Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: NFA HS | Judge: Kevon Haughton
KAPPELER KRITIK

First, attempts to explain violence in abstract and formulaic terms shield individuals from any responsibility for their actions. The 1AC’s argument that X will happen is an example of this. Describing violence as the inevitable result of a chain of events naturalizes it and washes the hands of those who actually decide to commit acts of violence.
Kappeler 95(Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg 14)
Scientific discourse, too, which is one of the major instruments of cultural and ideological power, certainly is no...by means of a scientific representation of their own actions as the effect of a most complicated set of causes. 

The affirmative’s explanations of violence can never produce positive change. Understanding violence as an aberration, or as an event that occurs outside of the sphere of our personal influence, guarantees our complicity with continued violent world orderings.
Kappeler 95(Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg 8-9)
Violence – what we usually recognize as such – is no exception to the rules, no deviation from the normal and nothing out of the ordinary...the exploitation and the will to violence in all its manifestations in a society in so-called ‘peacetime’, for we make them possible and we permit them to happen. 

Our alternative of local analysis is the only way to understand our own complicity in the production of violent world orders. It politicizes the way we think, and hence opens a space for understanding the will to violence that traditional analyses of what we ought to do cannot.
Kappeler 95(Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 258
If we nevertheless continue to explain violence by its ‘circumstances’ and attempt to counter it by changing these circumstances, it is also because in this way we stay in command of the problem...to regard this decision as an act of choice, seems to me a necessary precondition for any political struggle against violence and for a non-violent society. 

SPIVAKIAN REPS K

Intelligibility DA – their approach causes them to take an ideal subaltern that is most accessible to the politics of the West based upon natural articular-ness. This means under their “unified resistance” counter hegemonic discourses remain unintelligible. Even if they were to pose radical rejection the only subject whose demands would be intelligible would be the people within their identity – their use of Bolivarian and Venezuelan identity as starting points
as starting points prove
Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist and philosopher, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, pgs 287-289)SK
Class mobility is increasingly lethargic in the comprador theaters. Not surprisingly, some members of indigenous dominant groups in comprador countries...world appropriation and reinscription of the Third World as an Other is the founding characteristic of much third-worldism in the U.S. human sciences today. 

Projection of self DA – the aff takes a stance similar to that of the French intellectual, they speak assuming a singular other while projecting the subaltern as the self’s shadow which destroys any subjectivity of the subaltern – their framing of Bolivarian Revolution is problematic b/c projects the ideal conception Venezuelan identity as an overall ethical imperative than must be a part of every struggle for struggle to be legitimate
Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist and philosopher, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, pgs 279-281)SK
In the Foucault-Deleuze conversation, the issue seems to be that there is no representation, no signifier (Is it to be presumed that the signifier has already been dispatched...project to constitute the colonial subject as Other. This project is also the asymetrical obliteration of the trace of that Other in its precarious Subject-ivity.

This projection of the self and ideal Venezuelan identity as an overarching imperative that must come first on the subaltern and constitution of an ideal subaltern has results in the formulation of freedom-as-gift – the desire to liberate the world and purify it of its evils is a violent psychosis that turns the entire world into a warzone
Rogers 05 (Juliet Rogers, University of Melbourne Law School, 2005.  “Unquestionable Freedom in a Psychotic West,” Law, Culture and the Humanities, 1)
This article was inspired by several encounters I have had with the representation of "freedom," as if freedom is a thing-in-itself. The foremost is the description by George Bush of freedom as a gift to the Middle...The terror of this "nothin'," which we might call the Real of freedom,'3 I will extrapolate as precisely the psychotic condition of West in the contemporary West.

Starting Points DA – their approach centered upon materiality as a place to start enforces an infatuation with concrete experience – this is seen in their description of economic engagement being root of all violence and the only place where counter hegemonic discourse can emerge  – bad because coopts the resistance of the subaltern which becomes an object whose concrete experience is only conceivable via the intellectual is preoccupied with globalizing capital – this destroys their political subjectivity and agency
Spivak 99 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist and philosopher, “A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present”, pgs 254-255)SK
It is not surprising, therefore, that upon the empirical register of resitance-talk, Foucault articulates another corollary of the disavowal of the role of ideology in reproducing...can help consolidate the international division of labor by making one model of “concrete experience” the model. We are witnessing this in our discipline daily as we see the postcolonial migrant become the norm, thus occluding the native once again. 

Thus we affirm todos somos marcos (we are all marcos). The political force of the Zapatistas does not speak on behalf of the subaltern but acts as an unified echo which dissents to representation of squo. Our revolution doesn’t have a teologocial ending point but rather opens up space for political struggle. ¡Queremos Un Mundo Donde Quepan Muchos Mundos! (we want a world where many worlds fit)
Tormey 06 (Simon, Political Theorist based in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Sydney, “‘Not in my Name’: Deleuze, Zapatismo and the Critique of Representation”, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 59 No. 1, 2006)SK
One of the reasons, it seems, for the loose-limbed ‘anarchic’ nature of the CCRIs is the shared perception of the impossibility of generating representational structures even on a delegated basis—a point that in turn echoes Deleuze’s critique of identity...It is ‘dignity’ and ‘respect’ for the singular voice that animates this struggle against representation, not a desire to fulfill the historical or foreordained destiny to which all voices are or will be subject.

ROB is to vote for team who produces best form of (re-)presentation of subaltern. Debate is always a series of representations but there are many ways we can (re-)present the resolution – either through representation – which merely speaks for the subaltern – or (re-)presentation which prevents anything from compromising the subaltern’s ability to render their counter hegemonic discourses intelligible. The alt’s form of (re-)presentation ruptures dominant ideologies of squo.
Spivak 99 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist and philosopher, “A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present”, pgs 256-259)SK
An important point is being made here: the production of theory is also a practice; the opposition between abstract “pure” theory and concrete “applied” practice is too quick and easy. But Deleuze’s articulation of the argument is problematic...the much-invoked oppressed subject (as Woman), speaking, acting, and knowing that gender in development is best for her. It is the shadow of this unfortunate marionette that the history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold. 

CASE

Their position of charity and false solidarity that takes place from a distance and above are precisely the sort of voyeuristic investments in suffering that not only make true solidarity impossible but also invest in the narratives of power at the root of the violence they describe.
El Kilombo Intergalactico 07 El Kilombo Intergalactico, Collective in Durham NC that interviewed Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, Beyond Resistance: Everything p. 1-2
In our efforts to forge a new path, we found that an old friend—the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista Arm of National Liberation, EZLN)—was already taking enormous strides to move toward a politics...As a direct response to this call, this analysis is our attempt to read Zapatismo as providing us with the rough draft of a manual for contemporary political action that eventually must be written by us all.

