Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata AG | Judge: Jacob Hurwtiz
DA

Unique internal link -- Pivot to Asia now and this time is key – solves China war and Korean prolif – any new doubts decimate regional security
AFP 12/9 (Biden says US ‘pivot’ to Asia is here to stay¶ 09-Dec-2013 Intellasia | AFP http://www.intellasia.net/biden-says-us-pivot-to-asia-is-here-to-stay-322707)//trepka
US Vice President Joe Biden said
AND
the North's nuclear ambitions. 

aff undermines the Asia pivot – regions trade off
Mark Manyin et al, 5/28/12, Congressional Research Service, "pivot to the pacific? the obama administration's 'rebalancing' towards asia," http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf
Increasing the relative importance of the Asia-Pacific
AND
 may be called into question as time goes on. 

Only an effective, consistent pivot provides regional security and solves China rise
Walt 12/8 (http://www.thenewstribune.com/2013/12/08/2937218/power-plays-how-long-will-china.html Power plays How long will China tolerate US’s military role in Asia?¶ BY STEPHEN M. WALT¶ December 8, 2013 The News Tribune)trepka
Of course, it is not obvious that China’s rise
AND
Asian security in general and China in particular.¶ 

North Korean prolif turns every other impact and guarantees extinction
Hayes and Hamel-Green 10– *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia,” http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation
AND
a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. 

China conflict causes global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 – American Military University (Lee J., “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States
AND
, in which the United States and China are the two most dominant members.

DA

Obama’s PC is working on Senate leaders—but backlash puts it on the floor
Naharnet 12/18 (“Top Republican: Senate Leader Coddling Iran for Obama”
by Naharnet Newsdesk 12/18/13 http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/110512-top-republican-senate-leader-coddling-iran-for-obama)//kyan
The Senate's Democratic leadership is shielding U.S. President
AND
We have a lot to do in January," Reid said Tuesday

The Cuba lobby will block the plan – it costs capital to get past it
LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the department of government at American University's School of Public Affairs in Washington, D.C. (William, “The Cuba Lobby” Foreign Policy, 4/11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/11/the_cuba_lobby_jay_z

Today, U.S. relations with Latin America are suffering from an equally irrational policy toward Cuba
AND
more than $3 million in the last five national elections.

Negotiations failure triggers military strikes and regional proliferation-causes escalatory wars and collapses the economy.
Cordesman, CSIS, 2013
(Anthony, “Negotiating with Iran: The Strategic Case for Pragmatism and Real Progress”, 9-23, http://csis.org/publication/negotiating-iran-strategic-case-pragmatism-and-real-progress, ldg)

Nevertheless, it makes no sense at all to reject Hassan
AND
in the flow of Gulf petroleum exports.

Framing

Policy analysis should precede discourse – most effective way to challenge power
Taft-Kaufman ’95  - Jill Taft-Kaufman, Speech prof @ CMU, 1995, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "
AND
 institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equal/unconditional human dignity-solves value to life
Cummiskey, 1996 (David, Associate Philosophy Professor at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 145-146)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case
AND
have to sacrifice some to save many. 

Predictions are good and feasible – they can be made logically from empirical evidence.
Chernoff 9 (Fred, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U., European Journal of International Relations, “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory”, 15:1, Sage)
For these and other reasons, many social theorists and social scientists
AND
commitment to both of these conclusions should be evident from the foregoing discussion. 

Utilitarianism is inevitable it will indefinitely permeate human thought
Allison, Professor of Political Philosophy at University of Warwick, 1990 (Lincoln, “The Utilitarianism Response”)
And yet if an idea can be compared to a castle
AND
 consequences for people's well-being.

2. Utilitarianism is the only moral framework ALL alternatives are inevitability self-contradictory

Nye, 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 18-19)

The significance and the limits of the two broad traditions
AND
heavier burden of proof in the nuclear age than ever before.

A. Abandoning calculability leaves no way to measure between competing policy options
Jarvis, senior lecturer @ University of Australia, 2K
(D.S.L. International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism )
To what end these approaches will prove beneficial,
AND
merits of one solution vis-à-vis another? 

Human Rights

Removing the embargo’s a concession to rogue regimes
Karon 10  - is a senior editor at TIME, where he has covered international conflicts in the Middle East, Asia, and the Balkans since 1997.  (Tony  - TIME “Do We Really Need an Embargo Against Cuba? “ Wednesday, Apr. 21, 2010  http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,48773,00.html)EB
Lifting the embargo will strengthen Castro's government
AND
be the condition for lifting the embargo.
Double bind:
Lifting the embargo would force liberalization upon Cuba, destroy its domestic industries, and integrate it into the global neoliberal order.
Gonzalez, 3 (Carmen, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 16, p. 685, 2003, “Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944, ZBurdette)¶ Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development
AND
and from the global trading system.

Unchallenged, neoliberalism results in ontological closure that ensures disposability – turns the aff
Santos, 3
Boaventura de Sousa Santos is a leading Portuguese social theorist, the director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, and has written and published widely on the issue of globalization. “Collective Suicide?” Bad Subjects. Issue 63. April 2003. http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html In its sacrificial genocide version, neoliberalism is a mixture of market radicalization,
AND
actual human suffering imposed by the real axis of evil: neoliberalism plus war.

Or:

Neoliberalism is key to biotech advancement—
Birch 6 Research Fellow working for the Center for Public Policy for Regions, Neoliberalism studies,
(Kean, University of Glasgow, Journal of Genomics, Society and Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3, “The Neoliberal Underpinnings of the Bioeconomy: the Ideological Discourse and Practices of Economic Competitiveness,” http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:OLzYKo7NXKMJ:www.hss.ed.ac.uk/genomics/vol2no3/documents/KBGSPVol2No32006.pdf+bioeconomy+government+interventionandcd=6andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a, RG)
In this sense we can see that the biotech market
AND
marginal returns from private investment produce monopoly profits.

Biodiversity declining now—biotech key to solve
Nicholson 03 - Registered patent attorney working for the USDA Agricultural Research Service David R. Nicholson, Former Associate Solicitor at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, “Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetically-Modified Foods: Will the Developing World Bite?,” Virginia Journal of Law and Technology,  Summer, 2003, 8 Va. J.L. and Tech. 7edlee

It should also be pointed out that the CBD is not only about
AND
operates to preserve biodiversity, not diminish it.

Species loss causes extinction
Tobin 90; Richard Tobin, The Expendable Future, 1990, p.22
Norman Meters observes, no other form
AND
species diversity by destruction of natural habitats.

