression to create effective responses to exploitation. Rejecting epistemology results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable. Our alternative of learning through first hand, corporeal experiential suffering solves the methodological problems that the 1ac presents

RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.) 

How then are human beings  …. change in the larger society.

And our Alternative is the rejection of the exclusive use of the laboratory type research that the 1ac has engaged in-  This promotes research that would actually include excluded voices on the peripher of US military presence in the context of debate- This is not a link of omission because you chose second hand research, which we criticize

MITCHELL 1998 Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, “PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE AGENCY IN ACADEMIC DEBATE”, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60

Possibilities for argumentative agency are … a tool of debate preparation.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell PS | Judge: Max Bugrov
The aff operates in a modernist logic of recognition that privileges “respect, freedom, and equality” and leaves UNTOUCHED the basic structures of oppression—betterment of peoples lives within the colonial matrix of power is insufficient to solve
Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ‘8 Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 148-50 DDI13

It is not possible to …. logic of lordship and bondage.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic HM | Judge: Max Bugrov, Jack McGougon, Tim Lewis
Narratives are accommodated into hegemonic structures- they obscure the connection between particular stories and universal problems and place certain truths beyond question- this is an epistemological indict
Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law and Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2

In the previous section, we … narrative of right and liability.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge: Chris Crowe and Scott Phillips
Engagement is the lynchpin of neoliberal expansion into Cuba
Wenston and Woods ’08 – political theorist and author and leading members of the International Marxist Tendency (Fred and Alan, “Vultures hovering over Cuba after Fidel Castro steps down”, http://www.cjournal.info/2008/02/20/vultures-hovering-over-cuba-after-fidel-castro-steps-down/)MM

They all pretend to be democrats .. state power at the top.

Neoliberalism causes poverty, social exclusion, societal disintegration, violence and environmental destruction—threatens humanity
De La Barra, Chilean political activist, international consultant and former UNICEF Latin America Public Policy Advisor 07-- (Ximena, “THE DUAL DEBT OF NEOLIBERALISM”, Imperialism, Neoliberalism and Social Struggles in Latin America”, 9/1/09, edited by Dello Bueno and Lara, Brill Online)AS

The currently prevailing neoliberal development …  remained mostly excluded (UNICEF 2001).

ALT: We need to take back politics – systems of politics are sustained only by our engagement with them – working w/in doesn’t solve
Meszaros 8 (Istvan, Chair of Philosophy at the University of Sussex, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time, p323-328)

The unreality of postulation the…  as an ongoing historical enterprise.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
The reason why the trafficking narrative is problematic in the status quo is because it obscures the rational economic calculus that creates the condition for trafficking in the first place- the aff just reinforces this narrative
Berman 2010
(Jacqueline, PhD. Principal Analyst, Berkeley Policy Associates, “Biopolitical Management, Economic Calculation and ‘‘Trafficked Women’’”, International Migration, Vol. 48 (4) 2010)

While an anti-immigration position ….. to the countries of origin.

Neolibralism causes extinction through environmental destruction, space weaponization and nuclearwar – focus on short-term wealth and attempts to maintain superiority
Marko 2003—(“ Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell's Problem”, Indymedia UK,
http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html SW)

Bertrand Russell throughout his long … occupy more of its time. 

ALT: Reject the aff’s method of solving for trafficking in favor of a structural criticism of neoliberal globalization—their authors concede that the focus ought to be how global flows of capital cause trafficking in the first place
Berman in 2003
(Jacqueline, Rockefeller Fellow, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA, “(Un)Popular Strangers and Crises (Un)Bounded: Discourses of Sex-trafficking, the European Political Community and the Panicked State of the Modern State”, European Journal of International Relations, 9:37, pMUSE)

While the `trafficking in persons' … called a crisis over boundaries.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Only a foundational grounding in clear principles of nonviolence can facilitate a successful struggle for liberation.  An approach that does not explicitly rule out violent tactics ensures an eventual move towards violence with counterproductive consequences  
Domhoff 05, Professor of Sociology at UC Santa Cruz
(William, Social Movements and Strategic Nonviolence, www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/change/science_nonviolence.html)

Despite the effectiveness of strategic nonviolence,… to 80 percent by 1980.
Violent resistance is intrinsically connected to violent masculinity and patriarchy.  The move towards violence ensures resistance failure and subjugation of those seen as weak
Bartkowski 13, Senior Director at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(Maciej, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, pg. 339)

Changing entrenched views about the … against other kinds of oppression.
Belief in the necessity of violent struggle to overcome oppression is not a neutral conception grounded in fact – it’s the result of an intentionally distorted history that privileges armed combat.  The negative will offer case studies to disrupt the dominant narrative of glorious battle for freedom in order to open new productive paths that enable successful non-violent resistance.
Bartkowski 13, Senior Director at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(Maciej, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, pg. 1)

Most people look to historical … and contribution of civil resistance.
We present the following case studies in order to challenge dominant narratives that valorize armed struggle and dismiss the power of nonviolent resistance:
Ghana - nonviolent resistance was able to quickly and successfully overthrow imperialist repression
Bartkowski 13, Senior Director at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(Maciej, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, pg. 63)

The newly independent state of … this process of nation building.
Algeria – They tried violent resistance first and it failed but nonviolent struggle was able to dismantle colonial occupation
Bartkowski 13, Senior Director at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(Maciej, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, pg. 120)

French colonization in Algeria was … failed to erase them entirely.

Poland – Nonviolent resistance was the key to throw off occupation but official histories have covered these success stories up in favor of glorified violent struggle
Bartkowski 13, Senior Director at the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(Maciej, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, pg. 274)

A critical attitude toward organic … essentially reimagining, the Polish nation.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Ross Garrett, Christian Bato
The characterization of China has a threat robs it of subjectivity and entrenches its role as antithesis to the US
Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307)

By now, it seems clear …  and 'they' become 'they' accordingly. "64

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf, Roger Copenhaver, Steven Sander
Personal Narratives are ineffective.  Doing so simply recreates the affs harms
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

Feminist discourse is not the … of those oppressed groups themselves.6

The aff’s use of personal narratives doesn’t allow us to acknowledge the choices we are making which means we can never actually address the problems we are trying to solve
 Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

In the examples used above, …  the articulation of the problem.

The aff’use of personal narratives in a debate space doesn’t allow actual mindset change to happen- it must happen in a space where all listeners can take the statement as an absolute truth absent the human interpretations that are made in the debate space
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

A plethora of sources have … is, free of human interpretation.

The struggle that the aff presents must be in a political realm- this undermines any absolute “truth” claim they attempt to make and puts it in the court of the listeners
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

On a coherentist account of … attempts to avoid such invocations.

This loss of control however does not sever them from their bad representations- in fact it binds them to it- this is the only way they can change and learn how to speak to different listeners
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

The conjunction of Premises (1) and …  accountability or complete causal power.

Historical narratives are subversion tactics by dominant hegemonic structure – they are attempts to rewrite history to make whiteness benevolent – turns case
Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law and Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2¶ In the previous section, we discussed 

how narratives, like the lives … narrative of right and liability.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Scott Phillips
Pharma causes nuclear conflict- Iraq proves
Matthias Rath 03 M.D., Physician writing to the ICC, June 14 “In the Name of the People of the World – Complaint Against Genocide and  Other Crimes against Humanity Committed in Connection with the Pharmaceutical ‘Business With Disease’ and the Recent War Against Iraq”, http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:70TrwnOXUOIJ:www.laleva.cc/The_ Hague/hague_complaint.pdf+icc+pharma+criminal+court+complaint+textandhl=enandct=clnkandcd=1andgl=usandclient=firefox-a

“For decades, the Pharma-Cartel … with weapons of mass destruction.”

MAINTANENCE OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY KILLS MORE THAN ALL HISTORY’S WAR’S COMBINED –  SUPPRESSION OF DISEASE CURE’S KILLS MILLIONS YEARLY
RATH FOUNDATION, DR RATH IS FMR DIRECTOR – CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH LINUS PAULING INSTITUTE, 2001 AWARD RECIPIENT FROM THE AMERICAN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ASSOCIATION, AND MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, 5                                                                                 THE DR. RATH HEALTH FOUNDATION, MATTHIAS RATH, “THE PHARMACEUTICAL ‘BUSINESS WITH DISEASE’”, http://www4.dr-rath-foundation.org/PHARMACEUTICAL_BUSINESS/pharmaceutical_industry.htm

There is an entire industry …  the answer to human diseases.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
Pity DA
The construction of suffering third world sex workers discursively carves out a space for activist to play their own role in Neo-liberal Capitalist Empire under the guise of suffering.  Policy of this sort fails to challenge the very structures of domination it seeks retribution from, turning case 

Doezema 2001 (Jo, PhD candidate at the Institute of Development Studies, University of  Sussex.  Ouch! Western Feminists’ ‘Wounded Attachment’ to the ‘Third World Prostitute’ - FEMINIST REVIEW NO 67, SPRING 2001, PP. 16–38)

 ¶ Abstract¶ ¶ ‘Trafficking in women’ has, …. what does politicized identity want?’ (1995: 62).

Politicizing identity is a reactionary act that arises out of the existing dominant structures and fails to shore up the very means of domination taken opposition to.  Invested in a history of pain and a politics of pity there is a focus on suffering breeding ressentiment. Their call to the state to “pity” victims of trafficking only reinforces their domination

Doezema 2001 (Jo, PhD candidate at the Institute of Development Studies, University of  Sussex.  Ouch! Western Feminists’ ‘Wounded Attachment’ to the ‘Third World Prostitute’ - FEMINIST REVIEW NO 67, SPRING 2001, PP. 16–38)

It is Brown’s contention that …  in women’ through ‘protective’ legislation.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul MY | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
A. The affirmative must exclusively defend a world in which a topical plan is hypothetically enacted
Ericson ‘3 (Jon, Dean Emeritus, College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging …. future action that you propose.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall CN | Judge: James Elias
A. Our interpretation:  The Affirmative should defend a topical plan or advocacy statement.  

B. Reasons to Prefer:  We will argue that debate is a Game and that Rules are pedagogically valuable.  This does not mean that our game is not political, only that the win/loss instrumental format of debate INCREASES inclusion and ENHANCES political radicalism.  

C.  Rules are NOT GENOCIDE: Play is Important- Rule-Breaking damages Play: 

1. It Violates Non-Consensual Reciprocity: Their appeal to the sublime power of rule breaking is naïve, self-destructive, and violates the basic premise of Fair Play… which is that we submit ourselves to ground rules even if we don’t like them.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

Under Erasure
The ideal polis of play …  as unequivocally coercive and determining.

2. Is predictable research and parameters
The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate
Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,
When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

What happened in this particular …  each of those key features.

Both of these are key to innovation and education in Games… violating them denies the value of the Game.

Sarratore 99
(Steven T. is Associate Professor of Theatre and Associate Dean of Fine  and Performing Arts at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne “Design Games,” Theatre Topics 9.1) 

The development and implementation of … pieces  outside of the rules.


D. The impacts: 

1. We co-opt their offense because Game rules inspire creativity and pedagogical transformation.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

The contradic-  tory combination of restriction … the limits shaping their interactions.

3.  Play Short-Circuits their Offense: Topicality is NOT violent. NONE OF THEIR EVIDENCE assumes a Game situation mediating social Play. Rules within games need to be viewed in their Particularity… NOT by their epistemology or ontology.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

From the early days of reader-… any of the shapes  obtained” (FI xi). ?
?

E. The alternative: Allow pre-formed rules to establish limits, but offer radical originality within, between, and upon those rules.

That solves – 

2.  The alternative is an ethical ideal for social power… preserving both the rules for instrumental play and the liberation of free-play.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

On the other hand, in … the ethical use of power.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
A. Our interpretation:  The affirmative should defend a topical advocacy statement

It Violates Non-Consensual Reciprocity: Their appeal to the sublime power of rule breaking is naïve, self-destructive, and violates the basic premise of Fair Play… which is that we submit ourselves to ground rules even if we don’t like them.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)
Edited for discriminatory language

The ideal polis of play … unequivocally coercive and determining.

The impacts: 

1. We co-opt their offense because Game rules inspire creativity and pedagogical transformation.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

The contradic-  tory combination of restriction …  the limits shaping their interactions.

?

3.  Play Short-Circuits their Offense: Topicality is NOT violent. NONE OF THEIR EVIDENCE assumes a Game situation mediating social Play. Rules within games need to be viewed in their Particularity… NOT by their epistemology or ontology.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

From the early days of … any of the shapes  obtained” (FI xi).

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GK | Judge: Jamie Cheek
A. Our interpretation:  The Affirmative should defend the implementation of a topical advocacy statement

1. It Violates Non-Consensual Reciprocity: Their appeal to the sublime power of rule breaking is naïve, self-destructive, and violates the basic premise of Fair Play… which is that we submit ourselves to ground rules even if we don’t like them.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

Edited for discriminatory language

The ideal polis of play … as unequivocally coercive and determining.
?

2. Is predictable research and parameters
The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate
Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,
When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

What happened in this particular… each of those key features.

Both of these are key to innovation and education in Games… violating them denies the value of the Game.

Sarratore 99
(Steven T. is Associate Professor of Theatre and Associate Dean of Fine  and Performing Arts at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne “Design Games,” Theatre Topics 9.1) 

The development and implementation of … pieces  outside of the rules.


D. The impacts: 

1. We co-opt their offense because Game rules inspire creativity and pedagogical transformation.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

The contradic-  tory combination of restriction …  the limits shaping their interactions.
?

2.  Predictable Research Outweighs their Turns: Failure to establish research parameters leads to the Failure of Design Games… and a Collapse of Play.

Sarratore 99
(Steven T. is Associate Professor of Theatre and Associate Dean of Fine  and Performing Arts at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne “Design Games,” Theatre Topics 9.1) 

The design games offered below… gamemaster ultimately controls the project.   

?

3.  Play Short-Circuits their Offense: Topicality is NOT violent. NONE OF THEIR EVIDENCE assumes a Game situation mediating social Play. Rules within games need to be viewed in their Particularity… NOT by their epistemology or ontology.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

From the early days of …  any of the shapes  obtained” (FI xi).
?
?

E. The alternative: Allow pre-formed rules to establish limits, but offer radical originality within, between, and upon those rules.

That solves – 

1.  Wolfgang Iser’s theory of Play combined anthropology and literary theory to construct a framework for ethical play.  This stance solves all their offense, while avoiding the meaningless of unbound free play. 

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

Guided by such an ethics … allow  meaningful exchanges to occur. 

?

2.  The alternative is an ethical ideal for social power… preserving both the rules for instrumental play and the liberation of free-play.

Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

On the other hand, in … the ethical use of power.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Andres Gannon and Tom Woodhead
Globalization is the process of globalizing masculine politics through armed conflict and economic intervention.  
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Michael Kimmel (2002) points out ….. the process of social change

Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs …… household labor in the home.