Speaking for others – they their fail to confront invisible privilege, systems that condition our ability to absorb the testimony of the other are still present in the 1AC - they fail to ask who we choose to listen to in the first place, or how these voices even arrive to us - leaving us open to the false testimony of native informants that directs us to continue practices of imperialism
Kapoor 08 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” pg. 64-66)
Spivak never shies from implicating herself in her critique of the above-mentioned historical, geographic, cultural, and class positionings, often confessing, for instance, to being a privileged Third World academic working in the West...improve the situation of some lesser-privileged group, the effects of her discourse is to reinforce racist, imperialist conceptions and perhaps also to further silence the lesser-privileged group’s own ability to speak and be heard’ (1991: 26).

Commodification – the ballot should not be a tool for self-affirmation because it cannot have a higher purpose or be a show of success.  Like Sisyphus, only when we persist with no hope of overcoming this world to achieve some metaphysical victory can we celebrate life. For their 1AC to be meaningful, you should vote negative. Vote negative to recognize the aff’s ability to be self affirming requiring the ballot anxiety. This is especially true in terms of freedom and infinite mobility.
Lane 96 (Robert D., The Absurd Hero, Malaspina University-College, Professor of Classics, Philosophy, and Religious Studies, http://www.levity.com/corduroy/camusabs.htm)
Sisyphus is the absurd hero. This man, sentenced to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain and then watching its descent...they continue to struggle so long as they testify to man's allegiance to man and not to abstractions or 'absolutes'.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula WT | Judge: Lani Frazer
T - EE NOT SPECIFIC GOODS

“Economic” engagement uses economic means for specific foreign policy objectives – merely altering trade is “commerce”
Saner 03 (Dr. Raymond Saner, Professor in Organization and International Management at the University of Basle, “International Economic Diplomacy: Mutations in Post-modern Times”, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, p. 12-13)

Efforts by specialised Ministries to conduct policy related international negotiations and to influence the structure and mechanisms of global governance have eclipsed the previous prominence of MOFAs in economic and trade arenas...promote economic ties through advising and support of both domestic and foreign companies for investment decisions.

POSTCOLONIALISM KRITIK

The struggle over the question of who counts as human is THE question of the debate – the system of colonialism instituted by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries haunts the present in the form of coloniality – an epistemological structure that privileges the Western subject as the only legitimate expression of human knowledge.  The question of Latin American engagement can only be answered when we first unsettle the coloniality of knowledge and being that has demarcated the majority of the world as subhuman populations given over to death.
Wynter 2003 (Sylvia, Professor of Romance Languages at Stanford University, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 3.3 (2003) 257-337, MUSE)

THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between...on the one hand, and, on the other, African enslavement, Latin American conquest, and Asian subjugation.

The affirmative’s guise of economic engagement with Latin America reinforces a paternalistic attitude towards Latin America – justifies imperialism in name of providing development to Other
Grosfoguel 00 (Ramon, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Department at UC Berkeley), “Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America” Nepantla: Views from South, Volume 1, Issue 2, pg 359-361)

The modern idea that treated each individual as a free centered subject with rational control over his or her destiny was extended to the nation-state level...The movement ended once the wool producers shifted to cattle raising and meat exports.

US hegemony is just the racial violence of America gone global –aff claims to benevolence are symptoms of white privilege
Rodriguez 07 Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Proffessor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, “American Globality And the US Prison regime: State Violence And White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to bagong diwa”, Ateneo de Manila University, 2007, Kritika Kultura 9 (2007): 022-048

In fact, the notion of American globality I have begun discussing here already exceeds negri and Hardt’s formulation to the extent that it is a global racial formation...the uS prison regime as an American globality that materializes as it prototypes state violence and for that matter, “state power” itself through a specific institutional site.

International agreements on agriculture reinforce cycles of poverty
Ellinger-Locke 11 (Maggie "FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IS A GENDERED ISSUE" Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 18 Buff. Envt'l. L.J. 157 J.D. from CUNY of Law in 2011, and her B.A. in ecofeminism from Antioch College. She is admitted into the Missouri Bar where she is a practicing criminal defense attorney MI)

Food production has been regulated through a series of international agreements. In 1961, global North countries initiated the first international regime for the protection...This profit-driven formula necessarily takes decision making power out of the hands of the poor. Nonetheless, CBD has provided a framework on which a future agreement can be built.

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and unending war is reproduced and produced by colonial epistemologies.
Maldonado-Torres 08 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity” Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in the Americas was a transformation and naturalization of the non-ethics of war...In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is the definitive rejection of epistemic privilege and total decolonization.  The starting point for the decolonial option is the repudiation of death ethics in the name of life.  De-westernization alone or continuing faith in the project of modernity fails to undermine the overrepresentation of man.
Mignolo 09 (Walter, Professor of literature-Duke University, Ph.D. from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, academic director of Duke in the Andes, an interdisciplinary program in Latin American and Andean Studies in Quito, Ecuador at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador and the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom” ,Theory, Culture and Society 2009)

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched...de-colonial options to allow the silences to build arguments to confront those who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.

And we must decolonize debate practice itself – education based on Western epistemologies continue forms of colonial schooling designed to reproduce coloniality – from the “moral project” of educating and civilizing the Indians to teaching of social Darwinism in the Congo.  Decolonizing education requires not only an analysis of the knowledge, power, Eurocentrism, colonial history, and political economy inherent in educational activities like debate but also foregrounding the possibility of epistemic resistance.
Shahjahan 11 Riyad Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education (HALE) at Michigan State University. Ph.D. at the OISE/University of Toronto in Higher Education. “Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement: revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and neoliberal reform” Online publication date: 22 March 201, Journal of Education Policy, 26: 2, 181 — 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176

Revisiting histories of colonial educational policy in schooling helps us contextualize and demonstrate how evidence-based education, tied to high-stakes testing and neoliberalism, reproduces past colonial ideologies with respect to developing colonized labor...Slowing down is what I believe decolonizing education means in this era of neoliberal policies and transnational capital!

CASE

was just defense

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland SF | Judge: Jordan Trafton
Postcolonialism K

The struggle over the question of who counts as human is THE question of the debate – the system of colonialism instituted by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries haunts the present in the form of coloniality – an epistemological structure that privileges the Western subject as the only legitimate expression of human knowledge.  The question of Latin American engagement can only be answered when we first unsettle the coloniality of knowledge and being that has demarcated the majority of the world as subhuman populations given over to death.
Wynter 2003 (Sylvia, Professor of Romance Languages at Stanford University, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 3.3 (2003) 257-337, MUSE)
THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between...on the one hand, and, on the other, African enslavement, Latin American conquest, and Asian subjugation.

