Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Steve Pointer
Lifting sanctions destroys Cuba’s urban agriculture system
Gonzalez 3 (Carmen, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA”, Summer of 2003, book p. 729-33, Assistant Professor at Seattle University School of Law)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
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to the retention of an agricultural development model borne of crisis and isolation. 

Urban agriculture is key to Cuban quality of life and is modeled internationally
Peters 10 (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf, LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law)
While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in ¶ Cuba’s history,
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attack on the transportation infrastructure would not significantly affect Cuba’s food distribution system.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
Plan kills Cuba’s agriculture model
- normalized trade relations = biggest threat to Cuba’s urban ag
- b/c Cuba is more pressured to trade, they would have to substantially change their ag process – this necessitates GM crops, neolib farming, large industrial farms, etc.
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
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the Special Period in ways that diverged radically from the prevailing neoliberal model.
One of the most significant decisions that Cuba will face after the lifting of the
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and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Will Pass – despite a litany of obstacles Obama is on board and advocates are pushing hard
NVO News 12/1/13 – (Northern Voices Online “Immigration reform 2013: No chance of comprehensive bill’s passage” http://nvonews.com/2013/12/01/immigration-reform-2013-no-chance-of-comprehensive-billE28099s-passage/) DF

With hopes of immigration reform…in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood.

The plan derails the agenda
Hanson, 13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113U.S.-Cuba Relations
Authors: Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor
Updated: January 31, 2013JH

Ending the economic embargo against … of the issue," says Sweig.

Immigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ
Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of “White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You.” “How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy” 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)

The assessment is positive. This … more prosperous and more stable.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Bill Smelko
Immigration is top of docket and will pass now – political momentum
Apsan 12/23
Moises " What`s in store for Immigration Reform in 2014" Immigration attorney with over 28 years of experience. Past president Federal Bar Association NJ Chapter 1997-2002.  http://news.jornal.us/article-681037.Whats-in-store-for-Immigration-Reform-in-2014.html 

House Speaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) recently announced a the
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leave behind some of the tougher stuff that still needs to get done.”

The plan drains capital
Birns and Mills ‘13
(Larry, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Frederick B., COHA Senior Research Fellow, 01/30, “Best Time for U.S.– Cuba Rapprochement Is Now,” http://www.coha.org/best-time-for-u-s-cuba-rapprochement-is-now/)
Despite the basic intransigence of US policy towards Cuba, in recent years, important
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history may very well be that it ought never to have been started.

Immigration reform key to increase high skilled workers:
Esther Yu-Hsi Lee, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, “Class Divide Widens Between Low-Wage And High-Wage Workers In Silicon Valley,”  http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/10/16/2779601/wage-immigrants-silicon-valley/, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)
Faced with a growing need for high-skilled foreign workers, Silicon Valley has
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from 65,000 to 110,000 in the Senate immigration bill.
Skilled worker access will determine the future of the biotech industry
Dahms 3,  executive director of the California State University System Biotechnology Program (CSUPERB); chair of the Workforce Committee, Biotechnology Industry Organization; and a member of the ASBMB Education and Professional Development Committee, (A. Stephen, “ Foreign Scientists Seen Essential to U.S. Biotechnology,” in Pan-Organizational Summit on the U.S. Science and Engineering Workforce: Meeting Summary, National Academy of Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=nap10727andblobtype=pdf)  

The scarcity of skilled technicians is seen by the biotechnology industry in the U.
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directed toward influencing greater congressional and federal agency attention to these important topics.
Solves bioterror
Bailey, 1 Ronald, award-winning science correspondent for Reason magazine and Reason.com, where he writes a weekly science and technology column. Bailey is the author of the book Liberation Biology: The Moral and Scientific Case for the Biotech Revolution (Prometheus, 2005), and his work was featured in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2004. In 2006, Bailey was shortlisted by the editors of Nature Biotechnology as one of the personalities who have made the "most significant contributions" to biotechnology in the last 10 years. 11/7/1, “The Best Biodefense,” Reason, http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/07/the-best-biodefense

But Cipro and other antibiotics are just a small part of the arsenal that could
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, America’s best biodefense is a vital and profitable pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.

Extinction
Steinbrenner, 97
John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-
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for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Denver East SM | Judge: Chirstian Ogata
Case

Capitalism is progressive, self-correcting, and wealth-generating – ensures sustainability
Goklany 7-Julia Simon Fellow @ the Political Economy Research Center Indur, Reason.com, “Now for the Good News,” 3/23/2007, http://reason.com/archives/2007/03/23/now-for-the-good-news

Environmentalists and globalization foes are united in their fear that greater population and consumption of
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of knowledge, technology, people, and goods breed stagnation or regression.  

Cap key to solve overpopulation
Hollander, Prof of Energy and Resources @ UCB, 2003
Jack, professor emeritus of Energy and Resources at the University of California, Berkeley, Oakland Tribune, Lexis
The picture is very different in the developing countries. Poverty itself is the environmental
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$1,000, the fertility rate is only at replacement level.

Extinction
Ehrlich and Ehrlich 6
Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich, faculty at Stanford University, 9-30-2006, New Scientist
Much of today's population growth is occurring in rural regions in the developing world,
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. Unless we act now, future generations will not have to imagine. 

Resistance to capital is futile and dangerous – natural hierarchies of power are inevitable and sustain peace
Wilkinson 5 – Academic Coordinator of the Social Change Project and the Global Prosperity Initiative at The Mercaatus Center at George Mason University
Will, Capitalism and Human Nature, Cato Policy Report Vol. XXVII No. 1 

Emory professor of economics and law Paul Rubin usefully distinguishes between "productive" and
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the human taste for hierarchical status, but to no one's serious detriment.

3D printing solves capitalism
Napier, 12 – journalist at CW (Mark, “Beyond capitalism? Could new technology make the world more free and equal?” 9/22/12 http://www.culturewars.org.uk/index.php/site/article/beyond_capitalism/)//ahayes
With a plethora of scientific and technological developments such as sustainable energy, interstellar mining
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meaningful lives, and to do so we need to look beyond capitalism. 

Capitalism is key to the formation of successful space programs
Martin 10 (Robert, Amerika, June 21, http://www.amerika.org/politics/centrifuge-capitalism/, accessed: 3 July 2011)

Centralization and capitalism are necessary for any intelligent civilization, yet in excess drains the
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so padded from outside reality that they completely ignore the world around them. 

Extinction - we have to go to space
Garan, 10 – Astronaut (Ron, 3/30/10, Speech published in an article by Nancy Atkinson, “The Importance of Returning to the Moon,” http://www.universetoday.com/61256/astronaut-explains-why-we-should-return-to-the-moon/, JMP)

Resources and Other Benefits: Since we live in a world of finite resources and
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of exploration. The first step is a sustainable permanent human lunar settlement. 

Capitalism solves disease
Norberg 3 – Fellow at Timbro and CATO Johan Norberg, In Defense of Global Capitalism, pg. 186

One common objection to the market economy is that it causes people and enterprises to
AND
will play a larger role in dictating the purposes of research and production.

Extinction
Yu 9 - (5/22/09, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science Writer, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
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could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).
 

No impact to capitalism --- individuals, not the system itself, underlie capitalism’s vices
Aberdeen, 3 (Richard, founder of the Aberdeen Foundation, non-profit human rights foundation, August 20, http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html)
A view shared by many modern activists is that capitalism, free enterprise, multi
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masters as necessary concessions to avoid profit-crippling strikes and outright revolution. 

Capitalism solves great power wars
Chase-Dunn, Professor of Sociology at JHU, 1999 “The Future of Global Conflict”, p. 40
The continuing globalization of the world capitalist system and the apparent triumph of global liberalism
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all-out shooting war among core states will occur in the future.  
hood of famine. 

Cap solves the environment—history is on our side
Bhagwati 4 – Economics Professor, Columbia (Jagdish, In Defense of Globalization, p 144-5, AG)

The belief that specific pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, resulting from increased economic
AND
, and the reduced deforestation of United States compared to a century ago.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Competition between Caribbean ports is heavy – embargo repeal means Mariel gets the bulk of that business
Gonzalez, 13 (Pedro Monreal, “Postpanamax era: an opportunity for Cuba?,” On Cuba, 5/26/13, http://www.oncubamagazine.com/economy-business/postpanamax/ Red)

Although apparently many candidates may exist in the Caribbean to become mega-ports,
AND
it graphically, to a, global and central contemporary capital accumulation dynamics.
Only lifting the embargo allows the Mariel project to succeed
The Cuba Standard, 10 (“Brazil: Mariel investment aiming at post-embargo trade,” 12/8/10, http://www.cubastandard.com/2010/12/08/brazil-mariel-investment-aiming-at-post-embargo-trade/ Red)

Brazilian government officials told National Security Advisor Gen. James L. Jones that Brazil’s
AND
,” the economic counselor at the Interests Section quoted the Brazilians as saying.
Mariel will compete with Kingston port
Alfonso, 13 (Haroldo Dilla, “Cuba’s Mariel Port: New Opportunities for the Island,” Havana Times, 6/18/13, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=94835 Red)