Sovereignty genders our political identities, defining it along lines of the "public" sphere of deliberation, state politics, while relegating the "private" the home to pure domesticity. This has historically marginalized femininity  in 2 ways: first by effeminizing alternative embodiments, expressions or values and second by materially excluding women from the public sphere.
Youngs 2004 (Gillian, “Feminist International Relations: a¶ contradiction in terms? Or: why women¶ and gender are essential to understanding¶ the world ‘we’ live in,” International Affairs 80, I (2004) 75-87, Pg. 8-10 KD)

Sovereignty is a core concept ….. contribute to insecurity, broadly defined.27 

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Why is globalization as a ….. experiences of women and men. 

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an …. will eventually destroy the world. 

Beginning from the subject location of marginalized bodies is the only way to make gendered colonial violence visible. This epistemological privilege doesn't stem from a claim about identity, but rather the position of being most impacted by these policies. Only by centralizing these experiences can we find a roadmap for global restructuring.
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite …. theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs … household labor in the home.

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3) 

Why is globalization as a … experiences of women and men. *ABLEISM MODIFIED

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an …  will eventually destroy the world.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West AB | Judge: Jordon Newton
Globalization is the process of globalizing masculine politics through armed conflict and economic intervention.  
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Michael Kimmel (2002) points out … the process of social change

Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs … household labor in the home.

Epistemological considerations precede politics—it is the most authentic way to understand oppression to create effective responses to exploitation. Rejecting epistemology results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable.
RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.) 

How then are human beings … change in the larger society.

This has the external impact of destroying agency by preventing active engagement in knowledge production
MITCHELL 1998 Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, “PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE AGENCY IN ACADEMIC DEBATE”, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60

Possibilities for argumentative agency are … a tool of debate preparation.

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Why is globalization as a … experiences of women and men. *ABLEISM MODIFIED

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an … will eventually destroy the world. 

Beginning from the subject location of marginalized bodies is the only way to make gendered colonial violence visible. This epistemological privilege doesn't stem from a claim about identity, but rather the position of being most impacted by these policies. Only by centralizing these experiences can we find a roadmap for global restructuring.
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite …  theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge: Kirk Evans
Globalization is the process of globalizing masculine politics through armed conflict and economic intervention.  
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Michael Kimmel (2002) points out that the underlying logics of globalization in capitalist production, market rationality, trade liberalization, privatization, transnational corporations (TNCs) and modernity are themselves gendered, organized discourses, processes and institutional arrangements that create and perpetuate power relationships between men and women in society. In fact, Connell (2001) argues that globalization is the manifestation of globalizing masculinities historically in terms of conquests, settlements, imperial empires and postcolonialization. Recent US war involvement with Iraq offers a contemporary example to examine how global and local masculinities, politics, economic interests and military might play out and erupt into armed conflicts. Gender is thus a critical dimension that must be factored into discussion of globalization and examined for how it creates differential opportunities, challenges, risks and dilemmas for women and men and how, in turn, it modifies the process of social change

Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs of globalization are caused by its inherent contradictions that create dilemmas, risks and rights violations, breeding inequality, poverty and discontent, especially in the developing world. Whether measured in purely monetary terms or social ones, globalization is not a zero-sum game, for it brings mixed blessings and unequal outcomes within and between nations and their citizens. At the macro level, globalization fosters technological advancement, convenience of communication and transportation, and economic development that reduces costs, encourages trade expansion, promotes global production and increases the wealth of nations, though for some more than for others (Stiglitz, 2002; UNDP, 1999, 2002). However, these same factors have also facilitated the threat of capital relocation, unequal partnerships in trade and finance, fragmentations in labor production, economic marginalization, relentless cost-cutting by the TNCs, downsizing of governments, curtailment of social and legal entitlements, retrenchment of social service programs, suppression of organized labor, diminished national autonomy, reinforcement of inequality between countries, and promotion of dependency of the South on the North. At the micro level, globalization creates employment opportunities and increases female labor force participation, wage benefits, economic independence, selfworth and more life options, although these advantages are still limited and unequal. Yet, even these same benefits are besieged with contradictions, globalization also produces adverse effects particularly for women – feminization of labor in segregated and low-paying work, wage dependency, labor exploitation, economic marginalization, poverty, sex tourism, and international human trafficking of women and young girls – further worsening the already low status of women and their life conditions and exacerbating inequalities based on race, gender, class and nationality in the developing world. The alleged payoffs of globalization are, in fact, subsidized by women’s paid labor in the formal sector, their cheap labor and meager income in the informal sector, and unpaid household labor in the home.

Epistemological considerations precede politics—it is the most authentic way to understand oppression to create effective responses to exploitation. Rejecting epistemology results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable.

RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.) 

How then are human beings to be reinstated in the discourse of exploitation as human beings? Fortunately, this is a problem for the discourse specialists, not for human beings. Human beings will not be trimmed down to fit the discourse; the discourse will have to find a way of being true to human beings. In the Gandhian view, the only course open for the expert specializing in articulating theories of exploitation is to join those he has transformed into the objects of his discourse, and to partake of their suffering. To incessantly engage in the production of abstruse "theories of exploitation" or to mouth the tedious rhetoric of history can be attributed either to the self-interest of the theorists themselves or to the pure satisfaction of cogitation, but must not in any case be confused with a "knowledge" of exploitation. It ought to be stressed here that for Gandhi, experiencing is not merely a requisite to developing good theory in the manner of the ethnologist or the Marxian's praxis; nor is it the mystical experiencing of the yogi in oneness with an absolute or infinite. For Gandhi, it is only the body's experiencing as a political act that connects the private and the public. This sets it worlds apart from the depoliticized construction of the body in the late modern West—the body that is content with ingesting natural foods and daily visits to the health-club/yogic therapies. In this latter construction, the body is instrumental to the transformation of the individual to enable him to be at peace with himself and the universe; the dilemmas of modernity can be dealt with expediently by making private choices in the direction of health and harmony. This fully adjusted wholesome individual on the covers of health-food books, for whom a judicious combination of natural foods and exercise has led to complete personal integration, harmony, and freedom from negative feelings, can only mean an easy cohabitation with an exploitative system. For Gandhi, "politics" is emphatically not a matter of formulating tactics and strategies for gaining the power to control and distribute resources, as it is for the Marxist; it is rather the living out of the day-to-day suffering of the exploited other within the embodied self, and of continually applying the experiential lessons of this suffering to the process of ordering our collective lives. The role of the body is crucial here because of the Gandhian conviction that more can arise out of the body than whatever order society programs into it, that there can be a morality that comes from the sensibility of the body rather than from the imperatives of the superego, and that it is by no means inevitable that our perception of social and political reality be channeled exclusively through the socially constituted ego. This runs counter to all the theories since Marx and Freud that have assumed there can be no feedback from the human organism except disorganized and dyspeptic resistance. Such theories can deny the body a critical capacity of its own only by reducing the body's organization to being either biologically preprogrammed or to being completely formed by social domination. By thus denying the body's capacity to contribute to political processes, these; discourses can then justify macro-socioengineering: because change cannot come from individual bodies, it must be im- posed on them—as market, as socialized means of production, or as some combination of the two. Resistance to these socioengineering schemes can hardly come from within the hegemonic subdiscourses that legitimated them in the first place; indeed, authentic resistance becomes impossible within the terms of the epistemology that gave rise to these discourses. Gandhi's central demonstration is that political claims can arise from the body's capacity as the crossroads of power to feel pain, experience suffering, and sense unfulfilled needs. The speech that comes from this suffering motivates a correspondingly critical analysis of culture and a critical social praxis. There is no purely "inner" realm here that is not connected to social, political, economic, and cultural conditions, just as there is no purely "outer" realm that is not connected with bodily experiencing. To effect a fissure between body and mind, between public and private, as the conventional discourses have done, is to betray the body's capacity to engage in political discourse, and to neglect changes in the self that call for and are in turn responsive to change in the larger society.

This has the external impact of destroying agency by preventing active engagement in knowledge production

MITCHELL 1998 Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, “PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE AGENCY IN ACADEMIC DEBATE”, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60

Possibilities for argumentative agency are obscured when debate scholarship is approached from a purely spectator-oriented perspective, an activity to be conducted on the sidelines of "actual" public policy discussion. Insofar as the act of research is configured as a one-way transaction in which debaters gather and assimilate information passively through impersonal channels, this spectator orientation gains currency and becomes an acquired habit. Within this pedagogical horizon, possible options for action that move beyond traditional library research and contest round advocacy become more difficult to visualize. However, when debaters reconfigure themselves as producers of knowledge, rather than passive consumers of it, it becomes easier to cultivate senses of personal agency. One very basic way that academic debaters can reverse this equation is by turning more to primary research as a tool of debate preparation.

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Why is globalization as a gendered phenomenon not well recognized? Among many reasons, several are relevant here. First, mainstream discourse focuses on globalization primarily as encompassing macro and disembodied forces, flows and processes in terms of its economic and societal impact. The concept remains at a general, abstract level that has greater meaning and relevance to academicians, journalists and some activists than to the general public, even though people’s everyday lives are very much affected by global forces and happenings. Much of the theorizing about globalization is either gender-neutral or gender-blind, ignoring how globalization shapes gender relationships and people’s lives materially, politically, socially and culturally at all levels and treating its differential effects on women and men as similar. Gender is basically taken for granted, as if it does not matter. In particular, women’s voices and lives are virtually absent from much theoretical discussion on globalization. When the gender issue is discussed, the focus tends to be on the effects of globalization on women rather than on the effects of gender on globalization. Some of globalization’s gendered effects are invisible, particularly when its victims, such as poor Third World women, are structurally marginalized, rendering these effects less apparent and less directly observable. How the gender dimension shapes the globalization process is ignored as either unimportant or irrelevant. How gender relations are products of various global–local systems of patriarchy and hegemonic masculinities seldom enters critical debate and discussion. The failure to incorporate gender into the study of globalization in meaningful and systematic ways not only produces incomplete views of women’s rights as fundamental human rights and inaccurate understanding of the sources of gender inequality, but also can actually undermine development policy and practice. In other words, the gender dimension is a critically important missing piece in the theorizing of globalization. Therefore, gender matters for understanding what globalization is and how it is influenced by gendered hierarchies and ideologies, which in turn shape gen*dered institutions, relationships, identities and experiences of women and men. *ABLEISM MODIFIED

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modem society. The scientific discipline of economics therefore became a significant means for wealth creation. However, since it is founded on similar dualised premises as science, also economics became a system of domination and exploitation of women, Others and nature. The following discussion is intended to show that. The way in which economics, with its priority on masculine forces, becomes dominant relates to web-like, inter-connected and complex processes, which are not always clearly perceived. The below discussions try to show how the dualised priority of the individual over society, reason over emotion, self-interest over community-interest, competition over cooperation, and more pairs, generate domination that leads to the four crises of violence and war, poverty, human oppression and environmental degradation. The aim in sum is to show how the current perspective of economics is destroying society (women and Others) and nature.  The following discussion is consequently a critique of economics. It is meant to highlight some elements that make economics a dominant ideology, rather than a system of knowledge. It adopts a feministic view and it is therefore seen from the side of women, poor people and nature. The critique is extensive, but not exhaustive. It is extensive because economics is the single most important tool used by mainstream institutions for development in the South. Thus if we want to understand why development does not alleviate poverty, then we first need to comprehend why its main instrument, economics, cannot alleviate poverty. A critical analysis of economics and its influence in development is therefore important as an introduction to next chapter, which discusses ecofeminism and development. However, the critique is not exhaustive because it focuses only on the dualised elements in economics. It is highly likely that there are many more critical issues in economics, which should be analyzed in addition to the below mentioned. However, it would exceed this scope.  Each of the following 10 sections discusses a specific issue in economics that relates to its dualised nature. Thus, each can as such be read on its own. However, all sections are systemically interconnected. Therefore each re-enforces the others and integrated, they are meant to show the web of masculine forces that make economics dominant towards women, Others and nature.  The first three sections intend to show that economics sees itself as a neutral, objective, quantitative and universal science, which does not need to be integrated in social and natural reality. The outcome of this is, however, that economics cannot value social and environmental needs. Hence, a few individuals become very rich from capitalising on free social and natural resources, while the health of the public and the environment is degraded. It also is shown that the exaggerated focus on monetary wealth does not increase human happiness. It rather leads to a deteriorating quality of life. Thus, the false belief in eternal economic growth may eventually destroy life on planet Earth. The next section shows that economics is based on dualism, with a focus solely on yang forces. This has serious consequences for all yin issues: For example, the priority on individualism over community may in its extreme form lead to self-destruction. Similarly, the priority on rationality while excluding human emotions may end in greed, domination, poverty, violence and war. The next section is important as a means to understanding “rational” economics. Its aim is to clarify the psychological meaning of money. In reality, reason and emotion are interrelated parts of the human mind; they cannot be separated. Thus, economic “rationality” and its focus on eternal wealth generation are based on personal emotions like fears and inadequacies, rather than reason. The false belief in dualism means that human beings are lying to themselves, which results in disturbed minds, stupid actions with disastrous consequences. The focus on masculine forces is consequently psychologically unhealthy; it leads to domination of society and nature, and will eventually destroy the world. 

