Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should remove its sanctions on Cuba.

Advantage 1 is the Environment
Some warming is inevitable, but shifts in consumption can still mitigate its risks
Pollard, quoting analysis from a Prof. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies @ UCLA, 2012
8/19/12, Logan Nakayanzi, reporter for The Huffington Post, citing analysis from Dr. Alex Hall, Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, PhD in Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences from Princeton, “Is Global Warming Inevitable? A Case Study,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/logan-nakyanzi-pollard/global-warming-inevitable_b_1793487.html Idriss
So, is warming inevitable? Yes and no, says lead UCLA investigator Professor
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wave will be the two-week heat wave in the 21st century."

Specifically, it’s too late to stop climate change in the Caribbean – we can only work to mitigate its impacts
Dubrie, et. Al, United Nations Environment Programme Team, 2008
Artie, Ozone Action Programme at the UN Environment Programme Team, Chris Corbin, Caribbean Environmental Programme, Kakuko Nagatani, Graciela Metternicht, and Silvia Giada of the Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Mark Griffith of Small Islands Development States, ROLAC, Ricardo Sanchez Sosa, Regional Director, ROLAC, http://www.pnuma.org/deat1/pdf/Climate_Change_in_the_Caribbean_Final_LOW20oct.pdf Idriss
Caribbean SIDS now experiences the impacts of human-induced climate change. Time is
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fundamental benchmark against which all the negotiation of the Bali Roadmap be conducted.

Effective regional cooperation is key to resource and disease management, and environmental efforts – builds consensus that overwhelms political opposition
GFDRR, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, 2012
“Regional cooperation in Disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation: Progress and future plans,” http://gfdrr.org/docs/8thCG_Annex_B.pdf Idriss
The development potential of regional cooperation

1. Many of today’s development issues call for neighboring countries to work together—
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   Advisors at ECOWAS and SADC to strengthen their capacity in DRR related matters.

Global climate change poses immediate risks in the Caribbean – laundry list of impacts
BioD (ecosystems, reefs), Caribbean/Cuban Ag, another i/l to water wars, disease, econ (infrastructure damage), soil erosion
AOSIS and UNF, Alliance of Small Island States and The United Nations Foundation, 2008
2/5/08, “GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: FINANCING ADAPTATION,” http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/suriname/shared/documents/papers/CLIMATECHANGEAOSIS_GreenPaper_Feb52008_.pdf Idriss
Global climate change poses a grave, imminent danger to all aspects of development (
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areas where upland watersheds are in poor condition, particularly on larger islands.

Ecosystem destruction risks human survival
Coyne and Hoekstra 7 – *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying)
 
  But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us.
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able to purify water; and a shortage of clean water spells disaster.
    In many ways, oceans are the most vulnerable areas of all. As
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provide tremendous amounts of food for human populations and buffer coastlines against erosion.
    In fact, the global value of "hidden" services provided by ecosystems
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that is where we're heading if species extinction continues at its current pace.
    Extinction also has a huge impact on medicine. Who really cares if,
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decorsin and ornatin (platelet aggregation inhibitors), and hirudin (another anticoagulant).
    Plants, too, are pharmaceutical gold mines. The bark of trees,
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a powerful anticancer drug that saved the life of one of our friends.
    Of the roughly 250,000 plant species on Earth, fewer than 5 percent have been screened for pharmaceutical properties. Who knows what life-saving drugs remain to be discovered? Given current extinction rates, it's estimated that we're losing one valuable drug every two years.
    Our arguments so far have tacitly assumed that species are worth saving only in
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not necessarily religious, but spiritual nonetheless, for it stirs the soul.
    But, whether or not one is moved by such concerns, it is
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just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.
Independently, environmental destruction leads to global wars
Homer-Dixon 98 (Thomas, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme – University of Toronto, World Security Challenges for a New Century, p. 342-343)
Another possibility is that global environmental damage might increase the gap between rich and poor
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from war and rebellion to trade disputes—and undermining possibilities for cooperation.

Advantage 2 is Multilateralism

Absent a shift to multilateralism, US leadership will collapse and cause global nuclear war
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)  CW
Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its
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us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.