The framing of health as constantly under assault produces a securitizing mindset that claims to save populations from disease as a manifestation of the desire to protect hierarchical power relations.
Leboeuf and Broughton 08 (Aline, Lebouf, PhD in political science, researcher at Institut Francais des Relations Internationales since 2003, security and development researcher), and Emma Broughton (jr. research fellow at the IFRI, coordinates the “Migrations and employers” program and a research program on migration patterns and policies), “Securitization of Health and Environmental Issues: Process and Effects. A Research Outline." (2008) for the IFRI, accessible http://www.ifri.org/?page=contribution-detailandid=5037andid_provenance=97
Discourses on global health issues have also hinged, since the 1990’s, on a conceptualisation...limited resources of international peacekeeping operations, already weakened by the epidemics. 

Two hundred years ago Someruelos spoke of the inhuman, those without liberty, without autonomy, without freedom, and yet somehow they had burned a plantation to the ground under a man named Aponte. As his people stood quaking in the wake of revolution he explained that they were much more civilized than these barbarians, stating that revolutionary politics only comes to those with white skin.
Fischer 04 Fischer, Sibylle. Modernity Disavowed : Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p 41-43, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10203074andppg=60, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Comparative Literature - Ph.D. 1995 (Comparative Literature/Spanish and Portuguese), Columbia University; M.A. 1987 (Latin American Studies, Philosophy, German Literature)
In the early weeks of 1812, a rumor began to circulate among Cuban slaves and free people of color: the Spanish Cortes in Cádiz had...a struggle for dominance and survival, and where even the question of verisimilitude becomes a question of life or death.

A hundred years later on the eve of the Cuban republic, the events of Aponte are conjured up from the depths of history by Francisco Calcagno. While his story begins with a violent deception of Aponte’s severed head, he refuses to speak of Aponte as a political subject, articulating Aponte as a byproduct of racial warfare, instead of a revolutionary. This refusal to recognize blacks as revolutionary agents is proof that even post slavery the Cuban revolution is only thinkable without the black insurgent.
Fischer 04 Fischer, Sibylle. Modernity Disavowed : Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, pgs. 55-56, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10203074andppg=60, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Comparative Literature - Ph.D. 1995 (Comparative Literature/Spanish and Portuguese), Columbia University; M.A. 1987 (Latin American Studies, Philosophy, German Literature)
Yet despite all of this, the memory of the Aponte uprising continued to linger in popular oral traditions...politic. Aponte’s name continues to mark the distance between conflicting ideas of emancipation.

International agreements on agriculture reinforce cycles of poverty
Ellinger-Locke 11 (Maggie "FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IS A GENDERED ISSUE" Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 18 Buff. Envt'l. L.J. 157 J.D. from CUNY of Law in 2011, and her B.A. in ecofeminism from Antioch College. She is admitted into the Missouri Bar where she is a practicing criminal defense attorney MI)
Food production has been regulated through a series of international agreements. In 1961, global North countries initiated the first...poor. Nonetheless, CBD has provided a framework on which a future agreement can be built.

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and unending war is reproduced and produced by colonial epistemologies.
Maldonado-Torres 08 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity” Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in the Americas was a transformation and naturalization of the non-ethics of war...In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is the definitive rejection of epistemic privilege and total decolonization.  The starting point for the decolonial option is the repudiation of death ethics in the name of life.  De-westernization alone or continuing faith in the project of modernity fails to undermine the overrepresentation of man.
Mignolo 09 (Walter, Professor of literature-Duke University, Ph.D. from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, academic director of Duke in the Andes, an interdisciplinary program in Latin American and Andean Studies in Quito, Ecuador at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador and the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom” ,Theory, Culture and Society 2009)
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched...de-colonial options to allow the silences to build arguments to confront those who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.

T-Commercial

Interpretation – “economic engagement” broadly establishes framework for transactions – targeting specific sectors makes the plan “commercial”
Woolcock 13 (Stephen Woolcock, Lecturer in International Relations at The London School of Economics, and Sir Nicholas Bayne, Fellow at the International Trade Policy Unit of the London School of Economics, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, p. 387)
Before suggesting some ways in which economic diplomacy could be...framework of rules and disciplines within which markets and such commercial diplomacy function.4

Non EE CP

Text: The President of the United States should remove all restrictions on Cuban-American travel and remittances; grant visas to Cubans invited to the United States to participate in educational, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and scientific activities if they pass normal visa security reviews; communicate to the Cuban government the United States desire to restore the diplomatic function of the Interest Section as its core mission; immediately turn off the electronic ticker-tape billboard on the Interests Section building in Havana; propose immediate resumption of regular consultations with Cuba over implementation of the migration agreements signed by Presidents Reagan and Clinton; remove travel limits of U.S. and Cuban diplomats.

The counterplan competes and is DISTINCT from Economic Engagement
Rose and Spiegel 8 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; “NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE:
THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES,” 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, AC)
Countries, like people, interact with each other on a number of different dimensions...an unrelated area (such as ¶ finance). The fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.

And, it solves the aff
LeoGrande 2k8
(William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. “Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap,” World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef)
From the time Fidel Castro seized power nearly three generations ago, Cuba has served as an important...Brazil, and Mexico during their transition from authoritarian rule, and in Eastern Europe at the end of the communist era.

Gradualism DA

Gradual reforms now – key to a stable transition
Piccone 13(Ted Piccone¶ Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Brookings Institute, “Time to Bet on Cuba” March 18, 2013 http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana, RLA)
Under Castro, the Cuban government has undertaken important reforms to modernize and liberalize the economy. Cubans are...yet further evidence that the Castro generation is looking forward to securing a viable legacy.

Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms
Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//EX
Still, in a country where Cubans “resolve”...from the 1950s. “There is a lot of work to be done.”

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Some in the United States have long supported...quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Case

Reject the try or die logic. Policymakers distort rational risk analysis by relying on high-magnitude impacts based on decontextualized internal-link chains.
Kessler 08 Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   “From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss...different evidence criteria prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

US hegemony is just the racial violence of America gone global –aff claims to benevolence are symptoms of white privilege
Rodriguez 07 Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Proffessor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, “American Globality And the US Prison regime: State Violence And White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to bagong diwa”, Ateneo de Manila University, 2007, Kritika Kultura 9 (2007): 022-048
In fact, the notion of American globality I have begun discussing here...the united States that will allow us to understand the through a specific institutional site.