The article, which I suggest everyone read, discusses how Cuba, for the
AND
the eastern coast of the United States, are competing for this opportunity.
Absent that, Kingston is set to become the major hub – that will boost the Jamaican economy
Osman, 13 – Mohammed, advisor on container leasing and shipping container investment opportunities (“Caribbean Ports Race to Meet the Demands of the Panama Canal,” Container Leasing, 1/27/13, http://container-leasing.info/caribbean-ports-race-to-meet-the-demands-of-the-panama-canal/ Red)

Regions all around the world compete to meet the demands of the Panama Canal in
AND
to economic growth, as well as; the ever expanding shipping industry.
Jamaican growth is key to combat gangs – the impact is organized crime and state collapse
Manwaring, 11 – Max G., Professor of Military Strategy in the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College (“Three Lessons from Contemporary Challenges to Security,” Prism, vol. 2, no. 3, June 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/press/contemporary-challenges.html Red)

Similar to other countries in the Circum-Caribbean and elsewhere, Jamaican posses (
AND
international security institutions, they dominate community life, territory, and politics.
Caribbean drug trafficking facilitates terrorism – multiple impacts (military space program, bauxite and alumina supply)
McDavid, 11 – Hilton A., Adjunct Professor of National Security Affairs at the National Defense University (“The Caribbean: The third U.S. border,” FOCALPoint, Feb. 2011, http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/394-february-2011-hilton-a-mcdavid Red)

Caribbean and North American security challenges are intertwined. The basin has become a major
AND
in North American security planning —perhaps more aware than their American counterparts.
That convergence uniquely risks WMD terrorism – it outweighs
Stavridis, 13 – dean of the Fletcher School at Tufts University and former supreme allied commander at NATO (“The dark side of globalization,” Washington Post, 5/31/13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-terrorists-can-exploit-globalization/2013/05/31/a91b8f64-c93a-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html Red)

I am often asked what keeps me awake at night after nearly 40 years as
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That is the convergence we must do all in our power to prevent.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
China in Cuba now but lifting the embargo stops Chinese influence in Cuba
Berner, 13 – Journalism professor (Thomas, “End the Embargo on Cuba,” The Spectator, 3/22, http://rtberner.blogspot.com/2013/03/end-embargo-on-cuba.html)//VP
The death of Hugo Chavez, the president of Venezuela, was a blow to
AND
and let China bunk 90 miles from our country? Embrace Cuba now.

Encroaching on the Chinese sphere of influence leads to nuclear war.
Eland, 05 – Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, “Coexisting with a Rising China,” 4/11, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1494)//VP
Although China is an autocratic state, it still has legitimate security interests. The
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containment, might avoid a future catastrophic war or even a nuclear conflagration.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chandler CP | Judge: Lizzie Canarie
Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

-- Governments must weigh consequences

Harries 94 (Owen, Editor and Founder – National Interest and Senior Fellow – Centre for Independent Studies, “Power and Civilization”, The National Interest, Spring, Lexis)

Performance is the test. Asked directly by a Western interviewer, “In principle
AND
The cost of implementing and promoting them will always have to be considered.

-- Extinction mandates consequentialism

Bok 88 (Sissela, Professor of Philosophy – Brandeis College, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, p. 202-203)

The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
AND
even killing an innocent person, in order that the world not perish.

Consequentialism Good – 1NC

-- Utility maximizes value to life and precludes zeroing anyone out

Dworkin 77 (Ronald, Professor of Law and Philosophy – New York University, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 274-275)

Utilitarian arguments of policy, however, would seem secure from that objection. They
AND
or his views more or less worthy of respect, than any other.

-- Calculations stop the zero-point by increasing diversity and social limitation. Rejecting it increases violence and exclusion

Williams 5 (Michael, Professor of International Politics – University of Wales-Aberystwyth, The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations, p. 165-166)

Yet it is my claim that the willful Realist tradition does not lack an understanding
AND
addressed by retreating yet again into further reversals of the same old dichotomies.

communicating risk is productive - inaction is worse – only debating risk mobilizes effective action
Kurasawa, 04 Fuyuki Kurasawa is Assistant Professor of Sociology at York University,¶ Toronto, and a Faculty Associate of the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale¶ University. He is the author of The Ethnological Imagination: A Cross-Cultural¶ Critique of Modernity (2004), Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention¶ and the Work of Foresight, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf
Introduction¶ As we float in a mood of post-millennial angst, the
AND
and prepare for possible and¶ avoidable sources of harm to our successors.

Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect
Garrett 12 Banning, In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council.
http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies

 “Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing
AND
respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boise BM | Judge: Zuercher
The United States federal government should propose through binding consultation to Brazil PLAN. The United States federal government should support this proposal during consultation and abide by the results of the consultation. 

The Counterplan is necessary to both build U.S.-Brazil relations and build the foundation for effective cooperation
Einaudi, Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011
March 2011, Luigi R., Member of the Advisory Council of the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Distinguished Visiting Fellow in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement,” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf Idriss

Whether Brazil’s future policies will, …  reveals the complexity of the task.

U.S. – Brazil relations are high but consultation is necessary to maintain them – solves a laundry list of impacts
Meyer, Latin American Affairs Analyst @ CRS, 2010
3/5/10, Peter J., Analyst in Latin American Affairs at the Congressional Research Service, “Brazil-U.S. Relations,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA521243 Idriss

Relations with the United States … directed to activities in Brazil.
Amazon destruction causes disease spread and global economic collapse
Chase 96 (Robert S., PhD Candidate – Economics Yale U., Et Al., Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, Lexis)

The array of plants and …  Americans would feel the consequences.
Disease spread causes extinction
Scotsman, 95 (9-11, “The Mega Death”, p. 13, Lexis)

Bullets and bombs may be …  capability to engage in biological warfare.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Steve Pointer
*NOTE: we read this every time someone refers to use as "guys", on the aff and neg. It is also on the aff wiki.*

“you guys”
Because male-based generics are a reinforcer of a system in which "man" in the abstract and men in the flesh are privileged over women and erases feminine specificicty.  

Bilger 02
Audrey "The Common Guy" Bitch Magazine  http://bitchmagazine.org/article/the-common-guy

In “The Ascent of Guy,” a 1999 article in American Speech, Steven
AND
label for girls and women is a particularly insidious example of that process.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The United States federal government should request the governments of Brazil and Mexico engage in dialogue with Cuba on its behalf as per Iglesias. The United States federal government should implement any resulting policy recommendations made by Brazil and Mexico following the dialogue toward Cuba.

Solves the case and avoids politics
Iglesias, Commander in the U.S. Navy, 2012
Carlos, United States Navy Commander, “United States Security Policy Implications of a Post-Fidel Cuba,” manuscript submitted in partial fulfillment of the Masters of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College, United States Army War College Strategy Research Project Idriss

Unlike the policy implications above ….  anti-American influences (e.g. Chávez).100

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it created an unprecedented transnational economic space across North America that eliminated substantial trade barriers between the three signatory nations. Since then, Ciudad Juárez has made headlines because of the longest epidemic of femicidal violence in modern history -a sheer endless chain of inexplicable murder cases, with so far more than 500 women raped, tortured, mutilated, and strangled in the desert surrounding Ciudad Juárez. 

Arriola 07
- visited several border towns and met privately with mostly female workers -Elvia R., Professor of Law - NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, Vo. 5, Issue 2, Spring/Summer

Claudia Ivette-González might still be alive if her employers had not turned her
AND
after all, are only an insignificant cog in the wheel of production.

Civil society enacts standards of civility in order to prevent female rage – the invitational strategy of the status quo not only reify power structures but are deployed to silence and punish marginalized groups. Civility acts as a tool for men to police politics.
Lonzano-Reich and Cloud in 2009
Nina M. Lozano-Reich and Dana L. Cloud. “The uncivil tongue: invitational rhetoric and the problem of inequality” Western Journal of Communication 73.2. April-June 2009.
Bone et al. acknowledge that historically, societal standards of decorum have often been
AND
in a continued state of conformity, punishment, and/or silence.

Poverty and patriarchy are uniquely mutually reinforcing- economic engagement only furthers this gendered division of labor. Only critically recognizing the inherent power within all womyn can we challenge the intersectionality of oppression.
Shiftman ’13 (Pamela is Director of the Initiative for Girls and Women at the NoVo Foundation and works to empower adolescent girls and end violence against girls and women., “Women’s Economic Exclusion Is Closely Tied to Violence”, Creative Time Reports, October 10, 2013, http://creativetimereports.org/reports-360/between-the-door-and-the-street-a-performance-initiated-by-suzanne-lacy/pamela-shifman-womens-economic-exclusion-violence/) LEA
To talk about poor women is to talk about the majority of the world’s poor
AND
entire country.¶ Women are not the problem. Women are the solution.
Patriarchy culminates in war, genocide, environmental degradation and extinction – it is the root cause of all other oppression – we must resist every instance of it.
Kelly 1997 (Petra, Grassroots Activist and Green Party Member of the German Parliament and Author of Several Books, in “Ecofeminism: women, culture, nature” Edited by Karen J. Warren”, p. 112-114)

Men's domination of women is deep and systemic, and it is accepted around the
AND
others, the kind of shared power that has to replace patriarchal power.