U.S. lead Latin American multilateralism is vital to solve hemispheric problems – their influence disads are wrong and selective engagement fails
Boniface, Prof. of Poli Sci @ Rollins, 2010
Dexter, Associate Professor of Political Science and the Weddell Chair of the Americas at Rollins College, former research resident at the Center for Inter-American Studies and Programs at the Instituto Technologico Autonomo de Mexico, PhD in Political Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, former Visiting Professor in International Studies at Rhodes College, “Latin American multilateralism: The U.S. perspective,” September 2010, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2010/06396.pdf Idriss
While the U.S. position in the world is in relative decline,
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Ortega, and rolled out the welcome mat for Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

Multiple scenarios –

Scenario 1 is Conflict Management
Multilateral institutions like the Organization of American States are critical to deescalating riparian disputes and conflict management – contains and outweighs all scenarios
Hensel, et. Al, Profs. of Poli Sci @ UNT, MSU, and Lamar U, 2006
Paul R. Hensel, Professor of Political Science at the University of North
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,” Political Geography 25 (2006) pg. 383-411 Idriss
One of the key problems limiting cooperation between states in the international system is the
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militarized conflict, and increase the frequency and effectiveness of peaceful conflict management.

Riparian disputes magnify conflict – their defense doesn’t assume future scarcity levels, only we solve
Hensel, et. Al, Profs. of Poli Sci @ UNT, MSU, and Lamar U, 2006
Paul R. Hensel, Professor of Political Science at the University of North
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,” Political Geography 25 (2006) pg. 383-411 Idriss
These results, particularly those for river-specific institutions, suggest that international institutions
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river institutions can be put into place to try to manage rivers peacefully.

Independently, border disputes coming now despite current effort
Oppenheimer 9/25/13- a Latin America correspondent for The Miami Herald (Andres, “Escalating border disputes hurting Latin America”, September 25 2013, http://tbo.com/list/news-opinion-commentary/escalating-border-disputes-hurting-latin-america-20130925/)//CW
Despite constant presidential summits proclaiming a new era of Latin American economic integration and political
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when all parts of the deal are not sitting at the same table.”

The OAS is key to resolve – it solves hemispheric confidence-building – disputes are inevitable in the squo
Herz April 08 (Monica, Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Author of Ecuador vs. Peru, Development Studies Institute, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andcad=rjaandved=0CC4QFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fmercury.ethz.ch2Fserviceengine2FFiles2FISN2F574132Fipublicationdocument_singledocument2Fdf9c52a2-2dc9-4ca6-9a4e-05fa2a399a312Fen2FWP34.2.pdfandei=q1IaUujIAavy2gX5yYCQAQandusg=AFQjCNHJfVZsoHNpbVFXZrs_-_5MVpD-kAandsig2=QzMXH1oWhtsczkMOq4OosA)
Nevertheless, one must remember that boundary disputes exist today and were sources of conflict
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and judicial institutions. This assistances favours acquiescence to international norms and accords. 

Scenario 2 is resource competition
Competition over resources is inevitable – it’s a question of if effective multilateral frameworks are in place to resolve disputes
Evans, Senior Fellow @ CIC, 2010
November 2010, Alex, Senior Fellow at the NYU Center on International Cooperation, MA in Politics from the University of Edinburgh, “Globalization and Scarcity: Multilateralism for a world with limits,” New York University Center on International Cooperation, http://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/evans_multilateral_scarcity.pdf Idriss
The US National Intelligence Council’s 2008 report on global trends to 2025 observed that “
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conflict between states that forms the principal raison d’être of the UN system. 

Absent those protectionism and escalatory resource wars are inevitable
Evans, Senior Fellow @ CIC, 2010
November 2010, Alex, Senior Fellow at the NYU Center on International Cooperation, MA in Politics from the University of Edinburgh, “Globalization and Scarcity: Multilateralism for a world with limits,” New York University Center on International Cooperation, http://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/evans_multilateral_scarcity.pdf Idriss
Climate change and resource scarcity have the potential to pose an existential challenge to globalization
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publics have no real choice but to embark on together – and soon.
Protectionism causes nuclear war
Panzner 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Resource wars cause extinction – best case studies prove
Rosen 10 – Professor of Law and Policy @ GWU
Mark E., Deputy General Counsel, CNA Corporation. LL.M., Univ of VA School of Law; J.D Univ of GA School of Law; A.B., Univ of GA.; has over 30 years of experience in the legal and national security fields, twenty-one year career as an international and maritime lawyer with United States Navy; teaches courses in Home-land Security Law and Policy at George Washington Univ School of Law and VA Polytechnic Institute, “Energy Independence and Climate Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act” University of Richmond Law Review 3/16 http://lawreview.richmond.edu/energy-independence-and-climate-change-the-economic-and-national-security-consequences-of-failing-to-act/
The seminal anthropological study by Jared Diamond provides historical support for the proposition that natural
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a minimum population of 6000 to 8000 before the crash began.33