Imperialism

Turn – Collapse of US hege isn’t some post-hege utopia – it’s a fill-in by China
Horner and Leiken 6
(Charles, graduate of University of Pennsylvania and former Adjunct Professor in Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Robert, Ph.D. in Politics from Oxford University, Senior Fellow at Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies and Brookings Institution, "Is the Chinese Model Gaining Economic and Political Influence in Latin America?", 8/10/06, www.hudson.org/files/documents/ChineseModelNov21.pdf slim_) And the corollary to this, I suppose, is that the only non-white people
AND
as countries in this situation always have ever since 1945.
Root cause claims are false, and even if they’re true it’s too late to fix – focusing on proximate causes is the only option

Extinction outweighs -
Bostrom 12 -
Professor of Philosophy at Oxford (Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)//BB Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course of several papers
AND
which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina)
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66)

This exteriority is, it seems to me,
AND
modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?

The state can be a force for inclusion – failure to engage guarantees that only the negative portions of the state are used.
Flood 1997
(Christopher Flood, University of Surrey, “Pierre-André Taguieff and the Dilemmas of Antiracism”, L'Esprit Createur, Volume 37, Number 2, Summer 1997, pp. 68-78, muse)
Taguieff is an old-fashioned nationalist of the left-republican variety.
AND
in the private sphere but not in the public.

THE IMPACT - Causes war and turns all impacts - reactionary authoritarians capture the state and use it to make war
Boggs 97 –
(Professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense of empowerment that
AND
, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Postmodern critiques of Western epistemology contradict themselves—they must inevitably take part in what they claim to oppose
Kors, ’01 – Prof history @ U Penn (Summer 2001, Alan, American Foreign Relations, “America and the West: Triumph Without Self Belief”, pg. 349-351)
It is odd that conservatives question whether Western civilization
AND
this civilization have reason for a moment of optimistic pride. 

Economic rationality is critical to effective predictions --- enables good policymaking
McKenzie 10 (Richard B., Professor Emeritus of Enterprise and Society – School of Business at the University of California, Irvine, “Predictably Rational?: In Search of Defenses for Rational Behavior in Economics”, pg. 1-20, SpringerLink, Deech)

First, rationality permits the conceptualization
AND
subjectively evaluated goals that require goods as inputs.

NOW – US imperialism is flawed but is still the greatest force for good – it checks vastly more racist and less reflexive regimes -
Boot 3
(Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/us-imperialism-force-good/p5959)
What is the greatest danger facing
AND
should definitely embrace the practice. 

Postmodern critiques of Western epistemology contradict themselves—they must inevitably take part in what they claim to oppose
Kors, ’01 – Prof history @ U Penn (Summer 2001, Alan, American Foreign Relations, “America and the West: Triumph Without Self Belief”, pg. 349-351)
It is odd that conservatives question whether Western civilization has
AND
reason for a moment of optimistic pride.

Tournament: Districts- East Iowa | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City SH | Judge: Devin Long
CP

The United States federal government should establish a bi-national integrated environmental financing commission with Mexico that includes the establishment and utilization of a binational bond financing mechanism.

CP solves—fosters a municipal bond market in Mexico—sovles their infrastructure internals
Rodriguez 5 Raul. Managing Director and CEO of NADBank. Parameters of Partnership in U.S. Mexico Relations. Challenges in Competitiveness:  Infrastructure Development. The Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute. www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Infrastructure.Rodriguez.doc?
Recent literature on financing issues in infrastructure is abundant.  There is no shortage of innovative instruments at the World Bank -- which revamped its Infrastructure Action Plan in 2003 --, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and other institutions.   But it is crucial ……

 resource transfers and productive interaction.
DA

Fiscal cliff has softened the outlook for Moody’s downgrade but a downgrade could be coming --- injecting the plan’s investment now triggers the downgrade
Newman 1/3/13 (Rick Newman, US News, “What Will Cause the Next U.S. Credit Downgrade,” http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2013/01/03/what-will-cause-the-next-us-credit-downgrade)
The agencies that rate sovereign debt are once again spelling out what will lead to another U.S. downgrade, and Congress seems not to be listening this time, either. Moody's and Fitch still give America's debt their top rating, but like SandP, they've ……
. Here's what could trigger them:

Absent fiscal discipline, Moody’s will downgrade US credit rating
Gongloff 11 Mark Gongloff, Wall Street Journal, 08/2/’11, Moody’s Affirms US AAA Rating,http://blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat/2011/08/02/moodys-affirms-us-aaa-rating/ VN
Moody’s just came out and said, great job, USA, ……
and above what is currently expected.

Further downgrades cause T-bond flight—that creates a debt crisis which collapses the economy
Rowley 12 Charles Rowley, Professor Emeritus of Economics at George Mason University, 6/15/12, “Renewed threats to U.S. credit rating,” Charles Rowley’s blog, http://charlesrowley.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/renewed-threats-to-u-s-credit-rating/
If Moody’s downgrades and if S and P ……
 worsening fiscal situation. Greece here we come.

U.S. economic supremacy prevents several scenarios for nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008  Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, 10-28, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of …….
from internal travails with external adventures.

DA

TPA is top of the agenda and will pass but continued political pressure is key--failure collapses global trade, the economy and US leadership.
McLarty 2/2-former chief of staff to Clinton during the NAFTA ratification fight
Huffington Post 2/2/14
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-f-mclarty/a-critical-test-of-leader_b_4705623.html
A Critical Test of Leadership

In his State of the Union address last week, President ……
world that the president and Congress, including leaders of his own party, can work together?

Shifting focus from security to economic engagement is super unpopular with Congress
NYT 13 (New York Times. “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy” May 4, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly different message …….
 oppose immigration reform,” said Vanda Felbab-Brown, a counternarcotics expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington. 

Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism
Panzner-New York Institute of Finance-8
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” pg. 136-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade …….
 the beginnings of a new world war.

Loss of US economic leadership causes extinction
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon 12 - *Director of the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings AND Director of Research and Senior Fellow Foreign Policy (Kenneth and Michael, “The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt”, The Brookings Institute, 7/10,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon) EL

Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad……
 likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.

Ecology
You don’t solve natural changes, animal manure and greenhouse gas emissions – means dead zones are inevitable
NASA 14 (Dead Zones in The Gulf of Mexico NASA https://earthkam.ucsd.edu/ek-images/investigating_images/gulfmexico 2014)trepka
What causes the Dead Zone?¶ The Dead Zone in the Gulf of ……
 and waste. 

All environmental factors are improving
Lomberg 10 (Bjorn, PhD in political science, “Earth Day: Smile, don't shudder,” USA Today, 4/21/10, Lexis)
Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise, but as we approach the 40th anniversary of the first Earth Day, people who care about the environment actually have a lot to celebrate. Of course, that's not how the organizers of Earth Day 2010 see it. In their view (to quote a recent online call to arms), "The world is in greater peril than ever." But consider this: In virtually every developed country, the air is more breathable and the ……
 key environmental measures were indeed getting better. 