The alternative is to  vote negative to kill joy. Using the negative positionality of the Feminist Killjoy stands in the way the male-centric perceptions of happiness. We must rage against sustained signs of patriarchy even if it means laying our bodies on the line.
Ahmed in 10
Sara Ahmed. “Feminist Killjoys (And Other Willful Subjects). The Barnard Center for Research on Women – the Scholar and Feminist Online. Issue 8.3. Summer 2010.
To be unseated by the table of happiness might be to threaten not simply that
AND
a killjoy can be a knowledge project, a world-making project.

The feminist Killjoy calls to anger the collective wrongdoings of patriarchy. The fantasy figured produced by the Killjoy produces rage toward the injustices motiving anger.
Ahmed in 10
Sara Ahmed. “Feminist Killjoys (And Other Willful Subjects). The Barnard Center for Research on Women – the Scholar and Feminist Online. Issue 8.3. Summer 2010.
A feminist call might be a call to anger, to develop a sense of
AND
bodies can get stuck depending on the feelings with which they get associated.

Our rage is critical to the extinction of patriarchy – it not only provides women agency in challenging power but materially grounds our resistance. The Feminist Killjoy enacts anger from women’s experience of violence. Women will no longer be the docile, walking apologies men force us to be – instead we engage in a new female-driven world-making that tears at the walls of male supremacy
Kaplow in 1973
 Susi Kaplow. “Getting Angry” Radical Feminism. 1973.
Two scenarios: An angry man: someone has infringed on his rights, gone
AND
personal to the political and becomes a force for shaping our new destiny.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Globalization harms women, especially in the Third World, in the context of global capital
Mohanty 2003 Chandra Talpade. professor of Women's and Gender Studies, "'Under Western Eyes' Revisited: Feminist Solidarity Through Anticapitalist Struggles." Signs: Journal Of Women In Culture and Society 28.2 (2003): 499.
 Shiva essentially offers a critique of the global privatization of indigenous knowledges. This
AND
centralize the experiences and struggles of these particular communities of women and girls.
Multilateralism and unipolarity are the same thing, just nicer names. They both destroy local industry and the environment at the expense of the Cuban people, specifically women
forte ’10 (r. Maximilian C. Forte, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, http://newimperialism.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/the-new-imperialism-histories-theories/, “The New Imperialism: Histories, Theories”, http://newimperialism.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/the-new-imperialism-histories-theories/) LEA
¶ ¶ Heller describes the emergence of what is increasingly a unipolar world from the
AND
had undermined small farms, weakened food security, and harmed the environment.
 Labor market reforms and the undermining of local labor-intensive activity had caused
AND
The narrative of this kind of multilateralism is what some call humanitarian imperialism.

Civil society enacts standards of civility in order to prevent female rage – the invitational strategy of the status quo not only reify power structures but are deployed to silence and punish marginalized groups. Civility acts as a tool for men to police politics.
Lonzano-Reich and Cloud in 2009
Nina M. Lozano-Reich and Dana L. Cloud. “The uncivil tongue: invitational rhetoric and the problem of inequality” Western Journal of Communication 73.2. April-June 2009.
Bone et al. acknowledge that historically, societal standards of decorum have often been
AND
in a continued state of conformity, punishment, and/or silence.

Poverty and patriarchy are uniquely mutually reinforcing- economic engagement only furthers this gendered division of labor. Only critically recognizing the inherent power within all womyn can we challenge the intersectionality of oppression.
Shiftman ’13 (Pamela is Director of the Initiative for Girls and Women at the NoVo Foundation and works to empower adolescent girls and end violence against girls and women., “Women’s Economic Exclusion Is Closely Tied to Violence”, Creative Time Reports, October 10, 2013, http://creativetimereports.org/reports-360/between-the-door-and-the-street-a-performance-initiated-by-suzanne-lacy/pamela-shifman-womens-economic-exclusion-violence/) LEA
To talk about poor women is to talk about the majority of the world’s poor
AND
entire country.¶ Women are not the problem. Women are the solution.
Patriarchy culminates in war, genocide, environmental degradation and extinction – it is the root cause of all other oppression – we must resist every instance of it.
Kelly 1997 (Petra, Grassroots Activist and Green Party Member of the German Parliament and Author of Several Books, in “Ecofeminism: women, culture, nature” Edited by Karen J. Warren”, p. 112-114)

Men's domination of women is deep and systemic, and it is accepted around the
AND
others, the kind of shared power that has to replace patriarchal power.

The alternative is to  vote negative to kill joy. Using the negative positionality of the Feminist Killjoy stands in the way the male-centric perceptions of happiness. We must rage against sustained signs of patriarchy even if it means laying our bodies on the line.
Ahmed in 10
Sara Ahmed. “Feminist Killjoys (And Other Willful Subjects). The Barnard Center for Research on Women – the Scholar and Feminist Online. Issue 8.3. Summer 2010.
To be unseated by the table of happiness might be to threaten not simply that
AND
a killjoy can be a knowledge project, a world-making project.

The feminist Killjoy calls to anger the collective wrongdoings of patriarchy. The fantasy figured produced by the Killjoy produces rage toward the injustices motiving anger.
Ahmed in 10
Sara Ahmed. “Feminist Killjoys (And Other Willful Subjects). The Barnard Center for Research on Women – the Scholar and Feminist Online. Issue 8.3. Summer 2010.
A feminist call might be a call to anger, to develop a sense of
AND
bodies can get stuck depending on the feelings with which they get associated.

Our rage is critical to the extinction of patriarchy – it not only provides women agency in challenging power but materially grounds our resistance. The Feminist Killjoy enacts anger from women’s experience of violence. Women will no longer be the docile, walking apologies men force us to be – instead we engage in a new female-driven world-making that tears at the walls of male supremacy
Kaplow in 1973
 Susi Kaplow. “Getting Angry” Radical Feminism. 1973.
Two scenarios: An angry man: someone has infringed on his rights, gone
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personal to the political and becomes a force for shaping our new destiny.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boise BM | Judge: Zuercher
A. The affirmative must exclusively defend a world in which a topical plan is hypothetically enacted
Ericson ‘3 (Jon, Dean Emeritus, College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Competitive debate is a dialogue between two teams.   Their willful refusal to defend the resolution is an act to exclude the negative from meaningful participation in the dialogue.  Fairness exists to provide a voice for both sides.
Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
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taking the relative ground of each topic as its central point of departure.
Setting the affirmative reciprocally sets the negative. The negative crafts approaches to the topic consistent with affirmative demands. The negative crafts disadvantages, counter-plans, and critical arguments premised on the arguments that the topic allows for the affirmative team. According to fairness norms, each side sits at a relatively balanced argumentative table.
When one side takes more than its share, competitive equity suffers. However,
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upon months of preparation, research, and critical thinking not be silenced.
Affirmative cases that suspend basic fairness norms operate to exclude particular negative strategies. Unprepared, one side comes to the argumentative table unable to meaningfully participate in a dialogue. They are unable to “understand what ‘went on…’” and are left to the whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114). Hugh Duncan furthers this line of reasoning:
Opponents not only tolerate but honor and respect each other because in doing so they
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and informal institutions (Duncan, 1993, p. 196-197).
Debate compensates for the exigencies of the world by offering a framework that maintains equality for the sake of the conversation (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).
For example, an affirmative case on the 2007-2008 college topic might defend
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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Limits precede contestation and are prerequisite to substantive arguments – without it, debate is impossible.
O’Donnell, director of debate at the University of Mary Washington, no date (Dr. Tim, "Blue Helmet Blues: United States Peacekeeping and the United States", groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Framework20article20for20the20DRG20final2.doc)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
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debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus.

Policy debate is best for real world change, their turn towards in-round activism threatens elite takeover and destruction of debate as a neutral training ground for the real world
Coverstone ’95 (Alan, debate coach, 1995, An Inward Glance, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Coverstone1995China.htm)
Mitchell's argument underestimates the nature of academic debate in three ways. First, debate
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process through which debaters learn what they believe and why they believe it.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Damien CS | Judge: Kurtis Nielsen
Hard power undermines US diplomatic efforts which are key to solve warming, economic growth and disease – shrinking the military causes a mindset shift
Zenko and Cohen, 12 - *Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael A., Fellow at the Century Foundation (“Clear and Present Safety: The United States Is More Secure Than Washington Thinks,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012)Red
Since the end of the Cold War, most improvements in U.S.
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national security strategy and an approach to foreign policy that reflect that reality.

Accepting decline is key – hegemony ensures conflicts that will inevitably cause America’s own demise – a transition to multipolarity is key
Layne 6(Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service, “The Unipolar Illusion Revisited”, The Coming of the United States' Unipolar Moment, p 40-41, 2006, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info3Aofi2Fenc3AUTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandrft.atitle=The+Unipolar+Illusion+Revisitedandrft.jtitle=International+Securityandrft.au=Christopher+Layneandrft.date=2006-01-01andrft.pub=MIT+Press+Journalsandrft.issn=0162-2889andrft.volume=31andrft.issue=2andrft.spage=7andrft.externalDocID=1174852781) ZA

At bottom, multilateral offshore balancing does not address the United States' "hegemony problem
AND
hegemony problem. The United States has a hegemony problem because it wields hegemon

ic power. To reduce the fear of U.S. power,
AND
systems. Unilateral offshore balancing, indeed, is America's next grand strategy.

