Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington KF | Judge: Jenny Heidt
Text: The State of California should pass Assembly Bill 311. 

The counterplan solves the affirmative – it effectively utilizes the I-Bank to invest in infrastructure – independently recapitalizes nadbank
Medina 2013 – Chair of Assembly Committee on Jobs, Economic Development and the Economy , Jose Medina, Chair, April 9, 2013, California Legislature Committee to evaluate the merits of Jobs and Economy related projects, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0301-0350/ab_311_cfa_20130406_215849_asm_comm.html 

SUBJECT : Bi-National Development Bank SUMMARY : Expands the role of the California
AND
. Each program and activity is exclusively capitalized through the I-Bank.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster HH | Judge: Tucker Boyce
CP: The International Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes should systematically reform its foreign investment dispute settlement mechanisms, including but not limited to
--equalizing benefits and costs for developing and developed countries
--increasing the use of mediation as a dispute-settlement mechanism 

This is what their author says actually solves – 1 country doesn’t do anything, only reforming global mediation solves – independently cp solves developing countries’ withdrawal, which is their only internal link
D’Agostino 2012 THEIR AUTHOR (Joseph D’Agostino J.D. Candidate 2012, U of Virginia School of Law; “Rescuing International Investment Arbitration: Introducing Derivative Actions, Class Actions, And Compulsory Joinder”; Virginia Law Review, Vol.  98; http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/98/177.pdf; JRS)
THE rapidly expanding network of international investment arbitration (“IIA”) has reached a state
AND
has become a vital aspect of the debate about the international political economy.”

Tournament: Caucus | Round: Octas | Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Sean Duff, Bobby Ciborowski, Mike Baxter-Kauf
Text: The United States federal government should phase in a 13 decrease in total Medicare spending by 2026 by:
--eliminating overpayments to pharmaceutical companies for drugs prescribed to low-income beneficiaries,
--increasing measure to prevent and detect fraudulent Medicare spending,
--restructuring Medicare’s cost-sharing and Medigap supplemental insurance to protect low and moderate income beneficiaries,
--reforming the fee-for service insurance structure by implementing a cost-sharing initiative,

A 13 reduction makes Medicare solvent indefinetly
Van de Water 13 (Paul N. Van de Water, Senior Fellow, on the 2013 Medicare Trustees' Report Statement of Robert Greenstein, President, on the 2013 Social Security Trustees' Report “Medicare Is Not “Bankrupt” Health Reform Has Improved Program’s Financing” June 3 2013, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=viewandid=3532)//kyan
Claims by some policymakers that the Medicare program is nearing “bankruptcy” are misleading
AND
to operate after 2026, as the “bankruptcy” term may suggest. 

FFS are the number one reason for increased costs—comparative evidence
Capretta 11 (James C. Capretta, a fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center. He was an associate director at the Office of Management and Budget from 2001 to 2004. “The Case for Competition in Medicare”, The Heritage Foundation http://www.eppc.org/publications/the-case-for-competition-in-medicare/)//kyan

At the heart of all of this dysfunction is Medicare—more precisely, Medicare’s
AND
not pay. This serious price distortion leads to overconsumption of Medigap coverage.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Jared Nelson
Text: The federal government of Mexico should
--substantially increases its staffing in the area of transfer pricing audits
--implement an electronic filing and auditing system
--support the introduction of Country-by-Country reporting in the G20
--enter into an Automatic Exchange of Information with the European Union
--promote AEIs in Central America and Caribbean countries
--implement banking laws that requires knowledge of natural persons owning the account in order to open accounts in banks
--criminalize tax evasion
--require transactions with safe havens be referred to a central bank for review and approval
--implement the Financial Action Task Force Recommendations

Solves the aff and spillsover
Kar 12 (Dev, formerly a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity (GFI) at the Center for International Policy (CIP), “ Mexico: Illicit Financial Flows, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy” Global Financial Integrity January 2012) kyan
As an example of strong regulatory oversight, Mexico should substantially increase its staffing in
AND
in order to curtail abusive transfer pricing and related loss of government revenue.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington KF | Judge: Jenny Heidt
1nc
Asian and Japanese manufacturing is growing now but on the brink – sustained external demand is key to uphold economic growth
Wassener 11/1/13 (Asian Economies Strengthen as Demand for Exports Grows November 1, 2013  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/02/business/international/asian-economies-strengthen-as-demand-for-exports-grows.html?_r=0 BETTINA WASSENER,  Asian economics and business reporter for the New York Times, published in New York Times online)trepka
¶ HONG KONG — The gradual recovery in the United States, Europe and China
AND
indexes did not necessarily herald a sustained or sharp reacceleration in the region.