Border 2020 initiative solves
EPA 13 (Environmental Protection Agency, “What is Border 2020” May 3, 2013 http://www2.epa.gov/border2020/what-border-2020)//kyan
Key differences between Border 2012 and 2020 ……
environmental and public health goals.

The conclusion of your uniqueness evidence says the status quo solves the whole aff – including modeling
Cortina et al ‘12 Sofía, is the Director of Institutional Research and Public Policy Analysis, National Institute of Ecology; Paola Bauche, is a Leadership for Environment and Development Fellow; Sergio Graf, is the General Coordinator, Production and Productivity at the National Forestry Commission in México; Cuauhtémoc León is a Leadership for Environment and Development Fellow; Juan Manuel Frausto; is the Director, Forest and Watershed Conservation Program respectively; “Replicating Policy that Works: Payment for Environmental Services in Mexico“ Volume 3 Issue 5 page 82-88 Oct 2012 http://thesolutionsjournal.anu.edu.au/node/1174 kj
In this paper, we present the story behind Mexico’s federal ……
 for future programs to be implemented in other countries.

Their card is referencing status-quo water treaties—means either theirs no impact or Mexico would never adopt
THEIR AUTHOR Brels et al. ‘8 (Sabine, is an International Environmental Lawyer specialized in biodiversity protection,  Secretariat of the Convention on Biological diversity, David Coates,  Chair in Anglo-American Studies at Wake Forest, Flavia Loures,  environmental attorney from Brazil,  working since 2005 at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF),  “ Transboundary water resources management: the role of international watercourse agreements in implementation of the CBD” http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-40-en.pdf)//kyan

The UN Watercourses Convention is a global and flexible ……
 especially with respect to the implementation of the ecosystem approach in the context of shared water resources.

Your solvency advocate is about Brazil—proves no modeling
THEIR AUTHOR Engle et al ‘12 (Nathan L. Engle received a 2012 Congressional Fellowship from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and former Postdoctoral Research Assistant at the Joint Global Change Research Institute a partnership between Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maryland. Christine J. Kirchhoff* is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Michigan’s School of Natural Resources and Environment and a former Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Center for Science and Technology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. (Corresponding Author) Maria Carmen Lemos is Professor of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan and Senior Policy Scholar at the Udall Center for the Study of Public Policy at the University of Arizona. “What influences climate information use in water management? The role of boundary organizations and governance regimes in Brazil and the U.S.” Environmental Science and Policy Published on line 22 July 2012. School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041)kyan

Managing water resources to be resilient to climate-related risks ……
 the context of an integrated boundary organization that best predicts higher use of climate information by water managers

Modeling
NADBank already funds water infrastructure and was successful – most recent data
O’Reilly 11/15 Now 20, A Joint U.S.-Mexico Project To Develop Poor Border Communities Grows Up¶ By Andrew O'Reilly Published November 15, 2013Fox News Latino http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/11/15/20-years-in-north-american-development-bank-still-working-on-bringing-clean/
Created in the wake of the milestone-setting North American ……
 before it leaves the treatment facilities.”

And funding for water will only increase
O’Reilly 11/15 Now 20, A Joint U.S.-Mexico Project To Develop Poor Border Communities Grows Up¶ By Andrew O'Reilly Published November 15, 2013Fox News Latino http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/11/15/20-years-in-north-american-development-bank-still-working-on-bringing-clean/
In an effort to appease concerns of border residents……
 on both sides of the border," Drusina said.

Status quo cooperation solves – its structurally resilient and Colorado basin agreement just increased it
Magenda 12 – University of Luxembourg, Political ScienceCarmen, Research Associate/Cross-border environmental politics, Border water culture in theory and practice: political behavior on the Mexico-U.S. border, Journal of Political Ecology, http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_19/Maganda.pdf, 07-17-13
However, the artificial separation in the ……
in local binational relationships in the shared Colorado River Basin.

Co-operation on water infrastructure now - development of transboundary aquifers prove
Megdal, 2012 – C.W. and Modene Neely Endowed Professor for Excellence in Agriculture and Life Science Sharon B., Professor and Specialist, Agricultural and Resource Economics: Professor, Soil, Water, and Environmental Science; Director, Water Resources Research Center; Ph.D., Princeton, 1981; State and Regional Water Policy and Management, 2012, What Makes Management of Border Water Resources a Challenge?, https://wrrc.arizona.edu/sites/wrrc.arizona.edu/files/Arroyo-2012.pdf, 07/16/13
The United States and Mexico share several aquifers …..
 and binational agencies have been working together under the TAAP umbrella. 

No water wars -- history proves no causation and governance is root cause
Null ’12 – managing editor of ECSP’s blog New Security Beat and writes on the connections between the environment, population, international development, and security. (Schuyler, “Move Beyond “Water Wars” to Fulfill Water’s Peacebuilding Potential, Says NCSE Panel,” New Security Beat, January 26, 2012, http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2012/01/move-beyond-water-wars-to-fulfill-waters-peacebuilding-potential-says-ncse-panel/#.UfLns2TF3HF)//SS
Carl Bruch, who co-directs international programs at the Environmental Law Institute…….
 about the relationship between drought and famine in the Horn of Africa).

No risk of war – China overwhelmingly dominant over India
South Asia Monitor 11 (2/16/11, “The Arms Race China is Winning,” http://www.southasiamonitor.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=1426andcatid=54andItemid=102)

India no longer sees Pakistan as a major threat, …….
 makes India increasingly nervous of the threat from the north. 

No impact to biodiversity --- species theory flawed and redundancy checks --- it’s increasing now
Sagoff 97 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, Lexis)
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven …..
 by more than ten to one, so that the United States is becoming more and more species-rich all the time largely as a result of human action.

Can’t solve --- loss inevitable
Smith 96 (Fraser, Department of Biological Sciences – Stanford University, “BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM STABILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT”, Working Paper GEC 94-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, U.K. Economic and Social Research Council, October,  http://prototype2010.cserge.webapp3.uea.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gec_1994_10.pdf)
¶ A biodiversity constraint could not …..
venture; rather, it is an ideal ¶ for people to strive towards.

Biodiversity is inevitable --- genetic engineering solves
Sagoff 8 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy @ School of Public Policy @ U. Maryland, Environmental Values, “On the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services”, 17:2, 239-257, EBSCO)
¶ What about the economic value of biodiversity? ……
, you ¶ can easily attract hundreds of others.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West HC | Judge: T Brzny
Framework

Interpretation:  The affirmative must defend a world where the United States federal government substantially increases economic engagement in one of the topical countries.  The sole purpose of the ballot is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive alternative option?

This is most predictable – 

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following…….
:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future ……
 perform the future action that you propose. 

The affirmative does not meet this because they don’t ask you to do anything instead of defending the adoption of the resolution.