3 Internal Links – Embargo removal is key
First, nations see it as a filter for U.S. policy in the region
Olopade, Media Scholar @ Yale, 2009
4/15/09, Dayo, Knight Law and Media Scholar at Yale University, holds degrees in Literature and African Studies from Yale University, journalist who has formerly been a Fellow at the New America Foundation, a United Nations Foundation Journalism Fellow, and a visiting scholar with the Rockefeller Foundation, “Cuba: The Phantom Menace,” http://dayoolopade.com/2009/04/15/cuba-the-phantom-menace/ Idriss
Ever since President John Kennedy placed the trade and travel embargo on Castro’s regime,
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He sincerely wants in his lifetime to see change in the United States.”

Second, it delegitimizes the OAS
Suver 4/24/12 (Roman, research associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Looking back on the Cuba distraction at Cartagena and the Failure of the US Latin America Policy”, www.coha.org/looking-back-on-the-cuba-distraction-at-cartagena-and-the-failure-of-the-u-s-latin-america-policy/
This pronouncement and the U.S.’ opposition to Cuba’s future involvement in
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-term amicable alliances and beneficial economic partnerships with a rapidly upsurging region.

Third, removal is a necessary first step to effective conflict resolution models
Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) CW
At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a
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decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

Now is key – ideological shifts at home and potential development in Cuba
Partnership for the Americas Commission, 2008
November 2008, the Partnership for the Americas Commission includes the following members: Ernesto Zedillo is the former President of Mexico and Commission co-chair of the Americas Commission for The Brookings Institution. Mauricio Cardenas is the Director of the Americas Commission for The Brookings Institution. Thomas R. Pickering Commission co-chair; Former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Leonardo Martinez-Diaz Deputy Director of the Commission; Political economy Fellow, Global economy and Development, Brookings Nancy Birdsall President; Center for Global Development  Jonathan Coles; Former Minister of Agriculture of Venezuela Roberto Dañino; Former Prime Minister of Peru Jeffrey Davidow; President, institute of the Americas John Deutch; Former Deputy Secretary of Defense and Director, Central intelligence Agency Peter Hakim; President, inter-American Dialogue Alberto Ibargüen; President and Ceo, Knight Foundation Suzanne Nora Johnson; Senior Director and Former Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs Celso Lafer; Former Foreign Minister of brazil Ricardo Lagos; Former President of Chile  Carlos Ivan Simonsen Leal; President, Fundação Getulio Vargas, brazil  Thomas “Mack” McLarty; Former U.S. envoy to the Americas Billie Miller; Former Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of barbados Moisés Naím; editor in Chief, Foreign Policy Magazine Jorge Quiroga; Former President of Bolivia  Thomas Ramey; Chairman and President, Liberty international  Eduardo Stein; Former Vice President of Guatemala Strobe Talbott; President, The Brookings Institution, “Rethink U.S.-Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2008/11/2420latin20america20partnership/1124_latin_america_partnership.PDF Idriss
U.S.-Cuban relations have disproportionately dominated U.S. policy toward
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the effects of the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba.

Tournament: Copper Classic | Round: Semis | Opponent: Rolland Hall LG | Judge: Tippets, Weiner and Delgadillo
Contention one – The Status Quo
In 2004 the United States issued 30 million dollars in reparations to Bracero workers --- yet there are tens of thousands who have not been paid for their labor.
Pitti ‘5 (Stephen, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at¶ Yale University “repairing the past: confronting the legacies of slavery, genocide and caste”, October 27-29, 2005, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/justice/thompson.pdf LEA
¶ Capiz and others have worried that Gutiérrez will accept only partial repayment of¶
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countries to pay¶ all living braceros a far greater sum of money.