Asian economic decline causes extinction
Auslin 9 – resident scholar at AEI (Michael “Averting Disaster”, The Daily Standard, 2/6, http://www.aei.org/article/100044
As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the
AND
same types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past

Independently, Japanese economy is key to the global economy and solves Chinese nuclear conflict
The Guardian, 02
(“Defenseless Japan Awaits Typhoon,” pg online @ lexis ag)
Even so, the west cannot afford to be complacent about what is happening in
AND
push the country into conflict with its bigger (and nuclear) neighbour.

2nc--turns case

Japanese collapse dooms the US economy
Auslin ‘9 – American Enterprise Institute (Michael, “Japan’s Downturn is Bad for the World”, February 17, Wall Street Journal)trepka
If Japan's economy collapses, supply chains across the globe will be affected and numerous
AND
Tokyo is running trade deficits -- five months in a row so far.

2nc--link 

Japan manufacturing is key to their economy and solves innovation better
Sapsford 5 (http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112897999458864771 Jathon Sapsford, staff writer for WSJ Japan's Economy Gains Steam From Manufacturing Heartland Oct. 11, 2005)trepka
NAGOYA, Japan -- In this Detroit-like landscape of auto plants, blast
AND
now account for half of Japan's trade surplus with the U.S. 

Mexican manufacturing reshores all of Japan’s key sectors
NAPS 4-11-13 (North American Production Sharing Incorporated, http://www.napsintl.com/news/index.php/2013/04/11/the-medical-device-industry-manufacturing-in-mexico-has-a-clean-bill-of-health/)
No other place in Mexico is this more evident than in Tijuana, where they
AND
aerospace and other sophisticated industries to support the growth of manufacturing in Mexico.

Tournament: Cites | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cites | Judge: Cites
Contact me at sunsfan96@gmail.com for cites--for some reason i've been having trouble with open source for the past few weeks. Thanks!

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Eric Forslund
Ability to interrogate and detain key to prevent terror attacks on the homeland
John Yoo 2012 (Law Professor @ Cal Liebert, Hugh (Editor); McDowell, Gary L. (Editor); Price, Terry L. (Editor). Jepson Studies in Leadership : Executive Power in Theory and Practice. p 224-8.
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uiowa/Doc?id=10538928andppg=224 

We can see these dynamics at work in Obama’s initial policies on the war on
AND
part of his presidency shows signs that he has learned this lesson reluctantly.

Detention reforms kill credible info-security---kills allied coop
Anna-Katherine McGill 12, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, “Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing,” http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf
It is clear that diplomacy will continue to be a key component in US counterterrorism
AND
and will go a long way to advancing US credibility and trust building. 

Intelligence sharing is key to NATO effectiveness—solves war
Martin J. Ara 11, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, AND Thomas Brand Lieutenant, Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, , AND Brage Andreas Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Oslo, December 2011, “HELP A BROTHER OUT: A CASE STUDY IN MULTINATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SHARING, NATO SOF,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556078.pdf
*Note: SOF = Special Operation Forces
NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members via
AND
is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units. 

NATO prevents global nuclear war
Zbigniew Brzezinski 9, former U.S. National Security Advisor, the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, September/October 2009, “An Agenda for NATO,” Foreign Affairs
And yet, it is fair to ask: Is NATO living up to its
AND
an extremist anti-Western religious movement is threatening the country’s political stability.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Philip Holsted
Unique link -- US sugar imports from Brazil growing, but lifting the embargo crowds them out
 Pinon 4 (http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/Exploration.pdf, Institute for Cuban and ¶ Cuban­American Studies ¶ Occasional Paper Series¶ March 2004, “CUBA’S ENERGY CHALLENGE: ¶ Fueling the Engine of ¶ Future Economic Growth “¶ By Jorge R. Piñón)
Ethanol (ethyl/grain alcohol) is made by the fermentation of sugars AND toxic octane enhancers, such as benzene, toluene, and ¶ xylene. 