This is a voting issue – 

First, they are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the United States federal government.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as a judge you are only able to vote for affirmatives within your jurisdiction

Second is fairness – it is impossible to be negative in their world. If the affirmative is not constrained by the topic, they get to just speak in general about the horrors of racism, talk about their personal experiences or interpret the resolution any way they see fit. These claims are nearly unlimited in scope, non-falsifiable, impossible to predict, and unfair for the team that is forced to debate against it.

This is a prior question for meaningful debate to occur
Shively, 2000 – Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM
(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative……..
 In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

Instrumental plan focus good – Clear, deliberate, policy proposal plan texts are key to stable link ground and debate about instrumental policymaking and consequentialism
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 1999, p. 56-57
To answer this question, we say that, ideally, ……
 and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.

switch-side debate good and solves all their offense – there MUST be a clear and predictable division of aff and neg ground, which their interpretation erodes - they can run non-state on the neg –
Day, Professor of Speech at University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1966 (Dennis, Central States Speech Journal, February, page 7)
All must recognize and accept personal responsibility to present…….
significance as determinants of social choice.

there is no risk of offense.  They can still read their ethics claims as a justification why the federal government should take action – they just can’t be the starting point of the plan. And, they can make their arguments as criticisms when they are negative. There is no unique reason why they need this ground every debate or on the affirmative.  This is heart of switch-side debate.

You can vote negative to endorse their political and ethical strategy. Voting against the affirmative requires only a determination that they are outside the bounds of the topic, NOT that they are wrong – this is a more effective way to rally support around their ideas 

Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism
Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation ……
 reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Your methodology fails -  changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures
Tuathail 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences ….
 discursive strategies become significant.

The state can be a force for inclusion – failure to engage guarantees that only the negative portions of the state are used.
Flood 1997
(Christopher Flood, University of Surrey, “Pierre-André Taguieff and the Dilemmas of Antiracism”, L'Esprit Createur, Volume 37, Number 2, Summer 1997, pp. 68-78, muse)
Taguieff is an old-fashioned nationalist of the left-republican variety……
. Minority cultures should be practised in the private sphere but not in the public.

THE IMPACT - Causes war and turns all impacts - reactionary authoritarians capture the state and use it to make war
Boggs 97 –
(Professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense of empowerment that comes ……
 Hobbes anticipated: the embodiment of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Turn – narratives of suffering permanently relate subjectivity to victimhood and exclude anyone who does not fit the model of subordination – turns the aff
Brown 96 * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider- ing call feminists …..
 and discourse--is to articulate a variety of possibilities not otherwise available to the sufferer?

Case

VIEW THIS DEBATE THROUGH A LENSE OF REALIST EPISTEMOLOGY – REALISM IS THE ONLY EMPIRICALLY VERIFIABLE FRAMEWORK OF KNOWLEDGE IN THIS DEBATE 

FIRST Evolution proves violence is inevitable and explains realism
Thayer 4 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 75-76 adi

The central issue here is what causes states to behave …..
 family's or tribes need for food, shelter, or other resources).

SECOND Realism best explains war
Thayer 2k (Bradley, political scientist and an associate professor in Missouri State University's Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, the MIT Press, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 2(Autumn 2000), pp. 124-151, "Bringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics”)
Scholars of international politics may ….
 pathological forms of aggression beyond those found in other animals.75

US POWER GOOD

The criticism collapses hege
Sowell 6 Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Where is the West?” 11-19-2006, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell110906.php3  
European nations protesting Saddam Hussein's death sentence, as they protested against forcing secrets out of captured terrorists, should tell us all we need to know about the internal degeneration of western society, where so many confuse squeamishness with morality.
Two generations of being insulated from the reality ….
but were so paralyzed by confusion that we ended up being annihilated ourselves? 

AND – Collapse of US hege isn’t some post-hege utopia – it’s a fill-in by China
Horner and Leiken 6
(Charles, graduate of University of Pennsylvania and former Adjunct Professor in Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Robert, Ph.D. in Politics from Oxford University, Senior Fellow at Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies and Brookings Institution, "Is the Chinese Model Gaining Economic and Political Influence in Latin America?", 8/10/06, www.hudson.org/files/documents/ChineseModelNov21.pdf slim_) And the corollary to this, I suppose, is that the only non-white people in the world who really matter, say, in running the international economy are either Japanese or Chinese. Or maybe they’re Korean, but let’s just say for the sake of this argument the Chinese now. It used to be the Japanese had a certain purchase in their model. ….
countries in this situation always have ever since 1945.
China is net worse than the united states—sexism,  “haness”,
Salam 09 (Reihan Salam is a fellow at the New America Foundation “China’s Race Problem” 11/09/09
http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/08/china-race-racism-opinions-columnists-reihan-salam.html)//kyan
Is racism universal? Since the end of the colonial era, ……
 open and resilient–will dominate this century as it did the last.

Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina)
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66)
This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised ….
 up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?

Root cause claims are false
Martin 90 Brian Martin, Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of Wollongong, Australia, Uprooting War, 1990 edition http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw13.html
In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters I have examined a ….
 motivation for analysing the roots of war and developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West HC | Judge: T Brzny
Framework

Interpretation:  The affirmative must defend a world where the United States federal government substantially increases economic engagement in one of the topical countries.  The sole purpose of the ballot is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive alternative option?

This is most predictable – 

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following…….
:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future ……
 perform the future action that you propose. 

The affirmative does not meet this because they don’t ask you to do anything instead of defending the adoption of the resolution.

This is a voting issue – 

First, they are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the United States federal government.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as a judge you are only able to vote for affirmatives within your jurisdiction

Second is fairness – it is impossible to be negative in their world. If the affirmative is not constrained by the topic, they get to just speak in general about the horrors of racism, talk about their personal experiences or interpret the resolution any way they see fit. These claims are nearly unlimited in scope, non-falsifiable, impossible to predict, and unfair for the team that is forced to debate against it.

This is a prior question for meaningful debate to occur
Shively, 2000 – Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM
(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative……..
 In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

Instrumental plan focus good – Clear, deliberate, policy proposal plan texts are key to stable link ground and debate about instrumental policymaking and consequentialism
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 1999, p. 56-57
To answer this question, we say that, ideally, ……
 and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.

switch-side debate good and solves all their offense – there MUST be a clear and predictable division of aff and neg ground, which their interpretation erodes - they can run non-state on the neg –
Day, Professor of Speech at University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1966 (Dennis, Central States Speech Journal, February, page 7)
All must recognize and accept personal responsibility to present…….
significance as determinants of social choice.

there is no risk of offense.  They can still read their ethics claims as a justification why the federal government should take action – they just can’t be the starting point of the plan. And, they can make their arguments as criticisms when they are negative. There is no unique reason why they need this ground every debate or on the affirmative.  This is heart of switch-side debate.

