Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep KD | Judge:
The plan’s untouchable fiat designates it as an off-budget project — this has a snowball effect
Greenspan, 96— former Chairman of the Federal Reserve (Allen, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, 4/17/1996)KTrepka
On behalf of myself …   federal spending.  

Guarantees the ABL
Hodge, 11 (Nathan, “Pentagon Loses War to Zap Airborne Laser From Budget”, The Wall Street Journal, 2/11/2011,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704570104576124173372065568.html)
But if the … cost: $18 billion.)

This destroys deterrence – leads to global nuclear war
Rozoff, 10 – contributor to The Centre for Research on Globalization (Rick, “U.S. Tightens Missile Shield Encirclement Of China And Russia”, 3/4/2010, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=17948)//KTrepka
The U.S. has … and nuclear first strikes.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge:
The CP generates innovations that solves
Lugar, 4 – U.S. Senator – Indiana, (Richard, “Plant Power” Our Planet v. 14 n. 3, http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
To meet the … feed the world.

Increased use of UAVs is key to successful counterinsurgency
Herlik 10, AIAA Member and MA in National Security, 10 (Ed, Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MA in National Security from CSU San Bernardino, UAV Specialist “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Counter-Insurgency – Global Market and Technologies Outlook – 2010-2015,” April, http://marketintelgroup.com/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs-for-counter-insurgency-global-market-technologies-outlook-2010-2015/)
 With a cumulative …. threat mitigation. 

Solves instability
Barnett 4, PhD Harvard and Former Professor @ US Naval War College, 4 - PhD PoliSci @ Harvard and Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor of Warfare Analysis @ US Naval War College (Thomas, “Does the US Face a Future of Never-ending Subnational and Transnational Violence?” May, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_2020_Support/2004_05_25_papers/violence.pdf, p. 2-4)
The post-Cold …such a state.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton BC | Judge:
Since World War I, violence has been normalized by the globalization of the state of exception when the law justifies its own suspension, transforming itself into a killing machine, and ushering in global civil war.  Return to the legal normal authorizes such violent international aggression
Agamben, 5. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85

It is perhaps …. toward global civil war.

Refuse attempts to reform the legal system and doom it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture
Prozorov, 10 Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065

In a later work, Agamben ….. in the following section.¶ 

The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence
Gulli, 13  Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1

We live in an …. rests on the threat of military violence and police brutality¶

Tournament: UMich | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge:
CIR will pass - momentum
Jacoby 10-22-13 (Tamar, “Immigration reform would help GOP”, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/opinion/jacoby-immigration-after-shutdown/?hpt=ju_c2, CMR)
What are the chances … Senate bill.¶ 

Changing policy toward Cuba requires lots of PC 

Williams 13 (A foreign correspondent for 25 years, Carol J. Williams traveled to and reported from more than 80 countries in Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. “A foreign correspondent for 25 years, Carol J. Williams traveled to and reported from more than 80 countries in Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.” May 03, 2013 http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/03/world/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502)

Politicians who … important foreign policy battles elsewhere.”

Obama’s political capital is key
USA Today 10/25
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/25/obama-immigration-bill-partisanship/3188629/
In his Thursday … We Dream.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers
Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine's staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell's many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. “Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform” http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform) 

Washington won’t … economically efficient.

Extinction
Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict

Of course, …dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: City | Judge:
Link
Leitner and Sheppard ’10 (“Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus”, Eric Sheppard *, Helga Leitner, Department of Geography, S. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Geoforum 41 (2010) 185–194) EY
3. Continuities: the developmentalist socio-spatial imaginary
We have shown that …. subordination” (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Capitalism causes catastrophic destruction of the biosphere, exterminating all life on earth
Foster, 02  (John Bellamy, Professor of environmental sociology, Marxism, and political economy at the University of Oregon, Ecology Against Capitalism, p 66-67)

The consequences of such…. and morally – and must be superseded.