Beginning from the subject location of marginalized bodies is the only way to make gendered colonial violence visible. This epistemological privilege doesn't stem from a claim about identity, but rather the position of being most impacted by these policies. Only by centralizing these experiences can we find a roadmap for global restructuring.
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite of “special interest” thinking. If we pay attention to and think from the space of some of the most disenfranchised communities of women in the world, we are most likely to envision a just and democratic society capable of treating all its citizens fairly. Conversely, if we begin our analysis from, and limit it to, the space of privileged communities, our visions of justice are more likely to be exclusionary because privilege nurtures blindness to those without the same privileges. Beginning from the lives and interests of marginalized communities of women, I am able to access and make the workings of power visible—to read up the ladder of privilege. It is more necessary to look upward—colonized peoples must know themselves and the colonizer. This particular marginalized location makes the politics of knowledge and the power investments that go along with it visible so that we can then engage in work to transform the use and abuse of power. The analysis draws on the notion of epistemic privilege as it is developed by feminist standpoint theorists (with their roots in the historical materialism of Marx and Lukacs) as well as postpositivist realists, who provide an analysis of experience, identity, and the epistemic effects of social location.15 My view is thus a materialist and “realist” one and is antithetical to that of postmodernist relativism. I believe there are causal links between marginalized social locations and experiences and the ability of human agents to explain and analyze features of capitalist society. Methodologically, this analytic perspective is grounded in historical materialism. My claim is not that all marginalized locations yield crucial knowledge about power and inequity, but that within a tightly integrated capitalist system, the particular standpoint of poor indigenous and Third World/South women provides the most inclusive viewing of systemic power. In numerous cases of environmental racism, for instance, where the neighborhoods of poor communities of color are targeted as new sites for prisons and toxic dumps, it is no coincidence that poor black, Native American, and Latina women provide the leadership in the fight against corporate pollution. Three out of five Afro?Americans and Latinos live near toxic waste sites, and three of the five largest hazardous waste landfills are in communities with a population that is 80 percent people of color (Pardo 2001, 504–11). Thus, it is precisely their critical reflections on their everyday lives as poor women of color that allows the kind of analysis of the power structure that has led to the many victories in environmental racism struggles.16 Herein lies a lesson for feminist analysis. Feminist scientist Vandana Shiva, one of the most visible leaders of the antiglobalization movement, provides a similar and illuminating critique of the patents and intellectual property rights agreements sanctioned by the World Trade Organization since 1995.17 Along with others in the environmental and indigenous rights movements, she argues that the WTO sanctions biopiracy and engages in intellectual piracy by privileging the claims of corporate commercial interests, based on Western systems of knowledge in agriculture and medicine, to products and innovations derived from indigenous knowledge traditions. Thus, through the definition of Western scientific epistemologies as the only legitimate scientific system, the WTO is able to underwrite corporate patents to indigenous knowledge (as to the Neem tree in India) as their own intellectual property, protected through intellectual property rights agreements. As a result, the patenting of drugs derived from indigenous medicinal systems has now reached massive proportions. I quote Shiva: Through patenting, indigenous knowledge is being pirated in the name of protecting knowledge and preventing piracy. The knowledge of our ancestors, of our peasants about seeds is being claimed as an invention of U.S. corporations and U.S. scientists and patented by them. The only reason something like that can work is because underlying it all is a racist framework that says the knowledge of the Third World and the knowledge of people of color is not knowledge. When that knowledge is taken by white men who have capital, suddenly creativity begins. … Patents are a replay of colonialism, which is now called globalization and free trade. (Shiva, Gordon, and Wing 2000, 32) The contrast between Western scientific systems and indigenous epistemologies and systems of medicine is not the only issue here. It is the colonialist and corporate power to define Western science, and the reliance on capitalist values of private property and profit, as the only normative system that results in the exercise of immense power. Thus indigenous knowledges, which are often communally generated and shared among tribal and peasant women for domestic, local, and public use, are subject to the ideologies of a corporate Western scientific paradigm where intellectual property rights can only be understood in possessive or privatized form. All innovations that happen to be collective, to have occurred over time in forests and farms, are appropriated or excluded. The idea of an intellectual commons where knowledge is collectively gathered and passed on for the benefit of all, not owned privately, is the very opposite of the notion of private property and ownership that is the basis for the WTO property rights agreements. Thus this idea of an intellectual commons among tribal and peasant women actually excludes them from ownership and facilitates corporate biopiracy. Shiva’s analysis of intellectual property rights, biopiracy, and globalization is made possible by its very location in the experiences and epistemologies of peasant and tribal women in India. Beginning from the practices and knowledges of indigenous women, she “reads up” the power structure, all the way to the policies and practices sanctioned by the WTO. This is a very clear example then of a transnational, anticapitalist feminist politics. However, Shiva says less about gender than she could. She is after all talking in particular about women’s work and knowledges anchored in the epistemological experiences of one of the most marginalized communities of women in the world—poor, tribal, and peasant women in India. This is a community of women made invisible and written out of national and international economic calculations. An analysis that pays attention to the everyday experiences of tribal women and the micropolitics of their ultimately anticapitalist struggles illuminates the macropolitics of global restructuring. It suggests the thorough embeddedness of the local and particular with the global and universal, and it suggests the need to conceptualize questions of justice and equity in transborder terms. In other words, this mode of reading envisions a feminism without borders, in that it foregrounds the need for an analysis and vision of solidarity across the enforced privatized intellectual property borders of the WTO. These particular examples offer the most inclusive paradigm for understanding the motivations and effects of globalization as it is crafted by the WTO. Of course, if we were to attempt the same analysis from the epistemological space of Western, corporate interests, it would be impossible to generate an analysis that values indigenous knowledge anchored in communal relationships rather than profit?based hierarchies. Thus, poor tribal and peasant women, their knowledges and interests, would be invisible in this analytic frame because the very idea of an intellectual commons falls outside the purview of privatized property and profit that is a basis for corporate interests. The obvious issue for a transnational feminism pertains to the visions of profit and justice embodied in these opposing analytic perspectives. The focus on profit versus justice illustrates my earlier point about social location and analytically inclusive methodologies. It is the social location of the tribal women as explicated by Shiva that allows this broad and inclusive focus on justice. Similarly, it is the social location and narrow self?interest of corporations that privatizes intellectual property rights in the name of profit for elites. Shiva essentially offers a critique of the global privatization of indigenous knowledges. This is a story about the rise of transnational institutions such as the WTO, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, of banking and financial institutions and cross?national governing bodies like the MAI (Multinational Agreement on Investments). The effects of these governing bodies on poor people around the world have been devastating. In fundamental ways, it is girls and women around the world, especially in the Third World/South, that bear the brunt of globalization. Poor women and girls are the hardest hit by the degradation of environmental conditions, wars, famines, privatization of services and deregulation of governments, the dismantling of welfare states, the restructuring of paid and unpaid work, increasing surveillance and incarceration in prisons, and so on. And this is why a feminism without and beyond borders is necessary to address the injustices of global capitalism. Women and girls are still 70 percent of the world’s poor and the majority of the world’s refugees. Girls and women comprise almost 80 percent of displaced persons of the Third World/South in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Women do two?thirds of the world's work and earn less than one?tenth of its income. Women own less than one?hundredth of the world’s property, while they are the hardest hit by the effects of war, domestic violence, and religious persecution. Feminist political theorist Zillah Eisenstein states that global capital in racialized and sexualized guise destroys the public spaces of democracy and quietly sucks power out of the once social/public spaces of nation?states. Corporate capitalism has redefined citizens as consumers—and global markets replace the commitments to economic, sexual, and racial equality (Eisenstein 1998, esp. chap. 5). It is especially on the bodies and lives of women and girls from the Third World/South—the Two?Thirds World—that global capitalism writes its script, and it is by paying attention to and theorizing the experiences of these communities of women and girls that we demystify capitalism as a system of debilitating sexism and racism and envision anticapitalist resistance. Thus any analysis of the effects of globalization needs to centralize the experiences and struggles of these particular communities of women and girls. Drawing on Arif Dirlik’s notion of “place consciousness as the radical other of global capitalism” (1999), Grace Lee Boggs makes an important argument for place?based civic activism that illustrates how centralizing the struggles of marginalized communities connects to larger antiglobalization struggles. Boggs suggests that “place consciousness … encourages us to come together around common, local experiences and organize around our hopes for the future of our communities and cities. While global capitalism doesn’t give a damn about the people or the natural environment of any particular place because it can always move on to other people and other places, place?based civic activism is concerned about the health and safety of people and places” (Boggs 2000, 19). Since women are central to the life of neighborhood and communities they assume leadership positions in these struggles. This is evident in the example of women of color in struggles against environmental racism in the United States, as well as in Shiva’s example of tribal women in the struggle against deforestation and for an intellectual commons. It is then the lives, experiences, and struggles of girls and women of the Two?Thirds World that demystify capitalism in its racial and sexual dimensions—and that provide productive and necessary avenues of theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.
Globalization is the process of globalizing masculine politics through armed conflict and economic intervention.  
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Michael Kimmel (2002) points out that the underlying logics of globalization in capitalist production, market rationality, trade liberalization, privatization, transnational corporations (TNCs) and modernity are themselves gendered, organized discourses, processes and institutional arrangements that create and perpetuate power relationships between men and women in society. In fact, Connell (2001) argues that globalization is the manifestation of globalizing masculinities historically in terms of conquests, settlements, imperial empires and postcolonialization. Recent US war involvement with Iraq offers a contemporary example to examine how global and local masculinities, politics, economic interests and military might play out and erupt into armed conflicts. Gender is thus a critical dimension that must be factored into discussion of globalization and examined for how it creates differential opportunities, challenges, risks and dilemmas for women and men and how, in turn, it modifies the process of social change

Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs of globalization are caused by its inherent contradictions that create dilemmas, risks and rights violations, breeding inequality, poverty and discontent, especially in the developing world. Whether measured in purely monetary terms or social ones, globalization is not a zero-sum game, for it brings mixed blessings and unequal outcomes within and between nations and their citizens. At the macro level, globalization fosters technological advancement, convenience of communication and transportation, and economic development that reduces costs, encourages trade expansion, promotes global production and increases the wealth of nations, though for some more than for others (Stiglitz, 2002; UNDP, 1999, 2002). However, these same factors have also facilitated the threat of capital relocation, unequal partnerships in trade and finance, fragmentations in labor production, economic marginalization, relentless cost-cutting by the TNCs, downsizing of governments, curtailment of social and legal entitlements, retrenchment of social service programs, suppression of organized labor, diminished national autonomy, reinforcement of inequality between countries, and promotion of dependency of the South on the North. At the micro level, globalization creates employment opportunities and increases female labor force participation, wage benefits, economic independence, selfworth and more life options, although these advantages are still limited and unequal. Yet, even these same benefits are besieged with contradictions, globalization also produces adverse effects particularly for women – feminization of labor in segregated and low-paying work, wage dependency, labor exploitation, economic marginalization, poverty, sex tourism, and international human trafficking of women and young girls – further worsening the already low status of women and their life conditions and exacerbating inequalities based on race, gender, class and nationality in the developing world. The alleged payoffs of globalization are, in fact, subsidized by women’s paid labor in the formal sector, their cheap labor and meager income in the informal sector, and unpaid household labor in the home.

Epistemological considerations precede politics—it is the most authentic way to understand oppression to create effective responses to exploitation. Rejecting epistemology results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable.

RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.) 

How then are human beings to be reinstated in the discourse of exploitation as human beings? Fortunately, this is a problem for the discourse specialists, not for human beings. Human beings will not be trimmed down to fit the discourse; the discourse will have to find a way of being true to human beings. In the Gandhian view, the only course open for the expert specializing in articulating theories of exploitation is to join those he has transformed into the objects of his discourse, and to partake of their suffering. To incessantly engage in the production of abstruse "theories of exploitation" or to mouth the tedious rhetoric of history can be attributed either to the self-interest of the theorists themselves or to the pure satisfaction of cogitation, but must not in any case be confused with a "knowledge" of exploitation. It ought to be stressed here that for Gandhi, experiencing is not merely a requisite to developing good theory in the manner of the ethnologist or the Marxian's praxis; nor is it the mystical experiencing of the yogi in oneness with an absolute or infinite. For Gandhi, it is only the body's experiencing as a political act that connects the private and the public. This sets it worlds apart from the depoliticized construction of the body in the late modern West—the body that is content with ingesting natural foods and daily visits to the health-club/yogic therapies. In this latter construction, the body is instrumental to the transformation of the individual to enable him to be at peace with himself and the universe; the dilemmas of modernity can be dealt with expediently by making private choices in the direction of health and harmony. This fully adjusted wholesome individual on the covers of health-food books, for whom a judicious combination of natural foods and exercise has led to complete personal integration, harmony, and freedom from negative feelings, can only mean an easy cohabitation with an exploitative system. For Gandhi, "politics" is emphatically not a matter of formulating tactics and strategies for gaining the power to control and distribute resources, as it is for the Marxist; it is rather the living out of the day-to-day suffering of the exploited other within the embodied self, and of continually applying the experiential lessons of this suffering to the process of ordering our collective lives. The role of the body is crucial here because of the Gandhian conviction that more can arise out of the body than whatever order society programs into it, that there can be a morality that comes from the sensibility of the body rather than from the imperatives of the superego, and that it is by no means inevitable that our perception of social and political reality be channeled exclusively through the socially constituted ego. This runs counter to all the theories since Marx and Freud that have assumed there can be no feedback from the human organism except disorganized and dyspeptic resistance. Such theories can deny the body a critical capacity of its own only by reducing the body's organization to being either biologically preprogrammed or to being completely formed by social domination. By thus denying the body's capacity to contribute to political processes, these; discourses can then justify macro-socioengineering: because change cannot come from individual bodies, it must be im- posed on them—as market, as socialized means of production, or as some combination of the two. Resistance to these socioengineering schemes can hardly come from within the hegemonic subdiscourses that legitimated them in the first place; indeed, authentic resistance becomes impossible within the terms of the epistemology that gave rise to these discourses. Gandhi's central demonstration is that political claims can arise from the body's capacity as the crossroads of power to feel pain, experience suffering, and sense unfulfilled needs. The speech that comes from this suffering motivates a correspondingly critical analysis of culture and a critical social praxis. There is no purely "inner" realm here that is not connected to social, political, economic, and cultural conditions, just as there is no purely "outer" realm that is not connected with bodily experiencing. To effect a fissure between body and mind, between public and private, as the conventional discourses have done, is to betray the body's capacity to engage in political discourse, and to neglect changes in the self that call for and are in turn responsive to change in the larger society.

This has the external impact of destroying agency by preventing active engagement in knowledge production

MITCHELL 1998 Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, “PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE AGENCY IN ACADEMIC DEBATE”, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60

Possibilities for argumentative agency are obscured when debate scholarship is approached from a purely spectator-oriented perspective, an activity to be conducted on the sidelines of "actual" public policy discussion. Insofar as the act of research is configured as a one-way transaction in which debaters gather and assimilate information passively through impersonal channels, this spectator orientation gains currency and becomes an acquired habit. Within this pedagogical horizon, possible options for action that move beyond traditional library research and contest round advocacy become more difficult to visualize. However, when debaters reconfigure themselves as producers of knowledge, rather than passive consumers of it, it becomes easier to cultivate senses of personal agency. One very basic way that academic debaters can reverse this equation is by turning more to primary research as a tool of debate preparation.