You can vote negative to endorse their political and ethical strategy. Voting against the affirmative requires only a determination that they are outside the bounds of the topic, NOT that they are wrong – this is a more effective way to rally support around their ideas 

Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism
Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation ……
 reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Your methodology fails -  changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures
Tuathail 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences ….
 discursive strategies become significant.

The state can be a force for inclusion – failure to engage guarantees that only the negative portions of the state are used.
Flood 1997
(Christopher Flood, University of Surrey, “Pierre-André Taguieff and the Dilemmas of Antiracism”, L'Esprit Createur, Volume 37, Number 2, Summer 1997, pp. 68-78, muse)
Taguieff is an old-fashioned nationalist of the left-republican variety……
. Minority cultures should be practised in the private sphere but not in the public.

THE IMPACT - Causes war and turns all impacts - reactionary authoritarians capture the state and use it to make war
Boggs 97 –
(Professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense of empowerment that comes ……
 Hobbes anticipated: the embodiment of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Turn – narratives of suffering permanently relate subjectivity to victimhood and exclude anyone who does not fit the model of subordination – turns the aff
Brown 96 * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996
If, taken together, the two passages from Foucault we have been consider- ing call feminists …..
 and discourse--is to articulate a variety of possibilities not otherwise available to the sufferer?

Case

VIEW THIS DEBATE THROUGH A LENSE OF REALIST EPISTEMOLOGY – REALISM IS THE ONLY EMPIRICALLY VERIFIABLE FRAMEWORK OF KNOWLEDGE IN THIS DEBATE 

FIRST Evolution proves violence is inevitable and explains realism
Thayer 4 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 75-76 adi

The central issue here is what causes states to behave …..
 family's or tribes need for food, shelter, or other resources).

SECOND Realism best explains war
Thayer 2k (Bradley, political scientist and an associate professor in Missouri State University's Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, the MIT Press, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 2(Autumn 2000), pp. 124-151, "Bringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics”)
Scholars of international politics may ….
 pathological forms of aggression beyond those found in other animals.75

US POWER GOOD

The criticism collapses hege
Sowell 6 Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Where is the West?” 11-19-2006, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell110906.php3  
European nations protesting Saddam Hussein's death sentence, as they protested against forcing secrets out of captured terrorists, should tell us all we need to know about the internal degeneration of western society, where so many confuse squeamishness with morality.
Two generations of being insulated from the reality ….
but were so paralyzed by confusion that we ended up being annihilated ourselves? 

AND – Collapse of US hege isn’t some post-hege utopia – it’s a fill-in by China
Horner and Leiken 6
(Charles, graduate of University of Pennsylvania and former Adjunct Professor in Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Robert, Ph.D. in Politics from Oxford University, Senior Fellow at Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies and Brookings Institution, "Is the Chinese Model Gaining Economic and Political Influence in Latin America?", 8/10/06, www.hudson.org/files/documents/ChineseModelNov21.pdf slim_) And the corollary to this, I suppose, is that the only non-white people in the world who really matter, say, in running the international economy are either Japanese or Chinese. Or maybe they’re Korean, but let’s just say for the sake of this argument the Chinese now. It used to be the Japanese had a certain purchase in their model. ….
countries in this situation always have ever since 1945.
China is net worse than the united states—sexism,  “haness”,
Salam 09 (Reihan Salam is a fellow at the New America Foundation “China’s Race Problem” 11/09/09
http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/08/china-race-racism-opinions-columnists-reihan-salam.html)//kyan
Is racism universal? Since the end of the colonial era, ……
 open and resilient–will dominate this century as it did the last.

Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina)
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66)
This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised ….
 up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?

Root cause claims are false
Martin 90 Brian Martin, Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of Wollongong, Australia, Uprooting War, 1990 edition http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw13.html
In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters I have examined a ….
 motivation for analysing the roots of war and developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rosemont Area RL | Judge: Wayne Tang
F/W

A – Interpretation: The affirmative must present a topical legislative enactment that increases government-to-government economic engagement -
its means possession
Encarta, 9 (Encarta World English Dictionary, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861622735) its  its   adjective  Definition:   
AND
. The park changed its policy.

Finally, economic engagement is an attempt to influence POLITICAL behavior by economic contacts BETWEEN STATES -
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework
AND
permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

B – Violation: 

First, the affirmative does not endorse an increase in the United States’ economic engagement, it only criticizes currently existing arrangements 

Second, the affirmative does not defend a formal legislative enactment of the plan, it defends individual criticism. A topical version of the aff would remove borders and force them to defend consequences

C – Vote neg:

1. Resolutionally predictable ground and limits – negatives come prepared to debate affirmatives predictability grounded in the resolution. The topic is ALREADY HUGE. Failure to provide negs predictable generic links makes it impossible to be neg.
   2. Fair distribution of ground – In their world, the first team to speak and say borders bad always wins - If the affirmative is not constrained by the topic, they get to just speak in general about the horrors of racism, talk about their personal experiences or interpret the resolution any way they see fit. These claims are nearly unlimited in scope, non-falsifiable, impossible to predict, and unfair for the team that is forced to debate against it. 

This is a prior question for meaningful debate to occur – lack of stasis makes their critical education irrelevant
Shively, 2000 – Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative.
AND
 In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

Two net benefits – 

First, switch-side debate good and solves all their offense – there MUST be a clear and predictable division of aff and neg ground, which their interpretation erodes - they can run non-state on the neg –
Day, Professor of Speech at University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1966 (Dennis, Central States Speech Journal, February, page 7)
All must recognize and accept personal responsibility to present, when necessary, as forcefully as possible
AND
 individuals within society lose their moral significance as determinants of social choice.

The alternative is dogmatism–turns the impact -
Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago  (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost) SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and
AND
reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Second, policymaking focus good – the alternative cedes the political -
Jentleson, Director of the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy and Professor of Public Policy and Political Science @ Duke University ’02 (Bruce W,; “The Need for Praxis” International Security, Spring ln) Bringing policy relevance back in thus does not mean driving theory out.
AND
amid the extraordinary times in which we live.

Turns the aff and causes war -
Boggs 97 – professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses
AND
, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Faith in performance is naive and fails to reshape politics
Rothberg and Valente 97 (Molly Anne, Assoc. Prof English @ Tulane and Joseph, Assis. Prof English @ U. Ill, Feb. 1997, College Literature, v. 25, Iss. 1, “Performative chic,” proquest, KK)
The recent vogue for performativity,
AND
the way to displace gender norms is through the deliberate performance of drag as gender parody. 

K

Discussion of existential risk is a necessary pretense to true understanding – risk forms a glue between diverse groups to create an ethic of common goals - only risk can create the common language to truly understand the Other – the alt is to embrace that risk
Beck 9 Ulrich. Professor of Sociology at Munich University and at the London School of Economics, and Senior Loeb Fellow at Harvard University. “Critical Theory of World Risk Society: A Cosmopolitan Vision.” Constellations. March 19, 2009. Pg 3-22. http://www.continental-philosophy.org/2006/07/18/constellations/
First there is its boundless thirst for reality:
AND
exemplary understanding broadens the horizon in a cosmopolitan manner. 

