Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
igmenninga@gmail.com

Tournament: yes | Round: Quads | Opponent: ashtar | Judge: ashtar it was a weird round
China DA - Adv cp
Eurocentrism K
Security K
Chow
Anthro
Normativity PIC
Baudrillard
Occularcentrism
Oil DA

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
The federal government of Mexico should:
- implement a risk-based system to curtail the mispricing of export and import transactions
- accompany all tax invoices with a legal undertaking by exporters and importers as to pricing accuracy
- subject all multinationals to financial and accounting reporting requirements
- initiate an automatic exchange of information with all countries with whom Mexico has trade and market links
- commit to transparency in all financial accounts and transactions
- improve governance and surveillance of the underground economy
- exert leadership in international and regional forums

CP solves illicit financial flows – prerequisite to the aff
Kar 12
Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity, Former Economist at IMF
(Dev, Global Financial Integrity, Mexico:  Illicit Financial Flows, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy, January 2012, http://mexico.gfintegrity.org/en) bghs-ms
The method of estimating illicit flows (namely the World Bank Residual model adjusted for
AND
the world’s most powerful countries cooperate to curtail the receipt of illicit funds.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
Reject the 1ac’s call for the ballot –

Queerness can never be the site of a positive political project, since that is the foundation of reproductive futurism’s call for survival that justifies untold brutality and endless violence – the queer becomes socially placed as the nonhuman Other
Fontenot 2006 (Andrea, Professor at UC-Santa Barbara, “No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (review)”. Modern Fiction Studies. 52:1. (Spring) 2006. pp. 254-255) nagel We disagree with the gendered language used.
Edelman is careful, however, to remind us that by responding to his call
AND
to situate "his ethical register outside the recognizably human" (101).

The affirmative tries to breathe life into a corpse – the space of the University serves as a site of social death – the production of radicalized knowledge serves only to legitimize the very system which was built on the back of colonial domination – rather than becoming cogs in the machine, we should tinker with the concept of our own death
An anonymous UC Berkeley Student in 2010 (anonymous graduate student in philosophy, “The University, Social Death and the Inside Joke,” http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20100220181610620) 

Universities may serve as progressive sites of inquiry in some cases, yet this does
AND
interpretation and every connotation, no longer denoting anyone or anything."56

Passivity is preferable – the aff falls prey to the forces of production which allows the system to appropriate their politics by simulating its own death – prefer a passive method which instills exhaustive potential
Bifo 11 – Whit Whitmore’s pen name
(Franco “Bifo” Berardi, After the Future pg 106-108)

Nothing, not even the system, can avoid the symbolic obligation, and it
AND
new concatenation, where collective intelligence is only subjected to the common good.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
What is queer about queering the resolution? What is queer about queer theory generally? What about performance? The answer is that in today’s academic environment queer has become a stagnant concept. In focusing on opposition to heteronormative, queer theory has created itself largely based around the binary dyad of queer/heteronormative – this position is limiting and prevents us from truly challenging dominant power structures
Ruffolo adjunct Professorships at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto (Department of Theory and Policy Studies in Education) and Ryerson University  2k9 (David, Post Queer Politics. Pg 1-5)
Queer has reached a political peak. Its theoretical movements have become limited by its
AND
significations, representations, and identifications and therefore the overall privileging of subjectivity.

The aff’s conception of queerness defines itself solely as that which is outside the norm – IE something is queer because it is not heteronormative. This definition makes it impossible to escape from dominant power structures
Ruffolo adjunct Professorships at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto (Department of Theory and Policy Studies in Education) and Ryerson University  2k9 (David, Post Queer Politics. Pg 50-54)
Post-queer rhizomatic politics is one that is directed outwards rather than inwards.
AND
smoothen the strata so as to not be limited by structural organizations. 

Our vision of queerness is not tied to status quo definitions – you should recognize that queerness is a future to come – we are not queer yet, our alternative is a line of flight that recognizes this
Muñoz prof/chair of performance studies @ NYU 2k9 (José Esteban, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity)
Queerness is not yet here. Queerness is an ideality. Put another way,
AND
and now and an insistence on potentiality or concrete possibility for another world. 