Diseases burn out – no spread
Morse, 04 (Stephen, PhD, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, May 2004, “Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: A Global Problem,” http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html, Hensel)
Morse: A pandemic is a very big epidemic. It requires a number of things. There are many infections...pandemic in spite of its relatively inefficient transmission. We also get complacent and do not take steps to prevent its spread.

Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations...potential for a society’s resilience and is worth investigating not just for their innovations, but for inspiration.

Lifting embargo allows neolib agrobusiness to coopt cuban ag
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique agricultural experiment is the eventual...compatible with food security and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 3 | Opponent: Monticello WS | Judge: Lee Sharmat
KAPPELER KRITIK

see round 1 Bronx, same cards

ANTHROPOCENTRISM KRITIK

The 1ac’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 00 (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and supportive of each other. In critical pedagogy, however, the exploration of questions of race, gender, class, and sexuality has proceeded...And since environmental education, in turn, remains peripheral to the core curriculum (A. Gough, 1997; Russell, Bell, and Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1

Anthropocentrism destroys every environment it is a part of, endangering all life on the planet.
Berry 95  (Thomas Berry, Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in European intellectual history  “The viable human” in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions, 1995)
A deep cultural pathology has developed in Western society and has now spread throughout the planet. A savage plundering of the entire earth...Even our language is heavily nuanced in favor of the consumer values fostered by our commercial industrial establishment'

The alternative is to refuse the Aff’s decision to be human. Through this rejection we can embrace an undecidability of life that allows us to reject sovereignty over the world.
Rossello 10 (Diego, Assistant Professor of PoliSci at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile “Deciding to be Human? Benjamin and Schmitt on Political Theology and Animality.” Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Sept, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1654674)  RJG
Benjamin’s staging of the emergence of the animal in the ruler effectively deconstructs Schmitt’s efforts to anchor modern sovereign authority...who (or what) we are, or may come to be. Maybe to be human is not, however, a decision, but a melancholic awareness of an undecidability.

CASE

Their policy of providing ‘aid’ is merely a way to consolidate and maintain neoliberal structural adjustment policies and depoliticizes the struggle against poverty.
Mohanty 12 (Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, “Gendering justice, building alternative futures”, 2012 Human Sciences Research Council, http://www.cities-localgovernments.org/committees/dal/Upload/library/alternatives_to_privatization_-_entire_ebook_en.pdf#page=111)//SK
Neoliberalised global restructuring has drawn on these colonial legacies to consolidate the current regime of international debt, development aid, and the so-called structural adjustment of the economies...not gender justice (an analysis of gendered power hierarchies that unearth and destabilise the roots of gendered forms of inequality; a project often regarded as meddling in the “cultural” affairs of “other” nations). 

Using rights justification for liberating the ‘oppressed third world' consolidates U.S hyper masculinity, resulting in economic devastation, environmental destruction and extraction, and indiscriminate massacres.
Mohanty 06 (Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, “US Empire and the Project of Women’s Studies: Stories of citizenship, complicity and dissent”, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7–20, February 2006, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09663690600571209)//SK
A number of scholars including Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin (2004) conclude that since the last decades of the twentieth century, the US rules through the mechanisms of ‘informal empire’ managing the flow of corporate capital globally across...discourse poses questions about the free market, global opportunity, and the protection of US interests inside and outside its national borders. Capitalist imperialism is now militarist imperialism. Capitalist globalization is militarized globalization.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Nevada Union FH | Judge: James Zucker
T - FOREIGN POLICY

Topical affirmatives must expand ECONOMIC ties toward the target country—
Celik 11 (Arda Can Celik. MA Politics and Intl Studies, Uppsala University. “Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies.” Pg. 11)

Introduction Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state...the direct and positive linkage of interests of stales where a change in the position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

DISSENSUS KRITIK

The aff’s desire to recognize rights mistakes the political notion of the nation-state as politics though their top-down design of power relations that presumes a stable subject
Rancière 01 Jacques, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris “Ten Theses on Politics,” John Hopkins University Press, d/l: muse

Politics is not the exercise of power. Politics ought to be defined on its own terms, as a mode of acting...i.e., the form of a political part-taking that then disappears in the play of elements or atoms of sociability.

Sadly, this attempt to police politics through the political enables current forms of modern warfare to arise out of the discourse of equality that affirms state action as bio-power

Caldwell 04 Anne, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville “Bio-Sovereignty and the Emergence of Humanity,” d/l: muse

The shift from standing law to exception evident in the treatment of refugees also appears in humanitarian military interventions...A sovereignty ruling over such groups is no longer liberal and national, but bio-political and global.

Our alternative is dissensus, which we advocate as the de-politicization of politics that takes equality as pre-given instead of a political goal

May 07 Todd, Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University “Jacques Rancière and the Ethics of Equality,” SubStance 36.2, d/l: muse

Politics is, in short, the undoing of the police order through the presupposition of the equality of all speaking beings...as a political task to be thought and engaged rather than as a historical footnote to be buried alongside other challenges to the pervasive and multifarious dominations of our world.

Additionally, our criticism is a prerequisite to the types of interrogations initiate by the affirmative. Seeking out the ways that we are connected to violence must precede discussions of global transformation. 

Nayar 99(Jayan Nayar, Law Student at the University of Warwick, Re-Framing International Law for the 21st Century: Orders of Inhumanity, 9 Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 599, Fall 1999, ln)

The description of the continuities of violence in Section II in many ways is familiar to those who adopt a critical perspective of the world...For this purpose of a critique of critique, it is necessary to consider the "technologies" of ordering.

The affs transnationalism increases globalization and gets coopted which increases capital at the heart of the Empire
Hardt and Negri 00 - political philosopher and literary theorist currently based at Duke University, Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher (Michael and Antonio, 2000, “Empire”, pgs. 31-32)

The most complete figure of this world is presented from the monetary perspective. From here we can see a horizon of values and a machine of distribution...The deeper the analysis goes, the more it finds at increasing levels of intemity the interlinking assemblages of' interactive relationships.

Their notion of a universal politics that we can all fit in is naive and dishonest only our form of dissensus creates individual contestation and preservation of agency

Panagia 03 Davide, Canada Research Chair in Cultural Studies at Trent University where he teaches aesthetics and politics “Thinking with and against ‘Ten Theses’,” The "Symposium on Jacques Rancière's 'Ten Theses on Politics'", d/l: muse

In distinct ways, then, Mufti's, McClure's and Dillon's responses are a thinking with and against Rancière's articulation of 'politics' in the Ten Theses...he hopes to "restore the disturbing problematic of power to the heart of political thinking."