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Why is globalization as a gendered phenomenon not well recognized? Among many reasons, several are relevant here. First, mainstream discourse focuses on globalization primarily as encompassing macro and disembodied forces, flows and processes in terms of its economic and societal impact. The concept remains at a general, abstract level that has greater meaning and relevance to academicians, journalists and some activists than to the general public, even though people’s everyday lives are very much affected by global forces and happenings. Much of the theorizing about globalization is either gender-neutral or gender-blind, ignoring how globalization shapes gender relationships and people’s lives materially, politically, socially and culturally at all levels and treating its differential effects on women and men as similar. Gender is basically taken for granted, as if it does not matter. In particular, women’s voices and lives are virtually absent from much theoretical discussion on globalization. When the gender issue is discussed, the focus tends to be on the effects of globalization on women rather than on the effects of gender on globalization. Some of globalization’s gendered effects are invisible, particularly when its victims, such as poor Third World women, are structurally marginalized, rendering these effects less apparent and less directly observable. How the gender dimension shapes the globalization process is ignored as either unimportant or irrelevant. How gender relations are products of various global–local systems of patriarchy and hegemonic masculinities seldom enters critical debate and discussion. The failure to incorporate gender into the study of globalization in meaningful and systematic ways not only produces incomplete views of women’s rights as fundamental human rights and inaccurate understanding of the sources of gender inequality, but also can actually undermine development policy and practice. In other words, the gender dimension is a critically important missing piece in the theorizing of globalization. Therefore, gender matters for understanding what globalization is and how it is influenced by gendered hierarchies and ideologies, which in turn shape gen*dered institutions, relationships, identities and experiences of women and men. *ABLEISM MODIFIED

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modem society. The scientific discipline of economics therefore became a significant means for wealth creation. However, since it is founded on similar dualised premises as science, also economics became a system of domination and exploitation of women, Others and nature. The following discussion is intended to show that. The way in which economics, with its priority on masculine forces, becomes dominant relates to web-like, inter-connected and complex processes, which are not always clearly perceived. The below discussions try to show how the dualised priority of the individual over society, reason over emotion, self-interest over community-interest, competition over cooperation, and more pairs, generate domination that leads to the four crises of violence and war, poverty, human oppression and environmental degradation. The aim in sum is to show how the current perspective of economics is destroying society (women and Others) and nature.  The following discussion is consequently a critique of economics. It is meant to highlight some elements that make economics a dominant ideology, rather than a system of knowledge. It adopts a feministic view and it is therefore seen from the side of women, poor people and nature. The critique is extensive, but not exhaustive. It is extensive because economics is the single most important tool used by mainstream institutions for development in the South. Thus if we want to understand why development does not alleviate poverty, then we first need to comprehend why its main instrument, economics, cannot alleviate poverty. A critical analysis of economics and its influence in development is therefore important as an introduction to next chapter, which discusses ecofeminism and development. However, the critique is not exhaustive because it focuses only on the dualised elements in economics. It is highly likely that there are many more critical issues in economics, which should be analyzed in addition to the below mentioned. However, it would exceed this scope.  Each of the following 10 sections discusses a specific issue in economics that relates to its dualised nature. Thus, each can as such be read on its own. However, all sections are systemically interconnected. Therefore each re-enforces the others and integrated, they are meant to show the web of masculine forces that make economics dominant towards women, Others and nature.  The first three sections intend to show that economics sees itself as a neutral, objective, quantitative and universal science, which does not need to be integrated in social and natural reality. The outcome of this is, however, that economics cannot value social and environmental needs. Hence, a few individuals become very rich from capitalising on free social and natural resources, while the health of the public and the environment is degraded. It also is shown that the exaggerated focus on monetary wealth does not increase human happiness. It rather leads to a deteriorating quality of life. Thus, the false belief in eternal economic growth may eventually destroy life on planet Earth. The next section shows that economics is based on dualism, with a focus solely on yang forces. This has serious consequences for all yin issues: For example, the priority on individualism over community may in its extreme form lead to self-destruction. Similarly, the priority on rationality while excluding human emotions may end in greed, domination, poverty, violence and war. The next section is important as a means to understanding “rational” economics. Its aim is to clarify the psychological meaning of money. In reality, reason and emotion are interrelated parts of the human mind; they cannot be separated. Thus, economic “rationality” and its focus on eternal wealth generation are based on personal emotions like fears and inadequacies, rather than reason. The false belief in dualism means that human beings are lying to themselves, which results in disturbed minds, stupid actions with disastrous consequences. The focus on masculine forces is consequently psychologically unhealthy; it leads to domination of society and nature, and will eventually destroy the world. 

Beginning from the subject location of marginalized bodies is the only way to make gendered colonial violence visible. This epistemological privilege doesn't stem from a claim about identity, but rather the position of being most impacted by these policies. Only by centralizing these experiences can we find a roadmap for global restructuring.
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite of “special interest” thinking. If we pay attention to and think from the space of some of the most disenfranchised communities of women in the world, we are most likely to envision a just and democratic society capable of treating all its citizens fairly. Conversely, if we begin our analysis from, and limit it to, the space of privileged communities, our visions of justice are more likely to be exclusionary because privilege nurtures blindness to those without the same privileges. Beginning from the lives and interests of marginalized communities of women, I am able to access and make the workings of power visible—to read up the ladder of privilege. It is more necessary to look upward—colonized peoples must know themselves and the colonizer. This particular marginalized location makes the politics of knowledge and the power investments that go along with it visible so that we can then engage in work to transform the use and abuse of power. The analysis draws on the notion of epistemic privilege as it is developed by feminist standpoint theorists (with their roots in the historical materialism of Marx and Lukacs) as well as postpositivist realists, who provide an analysis of experience, identity, and the epistemic effects of social location.15 My view is thus a materialist and “realist” one and is antithetical to that of postmodernist relativism. I believe there are causal links between marginalized social locations and experiences and the ability of human agents to explain and analyze features of capitalist society. Methodologically, this analytic perspective is grounded in historical materialism. My claim is not that all marginalized locations yield crucial knowledge about power and inequity, but that within a tightly integrated capitalist system, the particular standpoint of poor indigenous and Third World/South women provides the most inclusive viewing of systemic power. In numerous cases of environmental racism, for instance, where the neighborhoods of poor communities of color are targeted as new sites for prisons and toxic dumps, it is no coincidence that poor black, Native American, and Latina women provide the leadership in the fight against corporate pollution. Three out of five Afro?Americans and Latinos live near toxic waste sites, and three of the five largest hazardous waste landfills are in communities with a population that is 80 percent people of color (Pardo 2001, 504–11). Thus, it is precisely their critical reflections on their everyday lives as poor women of color that allows the kind of analysis of the power structure that has led to the many victories in environmental racism struggles.16 Herein lies a lesson for feminist analysis. Feminist scientist Vandana Shiva, one of the most visible leaders of the antiglobalization movement, provides a similar and illuminating critique of the patents and intellectual property rights agreements sanctioned by the World Trade Organization since 1995.17 Along with others in the environmental and indigenous rights movements, she argues that the WTO sanctions biopiracy and engages in intellectual piracy by privileging the claims of corporate commercial interests, based on Western systems of knowledge in agriculture and medicine, to products and innovations derived from indigenous knowledge traditions. Thus, through the definition of Western scientific epistemologies as the only legitimate scientific system, the WTO is able to underwrite corporate patents to indigenous knowledge (as to the Neem tree in India) as their own intellectual property, protected through intellectual property rights agreements. As a result, the patenting of drugs derived from indigenous medicinal systems has now reached massive proportions. I quote Shiva: Through patenting, indigenous knowledge is being pirated in the name of protecting knowledge and preventing piracy. The knowledge of our ancestors, of our peasants about seeds is being claimed as an invention of U.S. corporations and U.S. scientists and patented by them. The only reason something like that can work is because underlying it all is a racist framework that says the knowledge of the Third World and the knowledge of people of color is not knowledge. When that knowledge is taken by white men who have capital, suddenly creativity begins. … Patents are a replay of colonialism, which is now called globalization and free trade. (Shiva, Gordon, and Wing 2000, 32) The contrast between Western scientific systems and indigenous epistemologies and systems of medicine is not the only issue here. It is the colonialist and corporate power to define Western science, and the reliance on capitalist values of private property and profit, as the only normative system that results in the exercise of immense power. Thus indigenous knowledges, which are often communally generated and shared among tribal and peasant women for domestic, local, and public use, are subject to the ideologies of a corporate Western scientific paradigm where intellectual property rights can only be understood in possessive or privatized form. All innovations that happen to be collective, to have occurred over time in forests and farms, are appropriated or excluded. The idea of an intellectual commons where knowledge is collectively gathered and passed on for the benefit of all, not owned privately, is the very opposite of the notion of private property and ownership that is the basis for the WTO property rights agreements. Thus this idea of an intellectual commons among tribal and peasant women actually excludes them from ownership and facilitates corporate biopiracy. Shiva’s analysis of intellectual property rights, biopiracy, and globalization is made possible by its very location in the experiences and epistemologies of peasant and tribal women in India. Beginning from the practices and knowledges of indigenous women, she “reads up” the power structure, all the way to the policies and practices sanctioned by the WTO. This is a very clear example then of a transnational, anticapitalist feminist politics. However, Shiva says less about gender than she could. She is after all talking in particular about women’s work and knowledges anchored in the epistemological experiences of one of the most marginalized communities of women in the world—poor, tribal, and peasant women in India. This is a community of women made invisible and written out of national and international economic calculations. An analysis that pays attention to the everyday experiences of tribal women and the micropolitics of their ultimately anticapitalist struggles illuminates the macropolitics of global restructuring. It suggests the thorough embeddedness of the local and particular with the global and universal, and it suggests the need to conceptualize questions of justice and equity in transborder terms. In other words, this mode of reading envisions a feminism without borders, in that it foregrounds the need for an analysis and vision of solidarity across the enforced privatized intellectual property borders of the WTO. These particular examples offer the most inclusive paradigm for understanding the motivations and effects of globalization as it is crafted by the WTO. Of course, if we were to attempt the same analysis from the epistemological space of Western, corporate interests, it would be impossible to generate an analysis that values indigenous knowledge anchored in communal relationships rather than profit?based hierarchies. Thus, poor tribal and peasant women, their knowledges and interests, would be invisible in this analytic frame because the very idea of an intellectual commons falls outside the purview of privatized property and profit that is a basis for corporate interests. The obvious issue for a transnational feminism pertains to the visions of profit and justice embodied in these opposing analytic perspectives. The focus on profit versus justice illustrates my earlier point about social location and analytically inclusive methodologies. It is the social location of the tribal women as explicated by Shiva that allows this broad and inclusive focus on justice. Similarly, it is the social location and narrow self?interest of corporations that privatizes intellectual property rights in the name of profit for elites. Shiva essentially offers a critique of the global privatization of indigenous knowledges. This is a story about the rise of transnational institutions such as the WTO, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, of banking and financial institutions and cross?national governing bodies like the MAI (Multinational Agreement on Investments). The effects of these governing bodies on poor people around the world have been devastating. In fundamental ways, it is girls and women around the world, especially in the Third World/South, that bear the brunt of globalization. Poor women and girls are the hardest hit by the degradation of environmental conditions, wars, famines, privatization of services and deregulation of governments, the dismantling of welfare states, the restructuring of paid and unpaid work, increasing surveillance and incarceration in prisons, and so on. And this is why a feminism without and beyond borders is necessary to address the injustices of global capitalism. Women and girls are still 70 percent of the world’s poor and the majority of the world’s refugees. Girls and women comprise almost 80 percent of displaced persons of the Third World/South in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Women do two?thirds of the world's work and earn less than one?tenth of its income. Women own less than one?hundredth of the world’s property, while they are the hardest hit by the effects of war, domestic violence, and religious persecution. Feminist political theorist Zillah Eisenstein states that global capital in racialized and sexualized guise destroys the public spaces of democracy and quietly sucks power out of the once social/public spaces of nation?states. Corporate capitalism has redefined citizens as consumers—and global markets replace the commitments to economic, sexual, and racial equality (Eisenstein 1998, esp. chap. 5). It is especially on the bodies and lives of women and girls from the Third World/South—the Two?Thirds World—that global capitalism writes its script, and it is by paying attention to and theorizing the experiences of these communities of women and girls that we demystify capitalism as a system of debilitating sexism and racism and envision anticapitalist resistance. Thus any analysis of the effects of globalization needs to centralize the experiences and struggles of these particular communities of women and girls. Drawing on Arif Dirlik’s notion of “place consciousness as the radical other of global capitalism” (1999), Grace Lee Boggs makes an important argument for place?based civic activism that illustrates how centralizing the struggles of marginalized communities connects to larger antiglobalization struggles. Boggs suggests that “place consciousness … encourages us to come together around common, local experiences and organize around our hopes for the future of our communities and cities. While global capitalism doesn’t give a damn about the people or the natural environment of any particular place because it can always move on to other people and other places, place?based civic activism is concerned about the health and safety of people and places” (Boggs 2000, 19). Since women are central to the life of neighborhood and communities they assume leadership positions in these struggles. This is evident in the example of women of color in struggles against environmental racism in the United States, as well as in Shiva’s example of tribal women in the struggle against deforestation and for an intellectual commons. It is then the lives, experiences, and struggles of girls and women of the Two?Thirds World that demystify capitalism in its racial and sexual dimensions—and that provide productive and necessary avenues of theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Alex Velto
Nuclear prolif creates incentives for de-escalation and guarantees international stability – plus, new proliferators won’t be destabilizing.
Asal and Beardsley, 2007
Victor, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – SUNY Albany, and Kyle, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – Emory U., Journal of Peace Research, “Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior”, 44:2, Sage

Other, more optimistic, scholars see …  potential gains of an attacker’. 

Proliferation stops miscalculation – risks of nuclear war are too clear.
Roth, 2007
Ariel Ilan, Associate Dir. National Security Studies – Johns Hopkins U. and Visiting Assistant Prof. IR – Goucher College, International Studies Review, “REFLECTION, EVALUATION, INTEGRATION Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory”, 9, p. 369-384

No such potential for miscalculation ….  having nuclear weapons approaches zero.’’

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
Text: The United States federal government should fully decriminalize and legalize prostitution

CP Solves- only decriminalization and legalization allow for rights to truly be protected
Andrea Egizi 10-8- (Ph.D. Candidate at Rutgers University
, “Shoud Prostitution Be Legal” http://newsjunkiepost.com/2013/10/08/should-prostitution-be-legal/)

Proponents for the decriminalization of …not allowed to have cars.
That’s key to solving the confusion over trafficking and worker violence
Ntokozo Yingwana 2012 Advocacy Officer with the Sex Workers Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) in South Africa, stated in her Apr. 17, 2012 article titled "Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized," posted on the SWEAT website:

Decriminalization will bring in stronger … so, because they risk arrest."

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
Text: The United States federal government should fully decriminalize and legalize prostitution

CP Solves- only decriminalization and legalization allow for rights to truly be protected
Andrea Egizi 10-8- (Ph.D. Candidate at Rutgers University
, “Shoud Prostitution Be Legal” http://newsjunkiepost.com/2013/10/08/should-prostitution-be-legal/)

Proponents for the decriminalization of …  not allowed to have cars. 

That’s key to solving the confusion over trafficking and worker violence
Ntokozo Yingwana 2012 Advocacy Officer with the Sex Workers Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) in South Africa, stated in her Apr. 17, 2012 article titled "Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized," posted on the SWEAT website:

Decriminalization will bring in stronger ….  so, because they risk arrest."

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
Their inclusion of the “Other” into the sphere of the properly political is a liberal move of inclusion that sanitizes the sphere of conflict, making friend/enemy distinctions impossible. 