Attempts to maintain hegemonic dominance over China makes war inevitable
Layne 8(Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service,  January 2008, “China's Challenge to US Hegemony”, Current History, http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdlink?vinst=PRODandfmt=3andstartpage=-1andvname=PQDanddid=1415391761andscaling=FULLandpmid=28519andvtype=PQDandfileinfoindex=2Fshare32Fpqimage2Fpqirs103v2F2012070115342F347232F8842Fout.pdfandsource=24sourceandrqt=309andTS=1341171275andclientId=17822) ZA

China's rise affects the United States because of what international relations scholars call the "
AND
holds the upper hand militarily-has always been a tempting strategic option.

Global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate into a nuclear conflict and a third world war, therefore, many countries other than the primary actors could be affected by such a conflict, including Japan, both Koreas, Russia, Australia, India and Great Britain, if they were drawn into the war, as well as all other countries in the world that participate in the global economy, in which the United States and China are the two most dominant members. If China were able to successfully annex Taiwan, the possibility exists that they could then plan to attack Japan and begin a policy of aggressive expansionism in East and Southeast Asia, as well as the Pacific and even into India, which could in turn create an international standoff and deployment of military forces to contain the threat. In any case, if China and the United States engage in a full-scale conflict, there are few countries in the world that will not be economically and/or militarily affected by it. However, China, Taiwan and United States are the primary actors in this scenario, whose actions will determine its eventual outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
Hegemony is the biggest internal link into economic decline- the US can no longer afford to be an empire
Bandow 10(Doug Bandow, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, former special assistant to President Reagan, J.D. from Stanford University, April 19, 2010, “Bankrupt Empire”, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/bankrupt-empire) ZA

The United States government is effectively bankrupt. Washington no longer can afford to micromanage
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begin the process of becoming a normal nation with a normal foreign policy. 

Economic collapse causes great power wars that go nuclear
Merlini 11 (Cesare Merlini, BA in humanities, holds a diploma for industrial engineering, nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center on the United States at the Brookings Institute, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute of International Affairs, President of the Italian Institute of International Affairs, founder and former Executive-Vice-Chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, former co-editor of Global-FP, an Italian magazine associated with Foreign Affairs, former member of the Trilateral Commission, member of the Board of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, previously held the chair of Nuclear Technologies at the Polytechnic University of Turin, nuclear scientist at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, expert on transatlantic relations, European integration, nuclear non-proliferation, and the impact of change in society on international relations, 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, published in Survival volume 53 number 2, page 117, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/articles/2011/04_international_relations_merlini/04_international_relations_merlini.pdf)
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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others, stemming from a self-perception of rising influence and power.

Heg causes military entanglements, increases instability, risks conflict with China, and kills US-Arab relations
Posen, 13 – Barry R., Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“Pull Back,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2013, Print)Red
FRIENDS WITHOUT BENEFITS Another problematic response to the United States' grand strategy comes from its
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serious impediment to improved U.S. relations with the Arab world.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: Misty Tippets
Solves Everything

Heg solves conflict, growth, trade, disease, terrorism, and everything else
Ikenberry et al, 13 – G. John, Alberg G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, with Stephen G. Brooks, associate professor of government at Dartmouth and William C. Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth (“Lean Forward,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2013, Print)Red
Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall
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an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Accepting decline is key – hegemony ensures conflicts that will inevitably cause America’s own demise – a transition to multipolarity is key
Layne 6(Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service, “The Unipolar Illusion Revisited”, The Coming of the United States' Unipolar Moment, p 40-41, 2006, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info3Aofi2Fenc3AUTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandrft.atitle=The+Unipolar+Illusion+Revisitedandrft.jtitle=International+Securityandrft.au=Christopher+Layneandrft.date=2006-01-01andrft.pub=MIT+Press+Journalsandrft.issn=0162-2889andrft.volume=31andrft.issue=2andrft.spage=7andrft.externalDocID=1174852781) ZA

At bottom, multilateral offshore balancing does not address the United States' "hegemony problem
AND
hegemony problem. The United States has a hegemony problem because it wields hegemon

ic power. To reduce the fear of U.S. power,
AND
systems. Unilateral offshore balancing, indeed, is America's next grand strategy.

Heg solves everything
Kagan 11 – Robert, Senior Fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution (January 24, 2011, “The Price of Power,” http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3)

Today the international situation is also one of high risk. • The terrorists who
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succumb to Iranian influence or build their own nuclear weapons to resist it.

Unipolarity generates much less incentive for war than multipolarity- only our evidence is comparative
Wohlforth 9(William C. Wohlforth, professor of government at Dartmouth College, January 2009, “UNIPOLARITY, STATUSCOMPETITION, AND GREAT POWER WAR”, p. 28-30) ZA

To most observers, moreover, satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the status quo among today’s
AND
the instrumental pursuit of tangible ends such as physical security and material prosperity.
This is why such theories seem irrelevant to interactions among great powers in an international
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inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Also ensures the escalation of war – WWI proves
Christensen and Snyder 11(Thomas J. Christensen, senior fellow at Brookings Institute, professor of politics and international affairs and co-director of the Princeton-Harvard China and the World Program at Princeton University, Jack L. Snyder, Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, May 9, 2011, “Multipolarity, Perceptions, and the Tragedy of 1914”, International Studies Quarterly) ZA

To explain chain-ganging, we combined two separate variables, one structural and
AND
losing the military initiative was considered too risky in the world we describe. 

Hegemony contains middle east conflict – allows rapid stabilization of disputes
Mead, 4 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Policy, March 1)

As part of its sharp-power strategy to address these priorities, the United
AND
the individual military budgets of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and North Korea.

Heg is key to democracy
Thayer 7 – Associate Professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University (Bradley A., American Empire, Routledge, pages 42-3)
The American Empire gives the United States the ability to spread its form of government
AND
has said that Sharansky’s worldview “is part of my presidential DNA.”59

Unipolarity causes nuclear balancing – multipolarity is the only way to ensure security
Monteiro 12 “Nuno P. Monteiro is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, where he teaches International Relations theory, security studies, and the philosophical foundations of the study of politics. He earned a Licentiate’s degree in International Relations from the University of Minho (1997), an M.A. degree in Political Theory and Science from the Catholic University of Portugal (2003), and A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in Political Science from the University of Chicago (2004/09). Dr. Monteiro’s research focuses on great-power politics, power transitions, nuclear proliferation, preventive war, deterrence, and the role of philosophy-of-science arguments in the production of scientific knowledge in IR. His commentary on these topics has appeared in the Guardian, Foreign Affairs, The National Interest, Project Syndicate, and the USA Today and been featured in the media, including radio (e.g., BBC) and print (e.g., the Boston Globe). Dr. Monteiro is a research fellow at Yale’s Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies and a member of the Scientific Council of thePortuguese International Relations Institute (IPRI). His research has appeared in International Security and International Theory.” Winter 2011/2012“Unrest Assured – why unipolarity is not peaceful” http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064

In an international system with more than one great power, recalcitrant minor powers would
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weapons. 73 In so doing, they seek to become major powers.

Prolif causes extinction
Roberts 99 (Brad Roberts, researcher at the Institute for Defense Analysis, Chair of the Research Advisory Council for Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 1999, “Viewpoint: Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s: Looking for the Right Lessons,” http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/robert64.pdf)
This brings us then to the question of what is at stake in the effort
AND
occasions some particular pain on their part that motivates them to seek revenge.
Attempts to maintain hegemonic dominance over China makes war inevitable
Layne 8(Christopher Layne, Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security, at Texas AandM University’s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service,  January 2008, “China's Challenge to US Hegemony”, Current History, http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdlink?vinst=PRODandfmt=3andstartpage=-1andvname=PQDanddid=1415391761andscaling=FULLandpmid=28519andvtype=PQDandfileinfoindex=2Fshare32Fpqimage2Fpqirs103v2F2012070115342F347232F8842Fout.pdfandsource=24sourceandrqt=309andTS=1341171275andclientId=17822) ZA

China's rise affects the United States because of what international relations scholars call the "
AND
holds the upper hand militarily-has always been a tempting strategic option.

Global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate into a nuclear conflict and a third world war, therefore, many countries other than the primary actors could be affected by such a conflict, including Japan, both Koreas, Russia, Australia, India and Great Britain, if they were drawn into the war, as well as all other countries in the world that participate in the global economy, in which the United States and China are the two most dominant members. If China were able to successfully annex Taiwan, the possibility exists that they could then plan to attack Japan and begin a policy of aggressive expansionism in East and Southeast Asia, as well as the Pacific and even into India, which could in turn create an international standoff and deployment of military forces to contain the threat. In any case, if China and the United States engage in a full-scale conflict, there are few countries in the world that will not be economically and/or militarily affected by it. However, China, Taiwan and United States are the primary actors in this scenario, whose actions will determine its eventual outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Econ is key to democracy and democratic hegemony
Karatnycky, Adrian. "The democratic imperative." The National Interest 76 (2004): 107+. Academic OneFile. Web. 14 July 2010. http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/gtx/infomark.do?andcontentSet=IAC-Documentsandtype=retrieveandtabID=T002andprodId=AONEanddocId=A119572858andsource=galeandsrcprod=AONEanduserGroupName=lom_umichannaandversion=1.0

So powerful is the economic, technological, cultural and military might of liberal states
AND
such foreign policy disagreements did little to abate the force of democratic hegemony.