Finally, understanding violence as something that happens “out there,” and is perpetrated by heads of state or armies, is the first step to forgetting our own responsibility for the many expressions of violence in the world. Questions about what the government should do, erase questions about what we should do, and ensure that violence continues while we wallow in our powerlessness. 

Kappeler 95(Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 10-11)

‘We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared collectively and diffusely by an entire society...our relationships, our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence. 

CASE

Decolonization struggles grant the US the power to protect the transnationals that control the new production methods of the Empire
Hardt and Negri 00 - political philosopher and literary theorist currently based at Duke University, Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher (Michael and Antonio, 2000, “Empire”, pgs. 244-246)

The linear trajectory of decolonization was thus interrupted by the necessity of selecting a global adversary and lining up behind one of the two models of international order...toward modernity, which was in fact achieved, was the spread of the disciplinary regime throughout the social spheres of production and reproduction.

Values, ethics and morals are all predetermined by frameworks of the Empire
Hardt and Negri 00 - political philosopher and literary theorist currently based at Duke University, Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher (Michael and Antonio, 2000, “Empire”, pgs. 19-20)

At this point, the problem of the new juridical apparatus is presented to us in its most immediate figure: a global order, a justice, and a right...We are all forced to confront absolute questions and radical alternatives. In Empire, ethics, morality, and justice are cast into new dimensions. 

Conforming to universal values and logics are passages into the Empire
Hardt and Negri 00 - political philosopher and literary theorist currently based at Duke University, Italian Marxist sociologist, scholar, revolutionary philosopher and teacher (Michael and Antonio, 2000, “Empire”, pg. 341)

Even though it is difficult now to trace a coherent and universal line of procedure, such as the one that characterized modern sovereign systems, this does not mean that the imperial apparatus is not unified...Administrative action has become fundamentally non-strategic, and thus it is legitimated through heterogeneous and indirect means. This is the third principle of administrative action in the imperial regime. 

The aff’s view of the world discursively isolates Europe from colonized benefactors and ignores their own epistemic location – their knowledge production absolves European responsibility for inequality and reproduces Euro-centered modernity
Grosfuguel 12 (Ramon,Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley,  Decolonizing Western Uni-versalisms: Decolonial Pluri-versalism from Aimé Césaire to the Zapatistas, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(3), 2012)

There exists a long tradition of thought about the universal in the West. René Descartes, founder of modern philosophy with his motto “I think, therefore I am,”...zero-point philosophy that would be taken up by the human sciences from the 19th century onward as the epistemology of axiological neutrality and empirical objectivity of the subject, which produces scientific knowledge.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Claremont DZ | Judge: Richard Idriss
Postcolonialism K

The struggle over the question of who counts as human is THE question of the debate – the system of colonialism instituted by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries haunts the present in the form of coloniality – an epistemological structure that privileges the Western subject as the only legitimate expression of human knowledge.  The question of Latin American engagement can only be answered when we first unsettle the coloniality of knowledge and being that has demarcated the majority of the world as subhuman populations given over to death.
Wynter 2003 (Sylvia, Professor of Romance Languages at Stanford University, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 3.3 (2003) 257-337, MUSE)
THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between...on the one hand, and, on the other, African enslavement, Latin American conquest, and Asian subjugation.

Two hundred years ago Someruelos spoke of the inhuman, those without liberty, without autonomy, without freedom, and yet somehow they had burned a plantation to the ground under a man named Aponte. As his people stood quaking in the wake of revolution he explained that they were much more civilized than these barbarians, stating that revolutionary politics only comes to those with white skin.
Fischer 04 Fischer, Sibylle. Modernity Disavowed : Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p 41-43, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10203074andppg=60, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Comparative Literature - Ph.D. 1995 (Comparative Literature/Spanish and Portuguese), Columbia University; M.A. 1987 (Latin American Studies, Philosophy, German Literature)
In the early weeks of 1812, a rumor began to circulate among Cuban slaves and free people of color: the Spanish Cortes in Cádiz had...a struggle for dominance and survival, and where even the question of verisimilitude becomes a question of life or death.

A hundred years later on the eve of the Cuban republic, the events of Aponte are conjured up from the depths of history by Francisco Calcagno. While his story begins with a violent deception of Aponte’s severed head, he refuses to speak of Aponte as a political subject, articulating Aponte as a byproduct of racial warfare, instead of a revolutionary. This refusal to recognize blacks as revolutionary agents is proof that even post slavery the Cuban revolution is only thinkable without the black insurgent.
Fischer 04 Fischer, Sibylle. Modernity Disavowed : Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, pgs. 55-56, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10203074andppg=60, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Comparative Literature - Ph.D. 1995 (Comparative Literature/Spanish and Portuguese), Columbia University; M.A. 1987 (Latin American Studies, Philosophy, German Literature)
Yet despite all of this, the memory of the Aponte uprising continued to linger in popular oral traditions...politic. Aponte’s name continues to mark the distance between conflicting ideas of emancipation.

Framing energy diversification as a security issue sets the stage for preemptive resource wars and conceals consumption as the real issue.
Campbell 05 (David, PhD Professor at Australian National University, “The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle,” American Quarterly, Vol 57, No 3, September MI)
Most accounts of the role of oil in U.S. foreign policy embody economistic assumptions, rendering oil in materialistic terms as...the problem of production, is a first step toward understanding the biopolitics of security.

International agreements on agriculture reinforce cycles of poverty
Ellinger-Locke 11 (Maggie "FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IS A GENDERED ISSUE" Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 18 Buff. Envt'l. L.J. 157 J.D. from CUNY of Law in 2011, and her B.A. in ecofeminism from Antioch College. She is admitted into the Missouri Bar where she is a practicing criminal defense attorney MI)
Food production has been regulated through a series of international agreements. In 1961, global North countries initiated the first...poor. Nonetheless, CBD has provided a framework on which a future agreement can be built.

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and unending war is reproduced and produced by colonial epistemologies.
Maldonado-Torres 08 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity” Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in the Americas was a transformation and naturalization of the non-ethics of war...In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is the definitive rejection of epistemic privilege and total decolonization.  The starting point for the decolonial option is the repudiation of death ethics in the name of life.  De-westernization alone or continuing faith in the project of modernity fails to undermine the overrepresentation of man.
Mignolo 09 (Walter, Professor of literature-Duke University, Ph.D. from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, academic director of Duke in the Andes, an interdisciplinary program in Latin American and Andean Studies in Quito, Ecuador at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador and the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom” ,Theory, Culture and Society 2009)
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched...de-colonial options to allow the silences to build arguments to confront those who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.