Rasch in 3 /Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington/ William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultural Critique 54, pg. 120-147

Once again we see that... search for the "inhuman" other.
The ethical endorsement of the 1AC establishes a new order for humanity. Their ontology shapes a world that requires the production of a violent other and the extermination of that other. Instead of an inclusive or utopian society, the affirmative will justify wars of annihilation in the name of difference. 

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

In The Concept of the … the heading of ‘self government’(2007b).
Alternative: Only rejecting the ethics of obligation prevents the annihilation of difference and unending violence. We should embrace the space of the political through the endorsement of enmity.

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion. 

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

The paper ends with a …  politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Puget SoundInterlake LM | Judge: Taylor Coles
Their desecuritizing of the border is liberal move of inclusion that destroys the distinction between us and them, making friend/enemy distinctions impossible. 

Rasch in 3 /Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington/ William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultural Critique 54, pg. 120-147

Once again we see that …  search for the "inhuman" other.

The Dream of Universal Inclusion is Façade, only the alternative can prevent the ultimate form of exclusion and annihilation
Rasch ‘5 William Rasch – professor of Germanic Studies, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a
Structuring Principle”, published The South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, accessed 6/21/13, PDF pheft

What is to be done? … political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

Alternative: Only rejecting the ethics of obligation prevents the annihilation of difference and unending violence. We should embrace the space of the political through the endorsement of enmity.

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion. 

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

The paper ends with a … politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Misty Tippets, Chris Crowe, Kendra Doty
While the aff claims to love war, their inclusion of cuban people into the sphere of the properly political is a liberal move of inclusion that sanitizes the sphere of conflict, making friend/enemy distinctions impossible.
Rasch in 3 /Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington/ William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultural Critique 54, pg. 120-147

Once again we see that … search for the "inhuman" other.

Psychoanalysis reinstates the authority of the analyst as coercive and absolute.  The aff seeks to co-opt all resistance to their ordering as projection--however this is the worst form of power relation because it makes legitimate emnity impossible
Brickman 03
 Celia Aboriginal Population in the Mind: race and primitivity in psychoanalysis, 2003, pg. 192-193 clinical, faculty, and research member of the Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago (MI)

This adversarial configuration of the… in a position of subordination. 

The alternative solves:  Only rejecting their framing of the debate, This attempt to reorder subjectivity through the analyst and analysand is authoritarian.
Brickman 03
  Celia Aboriginal Population in the Mind: race and primitivity in psychoanalysis, 2003, pg. 192-193 clinical, faculty, and research member of the Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago

Psychoanalysis and the therapies that …  reborn in the consulting room. 

The Dream of Universal Inclusion is Façade, only the alternative can prevent the ultimate form of exclusion and annihilation
Rasch ‘5 William Rasch – professor of Germanic Studies, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a
Structuring Principle”, published The South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, accessed 6/21/13, PDF pheft

What is to be done? … political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

The ethical endorsement of the 1AC establishes a new order for humanity. Their ontology shapes a world that requires the production of a violent other and the extermination of that other. Instead of an inclusive or utopian society, the affirmative will justify wars of annihilation in the name of difference.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

In The Concept of the … the heading of ‘self government’(2007b).

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

The paper ends with a … politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
Merely listening to the voices of those who are oppressed is nothing but a betrayal of their concerns. Your narrative arguments reflect an ethnocentric worldview.
RASKIN 99
RASKIN, PROF OF PUBLIC POLICY, 1999  (Marcus, G Wash U, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)

As I have noted, world … for the few, demands recognition.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge: Chris Crowe and Scott Phillips
Plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence
Suchlicki ‘13 (Jaime, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? 2/26/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)

Lifting the ban for U.S. _{, who had financed his Revolution.}

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: CPS AG | Judge: Sarah Topp
The aff’s rhetoric of liberal inclusion doesnt do what is says - its not performative but rather descriptive - inclusion and equality are what produces inequality in the first place – allows the redrawing of lines of exclusions
Rasch in 3 /Professor and Chair of Germanic Studies, Indian University Bloomington, Ph.D. U of Washington/ William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultural Critique 54, pg. 120-147

Once again we see that the term "human" is not descriptive, but evaluative. To be truly human, one needs to be corrected. Regarding the relationship of difference and equality, Todorov concludes, "If it is End Page 139 incontestable that the prejudice of superiority is an obstacle in the road to knowledge, we must also admit that the prejudice of equality is a still greater one, for it consists in identifying the other purely and simply with one's own 'ego ideal' (or with oneself)" (1984, 165). Such identification is not only the essence of Christianity, but also of the doctrine of human rights preached by enthusiasts like Habermas and Rawls. And such identification means that the other is stripped of his otherness and made to conform to the universal ideal of what it means to be human.¶ ¶ And yet, despite—indeed, because of—the all-encompassing embrace, the detested other is never allowed to leave the stage altogether. Even as we seem on the verge of actualizing Kant's dream, as Habermas puts it, of "a cosmopolitan order" that unites all peoples and abolishes war under the auspices of "the states of the First World" who "can afford to harmonize their national interests to a certain extent with the norms that define the halfhearted cosmopolitan aspirations of the UN" (1998, 165, 184), it is still fascinating to see how the barbarians make their functionally necessary presence felt. John Rawls, in his The Law of Peoples (1999), conveniently divides the world into well-ordered peoples and those who are not well ordered. Among the former are the "reasonable liberal peoples" and the "decent hierarchical peoples" (4). Opposed to them are the "outlaw states" and other "burdened" peoples who are not worthy of respect. Liberal peoples, who, by virtue of their history, possess superior institutions, culture, and moral character (23-25), have not only the right to deny non-well-ordered peoples respect, but the duty to extend what Vitoria called "brotherly correction" and Habermas "gentle compulsion" (Habermas 1997, 133). 13 That is, Rawls believes that the "refusal to tolerate" those states deemed to be outlaw states "is a consequence of liberalism and decency." Why? Because outlaw states violate human rights. What are human rights? "What I call human rights," Rawls states, "are ... a proper subset of the rights possessed by citizens in a liberal constitutional democratic regime, or of the rights of the members of a decent hierarchical society" (Rawls 1999, 81). Because of their violation of these liberal rights, nonliberal, nondecent societies do not even have the right "to protest their condemnation by the world society" (38), and decent peoples have the right, if necessary, to wage just wars against them. Thus, End Page 140 liberal societies are not merely contingently established and historically conditioned forms of organization; they become the universal standard against which other societies are judged. Those found wanting are banished, as outlaws, from the civilized world. Ironically, one of the signs of their outlaw status is their insistence on autonomy, on sovereignty. As Rawls states, "Human rights are a class of rights that play a special role in a reasonable Law of Peoples: they restrict the justifying reasons for war and its conduct, and they specify limits to a regime's internal autonomy. In this way they reflect the two basic and historically profound changes in how the powers of sovereignty have been conceived since World War II" (79). Yet, what Rawls sees as a postwar development in the notion of sovereignty—that is, its restriction—could not, in fact, have occurred had it not been for the unrestricted sovereign powers of the victors of that war, especially, of course, the supreme power of the United States. The limitation of (others') sovereignty is an imposed limitation, imposed by a sovereign state that has never relinquished its own sovereign power. What for Vitoria was the sovereignty of Christendom and for Scott the sovereignty of humanity becomes for Rawls the simple but uncontested sovereignty of liberalism itself. 14¶ ¶ So goes the contemporary refinement of the achievement that so impressed Schmitt in 1932. "Time and again," wrote Schmitt back then, sensing what was to come,¶ ¶ the great superiority, the amazing political achievement of the U.S. reveals itself in the fact that it uses general, flexible concepts.... With regard to these decisive political concepts, it depends on who interprets, defines, and uses them; who concretely decides what peace is, what disarmament, what intervention, what public order and security are. One of the most important manifestations of humanity's legal and spiritual life is the fact that whoever has true power is able to determine the content of concepts and words. Caesar dominus et supra grammaticam. Caesar is also lord over grammar. (1988, Positionen und Begriffe, 202)¶ For Schmitt, to assume that one can derive morally correct political institutions from abstract, universal norms is to put the cart before the horse. The truly important question remains: who decides? 15 What political power representing which political order defines terms like human rights and public reason, defines, in fact, what it means to be properly human? What political power distinguishes End Page 141 between the decent and the indecent, between those who police the world and those who are outlawed from it? Indeed, what political power decides what is and what is not political? Habermas's contention that normative legality neutralizes the moral and the political and that therefore Schmitt "suppresses" the "decisive point," namely, "the legal preconditions of an impartial judicial authority and a neutral system of criminal punishment" (1998, 200), is enough to make even an incurable skeptic a bit nostalgic for the old Frankfurt School distinction between affirmative and critical theory. One could observe, for instance, that the "universality" of human rights has a very particular base. As Habermas says:¶ ¶ Asiatic societies cannot participate in capitalistic modernization without taking advantage of the achievements of an individualistic legal order. One cannot desire the one and reject the other. From the perspective of Asian countries, the question is not whether human rights, as part of an individualistic legal order, are compatible with the transmission of one's own culture. Rather, the question is whether the traditional forms of political and societal integration can be reasserted against—or must instead be adapted to—the hard-to-resist imperatives of an economic modernization that has won approval on the whole. (2001, 124)¶ Thus, despite his emphasis on procedure and the universality of his so-called discourse principle, the choice that confronts Asiatic societies or any other people is a choice between cultural identity and economic survival, between, in other words, cultural and physical extermination. As Schmitt said, the old Christian and civilizing distinction between believers and nonbelievers (Gläubigern and Nicht-Gläubigern) has become the modern, economic distinction between "creditors and debtors" (Gläubigern and Schuldnern).¶ ¶ But while affirmative theorists like Habermas and Rawls are busy constructing the ideological scaffolding that supports the structure of the status quo, what role is there for the "critical" theorist to play? Despite the sanguine hopes of Hardt and Negri (2000) that "Empire" will all but spontaneously combust as a result of the irrepressible ur-desire of the multitude, can we seriously place our faith in some utopian grand alternative anymore, or in some revolutionary or therapeutic result based on the truth of critique that would allow us all, in the end, to sing in the sunshine and laugh everyday? Do, in fact, such utopian fantasies not lead to the moralizing hubris of a End Page 142 Rawls or a Habermas? 16 In short, it is one thing to recognize the concealed, particular interests that govern the discourse and politics of human rights and quite another to think seriously about how things could be different, to imagine an international system that respected both the equality and the difference of states and/or peoples. Is it possible—and this is Todorov's question—to value Vitoria's principle of the "free circulation of men, ideas, and goods" and still also "cherish another principle, that of self-determination and noninterference" (Todorov 1984, 177)? The entire "Vitorian" tradition, from Scott to Habermas and Rawls, thinks not. Habermas, for instance, emphatically endorses the fact that "the erosion of the principle of nonintervention in recent decades has been due primarily to the politics of human rights" (1998, 147), a "normative" achievement that is not so incidentally correlated with a positive, economic fact: "In view of the subversive forces and imperatives of the world market and of the increasing density of worldwide networks of communication and commerce, the external sovereignty of states, however it may be grounded, is by now in any case an anachronism" (150). And opposition to this development is not merely anachronistic; it is illegitimate, not to be tolerated. So, for those who sincerely believe in American institutional, cultural, and moral superiority, the times could not be rosier. After all, when push comes to shove, "we" decide—not only about which societies are decent and which ones are not, but also about which acts of violence are "terrorist" and which compose the "gentle compulsion" of a "just war."¶ ¶ What, however, are those "barbarians" who disagree with the new world order supposed to do? With Agamben, they could wait for a "completely new politics" to come, but the contours of such a politics are unknown and will remain unknown until the time of its arrival. And that time, much like the second coming of Christ, seems infinitely deferrable. While they wait for the Benjaminian "divine violence" to sweep away the residual effects of the demonic rule of law (Benjamin 1996, 248-52), the barbarians might be tempted to entertain Schmitt's rather forlorn fantasy of an egalitarian balance of power. Yet if the old, inner-European balance of power rested on an asymmetrical exclusion of the non-European world, it must be asked: what new exclusion will be necessary for a new balance, and is that new exclusion tolerable? At the moment, there is no answer to End Page 143 this question, only a precondition to an answer. If one wishes to entertain Todorov's challenge of thinking both equality and difference, universal commerce of people and ideas as well as self-determination and nonintervention, then the concept of humanity must once again become the invisible and unsurpassable horizon of discourse, not its positive pole. The word "human," to evoke one final distinction, must once again become descriptive of a "fact" and not a "value." Otherwise, whatever else it may be, the search for "human" rights will always also be the negative image of the relentless search for the "inhuman" other.

The drive to abolish suffering holds life in contempt. The tension of the soul in misfortune is what cultivates human greatness and solutions
Nietzsche 1886 (Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil, p. 153-154)

Whether it be hedonism or pessimism or utilitarianism or eudaemonism: all these modes of thought which assess the value of things according to pleasure and suffering, that is to say according to attendant and secondary phenomena, are foreground modes of thought and naïvetés which anyone conscious of creative powers and an artist’s conscience will look down on with derision, though not without pity. Pity for you! That, to be sure, is not pity for social “distress,” for “society” and its sick and unfortunate, for the vicious and broken from the start who lie all around us; even less is it pity for the grumbling, oppressed, rebellious slave classes who aspire after domination—they call it “freedom.” Our pity is a more elevated, more farsighted pity—we see how man is diminishing himself, how you are diminishing him!—and there are times when we behold your pity with an indescribable anxiety, when we defend ourselves against this pity—when we find your seriousness more dangerous than any kind of frivolity. You want if possible—and there is no madder “if possible”—to abolish suffering: and we?—it really does seem that we would rather increase it and make it worse than it has ever been! Well-being as you understand it—that is no goal, that seems to us an end! A state which soon renders man ludicrous and contemptible—which makes it desirable that he should perish! The discipline of suffering, of great suffering—do you not know that it is this discipline alone which has created every elevation of mankind hitherto? That tension of the soul in misfortune which cultivates its strength, its terror at the sight of great destruction, its inventiveness and bravery in undergoing, enduring, interpreting, exploiting misfortune, and whatever of depth, mystery, mask, spirit, cunning and greatness has been bestowed upon it—has it not been bestowed through suffering, through the discipline of great suffering? In man, creature and creator are united: in man there is matter, fragment, excess, clay, mud, madness, chaos; but in man there is also creator, sculptor, the hardness of the hammer, the divine spectator and the seventh day—do you understand this antithesis? And that your pity is for the “creature in man,” for that which has to be formed, broken, forged, torn, burned, annealed, refined—that which has to suffer and should suffer? And our pity—do you not grasp whom our opposite pity is for when it defends itself against your pity as the worst of all pampering and weakening?—Pity against pity, then!—But, to repeat, there are higher problems than the problems of pleasure and suffering and pity; and every philosophy that treats only of them is a peace of naïveté.—
You should DRAW A LINE IN THE SAND—In other words, vote negative to endorse a methodological rejection of economically engaging Cuba in favor of embracing enmity.
The Dream of Universal Inclusion is Façade, only the alternative can prevent the ultimate form of exclusion and annihilation
Rasch ‘5 William Rasch – professor of Germanic Studies, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a
Structuring Principle”, published The South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, accessed 6/21/13, PDF pheft