Reject the 1ac’s systematic or all-encompassing ‘root cause’ explanations for human actions
Bleiker ‘3 Roland, Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency” Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1;  pg. 25

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a parsimonious proposition, a one
AND
voice -- to the benefit of a polyphonic array of whispers and shouts.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
We affirm the 1ac minus their inclusion of the video.

The Affirmative’s demand that seeing images is necessary for the audience, debaters, and critics to understand the situation of those at Guantanamo Bay prioritizes visualization as the primary means for liberation and agency. This choice excludes those with ocular disabilities and reinforces a vision based norm that leads to oppression
Hibbitts 94 -Professor Bernard J. (University of Pittsburgh School of Law16 Cardozo Law Review 229 (1994); reprinted by permission of the Cardozo Law Review)
A. Seeing Culture 2.2 In Part I of this Article
AND
a general matter, not-so-smart people are "dimwits."

Addressing ableism is a prerequisite to confronting every form of oppression – the representation of inferiority is a precondition to Otherization
Siebers 9 (Tobin, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, Lecture, sl)
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
The 1ac locates a narrative about social life so as to create universal categories of experience that normatively construct nanotechnology as a way to ameliorate structural vioelnce—the truth making of the 1ac rationalizes and structures social services within a science of life that is the ultimate disciplinary move.   
Wendt 10 (Sarah Wendt, Professor at the University of South Australia, and Sandra Seymour, Professor at the University of South Australia, 2010, “Applying Post-Structuralist Ideas to Empowerment: Implications for Social Work Education,” Social Work Education, ISSN 0261-5479, Taylor and Francis Online)
Modernity is linked to the enlightenment and the movement towards scientific, rational, logical
AND
play out in relationship with each other (Parker et al., 1999).

The 1ac establishes a normative guideline for human experience, and then works backward from that point to justify a policy.  The systematic accumulation of knowledge establishes a master-narrative for social life that becomes the scientific barometer for the application of productive power.  This attempt to institutionalize conformity renders liberalism authoritarian and gives endless war renewed scope.  
Hoffmann 07 (Kasper Hoffmann, International Development Studies at Roskilde University, May 2007, Militarised Bodies and Spirits of Resistance, http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/handle/1800/2766)
In modern forms of government, concepts of the norm and normal have played a
AND
end to the practice of war; it provides it with renewed scope.

Instead of creating another set of universalisms that “fix” the “problems” caused by unregulated nanotech development, the alternative is a rejection of the mindset that divides the world into problem zones and imposes broad solutions. 

A vote for the alternative is an endorsement of our specific intellectual criticism that makes possible challenging the neutrality of the affirmative’s power relationships that form the root cause of their harms.
Edkins 06 (Jenny Edkins, International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 2006 “The Local, the Global and the Troubling,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy Vol. 9, No. 4, 499–511)

Rather than starting with a reading of traditional academic analyses of the Northern Ireland conflict
AND
effect, but through a slow re-building, brick by brick.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Finals | Opponent: St Vincent MY | Judge: Ryan Hand, Joe Skoog, Donovan DiDio
Their invocation of autonomous zones as a node for resistance serve as intellectual empowerment for the sole benefit of human ends
Deckha 2010 (Maneesha Deckha, Maneesha Deckha is Associate Professor at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law in Victoria, Canada. Professor Deckha’s research interests include critical animal studies, feminist analysis of law, law and culture, and bioethics. She is currently working on a book project analyzing the legal status of animals in Canada from a postcolonial feminist lens, 2010, “It’s time to abandon the idea of ‘human’ rights,” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, vol.8, no.3, http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html, azp)
Time for a new discourse That the human/subhuman binary continues to inhabit so
AND
only for humans made vulnerable by their dehumanization, but nonhumans as well. 