Extinction
Beck, 2009
Ulrich. Professor of Sociology at Munich University and at the London School of Economics, and Senior Loeb Fellow at Harvard University. “Critical Theory of World Risk Society: A Cosmopolitan Vision.” Constellations. March 19. Pg 3-22. http://www.continental-philosophy.org/2006/07/18/constellations/
The new historical character of world risk society
AND
, this time of the bio-world risk society.8

Whiteness

TURN – CHINA FILL-IN

The criticism of US power and liberal institutions collapses heg
Sowell 6 Thomas Sowell, Senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, “Where is the West?” 11-19-2006, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell110906.php3  
European nations protesting Saddam Hussein's death sentence, as they protested against forcing secrets out of captured terrorists, should tell us all we need to know about the internal degeneration of western society, where so many confuse squeamishness with morality.
Two generations of being insulated from the reality of the international jungle,
AND
by confusion that we ended up being annihilated ourselves? 

Collapse of US heg isn’t utopia – it’s a fill-in by China
Horner and Leiken 6
(Charles, graduate of University of Pennsylvania and former Adjunct Professor in Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, and Robert, Ph.D. in Politics from Oxford University, Senior Fellow at Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies and Brookings Institution, "Is the Chinese Model Gaining Economic and Political Influence in Latin America?", 8/10/06, www.hudson.org/files/documents/ChineseModelNov21.pdf slim_)
And the corollary to this, I suppose, is that the only non-white people in the world who really matter
AND
 finds ones own opportunities as countries in this situation always have ever since 1945.
causes transition wars, poverty and ecological destruction
POSEN, 9 - Deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf)
In the postwar period, US power and prestige, beyond the nation's military might
AND
 If the US is to rise to the challenge, it should concentrate on the following priority measures.

AND GLOBAL DEATH IS BAD AND OUTWEIGHS – HERE’S OUR IMPACT FRAMING

Consequentialism first
Greene, 10 (Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings,” Historical and Contemporary Readings, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us
AND
 what's distinctive about the philosophy in question.

A) All lives are valuable – ethics mean you maximize the number saved
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, “Kantian Consequentialism”, p. 131)
Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity
AND
that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.8

B) Their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize
Issac 2 (Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked
AND
It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

They elevate white supremacy to an all-pervasive force—this conceptual expansion hides the actual practice of racism and makes breaking it down more difficult
Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen, Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware, 2003, (“Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness,” in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane and Bonilla-Silva, p. 28)
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification
AND
come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.

Whiteness  isn’t the root cause of all these internal links - That over-determines – specific contexts key for war scenarios.
Sagan 2K
Scott D. Sagan – Department of Political Science, Stanford University – ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE – 2000 – available via: www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc
To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view, to avoid
AND
inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War.

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Roosevelt | Judge:
Unique internal link -- Pivot to Asia now and this time is key – solves China war and Korean prolif – any new doubts decimate regional security
AFP 12/9 (Biden says US ‘pivot’ to Asia is here to stay¶ 09-Dec-2013 Intellasia | AFP http://www.intellasia.net/biden-says-us-pivot-to-asia-is-here-to-stay-322707)//trepka
US Vice President Joe Biden said Friday ……..
six-party talks on the North's nuclear ambitions. 

aff undermines the Asia pivot – regions trade off
Mark Manyin et al, 5/28/12, Congressional Research Service, "pivot to the pacific? the obama administration's 'rebalancing' towards asia," http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf
Increasing the relative importance of the Asia-…..
may be called into question as time goes on. 

Only an effective, consistent pivot provides regional security and solves China rise
Walt 12/8 (http://www.thenewstribune.com/2013/12/08/2937218/power-plays-how-long-will-china.html Power plays How long will China tolerate US’s military role in Asia?¶ BY STEPHEN M. WALT¶ December 8, 2013 The News Tribune)trepka
Of course, it is not obvious that China’s rise will continue ……
be given to Asian security in general and China in particular.¶ 

North Korean prolif turns every other impact and guarantees extinction
Hayes and Hamel-Green 10– *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia,” http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation …….
 is not just a regional threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. 

China conflict causes global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 – American Military University (Lee J., “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)
A war between China, Taiwan and the United ……
 United States and China are the two most dominant members

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City | Judge: Jesse Meyer
Unique link – US influence decreasing now but increasing influence trades off with Brazil
Crandall 11 – Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11 (Russell Crandall, May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs “Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America,” 90.3, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora90anddiv=49andg_sent=1)//JES
POWER PLAYS Latin America's economic growth ……
 the country has begun to act more assertively. 

Key to multilateralism, climate change, agriculture, and nuclear elimination
Cervo, 10 – a historian Brazilian author of several books, focusing mainly on the country's foreign policy, It PhD in History by University of Strasbour (Amando Luiz, “Brazil's rise on the international scene: Brazil and the World,” vol.53 no.spe Brasília Dec. 2010, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292010000300002andscript=sci_arttext)//HAL
Global governance Brazil is a firm believer in multilateralism. A rules-based ….
 countries of different regions, committed to a world free of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City | Judge: Jesse Meyer
Unique link – US influence decreasing now but increasing influence trades off with Brazil
Crandall 11 – Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11 (Russell Crandall, May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs “Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America,” 90.3, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora90anddiv=49andg_sent=1)//JES
POWER PLAYS Latin America's economic growth ……
 the country has begun to act more assertively. 

Key to multilateralism, climate change, agriculture, and nuclear elimination
Cervo, 10 – a historian Brazilian author of several books, focusing mainly on the country's foreign policy, It PhD in History by University of Strasbour (Amando Luiz, “Brazil's rise on the international scene: Brazil and the World,” vol.53 no.spe Brasília Dec. 2010, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292010000300002andscript=sci_arttext)//HAL
Global governance Brazil is a firm believer in multilateralism. A rules-based ….
 countries of different regions, committed to a world free of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Barstow ND | Judge: Sadagopal, Rohan
Solves prices and coverage better—also doesn’t link to politics
Butler 12 (Stuart Butler, Distinguished Fellow and Director, Center for Policy Innovation at the The Heritage Foundation, “Change Medicare to a Premium Support Plan”
June 2012, proquest)kyan

It makes sense to put Medicare on a .....
how that budget is actually spent.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow DP | Judge: Brett LInd
1

Immigration reform has momentum but pressure on Boehner is key
Washington Post Oct 24
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/10/24/john-boehners-next-big-test-immigration-reform/
President Obama delivered remarks Thursday morning …..
it’s too soon to cross immigration off the “maybe it will still get done” list just yet.