That’s key to Brazil’s economy
UNICA 13 (UNICA and ApexBrazil contributed, Impact on Brazil's Economy”, http://sugarcane.org/the­brazilian­experience/ impact­on­brazils­economy, 2013)
The sugarcane industry – including cultivation, processing and refined products – represents an important AND will continue to grow.
 Ethanol and sugar still contribute the largest economic impact Collapse emboldens Brazilian hardliners 

Millett 02 PhD, Senior Fellow at the North­South Center, Oppenheimer Chair of Modern Warfighting Strategy at the U.S. Marine Corps University, Professor Emeritus of History at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville (Richard L. Millet Oct. 2002 Strategic Studies Institute, Colombia's Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War) KY
While the spillover of Colombia’s conflicts has exacerbated the problems of the region significantly and AND Panamanian security apparatus, are also obstacles which will be difficult to overcome. 

Brazil hardliner takeover causes nuclear war
Schulz, 2k Ph.D., Chair of Political Science at Cleveland State U., fmr. Research Professor of National Security at the Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army College, (Donald E. Schulz, March 2k. Strategic Studies Institute, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future) KY
Until recently, the primary U.S. concern about Brazil has been that AND border provoked an angry response from many high­ranking Brazilian officers. 57

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: David Gobberdiel
TURN – WEST GOOD
The criticism of US power and liberal institutions collapses hege
Sowell 6 Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Where is the West?” 11-19-2006, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell110906.php3  
European nations protesting
 AND
ended up being annihilated ourselves? 

Heg checks nuclear war
Thayer 6 Associate Professor in the Dept. of Defense and Strategic Studies at Missouri State University (Bradley, “In Defense of Primacy, Nov/Dec. 2006, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=9de1b0dc-ee3a-4a18-8fae-6cec07304a2840sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=12andbdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLGNwaWQmY3VzdGlkPXM5MDg0MDU3JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=f5handAN=23271168)//AM
So the debate revolves around the desirability
AND
helping to ensure military prowess.

NOW – US imperialism is flawed but is still the greatest force for good – it checks vastly more racist and less reflexive regimes -
Boot 3
(Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/us-imperialism-force-good/p5959)
What is the greatest danger facing America
AND
diverse as South Korea and Panama.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Kirk Gibson
Secondary legislation for Mexican energy reform is coming now – that’s key to implementation – Nieto cred is key
Garza 12/20/13 (Antonio Garza is a former U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. Ambassador Garza is Counsel in the Mexico City office of White and Case and serves as chairman of Vianovo Ventures, “Mexican energy reforms set stage for investment” http://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Mexican-energy-reforms-set-stage-for-investment-5082610.php)
Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional passage
AND
continued political opposition from the left can't be dismissed as a potential complication.

any new US engagement derails energy reforms—prefer only contextual evidence
Negroponte 11/20 (Diana Villiers Negroponte, a nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative under Foreign Policy at Brookings, Formerly a professor of history, “Mexico’s Most Critical Challenge: Energy Reform” November 20, 2013 http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/11/20-questions-about-energy-reform-mexico-negroponte)//kyan

Meantime, the PRD has dug in to resist private investment in PEMEX. The
AND
legal groundwork for private investment, risk and talent in Mexico’s energy sector.
 

Pemex reform is key to Chinese energy security, diversification, and economy
Fox News Latino 6/2 http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/06/02/china-president-wants-to-open-floodgates-trade-with-mexico/ ¶ China's President Wants To Open The Floodgates Of Trade With Mexico¶ Published June 02, 2013Fox News Latinotrepka
On Tuesday President Xi Jinping begins a three-day visit to the region just
AND
Caribbean. "Clearly there is an interest by China in Mexican oil."

Chinese economic slowdown cuases CCP collapse, Taiwan war, and destroys the global economy
Lewis 7 - Research Director of the Economic Research Council (Dan Lewis, “The Nightmare of a Chinese economic collapse”, Economic Policy Center, 4/19, http://www.economicpolicycentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-nightmare-of-a-Chinese-economic-collapse.pdf)//JS
A reduction in demand for imported Chinese goods would quickly entail a decline in China’s
AND
from democracy than at any time since the Tianneman Square massacres in 1989.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Eric Forslund
Ability to interrogate and detain key to prevent terror attacks on the homeland
John Yoo 2012 (Law Professor @ Cal Liebert, Hugh (Editor); McDowell, Gary L. (Editor); Price, Terry L. (Editor). Jepson Studies in Leadership : Executive Power in Theory and Practice. p 224-8.
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uiowa/Doc?id=10538928andppg=224 

We can see these dynamics at work in Obama’s initial policies on the war on
AND
part of his presidency shows signs that he has learned this lesson reluctantly.

Detention reforms kill credible info-security---kills allied coop
Anna-Katherine McGill 12, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, “Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing,” http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf
It is clear that diplomacy will continue to be a key component in US counterterrorism
AND
and will go a long way to advancing US credibility and trust building. 