Anthropocentrism is the original hierarchy – all other forms of exploitation and domination are premised on the human / nature dichotomy.
Best 07 (Steven Best, Professor of Humanities and Philosophy @ UT el Paso, review of Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust by Charles Patterson, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_7/bestpatterson.pdf, azp)
It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
AND
inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation.

Our alternative is to endorse the global suicide of humanity. The only possible way to atone for centuries of human chauvinism is to engage in utopian anti-humanism. Global suicide as a thought experiment is the most ethical response to anthropocentricism.
Kochi and Ordan 08 (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf, azp)
How might such a standpoint of dialectical, utopian anti-humanism reconfigure a notion
AND
no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Finals | Opponent: St Vincent MY | Judge: Ryan Hand, Joe Skoog, Donovan DiDio
The underground political strategies of the TAZ fail – individual experience can’t engage structural inequality or underlying causes
Duncombe 1 (Stephen Duncombe, Asst Professor of American Studies at State University of New York, underground activist and, 2001, Notes from Underground, p. 186-88)
The ideal of a politics that is “honest and visceral” arises out of
AND
it has no demands, no strategy, and finally, no power. 

The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA

I keep secrets. Even though I am told over and over by white feminists
AND
hidden understanding reduces in cases of extreme political vulnerability that morally require secrecy.

Turns the case – secrets are a prerequisite to liberation—revealing them endangers the lives and freedoms of the oppressed
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA
Given the two distinguishable forms of oppositional secrecy, the question remains what political reasons
AND
in question judge best the full practical and political import of open identification.

Their discursive strategy negates the necessity of changing material conditions and is merely a self-righteous attempt of intellectuals to center themselves as a kind of hero, as the new subject of social change, over and opposed to those actually oppressed and disenfranchised
Poitevin, PhD Cand Sociol @ UC-Davis, 2001 (Rene Francisco, “The end of anti-capitalism as we knew it: Reflections on postmodern Marxism”, TheSocialist Review, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3952/is_200101/ai_n8932891)The Postmodern Intellectual as Revolutionary Subject, Or Capitalocentrism Strikes Back

Let us bracket for a moment the limitations of postmodern/post-Marxist epistemologies
AND
Leninist) nothing short of a new vanguardism on post-structuralist steroids. 

Revolutions against sovereignty come to desire a reaffirmation of state authority
Newman 4 (Saul, U of Western Australia, Interrogating the Master: Lacan and Radical Politics, Psychoanalys and Culture 2004, 9, p. 298-314)LA *We don’t defend gendered language. Pronoun replaced in the body of this text, marked by |||.

Psychoanalytic theory has a less sanguine and utopian view of human nature and the possibilities
AND
permitted anymore’’’ (Grigg, Seminar XVII, Ch 8, p 3).

Transformations in consciousness can never lead to social change – only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations
Marx, 1845
(Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm)
This conception of history depends on our ability to expound the real process of production
AND
It shows that circumstances make men just as much as men make circumstances.

Their emphasis on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism
Zavarzadeh, 94 – department of English at Syracuse
(Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative
Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html)
The task of this text1 is to lay bare the structure of
AND
not get a political or philosophical argument but a tropological description.5

Structural issues in the capitalist mode of production devalue labor and cause extinction
Brown, 05 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)
The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

Their attempt at academic change through indigenous narratives sustains power’s ability to constrain ANY resistance by turning those victims of power into ghosts.  Liberal citizenship attempts to remember past political struggles that ultimately fetishize movements of the past, especially in academic subculture—turns the case
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9.http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19
Totally managed death. A machine for administering death, for the proliferation of technologies
AND
gets its own designated burial plot.  Who doesn’t participate in this graveyard?

The affirmative is theory for theory’s sake – the process of discoursing suffering gives way to a bureaucratization of the Other’s suffering which further entrenches domination while positioning the affirmative as savior
Nayar 2013 (Jayan Nayar, PhD from the University of Cambridge, Department of Law at the University of Warwick, February 2013, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-The-World: Thinking Exteriority,” Law and Critique Volume 24 Issue 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2001975) gz
People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
the normalities of business-as-usual (Robinson and Tormey 2009).