Shifting focus from security to economic engagement is super unpopular with Congress – uniquely affects immigration bill
NYT 13 (New York Times. “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy” May 4, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and)
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals ……
said Vanda Felbab-Brown, a counternarcotics expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington. 

Obama’s capital is key to overcome GOP opposition
AFP 6-12 (Agence France Presse. “US immigration bill advances in Senate, clears first hurdle” http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news/39925853_1_border-security-landmark-immigration-bill-democratic-senator-chuck-schumer)
Obama made an outspoken pitch ….
by alienating millions of voters.

Reform is key to U.S. competitiveness – otherwise collapse is inevitable
Bush et al 09 – co-chairmen and director of a Council on Foreign Relations-sponsored Independent Task Force on U.S. Immigration Policy (7/21/09, Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and former White House Chief of Staff Thomas F. McLarty and Edward Alden, “Nation needs comprehensive, flexible immigration reform,” http://www.ajc.com/opinion/nation-needs-comprehensive-flexible-97393.html)
Our immigration system has been broken for …..
providing a faster track to permanent residency and citizenship. 

Competitiveness is vital to preventing military retrenchment – risks great power wars
Khalilzad, ’11 – Bush’s ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN and former director policy planning at the DOD (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, National Review, 2-8-11, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)¶
Such scenarios would reshape the international order…….
Regional hegemons in Asia could seize the moment, leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

2

Nieto has to credibility to follow through with his reform efforts now – but he has to tread carefully
Thomson 4-24 - Adam Thomson is the FT's Mexico and Central America correspondent (Adam, “President Enrique Peña Nieto works to soothe Mexico tensions”, April 24 of 2013, Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/628aabae-acfa-11e2-9454-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2YVlziShn)
Mexico’s four-month-old administration on ……
his economic reform agenda to fruition.¶ 

Overwhelming opposition to the AFF – the plan is an insurmountable obstacle which kills Nieto’s credibility
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics”, October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andcad=rjaandved=0CD4QFjACandurl=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.docandei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQandusg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCgandsig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)
Note: We do not endorse the racist language within this card*
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-……
 too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.

Nieto credibility is key the Mexican economy – loss of cred guarantees collapse
Ruelas-Gossi 12 - professor of strategy at the Santiago, Chile-based Universidad Adolfo Ibañez (Alejandro, “Peña Nieto's Plans for Mexico's Economy”, October 15 of 2012, Harvard Business Review, http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/mexico_is_the_perfect_dictator.html)
For one, Peña Nieto will likely ……
- just like some other countries in Latin America.

The best statistical support proves economic decline causes war
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how …featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

3

The United States federal government should implement the Restoring America’s Future plan

Restoring America’s Future solves econ and their internal link to aging
Minarik 10 (Senior VP and Director of Research, Comm. for Economic Development Former Associate Director for Economic Policy, OMB Former Chief Economist, House Budget Committee, Dr. Joseph Minarik, “Restoring America’s Future Executive Summary,” Debt Reduction, November 2010)
We offer this plan as proof that a …..
revive our economy and create jobs.

4
Economic engagement has to be gov to gov
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between …..
countries than to others.

Engagement towards a government must be conditional, the plan isn’t
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

Many different types of engagement strategies exist, ……
in the hopes of promoting forces that will eventually facilitate cooperation.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West SD | Judge: Shabaka Verna
China is increasing influence in Latin America –multinational development bank investment
Prada 12 – associate researcher at FORO Nacional Internacional (Fernando, “ World Bank, Inter-American ¶ Development Bank, and ¶ Subregional Development Banks in ¶ Latin America: Dynamics of a ¶ System of Multilateral ¶ Development Banks”, ¶ September 2012¶ http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.09.05.wp380.dynamics.system.multilateral.dev.banks.pdf) KT

The CAF is also finding a balance ...
 with new clients and more countries. 

Increased manufacturing prevents Chinese expansion – Mexico is the key internal link
Figueroa et. al, 11 – Research and Policy Analyst, NACTS (Alejandro, with Erik Lee, Associate Director, NACTS, Rick Van Schoik, Director, NACTS (“Realizing the Full Value of Crossborder Trade with Mexico,” North American Center for Transborder Studies at ASU, 12/9/11,http://21stcenturyborder.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/realizing-the-value-of-crossborder-trade-with-mexico2.pdf) KT
On the other hand, Mexican exports ....
according to the Mexican federal government.

Chinese soft power solves multiple scenarios for extinction—it’s reverse causal
Zhang ‘12
Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm
As China plays an increasingly significant ...
 it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: Everyone | Judge:
For neg cites email
leknudson18@gmail.com
and I will try to get back to you as soon as possible

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City | Judge: Chase McCool
First, they can only get impacts based off the fiat-ed action of the plan – 

Policy analysis should precede discourse – most effective way to challenge power
Taft-Kaufman ’95  - Jill Taft-Kaufman, Speech prof @ CMU, 1995, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," …..
the specifics of how power works through political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Extinction outweighs -
Bostrom 12 -
Professor of Philosophy at Oxford (Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)//BB Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course of several papers that human extinction risks are poorly understood and, worse still, severely …..
 outweigh even immense benefits like eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equal/unconditional human dignity-solves value to life
Cummiskey, 1996 (David, Associate Philosophy Professor at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 145-146)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice of individuals for some abstract …..
 suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many. 

Predictions are good and feasible – they can be made logically from empirical evidence.
Chernoff 9 (Fred, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U., European Journal of International Relations, “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory”, 15:1, Sage)
For these and other reasons, many social theorists and social scientists have come to the conclusion that prediction is impossible. Well-known IR reflexivists like Rick Ashley, Robert Cox, Rob Walker and Alex Wendt have attacked naturalism by emphasizing the interpretive nature of social theory. Ashley is explicit in his critique of prediction, as is Cox, who says quite simply, ‘It is impossible to predict the future’ (Ashley, 1986: 283; Cox, 1987: 139, cf. also 1987: 393). More recently, Heikki Patomäki has argued that ‘qualitative changes and emergence are possible, but predictions are not’ defective and that the latter two presuppose an unjustifiably narrow notion of ‘prediction’.14 A determined prediction sceptic may continue to hold that there is too great a degree of complexity of social relationships (which comprise ‘open systems’) to allow any prediction whatsoever. Two very simple examples may circumscribe and help to refute a radical variety of skepticism…..
 The reflexivist commitment to both of these conclusions should be evident from the foregoing discussion. 

There is war – 

Interdependence doesn’t check war – WWI proves
Poulos 1/10 James, columnist at The Daily Caller and a contributor at Ricochet ("Powder Keg in East Asia," 1/10/12, 

First, as was true in the years preceding World War I, …..
 China as America’s next and truest existential threat. 

Utilitarianism is inevitable it will indefinitely permeate human thought
Allison, Professor of Political Philosophy at University of Warwick, 1990 (Lincoln, “The Utilitarianism Response”)
And yet if an idea can be compared to a castle, though we find a breached wall, …..
 to judge actions on there consequences for people's well-being.