Contention two – Modern day slavery

First, the Braceros program is the nexus point between militarism, capitalism and structural racism at the root of exploitation and marginalization.
Garcia ’95 (Ruben is J.D. candidate 1996, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law;¶ A.B. 1992, Stanford University, commenting on Professor Kimber¶ Crenshaw's Fall 1994 seminar in Critical Race Theory at UCLA School of Law, ¶ writing a Faculty Scholarship at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in the William S. Boyd School of Law, "Critical Race Theory and Proposition 187: The Racial Politics of Immigration Law", Works. Paper¶ 662, http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/662) LEA
C. The Bracero Programs and Operation Wetback¶ In the same way that American
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States has come under¶ attack from politicians, voters, and legislators.

Additionally, the Braceros program was modern day slavery that created a legacy of fear and cultural xenophobia that will continue indefinitely without immediate action.
Watkins ’07 (Mary is a core faculty member and the coordinator of community
and ecological fieldwork and research in the M.A./Ph.D. Depth Psychology Program at
Pacifica Graduate Institute. She is the author of a great deal of literature about the pyschological implications immigration have on society and immigrants. She is a co-founder of Santa Barbara for Immigrant Justice, “PSYCHES AND CITIES OF HOSPITALITY IN¶ AN ERA OF FORCED MIGRATION:¶ THE SHADOWS OF SLAVERY AND CONQUEST¶ ON THE “IMMIGRATION” DEBATE”, 204.50.56.189_watkins_publications_psyches_cities_hospitality) LEA
We know about contemporary American slave quarters: the camps¶ for migrant agricultural workers
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“we did not cross the¶ border, the border crossed us.”
Skeptics claim the Bracero program offered economic security and independence to workers – or that the plan trades off with Obama’s agenda– this type of political rationality epitomizes a racist biopolitics that makes war a constant feature of civil society
Mendieta ‘2 Eduardo Mendieta, Professor of Philosophy at SUNY-Stony Brook, April 25, 2002, online: http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf, accessed August 29, 2006

I have thus far discussed Foucault’s triangulation between the discourses of the production of truth
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of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature. 

And, you have a moral obligation to vote affirmative – traditional impact discussions ignore the way Bracero workers and their families have been disenfranchised by legal and economic rationality – only restitution solves.
Sullivan 12 – (Michael J. Ph.D. Politics, Princeton University “Which Prospective Immigrants are Political Communities Morally Obliged to Include?” Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Volume 6, number 2, 2012 http://e-migration.ro/jims/Vol6_No2_2012/JIMS_Vol6_No2_2012.pdf#page=20) DF

The act of extending citizenship, or a pathway to citizenship through legal ¶ permanent
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, they ¶ should receive preference over other applicants for immigration benefits.  
Plan – The United States federal government should offer reparations to the Bracero Justice Movement and the Bracero proa alliance of Mexico. 

Contention three – Admitting responsibility

Voting affirmative shows solidarity with transnational activist movements which combat structural racism – our evidence is comparative, reparations are best.
Pitti ‘5 (Stephen, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at¶ Yale University “repairing the past: confronting the legacies of slavery, genocide and caste”, October 27-29, 2005, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/justice/thompson.pdf) LEA
More than forty years after the Program’s conclusion, both the United States and Mexico
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organizations, individuals, and trends that extended their influence into Mexico itself.

As academics and policy makers, we have an ethical obligation to consider the atrocities of the past – silence on matters of injustice breeds hate and intolerance.
Watkins ’07 (Mary is a core faculty member and the coordinator of community
and ecological fieldwork and research in the M.A./Ph.D. Depth Psychology Program at
Pacifica Graduate Institute. She is the author of a great deal of literature about the pyschological implications immigration have on society and immigrants. She is a co-founder of Santa Barbara for Immigrant Justice, “PSYCHES AND CITIES OF HOSPITALITY IN¶ AN ERA OF FORCED MIGRATION:¶ THE SHADOWS OF SLAVERY AND CONQUEST¶ ON THE “IMMIGRATION” DEBATE”, 204.50.56.189_watkins_publications_psyches_cities_hospitality) LEA
These movements bring into dialogue aspects of American history¶ many would prefer not to
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immigration issues; and they can¶ assist in the learning of English.