Hegemony is key to a stable Latin America- Panama proves
Donnelly 4 –a defense and security policy analyst, is the director of the Center for Defense Studies (Thomas, October, “Aei Outlook Series”, Homeland Defense and the U.S. Military, http://www.aei.org/outlook/21484)

More substantively, the United States, Chile, and Panama are working together in
AND
America, falls under the area of responsibility of Northern Command (NORTHCOM).

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: -
Text: The government of Japan and India should remove restrictions on and substantially increase incentives for the production of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.
Indian-Japan joint project solves
Ravindran, 2k
M., National Institute of Ocean Technology Director at the IIT Campus, Chennai, India, “The Indian 1 MW Floating OTEC Plant ¡V An Overview,” Summer 2000, IOA Newsletter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol11-2-1.htm uwyo-baj
In 1993, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was formed by the
AND
systems was done with the help of Saga University in 19981.
More funding is key – Japan-India program will beat US to plant development
Becca Friedman, The Harvard Political Review is a student-run organization at Harvard College but also an aff author, “Examining the future of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An Alternative Source Heats Up” Febuary 26th 2006 http://hprsite.squarespace.com/an-alternative-source-heats-up/
In fact, as the U.S. government is dragging its feet,
AND
of Energy has worked with Japanese experts to select 16 potential OTEC sites.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Octas | Opponent: Leucadia IndependentLa Costa GY | Judge: LeDuc, Elias, Didi
Obama using all PC to block new sanctions
WSJ, 12/22/13 (The Wall Street Journal,“Obama's Iran Sanctions Veto- He rejects a bipartisan attempt to strengthen his negotiating hand,”
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303949504579264832104851274)RC

President Obama says he won't sign a deal with Iran that fails to stop its
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. This sharpens the incentive for Iran to dismantle its illegal nuclear facilities.

Changing Cuba policy requires a huge investment of capital
Birns and Strain 10 - Larry Birns, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Kelsey Strain, Research Associate at the COHA, November 18, 2010, "The Mid-Term Elections: An Easy Prediction for the Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations," online: http://www.coha.org/the-mid-term-elections-an-easy-prediction-for-the-future-of-u-s-cuba-relations/
As former U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, Wayne Smith, explains,
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primary objective, should he decide that it is worth the political investment.
Agreement on Iranian proliferation solves regional tension, Iranian prolif, and war now – new congressional sanctions crush the fragile momentum
NIAC, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the interests of the Iranian-American community, “NIAC Applauds US-Iran Diplomatic Progress, Warns Congress Against Sabotaging a Deal,” 10/16/2013. http://www.niacouncil.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticleandid=9893
Washington, DC - The National Iranian American Council released the following statement after the
AND
sabotage talks and box the U.S. into a military confrontation.
Deal prevents global nuclear war
Edelman, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ‘11
(Eric S, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February)
The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
any of these aspirants could develop a nuclear weapons capability within a decade.
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
particular method of acquisition only circumvents, rather than violates, the NPT.
n-player competition
Were Saudi Arabia to acquire nuclear weapons, the Middle East would count three nuclear
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boise BM | Judge: Zuercher
Political violence is sustained by organized thinking that looks at violence through meta-analysis. We need to have deeper insight that realizes that each of us are culpable for violence. This is integral to ending the cycle of violence.
KAPPELER IN 1995 Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 8-11

Moreover, personal behaviour is no alternative to `political' action; there is no
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and that there is no such thing as not acting or doing nothing.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: CK Clatchy BH | Judge: -
The phrase “Latin” America is a product of colonial nomenclature – it homogenizes the historical and cultural uniqueness of the region, turning the aff
Mignolo, 2005. Walter, “The Idea of Latin America” Pg 22. Google Books
You may be wondering at this point what all of this has to do with
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people who identify themselves (or are identified) as “Latin Americans”

Vote negative to reject the phrase Latin America in favor of a critical interrogation of coloniality–deconstructing normative understandings of “Latin America” is key to unravel the geopolitics of knowledge from the perspective of coloniality – key to adopt a historical and ethical criticism of slave-labor.
Mignolo, 2005. Walter, “The Idea of Latin America” Pg 22. Google Books 

Preface The narrative and argument of this book, then, will not be about
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European perspective, even if I was born and educated in South America. 

If they win their framework and the ballot is a tool to question sovereignty and pastoral power – they still lose – the 1AC continues representations of coloniality with their uncritical use of the term Latin America. 

View the 1AC like a research paper – they have to defend the entirety of their representations. If we win a small case turn you vote negative.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chandler CP | Judge: Lizzie Canarie
MANN
Capitalism coopts rebellion and difference – the Affirmative should be read as a manifesto for revolution – challenges to the status quo have become the new model for capitalism. Their rejection of hierarchy and logocentrism become marketing slogans

Frank, 1997 – prof of American History at Univ of Chicago Thomas The Business of Culture in the new Gilded Age Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler ed. By Frank and Weiland; “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent”; Pages 31-32)

CAPITALISM IS CHANGING, obviously and drastically. From the moneyed pages of the Wall
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not yet landed an endorsement contract from a soda pop or automobile manufacturer.

The avant-garde is the sacrifice Capitalism makes against itself to keep the system vital and growing – Affirmative “revolutionary” acts are always already part of system that they rebel against.

Mann 91 Paul, Philosopher, “The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde,” Book, 1991, page 45-46, 7/20/12 

 The very term "avant-garde" is a cause and product of
AND
, to be more precise, in the way its history is told. 

The Alternative is to reject the call to action and the Affirmative Manifesto of change. Disappearance provides the secrecy and anonymity that avoids giving opportunities to be coopted

Mann 91 Paul, Philosopher, “The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde,” Book, 1991, page 144-5, 7/20/12

One could say that this image is hardly original, that the history of the
AND
of our discourse, a space beyond which we can have no interest. 

Our Framework – examination of discursive context and position must precede avant-garde action  – their intellectual positions cannot just be held – they must be argued to succeed. This most closely mirrors the debate contest process. 

Mann, 94 – Philosopher Paul, philosopher, Masocriticism, page 103-4, 1994, July 20 2012

Nothing is more valuable to the intellectual than a position. Even the fabled collapse
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no chaos theorist of discursive physics -- will ever be able to map.

Criticism of debate practices gets readily commodified by the discursive economy it is produced in—far from in sighting radical change, the aff invites more militarism by guaranteeing that opponents will develop tactical approaches to destroy their affirmative.
Mann 99
Now autopsies of the putative corpse of the avant-garde usually reveal a predictable
AND
to discourse. It talked, wrote, and painted itself to death.

Tournament: Copper Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: AlpineWest HW | Judge: Hayden Warren
Capitalism is on its way out – a litany of factors ensure a collapse of overarching systems
FREEMANSPERSPECTIVE 13 –(7/9/13 “Collapse Of Capitalism: THE 9 PLAGUES” http://www.freemansperspective.com/collapse-of-capitalism/)
*We do not endorse the abelist language in this evidence
Let me be blunt: The collapse of capitalism is approaching.¶ Or, perhaps
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brought back aristocracies; a class that is both hidden and immensely powerful.
The determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—it is this logic that mobilizes and allows for the 1AC’s scenario in the first place 

Dyer-Witherford (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999
Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.

For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Anthropocentrism is not the root cause of other oppressions- the causal direction is the other way around: human-over-human domination causes the domination of the non-human world, which their lack of a concrete alternative makes impossible to address.
Hay 2 (Peter, Main currents in Western Environmental Thought, 67-68)
Dcvall notes that 'deep ecology* has increasingly become associated with radical environmental activism,
AND
is harnessed to serve the project of human-over-human domination.
THE TRANSITION IS THE ONLY POSSIBLE HOPE—THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE IS EXTINCTION OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH.  SOONER IS BETTER

LEWIS (Instructor, Sewall Academic Program @ CU Boulder) 2002
Chris H., On the Edge of Scarcity, “Global Industrial Civilization: The Necessary Collapse”, ed. M. Dobkowski and I. Wallimann, Syracuse U. Press, p.mac-tjc

In conclusion, the only solution to the growing political and eco nomic chaos caused
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all its peoples and the living, biological fabric of life on Earth.
§ Marked 13:28 § The paradox of global economic development is that although
AND
and the future of the complex, interconnected web of life on Earth.
The alternative is to refuse action in the face of the crisis presented by the affirmative and do nothing

THAT WAS THE TEXT.  NOW, SO THERE’S NO CONFUSION, HERE’S THE EVIDENCE THAT SAYS THAT SOLVES:

ZIZEK 2004
Slavoj, Serbian Nationalist and Historical Revisionist, Revolution at the Gates, p. 169-171 wyo-tjc

Indeed, since the “normal” functioning of capitalism involves some kind of disavowal
AND
capitalist system, in the way the political space and state apparatuses work.

THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN ETHICAL ACTION THAT STANDS OUTSIDE OF POLITICS—YOUR ETHICAL DEMAND TO COME PRIOR TO THE STRUCTURAL NEGATION OF CAPITAL IS THE LARGEST VIOLATION OF ETHICS

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo

p. 409-10
Politics and morality are so closely intertwined in the real world that it is hardly
AND
strategy, taking fully on board the painful lessons of the recent past.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Melani Campell
FIRST, RACE AND CLASS ARE DIALECTICALLY CONJOINED IN THE REPRODUCTION OF CAPITALIST RELATIONS—CAPITALISM RACIALIZES SUBJECTS TO ENTRENCH COMPETITION AND DESTROY UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS AS WELL AS SUSTAINS WHITE RACISM AS A METHOD OF PAPERING OVER CONTRADICTIONS.  ALL OF THIS IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE SYSTEM OF CAPITAL ACCUMULATION

SAN JUAN (Fulbright Lecturer @ Univ. of Leuven, Belgium) 2003
E., “Marxism and the Race/Class Problematic: A Re-Articulation”, p. online: http://clogic.eserver.org/2003/sanjuan.html wyo-tjc

It seems obvious that racism cannot be dissolved by instances of status mobility when sociohistorical
AND
structures and retooled practices of domination and subordination.
?
SECOND, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACISM DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION.  CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION*

GIMENEZ (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) 2001
Martha, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html wyo-tjc

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

THIRD, THE ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL HISTORICISM IS NO MERE OVERSIGHT, NOR IS IT ENOUGH TO SIMPLY MENTION ECONOMICS IN A FEW OF YOUR CARDS—THE RELIANCE OF INDENTY-BASED POLITICS IS NOT AN ACCIDENTAL INSTANCE OF IGNORING CLASS.  THE DEMAND ARISES OUT OF THE CRISIS OF LIBERALISM—SUCH POLITICS PARTICULARIZES THE OPPRESSIONS OF CAPITALISM TO THE POINT THAT THE UNIVERSAL SYSTEM IS NATURALIZED.  ATTAINING WHITE, MALE BOURGEOISSE PRIVILEGE BECOMES THE BENCH-MARK OF POLITICAL SUCCESS, RE-ENTRENCHING THE VERY FOUNDATION OF THE SYSTEM

BROWN (Professor and Genius) 1993
Wendy, “Wounded Attachments”, Political Theory, Aug. p. 392-394wyo-tjc

Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

THEORIZING THE ROOT OF RACISM AS A FEAR OF DIFFERENCE MYSTIFIES THE MATERIAL NATURE OF EXPLOITATION, SUCCESSFULLY SUPRESSING ECONOMICS FROM THE POLITICAL HORIZON

YOUNG (Prof. Critical Studies at Oxford) 2006
Robert, “Putting Materialism Back Into Race Theory”, Red Critique, Spring, p. onlinewyo-tjc

I foreground my (materialist) understanding of race as a way to contest contemporary
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

OBSERVATION THREE: Our Politics

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

TUMINO (Prof. English @ Pitt) 2001
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online wyo-tjc

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

BECAUSE RACISM IS DIALECTICALLY CONJOINED WITH THE EXPLOITATIVE LOGIC OF CAPITALISM, ONLY THE TOTALIZING METHOD OF CLASS POLITICS CAN OFFER THE WAY OUT—THEIR METHOD LOCALIZES AND DIVORCES THE PROBLEM, ALLOWING THE SYSTEM TO BUY-OFF GROUPS THROUGH REFORMISM, DESTROYING THE RADICAL POTENTIAL OF THE AFF*

YOUNG (Prof. Critical Studies at Oxford) 2006
Robert, “Putting Materialism Back Into Race Theory”, Red Critique, Spring, p. onlinewyo-tjc

This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
Instead, I theorize freedom as a material effect of emancipated economic forms.

RESISTANCE TO CAPITAL MUST BE A TOTAL NEGATION OF THE SYSTEM FROM OUT-SIDE OF GOVERNMENT—WHILE SOME INSIDE POLITICAL GAINS ARE POSSIBLE, THEY ARE TRUMPED BY THE ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO USE REFORMS TO RESTABILIZE CAPITAL AND MARGINALIZE LABOR AS A SOCIAL ALTERNATIVE

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo

p. 738
Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary movement is twofold. On the one
AND
a vital precondition for countering the massive extra-parliamentary power of capital.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
American engagement in Latin America threatens progressive political action and re-entrenches neoliberalism
Renique Associate Professor in the Department of History at the City College of the City University of New York 10-- ( Gerardo, “Latin America today: The revolt against neoliberalism”, Socialism and Democracy, 19:3, 9/20/10, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08854300500284561#.UcnZQvnVCSo)//AS
In opposition to this agenda, the new subaltern movements offer a politics of hope
AND
to defeat other leftwing and popular movements and to largely isolate the Cuban regime

Neolibralism causes extinction through environmental destruction, space weaponization and nuclearwar – focus on short-term wealth and attempts to maintain superiority
Marko 2003—(“ Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell's Problem”, Indymedia UK,
http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html SW)

Bertrand Russell throughout his long career as a public intellectual and political activist had reason
AND
The concerns expressed in this essay ought to occupy more of its time. 

ALT: We need to take back politics – systems of politics are sustained only by our engagement with them – working w/in doesn’t solve
Meszaros 8 (Istvan, Chair of Philosophy at the University of Sussex, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time, p323-328)
The unreality of postulation the sustainable solution of the grave problems of our social order
AND
synonymous with the withering away of the state as an ongoing historical enterprise.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Octas | Opponent: Leucadia IndependentLa Costa GY | Judge: LeDuc, Elias, Didi
The United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should adopt a three-tiered system for sanctioning terrorist financiers and create a National Security Sanctions Court 

The CP Solves global Terrorism – Increase flexibility, national security, cooperation and information and freeze terrorist’s financiers
O’LEARY, 10 - (ROBERT E is a J.D. Candidate 2010, New York University School of Law, “IMPROVING THE TERRORIST FINANCE SANCTIONS PROCESS” Feb 28, 2010 http://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv4/groups/public/@nyu_law_website__journals__journal_of_international_law_and_politics/documents/documents/ecm_pro_065797.pdf)

As part of the global effort to combat terrorism, the United States Department of
AND
allow OFAC to be more effective at stopping the flow of terrorist funds.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge: Matt Jallits
The United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should adopt a three-tiered system for sanctioning terrorist financiers and create a National Security Sanctions Court 

The CP Solves global Terrorism – Increase flexibility, national security, cooperation and information and freeze terrorist’s financiers
O’LEARY, 10 - (ROBERT E is a J.D. Candidate 2010, New York University School of Law, “IMPROVING THE TERRORIST FINANCE SANCTIONS PROCESS” Feb 28, 2010 http://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv4/groups/public/@nyu_law_website__journals__journal_of_international_law_and_politics/documents/documents/ecm_pro_065797.pdf)

As part of the global effort to combat terrorism, the United States Department of
AND
allow OFAC to be more effective at stopping the flow of terrorist funds.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bellarmine ND | Judge: Ryan Marcus
Prices rising now --- will remain above $100 --- best and most predictive evidence
AllAfrica News 7-30 (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/, Deech)

Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

Saudi oil flood would crush renewable energy development and destroy other oil producers without affecting Saudi Arabia
Al-Saleh, 8 (Yasser Al-Saleh, Paul Upham and Khaleel Malik, Manchester Institute for Innovation Research, “Renewable Energy Scenarios for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”, 10, 2008, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/wp125.pdf, JKahn)
These scenarios represent what might be thought of as a continuation of current trends in
AND
oil prices), solar thermal seems to be an attractive choice worth considering.

Any sustained drop below $100 per barrel causes Russian  collapse --- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, “After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013”, Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)
It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was $50 to $55.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: Misty Tippets
OFF
Reforms now because of economic pressure – it will end Cuban communism
Sadowski, 11 – JD, Hofstra University School of Law, and Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law (Richard, “Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and Prevention within the Framework of the United States’ Embargo”, 12 Sustainable Dev. L. and Pol’y 37, lexis)KW
RECENT ECONOMIC POLICY CHANGES IN CUBA SIGNAL THE END OF OPPRESSIVE CUBAN RULE ¶ Economic
AND
the world food crisis, released prisoners, and commuted death sentences.86
Expanding economic engagement provides profits to the regime to finance the expansion of communism globally and strengthen Cuban alliances with rogue states
Brookes, 9 - Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs at the Heritage Foundation (Peter, “Keep the Embargo, O” 4/16, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)
Of course, the big empanada is the US economic embargo against Cuba, in
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.
The spread of communism causes mass exterminations globally
Kors, Professor of History at University of Pennsylvania and Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2001  (Alan Charles, “Triumph without Self-Belief,” Orbis, Summer, ebsco)
The most that can be said in communism's favor is that it was capable of
AND
certain something worth calling Western civilization did in fact survive the twentieth century.

Tournament: Copper Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lehi | Judge: Andrais Washington
Globalization is the process of globalizing masculine politics through armed conflict and economic intervention.  
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Michael Kimmel (2002) points out that the underlying logics of globalization in capitalist
AND
men and how, in turn, it modifies the process of social change

Increased globalization between the US and Latin America produces poverty, sex trafficking, economic marginalization and labor exploitation based on gender oppression. Women's oppression is what subsidizes and makes economic liberalization possible.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

The unequal payoffs and costs of globalization are caused by its inherent contradictions that create
AND
income in the informal sector, and unpaid household labor in the home.