Intelligence sharing is key to NATO effectiveness—solves war
Martin J. Ara 11, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, AND Thomas Brand Lieutenant, Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, , AND Brage Andreas Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Oslo, December 2011, “HELP A BROTHER OUT: A CASE STUDY IN MULTINATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SHARING, NATO SOF,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556078.pdf
*Note: SOF = Special Operation Forces
NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members via
AND
is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units. 

NATO prevents global nuclear war
Zbigniew Brzezinski 9, former U.S. National Security Advisor, the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, September/October 2009, “An Agenda for NATO,” Foreign Affairs
And yet, it is fair to ask: Is NATO living up to its
AND
an extremist anti-Western religious movement is threatening the country’s political stability.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS GA | Judge: James Herndon
US is winning the war on terror – all indicators prove and general consensus of specialists
Boot 2008
Max. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies. “Are We Winning the War on Terror?” Council on Foreign Relations. First Published in Commentary Magazine. http://www.cfr.org/terrorism/we-winning-war-terror/p16838
On balance, we are doing pretty well. Near strategic defeat of al Qaeda
AND
four countries polled: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.
War on Terror key to sustaining gains – alternative results in terrorist resurgence – and giving up on the War on Terror now would still leave terrorists at war – its too late to change course
Peter Beinart 8, associate professor of journalism and political science at CUNY, The Good Fight; Why Liberals – and only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, 100-2
While different U.S. policies may be more or less important at differ
AND
- Muslim rule, because such a compromise threatens the path to paradise. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible---high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

US retaliates – nuclear war -
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid---our authors are self-reflexive
Michael J. Boyle '8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Maria Liu, Scott Phillips, Brian Rubaie
The affirmative merely adds on to the same ideology they criticize to no avail
Carlson 99
David Gray  Carlson    Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Columbia Law Review  November, 1999
Schlag presents a dark vision of what he calls "the bureaucracy," which crushes
AND
to which the cynic is actually committed to what ought to be abolished.

Their distance allows totalitarianism.
Zizek 95 Slavoj  Zizek   Philosopher and Psychoanalyst, Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. Cardozo Law Review  1995
Emphasis should be laid on the inherent political dimension of the notion of enjoyment or
AND
rendering it more bearable, but we can never be rid of it. 

The alternative is to vote negative to over-identify with the very system they criticize.
Zizek 95   Slavoj  Zizek   Philosopher and Psychoanalyst, Institute for Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. Cardozo Law Review  1995
How are we to combat effectively this id-evil which, on account of
AND
at the end of psychoanalysis is the shift from desire to drive.  n34

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Jared Nelson
US economic engagement is leveraged to re-establish the neoliberal hegemony – Latin American economies should be allowed to de-link from the US model
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
 Washington’s neoliberal agenda for controlling the capi­ talist development of the Western Hemisphere
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Unchallenged, neoliberalism results in ontological closure that ensures disposability and global annihilation -
Santos, 3
Boaventura de Sousa Santos is a leading Portuguese social theorist, the director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, and has written and published widely on the issue of globalization. “Collective Suicide?” Bad Subjects. Issue 63. April 2003. http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html
 In its sacrificial genocide version, neoliberalism is a mixture of market radicalization,
AND
suffering imposed by the real axis of evil: neoliberalism plus war.

Vote negative: Latin American experiments are creating counter-hegemony to neoliberal politics - our local resistance works in tandem to create multiple points of rupture
Peck et al 2010
Peck, J. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Theodore, N. Urban Planning and Policy Program, University of Illinois at Chicago and Brenner, N. (2010),  Department of Sociology, New York University. Postneoliberalism and its Malcontents. Antipode, 41: 94–116.
All of this begs the question of what it will take truly to escape the
AND
hegemonic dispute gave way to region-wide hegemonic instability (Sader 2009).

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Colin Quinn
Pan-Asianism is the worst form of multicultural pseudo-liberalism – it buys into the Master’s colonizing categorizations of a vast number of peoples with different experiences – this ensures commodification and reaffirmation of the hegemonic discourse of Whiteness
Shiu ‘6 (Transformation and Agency in Asian American Cultural Studies, Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu , Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu is Assistant Professor of English at Spring?eld College. He has published essays in MELUS,The Journal of Popular Culture, and Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies. His current research deals with immigration law, sovereignty studies, and Asian American literature, Spring?eld College, Spring?eld, CR: The New Centennial Review 6.2 (2006) 111-140) EY
Particulars and the Canon Roberto Mangabeira Unger (1998) claims that in rich industrial
AND
which materialize our discourse differently. (Palumbo-Liu 1995b, 63) 

Their author concedes that the process of Conscientization advocated by the 1AC occurs under the homogenizing banner of quote-unquote “Yellow Power” – that’s offensive and homogenizing
THEIR AUTHOR Osajima 07 (Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64)kyan
In the winter of 1968, Asian American students at San Francisco State College,
AND
has played a central role in the formation of many of these programs.