Their strategy of privileged spectatorship is a guilt trip that robs the oppressed of the very terms to protest oppression.  
Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)

In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses “raised.”

Rejecting domination across intersectional lines of oppression is key to revolutionary politics – their approach constructs a hierarchy of oppression
bell hooks 94, professor of English, City College of New York, Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations, 1994, p. 6
Crossing borders within the academic world, moving in and out of Black Studies,
AND
location for the exchange of knowledge, or the formation of new epistemologies.

They make capitalism monolithic
Manuel DeLanda, 1997, Adjunct Associate Professor – Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation – Columbia University, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History, p. 46-8

Even in this age of huge multinational corporations, the command element in the commercial
AND
to a certain segment of the population of commercial and industrial institutions.63

Their reappropriation of indigenous narratives effects no change in the face of oppression
Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)

As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition. 

We control uniqueness – the academy has been promising change for too long
Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)

As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition. 

Their intellectual warfare against violence is useless expenditure – although their intentions are good, their method is hopelessly masturbatory – it turns into a form of systems-maintenance for the military-industrial complex.
Mann 96 (Dept. of English @ Pomona College, “The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare,” Postmodern Culture Vol 6 No 2)

As the economy in general and technological development in particular come to be seen in
AND
exchange ideas only in order to destroy thought itself with these ludicrous gifts. 

The surgical excision of negative invisibility in favor of positive, intelligible critique contributes to a whitewashing of violence that buries exclusion under layers of simulated utopia.
Baudrillard 09 (Jean Baudrillard, avid fan of jersey shore and porn, “The Transparency of Evil”, azp)
The uncertainty to which we are subject results, paradoxically, from an excess of
AND
. To this end a gigantic campaign of plastic surgery has been undertaken.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Finals | Opponent: St Vincent MY | Judge: Ryan Hand, Joe Skoog, Donovan DiDio
Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot –

It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the aff project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – that was defined in CX when the 1ac explained the necessity of the ballot in the context of talking about themselves. However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust
Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses “raised.”

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matea Ivanovic,Iris Malone, Sam Haley-Hill
Their attempts to preserve human dignity and rights rely on a category of “subhuman” life that naturalizes the human/animal binary.
Deckha 2010 (Maneesha Deckha, Maneesha Deckha is Associate Professor at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law in Victoria, Canada. Professor Deckha’s research interests include critical animal studies, feminist analysis of law, law and culture, and bioethics. She is currently working on a book project analyzing the legal status of animals in Canada from a postcolonial feminist lens, 2010, “It’s time to abandon the idea of ‘human’ rights,” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, vol.8, no.3, http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html, azp)
Time for a new discourse That the human/subhuman binary continues to inhabit so
AND
only for humans made vulnerable by their dehumanization, but nonhumans as well. 

Anthropocentrism is the original hierarchy – all other forms of exploitation and domination are premised on the human / nature dichotomy.
Best 07 (Steven Best, Professor of Humanities and Philosophy @ UT el Paso, review of Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust by Charles Patterson, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_7/bestpatterson.pdf, azp)
It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
AND
inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation.

Our alternative is to endorse the global suicide of humanity. The only possible way to atone for centuries of human chauvinism is to engage in utopian anti-humanism. Global suicide as a thought experiment is the most ethical response to anthropocentricism.
Kochi and Ordan 08 (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf, azp)
How might such a standpoint of dialectical, utopian anti-humanism reconfigure a notion
AND
no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matea Ivanovic,Iris Malone, Sam Haley-Hill
The aff is a form of state fetishism – despite the history of failed attempts to change or conquer state power, they refuse to break out of the state paradigm – this ensures co-option and capitalist domination
Holloway 2005 John, Professor in the Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla in Mexico, Change the World Without Taking Power: The Meaning of Revolution Today, pp. 5-6
The state paradigm, that is, the assumption that the winning of state power
AND
degree of integration of the state into the network of capitalist social relations.