The alternative is to vote negative.  Our rejection is a refusal of the tepid half-measures of the 1AC in favor of clearing the space for a truly just and equitable society.
Marcuse, German Philosopher and Professor at Columbia and Harvard, 1969 (Herbert, member of the Frankfurt School, An Essay on Liberation, p. 85-91) *GENDER MODIFIED

In a sense, this is indeed the community of ….. about what we are going to do.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep KD | Judge:
Solves and doesn’t link to politics
Basu 5/7 (Rhka, staff writer, “¶ Basu: Guantanamo detainees need due process”¶ Published: May 7, 2013 10:21 AM¶ By REKHA BASU¶ http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/basu-guantanamo-detainees-need-due-process-1.5213812)//kyan

"I don't want these … are not the solution. Only due process is.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep KD | Judge:
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces … petition the mayor.

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: … action that you propose. 

This is a prior question for meaningful debate to occur
Shively, 2000 – Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM
(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)

The requirements …agreement or harmony. 

Focus on reps destroys social change by ignoring political and material constraints- evaluate round through materialism framework
Taft-Kaufman, 95 Jill, professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, at Central Michigan University, Southern Communication Journal, Spring, proquest)

The postmodern passwords …, and the budgets that fuel them.

Large impacts should always outweigh small ones—their argument is an example of illogical scope neglect
YUDKOWSKY 2006 (Eliezer, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks,” forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, August 31)
Three groups of … difference experimentally.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge:
Gulf drilling undermines naval readiness – prevents effective training – kills ecosystems too
Weiss, Senior Fellow Center for American Progress, ’12 (Daniel, September 13, “The American Energy Initiatives” Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis)
There have … Budget Office.

Preparedness is key to deterrence- solves all war
Spencer 2k – Senior Research Fellow on Nuclear Energy Policy from the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies (Jack, “The Facts about Military Readiness”, The Heritage Foundation, 9/15/2000, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2000/09/bg1394-the-facts-about-military-readiness)
The evidence …preserving peace.

Biodiversity is key to preventing extinction
Madgoluis 96
(Richard Margoluis, Biodiversity Support Program, 1996, http://www.bsponline.org/publications/showhtml.php3?10)
Biodiversity not … own survival.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: SPASH KH | Judge: Zachary Hills
The recession opened a rupture in neoliberalism – Latin America is trying new approaches that can transform the global economy
Grugel and Riggirozzi, 2012
Jean, University of Sheffielf, Professor Jean Grugel joined the Department of Geography in January 2011 as Professor of International Development. She graduated in History and English and has a PhD in Politics/Latin American Studies, all from the University of Liverpool. She had previously held a Chair in Politics at the University of Sheffield, and has worked at the Universities of York and Madrid, and for a short time at the Latin America Bureau as a researcher and writer. and Pia. Lecturer at the University of Southampton. PhD University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies (2005), MA University of Miami, School of International Studies, Florida, USA (2001) MA in International Studies. FLACSO-Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997) BA in International Relations. Universidad Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1995). Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State After Crisis. Development and Change 43(1): 1–21. 2012 International Institute of Social Studies.
Twenty years ago, debates … global political economy (Hay, 2010).

Attempts to engage in foreign oil industries are neoliberally motivated and culminate in war
Lafer, political economist and is an Associate Professor at the University of Oregon's Labor Education and Research Center 04 (Gordon, “Neoliberalism by other means: the “war on terror” at home and abroad”, New Political Science 26:3, 2004, Taylor and Francis)AS
I believe that, in its … treaty will be imposed by military force.

Unchallenged, neoliberalism results in ontological closure that ensures disposability and global annihilation -
Santos, 3
Boaventura de Sousa Santos is a leading Portuguese social theorist, the director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, and has written and published widely on the issue of globalization. “Collective Suicide?” Bad Subjects. Issue 63. April 2003. http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html
In its sacrificial genocide version, neoliberalism … the real axis of evil: neoliberalism plus war.

Vote negative: Latin American experiments are creating counter-hegemony to neoliberal politics - our local resistance works in tandem to create multiple points of rupture
Peck et al 2010
Peck, J. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Theodore, N. Urban Planning and Policy Program, University of Illinois at Chicago and Brenner, N. (2010),  Department of Sociology, New York University. Postneoliberalism and its Malcontents. Antipode, 41: 94–116.
All of this begs the question of … region-wide hegemonic instability (Sader 2009).