Contention four – The role of the ballot is to endorse the best ethical strategy for encountering the historical atrocities of U.S. – Mexican economic policies.

The act of reparation cannot take away the past, but is the best method of assuming individual responsibility to Bracero workers and their families. Vote affirmative to avoid objectification and commodification of the agrarian laborer.
Myers, 1999
(D.G., Texas AandM University, “Responsible for Every Single Pain: Holocaust Literature and the Ethics of Interpretation,” Comparative Literature, Fallpg. PM/ wyo T.

Socrates' deontological advice that it is better to suffer injustice than to cause it (
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counterfactual injustice into actual injustice ("Transcendence and Height" 15-17).

To re-imagine politics from the question of ethics rather than the comparison of net benefits, and realize that our relations with the other come prior to social construction of our identity. We must open ourselves to ethics by turning away from attempts to economize responsibility. Doing so forces us to acknowledge our complicity with the horrors in the world around us and to act as if our responsibility to act in the wake of those horrors is infinite
Murphy 2004
Ann, Fellow of Philosophy @ The University of New South Wales Borderlands Volume 3.1 The Political Significance of Shame, August 2004 pg. PMwyoT.

Exactly what is motivating this flight from responsibility in politics? Rationalism or liberalism run
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while the recipient is only further stigmatised. Thus charity may readily morph into

We will win magnitude, time-frame and probability – now is the key moment to open discussions about racism in economic policy. Our evidence is comparative – the largest problem facing Americans is that we refuse to talk about race or discrimination. The Bracero program is a key starting point for such a discussion.
Sen, ’13 (Rinku is an Indian-American author and activist, who
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a Racial Justice Movement”, Colorlines, 08/28/2013) LEA
Washington, D.C., and many other cities. A hot summer of
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ties¶ were not nearly as strong as they need to be today.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Timberline BR | Judge: Zach Harbauer
Contention one – The Status Quo
In 2004 the United States issued 30 million dollars in reparations to Bracero workers --- yet there are tens of thousands who have not been paid for their labor.
Pitti ‘5 (Stephen, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at¶ Yale University “repairing the past: confronting the legacies of slavery, genocide and caste”, October 27-29, 2005, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/justice/thompson.pdf LEA
¶ Capiz and others have worried that Gutiérrez will accept only partial repayment of¶
AND
countries to pay¶ all living braceros a far greater sum of money.

Contention two – Modern day slavery
First, the Braceros program is the nexus point between militarism, capitalism and structural racism at the root of exploitation and marginalization.
Garcia ’95 (Ruben is J.D. candidate 1996, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law;¶ A.B. 1992, Stanford University, commenting on Professor Kimber¶ Crenshaw's Fall 1994 seminar in Critical Race Theory at UCLA School of Law, ¶ writing a Faculty Scholarship at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in the William S. Boyd School of Law, "Critical Race Theory and Proposition 187: The Racial Politics of Immigration Law", Works. Paper¶ 662, http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/662) LEA
C. The Bracero Programs and Operation Wetback¶ In the same way that American
AND
States has come under¶ attack from politicians, voters, and legislators.

Additionally, the Braceros program was modern day slavery that created a legacy of fear and cultural xenophobia that will continue indefinitely without immediate action.
Watkins ’07 (Mary is a core faculty member and the coordinator of community
and ecological fieldwork and research in the M.A./Ph.D. Depth Psychology Program at
Pacifica Graduate Institute. She is the author of a great deal of literature about the pyschological implications immigration have on society and immigrants. She is a co-founder of Santa Barbara for Immigrant Justice, “PSYCHES AND CITIES OF HOSPITALITY IN¶ AN ERA OF FORCED MIGRATION:¶ THE SHADOWS OF SLAVERY AND CONQUEST¶ ON THE “IMMIGRATION” DEBATE”, 204.50.56.189_watkins_publications_psyches_cities_hospitality) LEA
We know about contemporary American slave quarters: the camps¶ for migrant agricultural workers
AND
“we did not cross the¶ border, the border crossed us.”
Skeptics claim the Bracero program offered economic security and independence to workers – or that the plan trades off with Obama’s agenda– this type of political rationality epitomizes a racist biopolitics that makes war a constant feature of civil society
Eduardo Mendieta, Professor of Philosophy at SUNY-Stony Brook, April 25, 2002, online: http://www.stonybrook.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf, accessed August 29, 2006

I have thus far discussed Foucault’s triangulation between the discourses of the production of truth
AND
of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature. 