No Solvency - Plan cannot overcome the psychological reasons that these bus drivers and employee’s rape and exploit young women – they are just a band-aid

The government isn’t pursuing the plan as a matter of choice.  They aren’t unaware of the harms—the AFF’s entire advantage assumes both that US imperialism is merely a “mistake” and that knowledge about the way that policy is formed can do anything to change the violence of the status quo.  
Herod 01 (James, “A Stake, Not a Mistake: On Not Seeing the Enemy”, October, http://www.jamesherod.info/index.php?sec=paperandid=9andprint=yandPHPSESSID=4387a9147ad42723ea101944dd538914)

I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating,
AND
, and states and governments, they could begin to see another way. 

Their solidarity is just a leftist authoritarian depiction of Mexican workers
FRENCH 2 JOHN D. Faculty of Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies and Professor of History. Labor History, Vol. 43, No. 4
Does the abstract entity we call Mexican “workers” exist? And if so
AND
many national contingents of working and middle class peoples. A Luta Continua!

Turn – legalism
The impotence of the NAALC is offense – it sucks up crucial time and resources that laborers living day-to-day simply don’t have.
Delp et al. 4 Linda, Project Director, UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education, Marisol Arriaga and Guadalupe Palma, Graduates of UCLA Law School, Haydee Urita, Graduate, UCLA Department of Urban Planning and Latin American Studies, and Abel Valenzuela, Associate Professor, UCLA Department of Urban Planning and Chair, Cesar Chavez Center for Chicano Studies, “NAFTA’’S LABOR SIDE AGREEMENT: Fading into Oblivion? An Assessment of Workplace Health and Safety Cases”, UCLA CENTER FOR LABOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION, http://www.labor.ucla.edu/publications/pdf/nafta.pdf
Given the external political constraints, the limitations of the process as structured and implemented
AND
not recommend filing. (U.S. union representative, 8) 

Can’t solve – the plan only implements surface-level reforms for certain women – no institutional benefit
Travis 92 (Karen F., international economist with the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, “Women in Global Production and Worker Rights Provisions in U.S. Trade Laws” 17 Yale J. Int'l L. 173 1992)
On the other hand, the benefits that may accrue to some female workers by
AND
address the multiplicity of obstacles faced by so many working women in developing countries
struggling to support themselves and their families. Statutory language making employment discrimination an actionable
AND
-cut panacea to the problems faced by female workers in developing countries.

Empirically, workers will be fired for fear of organization
HATHAWAY 2  Dale A, a senior fellow at the National Center For Food and Agricultural Policy in Washington, DC, and served as a consultant to various international institutions and governments, Labor History, Vol. 43, No. 4
As already demonstrated in the cases above, employers in Mexico frequently respond to union
AND
culture, and resentment against the capital is an important part of it.

Aff makes exploitation of labor more palatable – capitalism still profits in a world of regulation of worker’s rights

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matea Ivanovic,Iris Malone, Sam Haley-Hill
Text: We affirm the entirety of the 1ac with the exception of the plantext.

It’s net beneficial – it solves better because it doesn’t start at the place of the state or include the pretended fiated action we will get links to.

It’s legitimate – they get 100 of the plan to generate offense versus the cp, this is a necessary test against critical affirmatives.

There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency.
Schlag 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will
AND
in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.

The assumption of 1AC solvency papers over the rough edges of the world with normative legal talk, emotionally disconnecting them from the implications of the speech act
Delgado 91 (richard delgado , colorado law professor, 139 pa. L. Rev. 933, april)
But what is the cash value of all this priest-talk in the law
AND
found in cases where the Supreme Court has been faced with subsistence claims.

They are more interested in playing hermeneutic games than engaging in politics, the preoccupation with pretending to be policymakers traps them in a spectator position and bars them from recognizing the bureaucratic violence of legal praxis.
Schlag 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
All of this can seem very funny. That's because it is very funny.
AND
who are largely the manipulated constructions of bureaucratic practices -- academic and otherwise.