Turns the aff and makes the problem worse -  “Asian American” cannot be the starting point for action without prior consideration of the label itself – their “Asian American” politics is an attempt to homogenize and contain diverse experiences
Ono ’95 (Re / s i g n i n g ‘As i an Am e r i c an”:Rhetorical Problematics of Nation,  KENT A. ON0, KENT A. ONO is assistant professor of Rhetoric and Communication and program committee member of Asian American Studies at University of California, Davis, AMERASIA JOURNAL, 21:1 and 2 (1995):67-78) EY
Nevertheless, in her book, as in essays in The State of Asian America
AND
back into what appears to be a neutral, non-discriminating category.

Thus, their pedagogy just becomes the new and worse hegemony - They envision themselves as the revolutionary vanguard, while at the same time reinscribing power relations
Shiu ‘6 (Transformation and Agency in Asian American Cultural Studies, Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu , Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu is Assistant Professor of English at Spring?eld College. He has published essays in MELUS,The Journal of Popular Culture, and Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies. His current research deals with immigration law, sovereignty studies, and Asian American literature, Spring?eld College, Spring?eld, CR: The New Centennial Review 6.2 (2006) 111-140) EY
The hegemonic conception of literature, then, cannot easily accommodate Asian American literature;
AND
, underwrite domination (Gramsci 1971, 360). End Page 123 

Presenting asianness within this space necessitate “production” for the academy – this reduces the 1ac to a function of cultural capital that can’t escape from the institution and no longer represents identities– means the affirmative gets coopted anyway
Jaschik ‘9 ('The Cultural Capital of Asian American Studies', Scott Jaschik, interviewing Mark Chiang, associate professor of English at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Inside Higher Ed December 30, 2009, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/12/30/chiang#ixzz2zsMneKbT) EY
Q: How does the concept of "cultural capital" define the status and
AND
studies that seeks to transform the university into an instrument of social justice.

Vote negative to reject the presentation of the 1ac – instead of actively preaching for the end of asian stereotypes and violence, we must take a prior step backwards  and examine the relations that produce such a category in the first place and build futurities
Shiu ‘6 (Transformation and Agency in Asian American Cultural Studies, Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu , Anthony Sze-Fai Shiu is Assistant Professor of English at Spring?eld College. He has published essays in MELUS,The Journal of Popular Culture, and Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies. His current research deals with immigration law, sovereignty studies, and Asian American literature, Spring?eld College, Spring?eld, CR: The New Centennial Review 6.2 (2006) 111-140) EY
Beyond and before the Project(s)
Past the need to assert a cultural identity and beyond the call for critical multiculturalism
AND
of the transformative, which incessantly surpass temporary (and replicatory) formalizations.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Scotty P, Krik Gibson, Robert Galerstein
The 1AC is engaged in a Western academic epistemology – images of the suffering of people in the developing world are passed around inside the academy without any consideration for the particular narratives or agency of the people represented – this makes the 1AC epistemologically bunk – it’s a prior question
Anand 2007
Reader, IR, U Westminster. PhD, politics, Bristol (Dibyesh, Western Colonial Representations of the Other, http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ecsda/DAnandNPSArticleMar07.pdf)
Within the context of European imperialism, the issue of the representation of natives was
AND
debasement and negation of most non-Western natives and idealization of some. 

This is especially true in the context of western feminist theory towards the developing world, which produces academic victimization that terminates in real victimization and oppression – to put this in context, the World Bank is already doing your aff, with catastrophic consequences -
Wood 2001
(Cynthia, prof of interdisciplinary studies at Appalachian State U, Nepantla: Views From South, 2(3), p. 430-431)
Representations of women in development theory and practice have been a particular focus of postcolonial
AND
of "white women saving brown women from brown men." 