What is to be done? If you are one who says there is a war, and if you¶ say it not because you glory in it but because you fear it and hate it, then¶ your goal is to limit it and its effects, not eliminate it, which merely intensifies¶ it, but limit it by drawing clear lines within which it can be fought, and¶ clear lines between those who fight it and those who don’t, lines between¶ friends, enemies, and neutrals, lines between combatants and noncombatants.¶ There are, of course, legitimate doubts about whether those ideal lines¶ could ever be drawn again; nevertheless, the question that we should ask¶ is not how can we establish perpetual peace, but rather a more modest¶ one: Can symmetrical relationships be guaranteed only by asymmetrical¶ ones? According to Schmitt, historically this has been the case. ‘‘The traditional¶ Eurocentric order of international law is foundering today, as is the¶ old nomos of the earth. This order arose from a legendary and unforeseen¶ discovery of a new world, from an unrepeatable historical event. Only in¶ fantastic parallels can one imagine a modern recurrence, such as men on¶ their way to the moon discovering a new and hitherto unknown planet that¶ could be exploited freely and utilized effectively to relieve their struggles¶ on earth’’ (39). We have since gone to the moon and have found nothing¶ on the way there to exploit. We may soon go to Mars, if current leaders¶ have their way, but the likelihood of finding exploitable populations seems¶ equally slim. Salvation through spatially delimited asymmetry, even were it¶ to be desired, is just not on the horizon. And salvation through globalization,¶ that is, through global unity and equality, is equally impossible, because¶ today’s asymmetry is not so much a localization of the exception as it is an¶ invisible generation of the exception from within that formal ideal of unity,¶ a generation of the exception as the difference between the human and the¶ inhuman outlaw, the ‘‘Savage Beast, with whom Men can have no Society¶ nor Security.’’ We are, therefore, thrown back upon ourselves, which is to¶ say, upon those artificial ‘‘moral persons’’ who act as our collective political¶ identities. They used to be called states. What they will be called in the future¶ remains to be seen. But, if we think to establish a differentiated unity of discrete¶ political entities that once represented for Schmitt ‘‘the highest form¶ of order within the scope of human power,’’ then we must symmetrically¶ manage the necessary pairing of inclusion and exclusion without denying¶ the ‘‘forms of power and domination’’ that inescapably accompany human¶ ordering. We must think the possibility of roughly equivalent power relations¶ rather than fantasize the elimination of power from the political universe.¶ This, conceivably, was also Schmitt’s solution. Whether his idea of the¶ plurality of Großräume could ever be carried out under contemporary circumstances¶ is, to be sure, more than a little doubtful, given that the United¶ States enjoys a monopoly on guns, goods, and the Good, in the form of a¶ supremely effective ideology of universal ‘‘democratization.’’ Still, we would¶ do well to devise vocabularies that do not just emphatically repeat philosophically¶ more sophisticated versions of the liberal ideology of painless,¶ effortless, universal equality. The space of the political will never be created¶ by a bloodless, Benjaminian divine violence. Nor is it to be confused with¶ the space of the simply human. To dream the dreams of universal inclusion¶ may satisfy an irrepressible human desire, but it may also always produce¶ recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion. 

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC

The paper ends with a discussion of obligation. Outlining the contours of a notion of political, rather, than ethical obligation, however, may require some explicit distancing from the now-familiar accounts that have oriented critical ‘ethical’ endeavours for some time. So we ask again the ethical question which has haunted us: from whence does obligation originate? Were we to be still enthralled by a Levinasian or generally any ‘other-beholden’ thought of being ‘hostage’ to the other, we might say that the face to face encounter installs obligation before representation, knowledge and other ‘Greek’ relationalities (Levinas 1989: 76–77; Odysseos 2007a: 132-151).Caputo, however, warns us off this kind of commitment to a notion of perfectible or total obligation. He asks that we recognise that ‘one is always inside/outside obligation, on its margins. On the threshold of foolishness. Almost a perfect fool for the Other. But not quite; nothing is perfect’ (1993: 126). The laudable but impossible perfectibility of ethics and ethical obligation to the other must be rethought. This is because ‘one is hostage of the Other, but one also keeps an army, just in case’ (ibid.).Caputo is not speaking as a political realist in this apparently funny comment. He is pointing, I suggest, to the centrality of politics and enmity. Obligation is not to the other alone; it is also to the radical possibility of openness of political order, which allows self and other to be ‘determined otherwise’ (Prozorov 2007a). Analytically, we also want to know the tactics and subjective effects of being directed towards enforced freedom. In this way, we might articulate a political and concrete act obligation that is inextricably tied to freedom that is not ‘enforced’, that is not produced for us, or as ‘us’.nWith Schmitt, one might say that obligation points practically (i.e. politically) to the ‘relativisation of enmity’. Obligation may not, however, be towards the enemy as such, for the enemy is the pulse of the political – so long as the enemy is relative (yet can be killed) in the order, the openness of the order can be vouched safe in the disruption of the absolutism of its immanence (Ojakangas 2007; Schmitt 1995a). We might, then, recast Schmitt’s conception of the political (which he regards as coming into being in the decision which distinguishes between friend and enemy) through his later emphasis in Theory of the Partisan on the politically normative significance of the relativisation of enmity. In other words, we might say that what needs to remain possible is the constant struggle ‘between constituent and constituted power’(Beasley-Murray 2005: 221) in both society and also world order. It is important to identify the ethical and governmental project of enforced freedom because doing so allows us to think of obligation as related to a different freedom: freedom as resistance (not freedom as an attribute). Prozorov suggests that an ‘ontology of concrete freedom’ relies on ‘freedom of potentiality of being other wise, of being able to ‘to assert one’s power as a living being against the power, whose paradigm consists in the “care of the living”’ (2007a: 210-211). This assumes, however, first, that resistance lies in the ‘refusal of biopolitical care that affirms the sovereign power of bare life’ ((Prozorov 2007a: 20) and, second, that there is a sort of ‘radical freedom of the human being that precedes governmental care’ (Prozorov2007a: 110). I argue in conclusion, however, that freedom as resistance is still too limited; it may still be, despite all attempts, lured back to a thinking of an essence: of that prior state of pre-governmental production of subjectivity, which in actuality does not exist. Rather, Foucault’s brief intervention on the issue of obligation (2001b) through the International Committee against Piracy points to ‘a radically interdependent relationship with practices of governmentality’ (Campbell 1998: 516) to which we are all subjected, here understood in the proper Greek sense of our subjectivity being predicated on governmental practice (cf. Odysseos 2007a: 4). ‘We are all members of the community of the governed and thereby obliged to show mutual solidarity’, Foucault had argued, as against obligation understood within modern humanism (Foucault 2001b: 474; emphasis added). This obligation which he invokes simply exists (es gibt), as Heidegger might say. We would add that Schmitt’s account of the transition from ‘real’ to ‘absolute’ enmity in the twentieth century and his demand that ‘the enemy is not something to be eliminated out of a particular reason, something to be annihilated as worthless..’ must be read in this way (Schmitt2004: 61): as speaking for the need to ward off the shutting down of politics. That is why Schmitt’s two iconographies rest precisely on two extremes: the mythic narratives of an order open to enmity as its exteriority, which guarantees pluriversal openness, on the one hand, and the absolute immanence of order where ‘absolute enmity drives the political universe’ on the other hand (Goodson 2004b: 151).This is a notion of a world-political obligation that ‘is a kind of skandalon for ethics, which makes ethics blush, which it must reject or expel in order to maintain its good name…’ (Caputo 1993: 5). This obligation is articulated for the openness that enmity brings; it attends to the other as enemy by allowing, against ethics, for the continued but changeable structurations of the field of politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High HO | Judge: David Gardner
Cuba violates human rights
Lee ’13 (Brianna, Senior Production Editor at CFR, U.S.-Cuba Relations, Updated: 1/31/13,
http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113#p5)

What is the main obstacle ... swing state in presidential elections.

Shun them—that’s an a priori concern
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)

A fundamental task of morality … communities might have put it. 

That outweighs
Callahan 73 – Co-Founder and former director of The Hastings Institute, PhD in philosophy from Harvard University (Daniel, “The Tyranny of Survival”, p 91-93)

The value of survival could … succeeded in not doing so.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
Cuba violates human rights
Lee 13 (Brianna, Senior Production Editor at CFR, U.S.-Cuba Relations, Updated: 1/31/13,  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113#p5)

What is the main obstacle  ….. swing state in presidential elections.
Shunning human rights violators is necessary to uphold a moral order – protecting rights is an a-priori concern
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)

A fundamental task of morality…  communities might have put it.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leucadia Independent GY | Judge: Scott Phillips
Soft power down now – multiple foreign policy failures.
Boyer 8/13/13 Dave Boyer, White House correspondent, “Obama’s ‘soft power’ policy in a world of hurt”, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/13/obamas-soft-power-policy-in-a-world-of-hurt/?page=all

The Obama Doctrine is looking … that’s actually not so bad.”

Heg is sustainable- we assume your warrants
Drezner  12 – Professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University Daniel W (January 22, “Predictions about the death of American hegemony may have been greatly exaggerated” http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/22/predictions_about_the_death_of_american_hegemony_may_have_been_greatly_exaggerated Dylan

So, America is doomed, right? …  net exporter of natural gas.

Libya and Iran prove soft power fails — Chinese counterbalancing also moots effectiveness — our evidence assumes a best case scenario
Ungar, Political Studies Professor 11, Dr Ariel Ungar is a Professor at the Department of Political Studies, Judea and Samaria College, PhD from Columbia University, The limits of soft power, http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-limits-of-soft-power-1.361425

Even under the best conditions, ….  practices and human rights violations.
And it trades off with hard power — the impact is World War
Ungar, Political Studies Professor, 11, Dr Ariel Ungar is a Professor at the Department of Political Studies, Judea and Samaria College, PhD from Columbia University, The limits of soft power, http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-limits-of-soft-power-1.361425

The decline of soft power’s…  excuse for its military abdication.
And it emphasizes concessions to Russia — that emboldens expansion and alienates regional allies
Greenwald, FPI Editor, 10, Abe Greenwald, policy adviser and online editor at the Foreign Policy Initiative. July/August 2010. (“The Soft-Power Fallacy”. http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-soft-power-fallacy-15466?page=all) *Italics in original text

A similarly failed soft-power … better relations with the West.
The impact is extinction
Blank, Strategic Studies Institute’s expert on post-Soviet states, 9, Stephen J. Blank, strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March 2009. “RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?” 

Proliferators or nuclear states like … neighbors or their own people.172
And, it strains Middle Eastern alliances — a diplomatic approach backfires
Shattan 9, Joseph Shattan is the author of Architects of Victory: Six Heroes of the Cold War, The Four Pillars of Obamaism, http://spectator.org/archives/2009/05/05/the-four-pillars-of-obamaism

Appeasement: In his March message … Washington, can play this role.
Global nuclear war
Pitt, Managing Editor of truthout.org, 9 “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” NYT and internationally bestselling author www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)

But a suicide bomber in … collision course with unimaginable disaster.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul MY | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
Speaking for others solves nothing and recreates their harms.
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

Feminist discourse is not the … of those oppressed groups themselves.6

The aff’s doesn’t allow us to acknowledge the choices we are making which means we can never actually address the problems we are trying to solve
 Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

In the examples used above, there … the articulation of the problem.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matt Filpi
This is a form of shallow inclusion that reduces the interests of entire group to a sound-bite – they depoliticize the voices of marginalized groups to maintain the normative coherence of the nation
Berlant 10
Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997) 37, Questia, Web, 25 Oct. 2010.

More than a struggle to … promise of quotidian practical intimacy.  

White racialized identity hidden beneath democracy is the condition of possibility for US interventionism. The cultural fear based politics and consensus building based off of this whiteness is what fuels our messianism in other countries, making backlash and all their impacts inevitable.

Martinot, 2003
(Steve, lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs, “The Cultural Roots of Interventionism in the US,” Social Justice Vol. 30, No. 1 (2003), pp. 19-20)

American nationalism took a slightly… violently enforced allegiance to it.

liberal reformist attempt to solve racism are actually just ways to alleviate white guilt and are ultimately just a plea for erasure by shoring up the magnamity of whiteness. comfort of imagined future reconciliation contributes to violence and a will to amnesia. Only the relinquishing of the future and liberal values can allow us to engage.  
Winnubust 06
Shannon, Winnubst. Queering Freedom. Bloomington, IN. USA : Indiiana university Press. Pg 192. Sexuality studies @ Ohio State pg. 157-8(MI)

The registers of the confessions ….generosity, and compassion¶ of whiteness.

The alternative is to endorse an archive of shadow feminism by refusing to recapture representations and knowledge of the subaltern.
Halberstam 11
Jack "The Queer Art of Failure" Duke Univ. Press Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California. (MI)

This idea, that intellectuals construct … inexorably¶ to fulfillment, recognition, and achievement.

Corrective approaches fail: Any detritus of western knowledge must be rejected to delink the human from the creation of the non-human colonial other. As western scholars of privilege, this requires arguing for radical interventions.
Mignolo 13 (Walter D. Who Speaks for the “Human” in Human Rights?. Human Rights from a Third World Perspective: Critique, History and International Law. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Professor of semiotics at Duke University, PhD. rb) 

¶ In this regard, Western imperial … have been subjected to injustices.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul MY | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
This is a form of shallow inclusion that reduces the interests of entire group to a sound-bite – they depoliticize the voices of marginalized groups to maintain the normative coherence of the nation
Berlant 10
Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997) 37, Questia, Web, 25 Oct. 2010.

More than a struggle to … promise of quotidian practical intimacy.  

White racialized identity hidden beneath democracy is the condition of possibility for US interventionism. The cultural fear based politics and consensus building based off of this whiteness is what fuels our messianism in other countries, making backlash and all their impacts inevitable.

Martinot, 2003
(Steve, lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs, “The Cultural Roots of Interventionism in the US,” Social Justice Vol. 30, No. 1 (2003), pp. 19-20)

American nationalism took a slightly … violently enforced allegiance to it. 

liberal reformist attempt to solve racism are actually just ways to alleviate white guilt and are ultimately just a plea for erasure by shoring up the magnamity of whiteness. comfort of imagined future reconciliation contributes to violence and a will to amnesia. Only the relinquishing of the future and liberal values can allow us to engage.  
Winnubust 06
Shannon, Winnubst. Queering Freedom. Bloomington, IN. USA : Indiiana university Press. Pg 192. Sexuality studies @ Ohio State pg. 157-8(MI)

The registers of the confessions … generosity, and compassion¶ of whiteness.