2. Utilitarianism is the only moral framework ALL alternatives are inevitability self-contradictory

Nye, 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 18-19)

The significance and the limits of the two broad traditions can be captured by contemplating a hypothetical case……
 it seems more than ever to be self-contradictory.35 Absolutist ethics bear a heavier burden of proof in the nuclear age than ever before.

3. Any risk of extinction must be treated as 100, because it is absolute.  The case outweighs any impacts because our morality must be re-evaluated in the light of nuclear conflict
Schell 82, Fate of the Earth pg. 82, debate.uvm.edu/NFL/rostrumlib/CheshierJan'01.pdf  

...it is clear that at present, with some twenty thousand megatons of nuclear explosive power in existence, …..
 a certainty that their use would put an end to our species. (95)    

Consequentialism first
Greene, 10 (Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings,” Historical and Contemporary Readings, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human moral judgment is not a …..
 essential to religion, they don't really explain what's distinctive about the philosophy in question.

The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves utilitarianism as the only option for policymakers
Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, “Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy” pg 63)

My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation of public …..
Their knowledge of generalities, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 6 | Opponent: Virmillion | Judge:
Text: The USFG should provide information about proper sanitation and hygiene techniques for drinking water to the inhabitants of border towns 

Only the counterplan solves
Frisvold and Osgood, 2011 – Professor and Extension Specialist of agricultural resource economicsGeorge B, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1989; Environmental and Resource Economics, Regulation and use of Biotechnology, Daniel E, Lead Scientist, Financial Instruments Sector Team - International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, FINANCING WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT ON THE U.S. – MEXICO BORDER, Southern Illinois University; Carbondale, 2011, http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146andcontext=jcwre, 07-19-13

Providing potable drinking water infrastructure and adequate sewerage systems would drastically reduce these numbers. .......
the appalling numbers of deaths due to these diseases (IRSC, 1996).

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City | Judge: Jesse Meyer
Unique link -- Renewable development now, but speeding border transmission causes bottlenecks – kills transmission capabilities and triggers widespread vulnerability
RELA 10 (Renewable Energy Latin America, “Mexico – Wind: US outsourcing renewable generation to the south?” 6/5/10, http://latamrenewables.com/2010/06/05/mexico-wind-us-outsourcing-renewable-generation-to-the-south/)//SJF
The US-Mexico border is becoming a hot …..
Acciona completed the 250 MW Eurus project in Oaxaca last November.

Grid attacks take out C and C---causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast” 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian …..
 “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.

Tournament: IHSSA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City | Judge: Jesse Meyer
Unique link -- Renewable development now, but speeding border transmission causes bottlenecks – kills transmission capabilities and triggers widespread vulnerability
RELA 10 (Renewable Energy Latin America, “Mexico – Wind: US outsourcing renewable generation to the south?” 6/5/10, http://latamrenewables.com/2010/06/05/mexico-wind-us-outsourcing-renewable-generation-to-the-south/)//SJF
The US-Mexico border is becoming a hot …..
Acciona completed the 250 MW Eurus project in Oaxaca last November.

Grid attacks take out C and C---causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast” 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian …..
 “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 3 | Opponent: Montgomery Bell AY | Judge: Wayne Tang
Text: The State of California should pass Assembly Bill 311. 

The counterplan solves the affirmative – it effectively utilizes the I-Bank to invest in infrastructure  

Medina 2013 – Chair of Assembly Committee on Jobs, Economic Development and the Economy , Jose Medina, Chair, April 9, 2013, California Legislature Committee to evaluate the merits of Jobs and Economy related projects, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0301-0350/ab_311_cfa_20130406_215849_asm_comm.html AT

SUBJECT : Bi-National Development Bank SUMMARY : Expands the role of the …..
through the I-Bank.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West SD | Judge: Shabaka Verna
Text: The United States federal government should authorize the North American Development Bank to finance transportation infrastructure projects through a bi-national bond financing mechanism.

Binational bonds through NADBank are the best way to solve the aff – no new funding necessary
Sankaran and Espinosa 13 (Harikumar Sankaran, professor of finance at the College of Business at New Mexico State University, Violeta Díaz is an assistant professor of finance at the College of Business at New Mexico State University, and Salvador Espinosa is an assistant professor of government finances and public policy in the School of Public Affairs at San Diego State University, “The Design and Estimation of a Bi-National Bond to Finance Strategic Infrastructure along the U.S.–Mexico Border” The Journal of Structured Finance Summer 2013, Vol. 19, No. 2: pp. 71-88) kyan

The core of Espinosa’s 2011 proposal ...
 derive the value of the bi-national bond.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Washburn Rural KR | Judge: Tara Tate
Text: The United States federal government should set uniform proficiency standards in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics career and technical education under Title I.

The lack of national standards undermines successful STEM education
Quaid, 09 (Libby Quaid is a staff writer at the Washington Times, “Academic standards vary by state, U.S. study finds,” 2/20/09, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/20/academic-standards-vary-by-state-us-study-finds/
Some schools deemed to be failing …..
“And it’s produced results I would call unfair from one state to the next.”

STEM education is critical to overall tech competitiveness
Reuters, ‘11 (“Ex-Bush Official Raymond Orbach: Cutting Science Puts U.S. At 'Distinct Disadvantage'”, 2/28/11, Huffington Post Business, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/bush-official-raymond-orb_n_829342.html
WASHINGTON: Proposed budget cuts to …..
is sent to President Barack Obama in its current form.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West BC | Judge: Jordan, Shunta
Economic engagement has to be gov to gov
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between or among ….
with respect to some countries than to others.

Engagement towards a government must be conditional, the plan isn’t
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

Many different types of engagement strategies ….
promoting forces that will eventually facilitate cooperation.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West SD | Judge: Shabaka Verna
Will pass – Obama is effectively convincing Congress and pushing now
Hagstrom 2/21 (US trade rep says TPP key to Congress agreeing to pass TPA - Jerry Hagstrom, Agweek http://www.agweek.com/event/article/id/22745/ 2/21/14)
U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman signaled ....
the membership of the House and Senate — as trade negotiators.

NADBank funding is unpopular – hurts PC
Dallas Morning News July 2008 “EDITORIAL: NADBank deserves U.S. funding” ProQuest
Not everyone agrees about the merits of ...
 the bank has been slow to disburse its funds. 

Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism
Panzner-New York Institute of Finance-8
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” pg. 136-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow ...
 between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Loss of US economic leadership causes extinction
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon 12 - *Director of the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings AND Director of Research and Senior Fellow Foreign Policy (Kenneth and Michael, “The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt”, The Brookings Institute, 7/10,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon) EL

Lastly, American economic weakness ...
Major war will become more likely.