Now – academic victimization has been especially true in the context of Maquiladoras - the 1AC is an act of symbolic spectacle – it packages the plight of Maquiladora women for political projects in the West, erasing agency and reducing women to “Third World Victims” that lack distinctiveness or power
Rojas, Actual Activist in Ciudad Juaraz in Maquiladora Women’s Movements, 2005
Clara. Profesor Estudios Literarios y Lingüísticos, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. The V-Day March in Mexico: Appropriation and Misuse of Local Women’s Activism. NWSA Journal 17.2 (2005) 217-227
Again, by not acknowledging the complexity of the politics in this border community,
AND
feeling, and consequently the scenario will continue to be one of despair.                               

Turns the aff -  leaves women in an endless border state and is the justifying narrative for the violence that produced the problems in the Maquiladoras identified in the 1AC
Mohanty 84 (Chandra, women's studies department chair at Syracuse University, Under Western Eyes:
Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses, p. 351-352)
What happens when this assumption of "women as an oppressed group" is situated
AND
power in defining, coding and maintaining existing first/third world connections.

Also leads to war – it’s the same logic that justified wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Ayotte and Hussein 5 (Kevin J., Prof in the Department of Communication at the California State U, and Mary E., lecturer in the Department of Communication at the California State U, Feminist Formations, 17(3), p. 120) JM
Second, the distinction between “liberated” U.S. women and “
AND
pole of a binary opposition, the signifi ed “non-Western.” 

The alternative is to vote negative as an endorsement of decolonizing the academic space – we should shut up and let Maquiladora women stand on their own and with their own agency -
Wilson, 2001
Carla. Knowledge Management Group, Ministry of Social Development
AND
worldview” may (re)inscribe the dominant discourse of the Other.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 7 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge | Judge: Rubaie
No American city of its ago has clustering around it more interesting associations than Lexington. Founded in the midst of a great revolution; built up by daring men in the heart of an almost boundless wilderness, and nur- tured and protected through years of hardship and Indian warfare, she played the most prominent part in the early and tragic days of the Dark and Bloody Ground. Lexing- ton then was substantially Kentucky herself. She was more. She was the Jamestown of the West; the advance-guard of civilization; the center from which went forth the conquerors of a savage empire.

That’s the disgusting introduction to the seminal work on the history of Lexington Kentucky written by George Washington Ranck in ’72 (George Washington Ranck, “History of Lexington Kentucky,” http://books.google.com/books?id=hGR3UqPS0QECandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false)

The central question of the resolution forces us to confront colonialism without a recognition of our location within a space of papered-over racism and stolen land.

Lexington is key place for spatial reflection, the affirmatives lack of examination allow landscape to continue to project messages of white supremacy, further misrepresent black communities and exclude Blacks from important political spaces.
Clowney 12. (Stephen, Assistant Professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Utah Law Review “Landscape Fairness: Removing Discrimination from the Built Environment.” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2096409)

The principal argument of this Article is that the American landscape has played a crucial
AND
, but because it crisply reveals how landscapes work and why they matter.

Lexington’s history and modern spatial organization intersect at the reproduction of whiteness and the exclusion and erasure of American Indians through the focus on Black absense
Clowney 12. (Stephen, Assistant Professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Utah Law Review “Landscape Fairness: Removing Discrimination from the Built Environment.” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2096409)

At this point, it should come as no surprise that revolutionaries, as one
AND
expose the absences in the landscape and alter its physical framework and meanings.

This manifestation of whiteness HERE uniquely erases American Indian experiences and if left unquestioned it makes discussions of dispossession impossible and sets the stage for unique violence against immigrant populations
Moreton-Robinson, 08 (Aileen, “Transnational Whiteness Matters”, p. 90-93. http://books.google.com/books?id=EjtrBRHs3QQCandprintsec=frontcoveranddq=22transnational+whiteness+matters22andsource=blandots=D68Dy-oOgdandsig=y4piOzZ9O1lDxgVic7bnL1EYoggandhl=enandei=8gEZTcujJYG88gaD75T0DQandsa=Xandoi=book_resultandct=resultandresnum=1andved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=informed20the20establishmentandf=false)

Whiteness studies proliferated in the United States during the 1990s in response to overt acts
AND
Indigenous sense of belonging, home and place in its sovereign incommensurable difference.

Why is it always about Assata when Leonard Peltier continues to rot in prison?
Ward Churchill 1996 (Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder, BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, From A Native Son pgs 520 – 530)

I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to
AND
, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.