Their engagement the Otherness is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression
Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93
(Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB)
The Orientalist has a special sibling … have had our consciousnesses “raised.” 

The alternative is to endorse an archive of shadow feminism by refusing to recapture representations and knowledge of the subaltern.
Halberstam 11
Jack "The Queer Art of Failure" Duke Univ. Press Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California. (MI)

This idea, that intellectuals construct … to fulfillment, recognition, and achievement.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Misty Tippets, Chris Crowe, Kendra Doty
A. Interpretation -
Substantial is meaningful
WordNet, 6  (WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
Dictionary.reference.com/ browse/substantial

Substantial, adjective¶ 2. having a firm … meaningful, or considerable; "substantial equivalents" 

Increase requires specification
OED, 89 (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Online throError! Not a valid heading level range.ugh Emory)

increase, v.¶ 3. To become greater … ; to grow or advance in.

Engagement is a strategy that depends on positive incentives
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

The term ‘engagement’ was popularized… the US has important disagreements.

B. Violation – they don’t  specify and therefore can’t be an engagement strategy – their use of the term is meaningless  
Litwak, 7 –  Vice President for Scholars and Director of International Security Studies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Robert, Regime Change: U.S. Strategy through the Prism of 9/11, p. 107)

Sound target-state analysis provides … behavior toward the rogue state.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
A. Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy of …  more widespread than previously recognized.
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction Economic engagement policies are ….  others in the same direction.

Substantially means to a large degree
Words and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantially,” Volume 40B, p. 324-330 October 2002, Thomson West)

N.D.Ill. 2002. Under ADA, “substantially” … or to a large degree.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Ross Garrett, Christian Bato
Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits -~-- including cultural  and diplomatic engagement like the affs information sharing explodes the topic
Haass 00 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have… strategies in the upcoming decades.

The Creators of Trade Transparency Units conclude the plan shares data, and is distinct from economic engagement. It also involves non governmental parties which is unpredictable and an independent reason to reject them.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2/2/13 – access date (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is the principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), http://www.ice.gov/trade-transparency/)RC

ICE established the Trade Transparency … crime, including international organized crime.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
A. Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy of … more widespread than previously recognized.
 “Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction

Economic engagement policies are strategic…  others in the same direction.
Substantially means to a large degree
Words and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantially,” Volume 40B, p. 324-330 October 2002, Thomson West)

N.D.Ill. 2002. Under ADA, “substantially” … or to a large degree.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Pierce Young
A. Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy of …  more widespread than previously recognized.
Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction

Economic engagement policies are strategic … others in the same direction.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Andrew Arsht
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement policies differ from other tools in Economic Diplomacy. They target to deepen the economic relations to create economic intersection, interconnectness, and mutual dependence and finally seeks economic interdependence. This interdependence serves the sender stale to change the political behaviour of target stale. However they cannot be counted as carrots or inducement tools, they focus on long term strategic goals and they are not restricted with short term policy changes.(KahlerandKastner,2006) They can be unconditional and focus on creating greater economic benefits for both parties. Economic engagement targets to seek deeper economic linkages via promoting institutionalized mutual trade thus mentioned interdependence creates two major concepts. Firstly it builds strong trade partnership to avoid possible militarized and non militarized conflicts. Secondly it gives a leeway lo perceive the international political atmosphere from the same and harmonized perspective. Kahler and Kastner define the engagement policies as follows "It is a policy of deliberate expanding economic ties with and adversary in order to change the behaviour of target state and improve bilateral relations ".(p523-abstact). It is an intentional economic strategy that expects bigger benefits such as long term economic gains and more importantly; political gains. The main idea behind the engagement motivation is stated by Rosecrance (1977) in a way that " the direct and positive linkage of interests of stales where a change in the position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions --- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas --- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the scope of the policy. In their evaluation of post-Cold War US engagement of China, Paul Papayoanou and Scott Kastner define engagement as the attempt to integrate a target country into the international order through promoting "increased trade and financial transactions."(n21) However, limiting engagement policy to the increasing of economic interdependence leaves out many other issue areas that were an integral part of the Clinton administration's China policy, including those in the diplomatic, military and cultural arenas. Similarly, the US engagement of North Korea, as epitomized by the 1994 Agreed Framework pact, promises eventual normalization of economic relations and the gradual normalization of diplomatic relations.(n22) Equating engagement with economic contacts alone risks neglecting the importance and potential effectiveness of contacts in noneconomic issue areas.
Finally, some scholars risk gleaning only a partial and distorted insight into engagement by restrictively evaluating its effectiveness in achieving only some of its professed objectives. Papayoanou and Kastner deny that they seek merely to examine the "security implications" of the US engagement of China, though in a footnote, they admit that "much of the debate over US policy toward the PRC centers around the effects of engagement versus containment on human rights in China."(n23) This approach violates a cardinal tenet of statecraft analysis: the need to acknowledge multiple objectives in virtually all attempts to exercise inter-state influence.(n24) Absent a comprehensive survey of the multiplicity of goals involved in any such attempt, it would be naive to accept any verdict rendered concerning its overall merits.
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include:
DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations
Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes
Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa
MILITARY CONTACTS
Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa
Arms transfers
Military aid and cooperation
Military exchange and training programs
Confidence and security-building measures
Intelligence sharing
ECONOMIC CONTACTS
Trade agreements and promotion
Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants
CULTURAL CONTACTS
Cultural treaties
Inauguration of travel and tourism links
Sport, artistic and academic exchanges (n25)
Engagement is an iterated process in which the sender and target state develop a relationship of increasing interdependence, culminating in the endpoint of "normalized relations" characterized by a high level of interactions across multiple domains. Engagement is a quintessential exchange relationship: the target state wants the prestige and material resources that would accrue to it from increased contacts with the sender state, while the sender state seeks to modify the domestic and/or foreign policy behavior of the target state. This deductive logic could adopt a number of different forms or strategies when deployed in practice.(n26) For instance, individual contacts can be established by the sender state at either a low or a high level of conditionality.(n27) Additionally, the sender state can achieve its objectives using engagement through any one of the following causal processes: by directly modifying the behavior of the target regime; by manipulating or reinforcing the target states' domestic balance of political power between competing factions that advocate divergent policies; or by shifting preferences at the grassroots level in the hope that this will precipitate political change from below within the target state.
This definition implies that three necessary conditions must hold for engagement to constitute an effective foreign policy instrument. First, the overall magnitude of contacts between the sender and target states must initially be low. If two states are already bound by dense contacts in multiple domains (i.e., are already in a highly interdependent relationship), engagement loses its impact as an effective policy tool. Hence, one could not reasonably invoke the possibility of the US engaging Canada or Japan in order to effect a change in either country's political behavior. Second, the material or prestige needs of the target state must be significant, as engagement derives its power from the promise that it can fulfill those needs. The greater the needs of the target state, the more amenable to engagement it is likely to be. For example, North Korea's receptivity to engagement by the US dramatically increased in the wake of the demise of its chief patron, the Soviet Union, and the near-total collapse of its national economy.(n28)
Third, the target state must perceive the engager and the international order it represents as a potential source of the material or prestige resources it desires. This means that autarkic, revolutionary and unlimited regimes which eschew the norms and institutions of the prevailing order, such as Stalin's Soviet Union or Hitler's Germany, will not be seduced by the potential benefits of engagement.
This reformulated conceptualization avoids the pitfalls of prevailing scholarly conceptions of engagement. It considers the policy as a set of means rather than ends, does not delimit the types of states that can either engage or be engaged, explicitly encompasses contacts in multiple issue-areas, allows for the existence of multiple objectives in any given instance of engagement and, as will be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions
Exempting Cuba from Import/Export Controls on the terror list allows for increased DIPLOMATIC actions not future economic engagement
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS 2/23/2009 - UNITED STATES SENATE
“CHANGING CUBA POLICY--IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL INTEREST”
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT47260/html/CPRT-111SPRT47260.htm

Finally, current U.S. policy ignores recent developments ¶ that have the potential to redefine relations with Cuba. The ¶ sanctions-based policy has significantly impeded the United ¶ States' ability to influence the direction of policy in Cuba or ¶ gain a broader understanding of events taking place on the ¶ island. By directing policy towards an unlikely scenario of a ¶ short-term democratic transition on the island and rejecting ¶ most tools of diplomatic engagement, the U.S. is left as a ¶ powerless bystander, watching events unfold at a distance.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matt Filpi
Topical affirmatives must expand ECONOMIC ties toward the target country—
Celik ‘11. Arda Can Celik. MA Politics and Intl Studies, Uppsala University. “Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies.” Pg. 11 

Introduction Economic engagement policies are … others in the same direction.
 “Increase” means to become larger or greater in quantity
Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

in·crease  in kr?ss
transitive and intransitive … , quantity, or degree
noun  (plural in·creas·es)

Second Violation, The plan increases NON-economic ties with Mexico.
It’s a voting issue—Economic engagement is limited to increasing TRADE and FINANCIAL benefits—anything else explodes the topic and undermines preparedness for ALL debates
Haass and O’Sullivan ‘2K. Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows @ the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program. “Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy.” Pg. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have …  strategies in the upcoming decades.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Palos Verde Peninsula SW | Judge: Kendra Doty
Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy of … more widespread than previously recognized.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Clara Purk and Jon Williamson
A. Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy … more widespread than previously recognized.

“its” means belonging to something already mentioned
Oxford Dictionaries no date
(Oxford Dictionaries online, no date, “its”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/its?view=uk)

determiner¶ belonging to or associated ..  baby in its mother’s womb

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul MY | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic … others in the same direction.
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions -~-- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas -~-- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept … multiple types of positive sanctions

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are … others in the same direction.

 Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy … more widespread than previously recognized.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Andres Gannon and Tom Woodhead
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction Economic engagement policies are strategic ..  others in the same direction.
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions -~-- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas -~-- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept .. multiple types of positive sanctions

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep RM | Judge: Kendra Doty
Economic engagement requires a structural linkage
Mastanduno—citing Hirschman-- 1
(Michael Mastanduno, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice”
June 2001, Project Muse) FS

The basic causal logic of …. political change to¶ foreign policy accommodation.

This linkage must be the promotion of trade
Karakasis 8
(Vasileos Karakasis, Masters in International Relations at Instanbul Bilgi University, “The Impact of Europeanization on Greece’s Engagement Strategy towards Turkey”, http://www.academia.edu/667112/The_Impact_of_Europeanization_on_Greeces_Engagement_Strategy_towards_Turkey) FS

This policy is accompanied by an … whom political elites must respond.50

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Damien ML | Judge: Stephen Weil
The 1AC engages in a form of truth-telling similar to tabloid journalism that oversimplifies scenarios of political catastrophe and relies on the rhetoric of security, war, and terror to justify the continued supremacy of our hegemonic activities
François Debrix, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Florida International University; 07
(Working Paper Series No. 25, “The Hegemony of Tabloid Geopolitics: How America and the West Cannot Think International Relations beyond Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Imposition.”)
Tabloid Discourses of Danger, Fear and Terror

For more than a decade now…  a new imperative global mission.

?
Public Intellectuals engage in tabloid geopolitics by trumping the importance of security and stability – This constrains who is a legitimate actor and speaker in the public sphere and silences voices of dissent, ultimately allowing for their abjection and extermination
François Debrix, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Florida International University; 07
(Working Paper Series No. 25, “The Hegemony of Tabloid Geopolitics: How America and the West Cannot Think International Relations beyond Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Imposition.”)

American Tabloid Punditry and the Relentless … , abjected, and sometimes, eventually, killed.

The way we understand international politics is oversimplified, giving the appearance that the affirmative plan is the only means of averting immanent catastrophe –
The Alternative Text is to complexify international relations by using the 1NC as a rupture of the tabloid geopolitics of the 1AC
François Debrix, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Florida International University; 07
(Working Paper Series No. 25, “The Hegemony of Tabloid Geopolitics: How America and the West Cannot Think International Relations beyond Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Imposition.”)

Butler is on target when …  of and about the other.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Ross Garrett, Christian Bato
The xenophobia surround ‘terrorism’ is the same racism used to subjugate Mexicans in the United States
Jurado 08’- Master in American Culture and US-Mexican Relations (Kathy, “ALIENATED CITIZENS: “HISPANOPHOBIA” AND THE MEXICAN IM/MIGRANT BODY”, University of Michigan, 2/14/08, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/58455/kjurado_1.pdf?sequence=1)//AK

Following September 11, xenophobic discourses … those demanded by agricultural work.

Their representations of the Middle East are rooted in binary systems of exclusion which culminate in violence against the Other who occupies the devalued position in this system.
Hirchi, Mohammed '07, "Media Representations of the Middle East," WACC.  World Assoc. for Christian Communication.  Online.

This marking of difference is …  incapable of embracing cultural emancipation.

that makes war a constant feature of civil society
Eduardo Mendieta, Professor of Philosophy at SUNY-Stony Brook, April 25, 2002, online: http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf, accessed August 29, 2006

I have thus far discussed … foes are biological in nature.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Connor Woodruff
Trafficking creates an ambiguous definition which continues to encourage Victimization, turning case. Only changing our discourse to that of labor exploitation can truly solve any problem with what the aff calls “human trafficking”
Kim and Hreshchyshn 04 (Kathleen and Kusia, “Human Trafficking Private Right of Action: Civil Rights for Trafficked Persons in the United States”, Winter 2004, 16 Hastings Women's L.J. 12)

The definition of trafficking in … violations of their civil rights.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mike Shackleford and Bill Smelko
Victimization
Trafficking creates an ambiguous definition which continues to encourage Victimization, turning case. Only changing our discourse to that of labor exploitation can truly solve any problem with what the aff calls “human trafficking”
Kim and Hreshchyshn 04 (Kathleen and Kusia, “Human Trafficking Private Right of Action: Civil Rights for Trafficked Persons in the United States”, Winter 2004, 16 Hastings Women's L.J. 12)

The definition of trafficking in …  violations of their civil rights.
Their own solvency author says NGO’s victimize trafficked peoples
Cary, their solvency author, ’10- COHA Research Associate (Kelsey, “COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: THE NEED FOR INCREASED NGO INVOLVEMENT”, July 27 2010, http://www.coha.org/combating-human-trafficking-in-the-western-hemisphere-the-need-for-increased-ngo-involvement/) CW

Increased cooperation between the U.S. …  military allies in the Caribbean.