T-Commercial

Interpretation – “economic engagement” broadly establishes framework for transactions – targeting specific sectors makes the plan “commercial”
Woolcock 13 (Stephen Woolcock, Lecturer in International Relations at The London School of Economics, and Sir Nicholas Bayne, Fellow at the International Trade Policy Unit of the London School of Economics, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, p. 387)
Before suggesting some ways in which economic diplomacy could be...framework of rules and disciplines within which markets and such commercial diplomacy function.4

Non EE CP

Text: The President of the United States should remove all restrictions on Cuban-American travel and remittances; grant visas to Cubans invited to the United States to participate in educational, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and scientific activities if they pass normal visa security reviews; communicate to the Cuban government the United States desire to restore the diplomatic function of the Interest Section as its core mission; immediately turn off the electronic ticker-tape billboard on the Interests Section building in Havana; propose immediate resumption of regular consultations with Cuba over implementation of the migration agreements signed by Presidents Reagan and Clinton; remove travel limits of U.S. and Cuban diplomats.

The counterplan competes and is DISTINCT from Economic Engagement
Rose and Spiegel 8 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; “NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE:
THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES,” 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, AC)
Countries, like people, interact with each other on a number of different dimensions...an unrelated area (such as ¶ finance). The fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.

And, it solves the aff
LeoGrande 2k8
(William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. “Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap,” World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef)
From the time Fidel Castro seized power nearly three generations ago, Cuba has served as an important...Brazil, and Mexico during their transition from authoritarian rule, and in Eastern Europe at the end of the communist era.

Gradualism DA

Gradual reforms now – key to a stable transition
Piccone 13(Ted Piccone¶ Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Brookings Institute, “Time to Bet on Cuba” March 18, 2013 http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana, RLA)
Under Castro, the Cuban government has undertaken important reforms to modernize and liberalize the economy. Cubans are...yet further evidence that the Castro generation is looking forward to securing a viable legacy.

Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms
Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//EX
Still, in a country where Cubans “resolve”...from the 1950s. “There is a lot of work to be done.”

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Some in the United States have long supported...quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Case

Allowing current bottom up movements to take shape is key to eliminating neoliberalism’s hold on the region—The plan is counter-productive and pacifying.
Roberts 09. Kenneth Roberts. Professor of Government @ Cornell. “Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?” 2009 pg 1-7
In recent years voters in Latin America have elected a series of left-of-center presidents, starting with Venezuela in 1998 and continuing...each area we explore new patterns of social interaction, identify various responses, and analyze the potential impact of emerging popular subjects.

Using rights justification for liberating the ‘oppressed third world' consolidates U.S hyper masculinity, resulting in economic devastation, environmental destruction and extraction, and indiscriminate massacres.
Mohanty 06 (Chandra Talpade, She is the women's studies department chair and professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University, “US Empire and the Project of Women’s Studies: Stories of citizenship, complicity and dissent”, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7–20, February 2006, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09663690600571209)//SK
A number of scholars including Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin (2004) conclude that since the last decades of the twentieth century...interests inside and outside its national borders. Capitalist imperialism is now militarist imperialism. Capitalist globalization is militarized globalization. 

Renewables reinforce the disposability of the poor and naturalizes the dehumanization against them in name of developing the underdeveloped.
Shiva 08 (Vandana, Indian Philosopher, Environmental Activist, and Ecofemnist, “Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in a Time of Climate Crisis”, South End Press, Brooklyn, Copyright 2008, http://www.drexel.edu/~/media/Files/greatworks/pdf_sum10/WK4_Shiva_SoilNotOil.ashx)//SK
Climate chaos and peak oil are converging with a third crisis – the food crisis. The food crisis results from the combined impacts of the industrialization and globalization...simultaneously overcome dehumanization, economic inequality, and ecological catastrophe. 

US liberalism is just the racial violence of America gone global –causes ideological coalition bulding DA
Rodriguez 07 Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Proffessor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, “American Globality And the US Prison regime: State Violence And White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to bagong diwa”, Ateneo de Manila University, 2007, Kritika Kultura 9 (2007): 022-048
In fact, the notion of American globality I have begun discussing here already exceeds negri and Hardt’s formulation to the extent that it is...globality that materializes as it prototypes state violence and for that matter, “state power” itself through a specific institutional site.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: LNU HL | Judge: Luz Lopez
T - FOREIGN POLICY

Topical affirmatives must expand ECONOMIC ties toward the target country—
Celik 11 (Arda Can Celik. MA Politics and Intl Studies, Uppsala University. “Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies.” Pg. 11)

Introduction Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state...the direct and positive linkage of interests of stales where a change in the position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

POSTCOLONIALISM K

The struggle over the question of who counts as human is THE question of the debate – the system of colonialism instituted by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries haunts the present in the form of coloniality – an epistemological structure that privileges the Western subject as the only legitimate expression of human knowledge.  The question of Latin American engagement can only be answered when we first unsettle the coloniality of knowledge and being that has demarcated the majority of the world as subhuman populations given over to death.
Wynter 2003 (Sylvia, Professor of Romance Languages at Stanford University, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 3.3 (2003) 257-337, MUSE)

THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between...on the one hand, and, on the other, African enslavement, Latin American conquest, and Asian subjugation.

The affirmative’s guise of economic engagement with Latin America reinforces a paternalistic attitude towards Latin America – justifies imperialism in name of providing development to Other
Grosfoguel 00 (Ramon, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Department at UC Berkeley), “Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America” Nepantla: Views from South, Volume 1, Issue 2, pg 359-361)

The modern idea that treated each individual as a free centered subject with rational control over his or her destiny was extended to the nation-state level...The movement ended once the wool producers shifted to cattle raising and meat exports.

Coloniality articulates the suppression of basic human rights in order to have slave-like labor to meet the needs of the capitol and to benefit westerners. New coloniality is the exploitation of foreign oil markets
Escobar 08 (ARTURO Colombian-American anthropologist, www.nd.edu/druccio/Escobar.pdf)

The seeming triumph of Eurocentered modernity can be seen as the imposition of a global design by a particular local history...immediate US oil and strategic interests in the foreign regions that obtain it 

The true borders like in the epistemic location within the state—the border is merely a tool to reinforce deep-seated assumptions about the Mexican state
Orozco-Mendoza 08 (Elva, doctoral student currently concentrating in political theory at UMass, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria¶ Anzaldúa, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of¶ Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 4/24/2008)

The concept of borders (or frontiers) is precisely the mechanism that Europeans employed to perpetuate and to reinforce difference...Thus, slow assimilation, in combination with stereotypes of failure and laziness, are the reasons for which Mexicans appear undesirable to white America.