And, you have a moral obligation to vote affirmative – traditional impact discussions ignore the way Bracero workers and their families have been disenfranchised by legal and economic rationality – only restitution solves.
Sullivan 12 – (Michael J. Ph.D. Politics, Princeton University “Which Prospective Immigrants are Political Communities Morally Obliged to Include?” Journal of Identity and Migration Studies Volume 6, number 2, 2012 http://e-migration.ro/jims/Vol6_No2_2012/JIMS_Vol6_No2_2012.pdf#page=20) DF

The act of extending citizenship, or a pathway to citizenship through legal ¶ permanent
AND
, they ¶ should receive preference over other applicants for immigration benefits.  
Thus the plan – The United States federal government should offer reparations to the Bracero Justice Movement and the Bracero proa alliance of Mexico. 

Contention three – Admitting responsibility
Voting affirmative shows solidarity with transnational activist movements which combat structural racism – our evidence is comparative, reparations are best.
Pitti ‘5 (Stephen, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at¶ Yale University “repairing the past: confronting the legacies of slavery, genocide and caste”, October 27-29, 2005, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/justice/thompson.pdf) LEA
More than forty years after the Program’s conclusion, both the United States and Mexico
AND
organizations, individuals, and trends that extended their influence into Mexico itself.
The plan is a necessary first step to reconsider past atrocities and prevent future injustice. The Bracero proa alliance is calling for reparations– now is key, bracero workers are aging and entrenched in cycles of poverty.
Goodman and Rivera ’13 (Adam is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Pennsylvania. Verónica is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), “Bracero Guestworkers, Unpaid”, Jacobin, http://jacobinmag.com/2013/10/bracero-guestworkers-unpaid/) LEA
Every Tuesday, 76-year-old Miguel Díaz spends the better part of
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the braceros’ experience, let’s hope that realization comes sooner rather than later.
And, voting affirmative fuses economic policy with racial justice and ethical decision-making.  
Pitti ‘5 (Stephen, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at¶ Yale University “repairing the past: confronting the legacies of slavery, genocide and caste”, October 27-29, 2005, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/justice/thompson.pdf) LEA
¶ Such efforts have found considerable support among elected officials in California,¶ Illinois,
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easy formula for thinking about how justice might be accorded in the future.

As academics and policy makers, we have an ethical obligation to consider the atrocities of the past – silence on matters of injustice breeds hate and intolerance.
Watkins ’07 (Mary is a core faculty member and the coordinator of community
and ecological fieldwork and research in the M.A./Ph.D. Depth Psychology Program at
Pacifica Graduate Institute. She is the author of a great deal of literature about the pyschological implications immigration have on society and immigrants. She is a co-founder of Santa Barbara for Immigrant Justice, “PSYCHES AND CITIES OF HOSPITALITY IN¶ AN ERA OF FORCED MIGRATION:¶ THE SHADOWS OF SLAVERY AND CONQUEST¶ ON THE “IMMIGRATION” DEBATE”, 204.50.56.189_watkins_publications_psyches_cities_hospitality) LEA
These movements bring into dialogue aspects of American history¶ many would prefer not to
AND
immigration issues; and they can¶ assist in the learning of English.

Contention four
The role of the ballot is to endorse the best ethical strategy for redressing the historical atrocities of U.S. – Mexican economic policies.

Voting aff advocates a network politics where we can redress the atrocities done to Braceros.  It overcomes the pitfalls of radicalism and liberalism and reconceptualizes politics to focus on disenfranchised peoples and is a key first step to breaking down structures of oppression.
Mize and Swords, 11 (Mize is an Assistant Professor of Latino Studies at Cornell University. He is author of over 35 publications, including Latino Immigrants in the United States, Swords is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ithaca College. She is a Fulbright scholar whose research and teaching is engaged with grassroots organizations working for social justice and to end poverty, locally, nationally, and internationally. “Consuming Mexican Labor”, 2011, pages 235-236)

As we have detailed in the previous chapters, Mexican immigrants have a long-
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US as well as addressing attempts at collective redress for past historical injustices.