Sovereignty genders our political identities, defining it along lines of the "public" sphere of deliberation, state politics, while relegating the "private" the home to pure domesticity. This has historically marginalized femininity  in 2 ways: first by effeminizing alternative embodiments, expressions or values and second by materially excluding women from the public sphere.
Youngs 2004 (Gillian, “Feminist International Relations: a¶ contradiction in terms? Or: why women¶ and gender are essential to understanding¶ the world ‘we’ live in,” International Affairs 80, I (2004) 75-87, Pg. 8-10 KD)
Sovereignty is a core concept in International Relations because it defines¶ the pre-
AND
relations, including gender hierarchies,¶ contribute to insecurity, broadly defined.27 

Silence about the gendered dimension of economic engagement is an intended tactic and cloaking device that serves to conceal the work of masculine violence.
Chow ’03 (Esther Ngan-ling, Prof. @ American Univ. “Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century,” International Sociology 18:3)

Why is globalization as a gendered phenomenon not well recognized? Among many reasons,
AND
relationships, identities and experiences of women and men. *ABLEISM MODIFIED

Framing the world through gendered dualisms orients all policies towards economic growth, effeminizing all alternative discourses as irrational or impossible. This precipitates war, poverty, oppression, and environmental degradation-- making extinction inevitable.
Nhanenge 7
Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT 

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modem society
AND
to domination of society and nature, and will eventually destroy the world. 

Beginning from the subject location of marginalized bodies is the only way to make gendered colonial violence visible. This epistemological privilege doesn't stem from a claim about identity, but rather the position of being most impacted by these policies. Only by centralizing these experiences can we find a roadmap for global restructuring.
Mohanty 03
(Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, ““Under Western Eyes” Revisited: Feminist Solidarity
through Anticapitalist Struggles”, Signs, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535, JSTOR)SK

This is the very opposite of “special interest” thinking. If we pay
AND
and that provide productive and necessary avenues of theorizing and enacting anticapitalist resistance.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Steve Pointer
Text: The United States federal government should abolish the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism and should retain the sanctions already levied by said list.

Revisions to SST list fall short of any broader ideological reform – only removing access to the distinction prompts change
Jackson 7 – your author (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2007, “Terrorism Studies and the Politics of State Power,” Paper prepared for International Studies Association’s 47th annual convention,http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1951/ISA-2007-Paper-CTS-Jackson2.pdf?sequence=1)
From a discourse analytic perspective, it can be argued that the terrorist sanctuaries?
AND
academic analysis therefore, it may serve a number of distinctly ideological purposes.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Bill Smelko
Cuba violates human rights
Lee 13 (Brianna, Senior Production Editor at CFR, U.S.-Cuba Relations, Updated: 1/31/13,  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113#p5)
What is the main obstacle in U.S.-Cuban relations? A fundamental
AND
alienating a strong voting bloc in an important swing state in presidential elections.
Shunning human rights violators is necessary to uphold a moral order – protecting rights is an a-priori concern
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chandler CP | Judge: Lizzie Canarie
Narratives are ineffective.  Speaking for others solves nothing and recreates their harms.
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
oppressed is becoming increasingly criticized by members of those oppressed groups themselves.6

The aff’s use of narratives doesn’t allow us to acknowledge the choices we are making which means we can never actually address the problems we are trying to solve
 Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

In the examples used above, there may appear to be a conflation between the
AND
epistemological and metaphysical claims which are implicit in the articulation of the problem.

The aff’s attempt to speak for other’s problems in a debate space doesn’t allow actual mindset change to happen- it must happen in a space where all listeners can take the statement as an absolute truth absent the human interpretations that are made in the debate space
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

A plethora of sources have argued in this century that the neutrality of the theorizer
AND
as they are in themselves," that is, free of human interpretation.

The struggle that the aff presents must be in a political realm- this undermines any absolute “truth” claim they attempt to make and puts it in the court of the listeners
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

On a coherentist account of truth, which is held by such philosophers as Rorty
AND
speaker, aside from the speaker's intentions or attempts to avoid such invocations.

This loss of control however does not sever them from their bad representations- in fact it binds them to it- this is the only way they can change and learn how to speak to different listeners
Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html

The conjunction of Premises (1) and (2) suggest that the speaker
AND
pose the choice here as one between no accountability or complete causal power.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boise BM | Judge: Zuercher
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic … others in the same direction.
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions -~-- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas -~-- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept … multiple types of positive sanctions

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
A. Interpretation: Economic engagement is the expansion of state-to-state ties
Kahler and Kastner 6
(Kahler, Miles, Professor of Pacific International Relations  at University of California, San Diego, and Kastner, Scott, associate professor of International Relations at the University of Maryland, 2006, “STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN”, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego) FS

Economic engagement—a policy of …  more widespread than previously recognized.
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction Economic engagement policies are ….  others in the same direction.

Substantially means to a large degree
Words and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantially,” Volume 40B, p. 324-330 October 2002, Thomson West)

N.D.Ill. 2002. Under ADA, “substantially” … or to a large degree.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
“Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic … others in the same direction.
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions -~-- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas -~-- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept … multiple types of positive sanctions

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: Misty Tippets
Appealing to the nebulous threat of “terrorism” justifies any political action, leading to preemptive war.
Campbell, 2003
(Horace, Professor of African American studies and political science at Syracuse University in New York. He is a member of the executive committee of the Black Radical Congress and chairperson of its international caucus, “Beyond Militarism and Terrorism in the Biotech Century: Toward a Culture of Peace and Transformation” Radical History Review 85, 2003, pages 24-36, Project Muse) 

In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, and in the wake of the
AND
at the end of the Second World War is no longer necessary. 10 

THE AFF IS A INSTRUMENT OF THE WAR ON TERROR- WHICH IS DISCURSIVELY CONSTRUCTED, IGNORING THAT CONSTRUCTION PERPETUATES CONFLICT.
Dryzek, 2006
(John S, Professor of Political Science, University of Melbourne , Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World, published by Polity Press, 2006, page 70, cabalwej)

Those who oppose Islamic radicalism, in the US government and elsewhere, have often
AND
with all kinds of unanticipated and unwanted consequences in the informal discursive realm.
WAR ON TERROR STRENGTHENS TERRORISTS – INCREASES RECRUITMENT
Dryzek, 2006
(John S, Professor of Political Science, University of Melbourne , Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World, published by Polity Press, 2006, page 71-73, cabalwej)

`What happens if military action is successful to the point where it disrupts the
AND
thousand adherents, not the hundreds of millions that bin Laden hoped for.
A policymaking paradigm centered around securitization creates an increasingly dangerous world of endless enemy constructions and wars, turning the disad.
Aradau, Research Associate in the Centre of International Relations, Department of War Studies, King’s College London, 2001
Claudia, December. RUBIKON, http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~rubikon/forum/claudia2.htm KR 

Securitization has been defined in performative terms, either as a speech act
AND
in which security is only likely to breed more insecurity and eventually violence.
No terrorist threat – treating terrorism as a threat is what makes it one
Zulaika, 10
(Joseba, Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, “The terror/counterterror edge: when non-terror becomes a terrorism problem and real terror cannot be detected by counterterrorism,” Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2010, pg. 247-260, Taylor and Francis, pdf¬)

In fact, between 1974 and 1994, two decades in which terrorism loomed as
AND
picture, once again, of how counterterrorism may become terrorism’s best ally.
The xenophobia surround ‘terrorism’ is the same racism used to subjugate Mexicans in the United States
Jurado 08’- Master in American Culture and US-Mexican Relations (Kathy, “ALIENATED CITIZENS: “HISPANOPHOBIA” AND THE MEXICAN IM/MIGRANT BODY”, University of Michigan, 2/14/08, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/58455/kjurado_1.pdf?sequence=1)//AK

Following September 11, xenophobic discourses about “foreign Others” reached new levels provoking
AND
able” to withstand harsh climates such as those demanded by agricultural work.

Their representations of the Middle East are rooted in binary systems of exclusion which culminate in violence against the Other who occupies the devalued position in this system.
Hirchi, Mohammed '07, "Media Representations of the Middle East," WACC.  World Assoc. for Christian Communication.  Online.

This marking of difference is articulated within clear boundaries; it does not tolerate ambiguous
AND
meaning. They are beyond history and incapable of embracing cultural emancipation.

that makes war a constant feature of civil society
Eduardo Mendieta, Professor of Philosophy at SUNY-Stony Brook, April 25, 2002, online: http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf, accessed August 29, 2006

I have thus far discussed Foucault’s triangulation between the discourses of the production of truth
AND
of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge: Chris Thiele, Steve Sander, Pierce Young
The apocalyptic imagining of climate change produces technological or treaty fixes which leave the root cause of environment destruction and makes other environmental problems seem acceptable and allows for species elimination, ocean destruction, deforestation, and other problems
Crist, 2k7 Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse” Telos 141 Winter 2007
While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
AND
virtue of claiming the limelight for the one issue that trumps all others.
Identifying climate change as the biggest threat to civilization, and ushering it into center
AND
He hopes for a similar victory for the global climate-change problem.
Yet the deepening realization of the threat of climate change, virtually in the wake
AND
agonizes over what technological means can save it from impending tipping points.21
The dominant frame of climate change funnels cognitive and pragmatic work toward specifically addressing global
AND
forgiving by comparison with “dangerous anthropogenic interference” with the climate system.
In what follows, I will focus specifically on how climate-change discourse encourages
AND
to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.