Absent a foregrounding of land seizures and colonialism, whiteness can never be checked as our historical violence is how we track the trajectories of how whiteness will ufnction in the future
Carey et al'9 (Jane, PhD and Monash Fellowship in Centere for Australian Indigenous Studies at the Center for Women's Studies and Gender Research at Monash University, Katherine Ellighaus, Prof in the School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies at Monash University, and Leigh Boucher, PhD and Professor in the Department of Modern History, Politics, International Relations at Macquarie University Re-Orienting Whiteness: A New Agenda for the Field. 2009. Pg. 4-6)

Unmooring whiteness from its foundations in U.S. pasts and presents promises to
AND
scholars of whiteness and scholars who approach race through the lens of colonialism. 

The erasure of American Indian experience functions as a unique form of cultural genocide that you must declare as INTOLERABLE
Churchill 92 Ward, codirector of the Colorado chapter of the American Indian Movement and previous professor at the University of Colorado/Boulder. 1992. “Fantasies of the Master Race.” pg. 194-195

"We are resisting this," Means goes on, "because spirituality is the
AND
is the will and reason to live?' Both are horrible."

Their non-relation to spaces effaces the influence of history, intersection and privilege as a function of whiteness. This actively reifies social and spatial relations that enable whiteness in public spaces
Dwyer and Jones 2k. (Owen J., PhD in Geography from University of Kentucky AND John Paul Jones III, PhD in Geography from Ohio State University. “White Socio-spatial epistemology.” Social and Cultural Geography, 2000. https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/odwyer/white_space.pdf)

Whiteness’s social epistemology has a spatial parallel. This also operates non-relationally,
AND
socially and spatially. We now turn to two representations of white epistemology.

The alternative is to mark the affirmatives silence on this space and refuse to allow white spaces to remain invisible. A pre-occupation with space is necessary to break down the stable white identity
Dwyer and Jones 2k. (Owen J., PhD in Geography from University of Kentucky AND John Paul Jones III, PhD in Geography from Ohio State University. “White Socio-spatial epistemology.” Social and Cultural Geography, 2000. https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/odwyer/white_space.pdf)

A recent article by Kobayashi and Peake (2000) extends Bonnett’s (1997)
AND
consistent with Bonnett’s inasmuch as various forms of whiteness can differentially tap a rich

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 7 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge | Judge: Rubaie
No American city of its ago has clustering around it more interesting associations than Lexington. Founded in the midst of a great revolution; built up by daring men in the heart of an almost boundless wilderness, and nur- tured and protected through years of hardship and Indian warfare, she played the most prominent part in the early and tragic days of the Dark and Bloody Ground. Lexing- ton then was substantially Kentucky herself. She was more. She was the Jamestown of the West; the advance-guard of civilization; the center from which went forth the conquerors of a savage empire.

That’s the disgusting introduction to the seminal work on the history of Lexington Kentucky written by George Washington Ranck in ’72 (George Washington Ranck, “History of Lexington Kentucky,” http://books.google.com/books?id=hGR3UqPS0QECandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false)

The central question of the resolution forces us to confront colonialism without a recognition of our location within a space of papered-over racism and stolen land.

Lexington is key place for spatial reflection, the affirmatives lack of examination allow landscape to continue to project messages of white supremacy, further misrepresent black communities and exclude Blacks from important political spaces.
Clowney 12. (Stephen, Assistant Professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Utah Law Review “Landscape Fairness: Removing Discrimination from the Built Environment.” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2096409)

The principal argument of this Article is that the American landscape has played a crucial
AND
, but because it crisply reveals how landscapes work and why they matter.

Lexington’s history and modern spatial organization intersect at the reproduction of whiteness and the exclusion and erasure of American Indians through the focus on Black absense
Clowney 12. (Stephen, Assistant Professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Utah Law Review “Landscape Fairness: Removing Discrimination from the Built Environment.” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2096409)

At this point, it should come as no surprise that revolutionaries, as one
AND
expose the absences in the landscape and alter its physical framework and meanings.

This manifestation of whiteness HERE uniquely erases American Indian experiences and if left unquestioned it makes discussions of dispossession impossible and sets the stage for unique violence against immigrant populations
Moreton-Robinson, 08 (Aileen, “Transnational Whiteness Matters”, p. 90-93. http://books.google.com/books?id=EjtrBRHs3QQCandprintsec=frontcoveranddq=22transnational+whiteness+matters22andsource=blandots=D68Dy-oOgdandsig=y4piOzZ9O1lDxgVic7bnL1EYoggandhl=enandei=8gEZTcujJYG88gaD75T0DQandsa=Xandoi=book_resultandct=resultandresnum=1andved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=informed20the20establishmentandf=false)

Whiteness studies proliferated in the United States during the 1990s in response to overt acts
AND
Indigenous sense of belonging, home and place in its sovereign incommensurable difference.