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and unending war is reproduced and produced by colonial epistemologies.
Maldonado-Torres 08 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity” Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in the Americas was a transformation and naturalization of the non-ethics of war...In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is the definitive rejection of epistemic privilege and total decolonization.  The starting point for the decolonial option is the repudiation of death ethics in the name of life.  De-westernization alone or continuing faith in the project of modernity fails to undermine the overrepresentation of man.
Mignolo 09 (Walter, Professor of literature-Duke University, Ph.D. from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, academic director of Duke in the Andes, an interdisciplinary program in Latin American and Andean Studies in Quito, Ecuador at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador and the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom” ,Theory, Culture and Society 2009)

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched...de-colonial options to allow the silences to build arguments to confront those who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.

And we must decolonize debate practice itself – education based on Western epistemologies continue forms of colonial schooling designed to reproduce coloniality – from the “moral project” of educating and civilizing the Indians to teaching of social Darwinism in the Congo.  Decolonizing education requires not only an analysis of the knowledge, power, Eurocentrism, colonial history, and political economy inherent in educational activities like debate but also foregrounding the possibility of epistemic resistance.
Shahjahan 11 Riyad Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education (HALE) at Michigan State University. Ph.D. at the OISE/University of Toronto in Higher Education. “Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement: revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and neoliberal reform” Online publication date: 22 March 201, Journal of Education Policy, 26: 2, 181 — 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176

Revisiting histories of colonial educational policy in schooling helps us contextualize and demonstrate how evidence-based education, tied to high-stakes testing and neoliberalism, reproduces past colonial ideologies with respect to developing colonized labor...Slowing down is what I believe decolonizing education means in this era of neoliberal policies and transnational capital!

CASE

was just defense

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: Jonah Garnick
SPIVAKIAN REPS KRITIK

same cards as bronx round 1

ANTHROPOCENTRISM KRITIK

same cards as bronx round 3 except added:

Speciesism is like Racism, Sexism, heterosexism, and other systems of oppression. It must be opposed at all times.
Francione 09 (Gary Francione, Distinguished Professor of Law and Nicholas DeBussey Katzenbach Scholar of Law and Philosophy at the University of Rutgers. “Some Thoughts on the Abolitionist Approach” http://www.abolitionistapproach.com/some-thoughts-on-the-abolitionist-approach/ 20/14/2009) RJG
Speciesism is morally objectionable because, like racism, sexism, and heterosexism, it links personhood with an irrelevant criterion...All of these forms of discrimination are morally unjustifiable. We reject speciesism because it is indistinguishable from these other forms of discrimination.

CASE

Identity is a fluidic classification – the creation of a homogenous system of that does not recognize heterogeneity of Latin American subject locks in domination
Porras 97 Ileana M. , Associate Professor, University of Utah College of Law, Winter 1996-1997 , "A LATCRIT SENSIBILITY APPROACHES THE INTERNATIONAL: REFLECTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS AS THIRD GENERATION SOLIDARITY RIGHTS" , The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
One of the fascinating things about the Latino/a identity, as we have discovered over the past series of discussions (the first LatCrit Conference in La Jolla and earlier discussions at this...LatCrit perspective reminds us of the impossibility of achieving perfectly bounded identities while offering us a vision of the multifaceted forms of connection and relatedness that is always available.

The theory of ontological blackness enforces a rigid and suffocating identity on the heterogeneity of black experiences, leading to political paralysis and re-entrenching white power.
Pinn 04 (Anthony, Anthony B. Pinn is an American professor and writer whose work focuses on liberation theology, Black religion, and Black humanism. Pinn is the Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University, “‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity,” Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1 . Spring 2004)
This connection between ontological blackness and religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness signifies the totality of black existence, a binding together of black life...This encourages African Americans to see themselves as they are— complex and diversified—no longer needing to surrender personal interests for the sake of monolithic collective status.

Their focus on crafting the self is the politics of fascism --- outward focus on agency is key
Zamponi 12—professor of sociology, UC Santa Barbra (SIMONETTA FALASCA-ZAMPONI, The politics of aesthetics: Mussolini and fascist Italy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/simonetta-falasca-zamponi/politics-of-aesthetics-mussolini-and-fascist-italy)
For Benjamin, the paradox was that what he called ‘the age of mechanical reproduction’, rather than fulfilling its “natural” mission of freeing people from the chains of an enchanted vision of the world - one that made people feel...agenda, something that in different ways we find typical of the other totalitarian experiments in Nazi Germany and Stalin’s Russia. Aesthetic goals were absolute and independent of any ethical issues.

Commodification – the ballot should not be a tool for self-affirmation because it cannot have a higher purpose or be a show of success.  Like Sisyphus, only when we persist with no hope of overcoming this world to achieve some metaphysical victory can we celebrate life. For their 1AC to be meaningful, you should vote negative. Vote negative to recognize the aff’s ability to be self affirming requiring the ballot anxiety. This is especially true in terms of freedom and infinite mobility.
Lane 96 (Robert D., The Absurd Hero, Malaspina University-College, Professor of Classics, Philosophy, and Religious Studies, http://www.levity.com/corduroy/camusabs.htm)
Sisyphus is the absurd hero. This man, sentenced to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain and then watching its descent, is the epitome of the absurd hero according to Camus. In retelling the Myth of Sisyphus, Camus is able to create an extremely powerful image with imaginative force which...insignificant his action. In both cases it matters little for what reason they continue to struggle so long as they testify to man's allegiance to man and not to abstractions or 'absolutes'.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker SJ | Judge: Tom Placido
Postcolonialism K

The struggle over the question of who counts as human is THE question of the debate – the system of colonialism instituted by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries haunts the present in the form of coloniality – an epistemological structure that privileges the Western subject as the only legitimate expression of human knowledge.  The question of Latin American engagement can only be answered when we first unsettle the coloniality of knowledge and being that has demarcated the majority of the world as subhuman populations given over to death.
Wynter 2003 (Sylvia, Professor of Romance Languages at Stanford University, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 3.3 (2003) 257-337, MUSE)
THE ARGUMENT PROPOSES THAT THE STRUGGLE OF OUR NEW MILLENNIUM WILL be one between...on the one hand, and, on the other, African enslavement, Latin American conquest, and Asian subjugation.

The distinction between US/Mexican forces fighting drug trafficking and narco-terrorist violence is a false one. Fighting drug trafficking intensifies an ongoing war against civilians in LA.
Wright 11 Melissa W. Spring 2011. Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border. Departments of Geography and Women’s Studies, Pennsylvania State University. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/65749
However, shortly after the United States expressed concerns that Mexico was on the verge of becoming a failed state, the newly elected...Los Angeles Times, the drug war “will end only when both sides have ended up killing each other off” (Wilkinson 2008). And then there will be no more violence.