Ethics precede any “net-benefits” – relating to the other must always come before ourselves to recognize the complicity of our action in oppression – infinite responsibility to the other must be prioritized.
Murphy 2004
Ann, Fellow of Philosophy @ The University of New South Wales Borderlands Volume 3.1 The Political Significance of Shame, August 2004 pg. PMwyoT.

Exactly what is motivating this flight from responsibility in politics? Rationalism or liberalism run
AND
while the recipient is only further stigmatised. Thus charity may readily morph into

We will win magnitude, time-frame and probability – now is the key moment to open discussions about racism in economic policy- Braceros are key to revealing discrimination
Sen, ’13 (Rinku is an Indian-American author and activist, who is the president and executive director of the racial justice organization Race Forward and publisher of Colorlines.com.
Sen received a B.A. in Women's Studies from Brown University in 1988 and an M.S. in Journalism at Columbia University in 2005. In 1996, Ms. Magazine named her one of 21 feminists to watch in the 21st century and she was named in 2008 by Utne Reader as one of 50 Visionaries who are changing the world.1, “Building a Racial Justice Movement”, Colorlines, 08/28/2013, FIND URL!!) LEA
Washington, D.C., and many other cities. A hot summer of
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ties¶ were not nearly as strong as they need to be today.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
*NOTE: we read this every time someone refers to use as "guys", on the aff and neg. It is also on the neg wiki.*

“you guys”
Because male-based generics are a reinforcer of a system in which "man" in the abstract and men in the flesh are privileged over women and erases feminine specificicty.  

Bilger 02
Audrey "The Common Guy" Bitch Magazine  http://bitchmagazine.org/article/the-common-guy

In “The Ascent of Guy,” a 1999 article in American Speech, Steven
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label for girls and women is a particularly insidious example of that process.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Poverty and patriarchy are uniquely mutually reinforcing- economic engagement only furthers this gendered division of labor. Like the women coaches forced to deal with “emotional” problems, while the male coaches talk strategy, the women worker is pushed to the margins. Her labor is not recognized in the workspace and we make 77 cents to the man’s dollar.
Shiftman ’13 (Pamela is Director of the Initiative for Girls and Women at the NoVo Foundation and works to empower adolescent girls and end violence against girls and women., “Women’s Economic Exclusion Is Closely Tied to Violence”, Creative Time Reports, October 10, 2013, http://creativetimereports.org/reports-360/between-the-door-and-the-street-a-performance-initiated-by-suzanne-lacy/pamela-shifman-womens-economic-exclusion-violence/) LEA
To talk about poor women is to talk about the majority of the world’s poor
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entire country.¶ Women are not the problem. Women are the solution.

The debate community places undue emphasis on existential impacts –Lauren’s narrative proves this is given epistemological privilege that requires low burden of proof due to assumptions advanced by individuals isolated from everyday impacts of social hierarchies like patriarchy – we must actively displace this dominant understanding of violence by over-privileging “everyday” violence like discrimination and political repression that occur in round. we are starting from the position of our own experience. this is the battleground on which we are combating against acts of micro-violence done against us.
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois 04-- Nancy and Philippe, Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn, Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22 (MI)

This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to (
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Vote affirmative to endorse the 1ACs methodological and performative narrating of the gendered self in the debate space. This method offers the most fruitful strategy to combat patriarchal oppression and is a starting point for further feminist consciousness raising that is necessary to break down systems of domination. Debate is only a collection of shared understandings and explicit or implicit rules for interaction. Wins and losses are our currency, and we should use this place, space, and time – the alternative is forfeiting the only power we have. We may not be able to immediately enact federal policy, but we can change the community that we participate in.
Rebecca Bjork, former college debater, coach, and professor in ‘93 (former college debater and former associate professor at the University of Utah, where she taught graduate and undergraduate courses in Communication and Women in Debate, Reflections on the Ongoing Struggle, Debater's Research Guide 1992-1993: Wake Forest University.Symposium, web.archive.org/web/20011012220529/members.aol.com/womenindebate/article3.htm)LEA
¶ An experience that all policy debaters share is that of selecting or receiving a
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to be at fault ¶ for acting as oppressors.   Those who use derogatory
language must be challenged by ¶ competing voices.  For instance, when you are
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respect, and I think we all could use just a little respect.