Why is it always about Assata when Leonard Peltier continues to rot in prison?
Ward Churchill 1996 (Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder, BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, From A Native Son pgs 520 – 530)

I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to
AND
, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.

Absent a foregrounding of land seizures and colonialism, whiteness can never be checked as our historical violence is how we track the trajectories of how whiteness will ufnction in the future
Carey et al'9 (Jane, PhD and Monash Fellowship in Centere for Australian Indigenous Studies at the Center for Women's Studies and Gender Research at Monash University, Katherine Ellighaus, Prof in the School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies at Monash University, and Leigh Boucher, PhD and Professor in the Department of Modern History, Politics, International Relations at Macquarie University Re-Orienting Whiteness: A New Agenda for the Field. 2009. Pg. 4-6)

Unmooring whiteness from its foundations in U.S. pasts and presents promises to
AND
scholars of whiteness and scholars who approach race through the lens of colonialism. 

The erasure of American Indian experience functions as a unique form of cultural genocide that you must declare as INTOLERABLE
Churchill 92 Ward, codirector of the Colorado chapter of the American Indian Movement and previous professor at the University of Colorado/Boulder. 1992. “Fantasies of the Master Race.” pg. 194-195

"We are resisting this," Means goes on, "because spirituality is the
AND
is the will and reason to live?' Both are horrible."

Their non-relation to spaces effaces the influence of history, intersection and privilege as a function of whiteness. This actively reifies social and spatial relations that enable whiteness in public spaces
Dwyer and Jones 2k. (Owen J., PhD in Geography from University of Kentucky AND John Paul Jones III, PhD in Geography from Ohio State University. “White Socio-spatial epistemology.” Social and Cultural Geography, 2000. https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/odwyer/white_space.pdf)

Whiteness’s social epistemology has a spatial parallel. This also operates non-relationally,
AND
socially and spatially. We now turn to two representations of white epistemology.

The alternative is to mark the affirmatives silence on this space and refuse to allow white spaces to remain invisible. A pre-occupation with space is necessary to break down the stable white identity
Dwyer and Jones 2k. (Owen J., PhD in Geography from University of Kentucky AND John Paul Jones III, PhD in Geography from Ohio State University. “White Socio-spatial epistemology.” Social and Cultural Geography, 2000. https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/odwyer/white_space.pdf)

A recent article by Kobayashi and Peake (2000) extends Bonnett’s (1997)
AND
consistent with Bonnett’s inasmuch as various forms of whiteness can differentially tap a rich

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: David Gobberdiel
First, resolved means to express by formal vote—this is the only definition that’s in the context of the resolution
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998  (dictionary.com) To express, as
AND
that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

Second, “United States” means the federal government - Ballentine's Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus 1995 p. 689 the federal government

Third, increase means to make greater -
Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase." http://encarta.msn
AND
, quantity, or degree noun  (plural in·creas·es)

Fourth, its means possession
Encarta, 9 (Encarta World English Dictionary, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861622735) its  its   adjective  Definition:   indicating possession: used to indicate that something belongs or relates to something. The park changed its policy.

Finally, economic engagement is an attempt to influence POLITICAL behavior by economic contacts BETWEEN STATES -
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan,
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

This is a prior question for meaningful debate to occur – lack of stasis makes their critical education irrelevant
Shively, 2000 – Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

Instrumental plan focus good – Clear, deliberate, policy proposal plan texts are key to stable link ground and debate about instrumental policymaking and consequentialism
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 1999, p. 56-57
To answer this question, we say that, ideally, citizens are to think
AND
part of the political and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.

First, switch-side debate good and solves all their offense – there MUST be a clear and predictable division of aff and neg ground, which their interpretation erodes - they can run non-state on the neg –
Day, Professor of Speech at University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1966 (Dennis, Central States Speech Journal, February, page 7)
All must recognize and accept personal responsibility to present, when necessary, as forcefully
AND
of individuals within society lose their moral significance as determinants of social choice.

The alternative is dogmatism–turns the impact -
Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago  (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Second, policymaking focus good – the alternative cedes the political -
Jentleson, Director of the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy and Professor of Public Policy and Political Science @ Duke University ’02 (Bruce W,; “The Need for Praxis” International Security, Spring ln)
Bringing policy relevance back in thus does not mean driving theory out. International Organization
AND
roles are to be, amid the extraordinary times in whichD we live.

Turns the aff and causes war -
Boggs 97 – professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
AND
of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75