Liberalism and stability theory are just the racial violence of America gone global –causes ideological coalition bulding DA that eradicates those who do not align with ASEAN
Rodriguez 07 Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Proffessor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, “American Globality And the US Prison regime: State Violence And White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to bagong diwa”, Ateneo de Manila University, 2007, Kritika Kultura 9 (2007): 022-048
In fact, the notion of American globality I have begun discussing here already exceeds negri and Hardt’s formulation to the extent that it is...globality that materializes as it prototypes state violence and for that matter, “state power” itself through a specific institutional site.

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and unending war is reproduced and produced by colonial epistemologies.
Maldonado-Torres 08 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity” Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in the Americas was a transformation and naturalization of the non-ethics of war...In such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is the definitive rejection of epistemic privilege and total decolonization.  The starting point for the decolonial option is the repudiation of death ethics in the name of life.  De-westernization alone or continuing faith in the project of modernity fails to undermine the overrepresentation of man.
Mignolo 09 (Walter, Professor of literature-Duke University, Ph.D. from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, academic director of Duke in the Andes, an interdisciplinary program in Latin American and Andean Studies in Quito, Ecuador at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador and the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, “Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom” ,Theory, Culture and Society 2009)
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched...de-colonial options to allow the silences to build arguments to confront those who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.

T-Commercial

Interpretation – “economic engagement” broadly establishes framework for transactions – targeting specific sectors makes the plan “commercial”
Woolcock 13 (Stephen Woolcock, Lecturer in International Relations at The London School of Economics, and Sir Nicholas Bayne, Fellow at the International Trade Policy Unit of the London School of Economics, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, p. 387)
Before suggesting some ways in which economic diplomacy could be...framework of rules and disciplines within which markets and such commercial diplomacy function.4

Case

Reject the try or die logic. Policymakers distort rational risk analysis by relying on high-magnitude impacts based on decontextualized internal-link chains.
Kessler 08 Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   “From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss...different evidence criteria prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

Allowing current bottom up movements to take shape is key to eliminating neoliberalism’s hold on the region—The plan is counter-productive and pacifying.
Roberts 09. Kenneth Roberts. Professor of Government @ Cornell. “Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?” 2009 pg 1-7
In recent years voters in Latin America have elected a series of left-of-center presidents, starting with Venezuela in 1998 and continuing...each area we explore new patterns of social interaction, identify various responses, and analyze the potential impact of emerging popular subjects.

Neoliberalism causes poverty, social exclusion, societal disintegration, violence and environmental destruction—threatens humanity
De La Barra, Chilean political activist, international consultant and former UNICEF Latin America Public Policy Advisor 07-- (Ximena, “THE DUAL DEBT OF NEOLIBERALISM”, Imperialism, Neoliberalism and Social Struggles in Latin America”, 9/1/09, edited by Dello Bueno and Lara, Brill Online)AS
The currently prevailing neoliberal development model has brought with it various technological advances and economic and commercial growth...urbanslum dwellers, indigenous peoples, children of illiterate women, illegal immigrants, etc.) have remained mostly excluded (UNICEF 2001).

No impact to Mexican instability
Seelee and Shirt, 10 – *director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars AND  fellow at the center and an associate professor at the University of San Diego (Andrew Selee, David Shirk, 3/27/10, " Five myths about Mexico's drug war ", Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/26/AR2010032602226.html)
The country has certainly seen a big rise in drug violence, with cartels fighting for control of major narcotics shipment routes -- especially at the U.S. border and near major seaports and highways -- and branching into kidnapping, extortion and other illicit activities. Ciudad Juarez, in particular, has been the scene of major battles between two crime organizations and accounted for nearly a third of drug-linked deaths last year.
But the violence is not as widespread or as random as it may appear. Though civilians...crime is not threatening to take over the federal government. Mexico is not turning into a failed state. 

Economic collapse doesn’t cause war --- lack of resources prevent military conflict
Bennett and Nordstrom, Department of Political Science Professors at Pennsylvania State, 2000 Scott and Timothy, “Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, February, Ebsco
In this analysis, we focus on using economic conditions to understand when rivalries are likely to escalate or end. Rivalries...may choose to negotiate a settlement that ends a rivalry to free up important resources that may be

Even if economic predictions are possible, they can’t predict “tipping points” or key internal links
Cristian Suteanu 2005 Professor of geography and environmental science at Saint Mary’s University “Complexity, Science and the Public : The Geography of a New Interpretation” Theory, Culture and Society Vol. 22(5): 113–140
Concluding the Tale of the Changed Pillars  What complexity has accomplished regarding the classic...world’ (1997: 186).  This is indeed true from the viewpoint of scholars, or at least of some  of them. Could this be also the case for the public at large?

Increased trade has no effect on decreasing risk of conflict between nations – prefer stats
Gelpi and Greico 5 Chris, Joseph,  Associate Professor and Professor of Political Science, Duke University, “Democracy, Interdependence, and the Sources of the Liberal Peace”, Journal of Peace Research
As we have already emphasized, increasing...at 0.33 regardless of the challenger’s level of trade dependence. 

Their economy advantage occurs within a complex system—Interactions between actors, events, and forces deny one-directional causality
Lapointe 11 Jean-Hugho, JD, holds a certificate in business administration from Université Laval, “ECONOMIC PREDICTIONS, CENTRAL PLANNING AND THE PRETENCE OF KNOWLEDGE”, April 15
While most of us get the feeling that economic predictions are just...Colleges then exacerbate the problem by teaching these Nobel-approved ideas as orthodoxy.(8)

ASEAN cooperation high now
VOA 12(Voice of America News, “Asian Nations Meet on Island Disputes”, October 5, 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1520888.html)//SK
MANILA — Delegates with the 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a handful of East Asian countries and other Western...exploitation of resources. Japan proposed the regional discussion last year, long before its territorial dispute with China erupted. 

Even if some predictions are possible, their ASEAN advantage occurs within a complex system—Interactions between actors, events, and forces deny one-directional causality
Ramalingam 2011 1/11, Ben Ramalingam -Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute “The globalization of vulnerability”  http://aidontheedge.info/2011/01/11/the-globalisation-of-vulnerability/
…in the face of the global financial crisis a number of developing countries... the desperately poor may adopt a “gambler’s throw” strategy, risking all or nothing when they know that a major livelihood shock is inevitable.

Tournament: Various 2nd Semester Tournaments | Round: 1 | Opponent: Various | Judge: Various
We recently switched speaker positions so the neg strats previously disclosed on this page may no longer hold any relevance (not for now at least)