Tournament: IFL State | Round: Octas | Opponent: City WW | Judge:
Secondary legislation for Mexican energy reform is coming now – that’s key to implementation – Nieto cred is key
Garza 12/20/13 (Antonio Garza is a former U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. Ambassador Garza is Counsel in the Mexico City office of White and Case and serves as chairman of Vianovo Ventures, “Mexican energy reforms set stage for investment” http://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Mexican-energy-reforms-set-stage-for-investment-5082610.php)
Mexico took … as a potential complication.

plan Divisive – wrecks noninterference
TPAP, 5/3  The Pan American Post, “Obama and Peña Nieto Carefully Avoid Addressing Security, Immigration,”  http://panamericanpost.blogspot.com/2013/05/obama-and-pena-nieto-carefully-avoid.html
According to ... security cooperation. 

any new US engagement derails energy reforms—prefer only contextual evidence
Negroponte 11/20 (Diana Villiers Negroponte, a nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative under Foreign Policy at Brookings, Formerly a professor of history, “Mexico’s Most Critical Challenge: Energy Reform” November 20, 2013 http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/11/20-questions-about-energy-reform-mexico-negroponte)//kyan

Meantime, the PRD … Mexico’s energy sector.

Pemex reform is key to Chinese energy security, diversification, and economy
Fox News Latino 6/2 http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/06/02/china-president-wants-to-open-floodgates-trade-with-mexico/ ¶ China's President Wants To Open The Floodgates Of Trade With Mexico¶ Published June 02, 2013Fox News Latinotrepka
On Tuesday President Xi … by China in Mexican oil."

Chinese economic slowdown cuases CCP collapse, Taiwan war, and destroys the global economy
Lewis 7 - Research Director of the Economic Research Council (Dan Lewis, “The Nightmare of a Chinese economic collapse”, Economic Policy Center, 4/19, http://www.economicpolicycentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-nightmare-of-a-Chinese-economic-collapse.pdf)//JS
A reduction in demand … Square massacres in 1989. 

Chinese instability goes nuclear
Yee 2, Associate Professor of Government @ Hong Kong Baptist University, and Storey, Asian-Pacific Center for Security Studies, ‘2
(Herbert and Ian, China Threat: Perception, Myths, and Reality, p. 5)
The fourth factor …, a disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: SPASH KH | Judge: Zachary Hills
Obama’s  leverage ensures a last-minute deal to avoid default
Financial Times 9/23 (“White House determined on debt ceiling”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9cac3f6c-2461-11e3-a8f7-00144feab7de.html#axzz2fv8PX1zr, CMR) 

The Obama administration... . It really depends on how this week plays out,” said Mr Josten.

Calling in a favor on the plan burns up Obama’s limited leverage with House Republicans
Moore 9/10 --- Guardian's US finance and economics editor
(Heidi, 9/10/2013, “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security,” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester, CMR)

Before President Obama speaks to the nation … should now judge his actions better.

Also any reason that Obama will be perceived for Oil Drilling magnifies our Link. 

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy, U.S. economic leadership and free trade
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” a podcast and blog, “Our Debt to Society”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, MCR

If the debt ceiling isn’t ….  riskier and costlier.

Extinction
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon 12 - *Director of the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings AND Director of Research and Senior Fellow Foreign Policy (Kenneth and Michael, “The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt”, The Brookings Institute, 7/10,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon) EL

Lastly, American economic … war will become more likely.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge:
CP solves energy engagement and relations
COCEF 12 - La Comisión de Cooperación Ecológica Fronteriza
(“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf)//BB
SECTION 4: BECC – … in the focus sectors.

Solves mexican dependence on oil – only sustainable strategy for the Mexican economy
Atlantic Sentinel 12 (Alfredo Montufar-Helu Jimenez, degree in political science and international relations from CIDE, Mexico City, “Oil Dependence Puts Mexico’s Energy Security At Risk”, http://atlanticsentinel.com/2012/05/oil-dependence-puts-mexicos-energy-security-at-risk/)//lm
Despite having …to the development of these resources.