Increased CO2 solves warming --- it acts as a sink that removes it from the atmosphere --- recent evidence is on our side
Idso and Idso 11—Former Professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, Botany and Microbiology @ Arizona State University and PhD from UMinnesota and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture AND PhD in Geography (Sherwood and Craig, “Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future: Pursuing the Prudent Path,” Published by the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf, DA: 6/21/2012JLENART)

As can be seen from this figure, earth’s land surfaces were a net source
AND
more effective uptake” of CO2-carbon has occurred primarily over land. 

POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES CAUSE A DECREASE IN RAINFALL IN AREAS WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITAION – THIS PRODUCES A NATURAL COOLING EFFECT BY KEEPING PRECIPITATION IN THE AIR

Center for Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change in 2002
(staff, “Feedback Factors (Clouds) – Summary, August 7, 2002, pg. online @ http://www.co2science.org/subject/f/summaries/feedbackcloud.htm wyo-ef)

Last of all, Rosenfeld (2000) used satellite data obtained from the Tropical
AND
of the earth, both of which effects tend to cool the globe.
AND, REMOVING AEROSOLS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE WOULD CAUSE A BURST OF WARMING – AEROSOLS ARE HOLDING BACK THE EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE WARMING

NEW SCIENTIST IN ‘04
(Fred Pearce, nqa, New Scientist, “Harbingers of Doom?” 7/24/04, pg. Lexis wyo-ef)

As well as pumping gases into the atmosphere, we are also filling it with huge volumes of microscopic particles, mostly from burning forests, crop waste and fossil fuels. Depending on their characteristics, these aerosols can scatter or absorb solar radiation and may influence the formation, colour and reflectivity of clouds. The precise nature of their involvement in global temperature has been hotly disputed for a decade. But most researchers now believe that
the dominant effect of these aerosols is to suppress warming by shading the planet.
AND
10 degreesC, which Murphy's graph predicts, albeit at a low probability.

FOURTH, CO2 PROVIDES AN INSURANCE POLICY AGAINST ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE ENSURING THAT RAPID SHIFTS WONT HAPPEN

CO2 Science Magazine 03
(Center for the study of carbon dioxide and global exchange www.co2science.org, “Rapid Climate Changes” Reviewed 22 January 2003
http://www.co2science.org/journal/2003/v6n4c1.htm WYO/jr)

Although much is made of the role of models in studying "the complex interplay
AND
been observed in either full glacial or transitional periods between glacials and interglacials.
This latter real-world fact clearly suggests we are unlikely to experience any dramatic
AND
so hard to put in place over the course of the Industrial Revolution.
CO2 is key to phytoplankton which solve warming
Sherwood Idso, former research physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and former adjunct professor in Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology @ Arizona State U, and Craig Idso, founder of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change and former Director of Environmental Science at Peabody Energy, 6/6/2007
(“Carbon Dioxide and Global Change: Separating Scientific Fact from Personal Opinion”, http://co2science.org/education/reports/hansen/HansenTestimonyCritique.pdf, p. 27-8)

An example of the first of these ameliorative phenomena involves dimethylsulfide or DMS, which
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CO2 concentration, as originally suggested by Charlson et al. (1987).
Literally hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific papers have been published on this important subject
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-a concentrations more than an order of magnitude higher than the background.”
In this ambitious endeavor, Meskhidze and Nenes used the Sea-viewing Wide Field
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greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere since the inception of the Industrial Revolution.
Other work in this area points to a similar anti-warming phenomenon that is
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in sign our italics, to the forcing induced by greenhouse gases.”
Likewise, Smythe-Wright et al. (2006) report that “an increase in the production of iodocompounds and the subsequent production of CCNs would potentially result in a net cooling of the earth system and, hence, in a negative climate feedback mechanism, mitigating global warming.”
In another recent experiment that dealt with both DMS and iodocarbons, Wingenter et al
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higher in the 2xCO2 mesocosms and 131 higher in the 3xCO2 mesocosms.
Based on the results of these several studies, the existence of the second type
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in which “significantly higher net community production was observed under elevated CO2.”
Consequently, in light of the facts that (1) increases in both water
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a 2 increase of solar irradiance,” as Hansen claims it does.

No impact to ocean acidification Ocean biodiversity is high and resilient now – recent students show more than a million species
Jha 10 – staff writer (Alok, "Study identifies more than 1 million ocean species" The Guardian, 10/4, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/04/census-marine-life)

It is the culmination of a decade of work by 2,700 scientists from
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acquainted now with our fellow travellers and their vast habitat on this globe."
CO2 key to plant growth and economic stability
Wall Street Journal 1/19/12 (“No Need to Panic About Global Warming” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html, PZ)
*The following has been signed by the 16 scientists with the following credentials:
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Antonio Zichichi, president of the World Federation of Scientists, Geneva.
The fact is that CO2 is not a pollutant. CO2 is a colorless and odorless gas, exhaled at high concentrations by each of us, and a key component of the biosphere's life cycle. Plants do so much better with more CO2 that greenhouse operators often increase the CO2 concentrations by factors of three or four to get better growth. This is no surprise since plants and animals evolved when CO2 concentrations were about 10 times larger than they are today. Better plant varieties, chemical fertilizers and agricultural management contributed to the great increase in agricultural yields of the past century, but part of the increase almost certainly came from additional CO2 in the atmosphere. Princeton physics professor William Happer on why a large number of scientists don't believe that carbon dioxide is causing global warming. A recent study of a wide variety of policy options by Yale economist William Nordhaus showed that nearly the highest benefit-to-cost ratio is achieved for a policy that allows 50 more years of economic growth unimpeded by greenhouse gas controls. This would be especially beneficial to the less-developed parts of the world that would like to share some of the same advantages of material well-being, health and life expectancy that the fully developed parts of the world enjoy now. Many other policy responses would have a negative return on investment. And it is likely that more CO2 and the modest warming that may come with it will be an overall benefit to the planet. 

High status quo CO2 emissions are key to agriculture and prevent extinction
IDSOS 12-22-2010 (Sherwood PhD and fmr research physicist for the Dept of Ag, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, “Food Security: The Real Planetary Problem,” CO2 Science, Volume 13, Number 51, http://www.co2science.org/articles/V13/N51/EDIT.php)
In a paper recently published in the Journal of Proteome Research, Sarkar et al
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-giving molecule that we expel to the air every time we exhale.

Uniqueness overwhelms the link- warming isn’t the problem neolib is
Crist, 2k7 Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse” Telos 141 Winter 2007
Rather than focusing on global warming as a driver of more biodiversity losses, climate
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a major glitch in the machine—the consequences of accumulating greenhouse gases.

Warming is not an existential risk – empirics.
Maslin et al 11 – Professor at Department of Geography at University College of London (Mark, “Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action”, 2011; http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1942/1866.full.pdf+html)//Beddow
Some people have even suggested that human extinction may not be a remote risk
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, in the shorter term, there is a huge scope for positive action

No extinction
NIPCC 11. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. Surviving the unprecedented climate change of the IPCC. 8 March 2011. http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html
In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
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the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

The plan doesn't address consumption and produces – means they can’t solve and turns case
Byrne et al 9 - Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware (John, “Relocating Energy in the Social Commons: Ideas for a Sustainable Energy Utility,” Sage, April 2009, http://bst.sagepub.com/content/29/2/81.full.pdf+html ) JG
The threat of global warming has propelled renewable energy from policy Siberia to policy priority
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endless, but low- to no- carbon emitting, economic growth.

Alt cause to ocean biodiversity decline – invasive species
Choi 11 – freelance writer based in New York who specializes in science (Charles Q., “Ocean Invaders: Exotic Species Spreading Through World's Seas” Our Amazing Planet, http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/ocean-invasive-species-1160/)

Exotic species have invaded more than 80 percent of the oceans and coasts on Earth
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been found on plastic in areas they do not belong," Williams said.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge: Chris Thiele, Steve Sander, Pierce Young
High magnitude impacts should come first despite low probability—nuclear winter threatens humanity—climate change doesn’t
Sandberg, Matheny and Cirkovic, 8—Anders Sandberg, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, postdoctoral research assistant for the EU Enhance project; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and co-founder of New Harvest, and Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro; “How Can We Reduce the Risk of Human Extinction” http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction SAS
The facts are sobering. More than 99.9 percent of species that have
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neuroscience, and developing international policies to reduce the risk of catastrophic accidents.
Seriously, there will be wars: economics, security dilemma, nationalism
Mearsheimer, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, 1999.
(John Mearsheimer, “Is Major War Obsolete?” 1999, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/index.html)
A second reason that states go to war which, of course, is dear
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You don’t hear many people saying that’s going to produce peace, do you