Vicitimization reinforces racist and sexist stereotypes
Srikantiah ‘7 (Jayashri: founder and director of the law school’s Immigrants’ Rights Clinic @ Stanford. “Perfect Victims and Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim in Domestic Human Trafficking Law,” 2007, http://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.pdf)

Reliance on an iconic victim …  entry to the United States.245

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Andrew Arsht
The current War on Terror narrative is good
A. Threat growing now
Marc Lynch 8/8, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University and an editor of Foreign Policy's Middle East Channel, 8/8/13, "The Gift", Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/08/the_gift_al_qaeda_arab_spring
 The failure of most of the Arab uprisings has therefore been an extraordinary gift to al Qaeda. It has restored the potency of the terror organization's arguments, while the distraction or disintegration of state security agencies has given it more space to operate. The shift to armed insurgency in Syria galvanized its moribund global jihad. The spectacular collapse of the Muslim Brotherhood badly weakened its most powerful Islamist rival. It has found unprecedented new opportunities to reposition itself within the turbulent, hyperactive new Arab politics.

B. It sustains great power coalitions
Dibb 2 (Paul, head of the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre, The Future of International Coalitions, Washington Quarterly 25:2, lexis, AG)
The United States is leading a moral campaign. In World War II, the firm conviction that evil was being fought greatly simplified the Allied effort. n10 The image of a "just war" nourished the Allies' willingness to fight the war to the bitter end. The difference between the war against terrorism and World War II, of course, is that in World War II the Allied powers were all the victims of aggression, simplifying the task of constructing a wartime consensus. Until and unless terrorists attack other Western powers, maintaining the coalition in the longer term will be difficult. The sense of moral outrage, however, has certainly led to the view that this war is just.

Coalition collapse causes World War Three – most probable scenario
Dyer 6 (Gwynne, lecturer on international affairs, Ph.D. in Military and Middle Eastern History, U London, If 9/11 hadn’t happened, http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-09-14/news_story.php, AG)
There may even be a hidden benefit in the concept of a "war on terror." It is a profoundly dishonest concept, since it is actually directed mainly against Muslim groups that have grievances against the various great powers: Chechens against Russia, Muslim Uyghurs against China, Kashmiri Muslims and their Pakistani cousins against India, and practically everybody in the Arab world and Iran against the U.S. and Britain. The terrorists' methods are reprehensible, but their grievances are often real. The determination of the great powers to oppose not only their methods but their goals is also real. That gives them a common enemy and a shared strategy. The main risk at this point in history is that the great powers will drift back into some kind of alliance confrontation. Key resources are getting scarcer, the climate is changing, and the rise of China and India means that the pecking order of the great powers is due to change again in the relatively near future. Given those preconditions, any strategic analyst worth his salt could draw up a dozen different scenarios of disaster by lunchtime.

C. A violent war on terror is the only way to solve—nonviolent solutions empirically fail- means the aff can’t solve
Hanson 10—Senior Fellow, Hoover. Former visiting prof, classics, Stanford. PhD in classics, Stanford (Victor Davis, The Tragic Truth of War, 19 February 2010, http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson021910.html)
Victory has usually been defined throughout the ages as forcing the enemy to accept certain political objectives. “Forcing” usually meant killing, capturing, or wounding men at arms. In today’s polite and politically correct society we seem to have forgotten that nasty but eternal truth in the confusing struggle to defeat radical Islamic terrorism. What stopped the imperial German army from absorbing France in World War I and eventually made the Kaiser abdicate was the destruction of a once magnificent army on the Western front — superb soldiers and expertise that could not easily be replaced. Saddam Hussein left Kuwait in 1991 when he realized that the U.S. military was destroying his very army. Even the North Vietnamese agreed to a peace settlement in 1973, given their past horrific losses on the ground and the promise that American air power could continue indefinitely inflicting its damage on the North. When an enemy finally gives up, it is for a combination of reasons — material losses, economic hardship, loss of territory, erosion of civilian morale, fright, mental exhaustion, internal strife. But we forget that central to a concession of defeat is often the loss of the nation’s soldiers — or even the threat of such deaths. A central theme in most of the memoirs of high-ranking officers of the Third Reich is the attrition of their best warriors. In other words, among all the multifarious reasons why Nazi Germany was defeated, perhaps the key was that hundreds of thousands of its best aviators, U-boaters, panzers, infantrymen, and officers, who swept to victory throughout 1939–41, simply perished in the fighting and were no longer around to stop the allies from doing pretty much what they wanted by 1944–45. After Stalingrad and Kursk, there were not enough good German soldiers to stop the Red Army. Even the introduction of jets could not save Hitler in 1945 — given that British and American airmen had killed thousands of Luftwaffe pilots between 1939 and 1943. After the near destruction of the Grand Army in Russia in 1812, even Napoleon’s genius could not restore his European empire. Serial and massive Communist offensives between November 1950 and April 1951 in Korea cost Red China hundreds of thousands of its crack infantry — and ensured that, for all its aggressive talk, it would never retake Seoul in 1952–53. But aren’t these cherry-picked examples from conventional wars of the past that have no relevance to the present age of limited conflict, terrorism, and insurgency where ideology reigns? Not really. We don’t quite know all the factors that contributed to the amazing success of the American “surge” in Iraq in 2007–08. Surely a number of considerations played a part: Iraqi anger at the brutish nature of al-Qaeda terrorists in their midst; increased oil prices that brought massive new revenues into the country; General Petraeus’s inspired counterinsurgency tactics that helped win over Iraqis to our side by providing them with jobs and security; much-improved American equipment; and the addition of 30,000 more American troops. But what is unspoken is also the sheer cumulative number of al Qaeda and other Islamic terrorists that the U.S. military killed or wounded between 2003 and 2008 in firefights from Fallujah to Basra. There has never been reported an approximate figure of such enemy dead — perhaps wisely, in the post-Vietnam age of repugnance at “body counts” and the need to create a positive media image. Nevertheless, in those combat operations, the marines and army not only proved that to meet them in battle was a near death sentence, but also killed thousands of low-level terrorists and hundreds of top-ranking operatives who otherwise would have continued to harm Iraqi civilians and American soldiers. Is Iraq relatively quiet today because many who made it so violent are no longer around? Contemporary conventional wisdom tries to persuade us that there is no such thing as a finite number of the enemy. Instead, killing them supposedly only incites others to step up from the shadows to take their places. Violence begets violence. It is counterproductive, and creates an endless succession of the enemy. Or so we are told. We may wish that were true. But military history suggests it is not quite accurate. In fact, there was a finite number of SS diehards and kamikaze suicide bombers even in fanatical Nazi Germany and imperial Japan. When they were attrited, not only were their acts of terror curtailed, but it turned out that far fewer than expected wanted to follow the dead to martyrdom. The Israeli war in Gaza is considered by the global community to be a terrible failure — even though the number of rocket attacks against Israeli border towns is way down. That reduction may be due to international pressure, diplomacy, and Israeli goodwill shipments of food and fuel to Gaza — or it may be due to the hundreds of Hamas killers and rocketeers who died, and the thousands who do not wish to follow them, despite their frequently loud rhetoric about a desire for martyrdom. Insurgencies, of course, are complex operations, but in general even they are not immune from eternal rules of war. Winning hearts and minds is essential; providing security for the populace is crucial; improving the economy is critical to securing the peace. But all that said, we cannot avoid the pesky truth that in war — any sort of war — killing enemy soldiers stops the violence. For all the much-celebrated counterinsurgency tactics in Afghanistan, note that we are currently in an offensive in Helmand province to “secure the area.” That means killing the Taliban and their supporters, and convincing others that they will meet a violent fate if they continue their opposition. Perhaps the most politically incorrect and Neanderthal of all thoughts would be that the American military’s long efforts in both Afghanistan and Iraq to kill or capture radical Islamists has contributed to the general safety inside the United States. Modern dogma insists that our presence in those two Muslim countries incited otherwise non-bellicose young Muslims to suddenly prefer violence and leave Saudi Arabia, Yemen, or Egypt to flock to kill the infidel invader. A more tragic view would counter that there was always a large (though largely finite) number of radical jihadists who, even before 9/11, wished to kill Americans. They went to those two theaters, fought, died, and were therefore not able to conduct as many terrorist operations as they otherwise would have, and also provided a clear example to would-be followers not to emulate their various short careers. That may explain why in global polls the popularity both of bin Laden and of the tactic of suicide bombing plummeted in the Middle Eastern street — at precisely the time America was being battered in the elite international press for the Iraq War. Even the most utopian and idealistic do not escape these tragic eternal laws of war. Barack Obama may think he can win over the radical Islamic world — or at least convince the more moderate Muslim community to reject jihadism — by means such as his Cairo speech, closing Guantanamo, trying Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in New York, or having General McChrystal emphatically assure the world that killing Taliban and al-Qaeda terrorists will not secure Afghanistan. Of course, such soft- and smart-power approaches have utility in a war so laden with symbolism in an age of globalized communications. But note that Obama has upped the number of combat troops in Afghanistan, and he vastly increased the frequency of Predator-drone assassination missions on the Pakistani border. Indeed, even as Obama damns Guantanamo and tribunals, he has massively increased the number of targeted assassinations of suspected terrorists — the rationale presumably being either that we are safer with fewer jihadists alive, or that we are warning would-be jihadists that they will end up buried amid the debris of a mud-brick compound, or that it is much easier to kill a suspected terrorist abroad than detain, question, and try a known one in the United States. In any case, the president — immune from criticism from the hard Left, which is angrier about conservative presidents waterboarding known terrorists than liberal ones executing suspected ones — has concluded that one way to win in Afghanistan is to kill as many terrorists and insurgents as possible. And while the global public will praise his kinder, gentler outreach, privately he evidently thinks that we will be safer the more the U.S. marines shoot Taliban terrorists and the more Hellfire missiles blow up al-Qaeda planners. Why otherwise would a Nobel Peace Prize laureate order such continued offensive missions? Victory is most easily obtained by ending the enemy’s ability to resist — and by offering him an alternative future that might appear better than the past. We may not like to think

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES CAUSE A DECREASE IN RAINFALL IN AREAS WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITAION – THIS PRODUCES A NATURAL COOLING EFFECT BY KEEPING PRECIPITATION IN THE AIR

Center for Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change in 2002
(staff, “Feedback Factors (Clouds) – Summary, August 7, 2002, pg. online @ http://www.co2science.org/subject/f/summaries/feedbackcloud.htm wyo-ef)

Last of all, Rosenfeld (2000… tend to cool the globe.

AND, REMOVING AEROSOLS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE WOULD CAUSE A BURST OF WARMING – AEROSOLS ARE HOLDING BACK THE EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE WARMING

NEW SCIENTIST IN ‘04
(Fred Pearce, nqa, New Scientist, “Harbingers of Doom?” 7/24/04, pg. Lexis wyo-ef)

As well as pumping gases ..  albeit at a low probability.

Uniqueness overwhelms the link- warming isn’t the problem neolib is
Crist, 2k7 Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse” Telos 141 Winter 2007

Rather than focusing on global … consequences of accumulating greenhouse gases.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Scott Phillips
The United States federal government ought to offer financial assistance toward the assembly-for-export industry in Mexico to Mexico if, and only if, Mexico promises that they shall strive to ensure workers’ rights by recognizing the right to organize, bargain collectively, and strike.  
Worker’s rights are not enforced in Mexico now—external pressure from the US can make this issue a bigger priority for the Mexican government
Oliver, 11, (Ranko Shiraki Oliver, Associate Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) William H. Bowen School of Law, Presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium on The Global Impact and Implementation of Human Rights Norms. “Mexico’s Dilemma: Workers’ Rights or Workers’ Comparative Advantage in the Age of Globalization?”, http://www.mcgeorge.edu/Documents/Conferences/GlobeJune2012_MexicosDilemma.pdf) LOH

• NAALC = North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation

The reality, however, is quite ..  better enforcement of labor rights.
Lack of collective unionization and rights enforcement kills women’s labor movements and facilitates masculine domination which should be rejected as an a priori issue
Comanne 10 (Denise Comanne is a political activist and feminist writer, October 14,  2010, “How Patriarchy and Capitalism Combine to Aggravate the Oppression of Women”, http://cadtm.org/How-Patriarchy-and-Capitalism)

1) Women are "overexploited" in their … the representation of the body.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Andrew Arsht
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to remove Cuba from the United States State Department’s list of state sponsors of terrorism by exempting Cuba from section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, and section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act.
XO solves the case – like seriously hardcore
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS 2/23/2009 - UNITED STATES SENATE
“CHANGING CUBA POLICY--IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL INTEREST”
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT47260/html/CPRT-111SPRT47260.htm

The President has authority to remove Cuba from various ¶ terrorist lists in U.S. law. Under Section 40A of the Arms ¶ Export Control Act (P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C. 2781), the Secretary ¶ of State makes an annual determination listing those countries ¶ that are not cooperating fully with U.S. antiterrorism efforts. ¶ Being on the list prohibits the export of defense articles and ¶ defense services, but the President may waive the sanction if ¶ he determines that the transaction is important to the national ¶ interests of the United States. Cuba was added to the State ¶ Department's list of states sponsoring international terrorism ¶ in 1982 pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration ¶ Act (P.L. 96-72). Exports of dual-use good and services require ¶ a license to any country identified as a state supporter of ¶ terrorism. Being listed under Section 6(j) also triggers other ¶ laws that limit economic transactions. Pursuant to provisions ¶ in the Act, the President may remove a country from the list in ¶ two ways. The first option is to submit a report to Congress ¶ certifying, before the removal would take effect, that: (1) ¶ there has been a fundamental change in the leadership and ¶ policies of the government; (2) the government is not ¶ supporting acts of international terrorism; and (3) the ¶ government has provided assurances that it will not support ¶ acts of international terrorism in the future. The second ¶ option is to submit a report at least 45 days before the ¶ removal of the country from the list certifying that: (1) the ¶ government has not provided any support for international ¶ terrorism during the preceding six-month period, and (2) that ¶ the government has provided assurances that it will not support ¶ acts of international terrorism in the future.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Palos Verde Peninsula SW | Judge: Kendra Doty
When 1A called us guys it reveals the patriarchal coloring of debate practice that teaches us to assert power over others. Ballots signal a reward for emotional violence. Reconfiguring the way in which we relate to difference in the debate community comes prior to their argumentation because creates a skewed playing field and bankrupts debate's transformative potential.
Akili ‘11
(Yolo: Emotions educator, performance artist, practicing astrologer, yoga teacher, and activist. “The Immediate Need For Emotional Justice,” The Crunk Feminist Collective, November 16, 2011.)

These ego wars (or as …  for the world at large.

Female debaters are caught in a doublebind in terms of presentation
Stepp ‘97 (Pamela. “Can we make intercollegiate debate more diverse?” Argumentation and Advocacy, Spring 1997. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6699/is_n4_v33/ai_n28698260/)

Ragins (1995) defines behavioral level …  teams are the least successful.
?
Gendered language in debate is exclusionary, worse than just on college campuses
Stepp ‘97 (Pamela. “Can we make intercollegiate debate more diverse?” Argumentation and Advocacy, Spring 1997. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6699/is_n4_v33/ai_n28698260/)

The difficulties facing women are ..  gender-exclusive language in debate.