Solves dependence
Dept. of Energy no date(“Reduce Oil Dependence Costs”, US department of energy, http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/oildep.shtml) EY¶ It's unclear … cost-effectively¶

Tournament: UMich | Round: 7 | Opponent: Walter Payton MY | Judge:
Cuba violates human rights --- shunning them is an a-priori reason to vote negative
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)

A fundamental …as ancient communities might have put it.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Vermillions Finest D ME | Judge: Andrew James
Interpretation – “Engagement” requires increasing economic contacts in trade or financial transactions --- that’s distinct from appeasement
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in … elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation - the plan is appeasement and not increase
Times-Dispatch Staff 12
(Jan 22, “Cuba: Patsies,” http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/cuba-patsies/article_5755996d-246f-5ca4-ada5-14b567a56603.html, jkim)

The Obama … democracy in the island gulag, among other things.

Voting Issue –
Limits – their definition of engagement opens the floodgates for all affs that unilaterally act – destroys indepth education and clash, allows for affs to decrease their economic engagement
Ground – they will spike out of our disads that have engagement links – destroys predictability and fairness, can’t get disad links off of FX topical affs, independent voter

Tournament: UMich | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge:
A. Violation - Engagement towards a government must be conditional, the plan isn’t
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

Many different … facilitate cooperation.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge:
A. Interpretation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state -- the affirmative increases engagement with China.
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION … positive sanctions.

3.  Precision – it’s key to effective policy analysis
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

In matters of … of the 21st century.

Tournament: IFL State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Roosevelt AP | Judge:
Aff is extra-T -- German banks engage through NADBank – water projects prove
Hendricks 12 – Staff Writer for the My San Antonio newspaper (David,     NADBank expands renewable energy portfolio   NOVEMBER 8, 2012, http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/article/NADBank-expands-renewable-energy-portfolio-4021606.php) KT
NADBank executives... Managing Director Gerónimo Gutiérrez.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: SPASH KH | Judge: Zachary Hills
T
A. Interpretation: the affirmative must mandate a substantial increase in economic engagement with one of the topic countries.

Substantial means great in amount
Words and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantial,” Volume 40A, p. 448-486 October 2002, Thomson West)

N.D.Ala. 1957. The word “substantial” ….  – Levenson v. U.S., 157, F.Supp. 224.

Increase means to become larger or greater in quantity
Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase." http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741.)

in•crease  in kr?ss
transitive and intransitive verb  ….  in number, quantity, or degree
noun  (plural in•creas•es)

Violation the aff is not a substantial increase 

Economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like loans and grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more … types of positive sanctions.

A plan that meets is normalizing relations with Cuba.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep KD | Judge:
Interpretation-- economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose … types of positive sanctions.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep KD | Judge:
GITMO is a vital internal link to strategic intelligence, which solves terrorism in the status quo
Meese 2012 (Edwin, the Ronald Reagan Distinguished Fellow in Public Policy and chairman of the Center for Legal and Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation. He served as the 75th attorney general of the United States under President Reagan, Guantanamo Bay prison is necessary, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/11/opinion/meese-gitmo)

The detention and …lawful interrogations.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert – Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington – “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, obtained via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear … material holdings.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge:
Approval of the Smithfield purchase completely changes the dynamic in the US-China trade dynamic independently solves the second advantage
Young 13 (http://www.scmp.com/comment/blogs/article/1306822/us-halts-trade-war-smithfield-sale-approval, “US halts trade war with Smithfield sale approval”, Monday, 09 September, 2013, Doug Young has lived and worked in China for 15 years, much of that as a journalist for Reuters writing about Chinese companies)
The deal isn't done … in the next few years.
 

The CP is key to resurrect US trade leadership and free trade
Markheim 08 (Daniella Markheim, Senior Trade Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics, Heritage Foundation, December 28, 2008, “Time to End ‘Zeroing’ in Trade Dumping Calculations,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/tradeandeconomicfreedom/wm2180.cfm)
*zeroing is the tactic of zeroing out dumping calculations when a producer in another country charges a higher price in the U.S. market than in its home market or above its production costs

When the WTO … anti-dumping investigations.