Dispute mechanisms within NAALC which the aff strengthens promotes US dominance over Mexican and Canadian labor politics – this prevents true cooperation or labor conflict resolution which turns solvency.
Dombois et al 2003 Rainer Dombois – prof, sociology, U of Bremen, Erhard Hornberger, Jens Winter University of Bremen, “Transnational labor regulation in the NAFTA – a Problem of Institutional Design?  The case of the North American Agreement on LaborCooperationbetweentheUSA,MexicoandCanada”http:www.ilo.org/public/english/iira/documents/congresses/world_13/track_3_dombois.pdf

The dominance problem All approaches to international and transnational labour regulation have to deal with
AND
place  high-quality standards, there, inflexible and corrupt state bureaucracies.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Francis GR | Judge: Matea Ivanovic,Iris Malone, Sam Haley-Hill
Economic engagement is economic incentives or removing trade and investment barriers
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.}

Aff changes regulations, not a net increase in economic ties or interaction

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Vashon SZ | Judge: Stephen Goldberg
Warming

Water infrastructure cooperation not key to GHG emissions—energy infrastructure cooperation is, no spillover. GHG reduction is specific to trucks and the climate change workshop—1AC card
NCM 9 (National Coordinators Meeting, 2009, U.S.-Mexico Border Environmental Program: Border 2012,http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/english/Documents/B201220NCM20JointComminq20UCAI20Signature20eng.pdf, P. 1, Accessed: 11/11/13, LPS.)

Reducing Water Contamination
 We celebrate new Border 2012 demonstration projects, including storm-water detention structures
AND
priority projects, 26 received grant support for planning and design in 2009.
 Reducing Air Pollution
We commend the Air Policy Forum and the BECC for hosting a Climate Change Workshop
AND
the United States and practical information regarding financial tools and mechanisms for projects.

No modeling—their Selee evidence is in context of emissions and renewables

Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm
Gillett et al 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, “Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions”. Nature Geoscience
Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is
AND
several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.

Mars proves—solar changes are inevitable and cause more warming
National Post 7 (Lawrence Solomon, staff writer, February 7, “Look to Mars for the Truth on Globl Warming” http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=edae9952-3c3e-47ba-913f-7359a5c7f723andk=0/)

Climate change is a much, much bigger issue than the public, politicians,
AND
expansion, ascend to the atmosphere only to give the absorbed heat away." 

3 periods of rapid warming show no extinctions- models are flawed guesswork
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
The first period they examined was the Eocene Climatic Optimum (53–51 million
AND
must be considered little more than guesswork (see also Chapman, 2010). 

Adaptations check biodiversity loss
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
One of the most powerful means plant and animal species have for avoiding extinction during
AND
et al. (2009), and Erschbamer et al. (2009). 

Disease adv

They read no spillover card—plan is specific to border region—means they can’t solve for their terminal impact

No risk of big impact – quarantines check, SARS—one of the only contagious waterborne diseases—prove  
Pharma Investments, Ventures and Law Weekly 05 “SARS; Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections” Lexis
Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections. "Over time,
AND
. J Infect, 2005;50(5):386-393).

1. Diseases evolve to be benign – too short-term to be an existential threat
   AMNH 98 (The American Museum of Natural History “How did Hyperdisease cause extinctions?” http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Day1/disease/Bit2.html)
   It is well known that lethal diseases can have a profound effect on species' population
   AND
   be maintained within the host population, thus ensuring the pathogen's ultimate survival.

2. No terminal impact – diseases kill too fast or too slow.
The Independent 3 (“Future Tense: Is Mankind Doomed?” http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0725-04.htm)
Maybe - though plenty of experienced graduate students could already have a stab. But
AND
. As scares go, this one is ideal - overblown and unrealistic.

3. No risk of big impact – quarantines check, SARS
Pharma 5 (Pharma Investments, Ventures and Law Weekly “SARS; Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections” Lexis)
Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections. "Over time,
AND
. J Infect, 2005;50(5):386-393).

4. A virus has never actually killed off any species – existential threat is just hype
New York Times 97 (May 18, “Pathogens of Glory” http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E6DA1639F93BA25756C0A961958260andsec=andspon=andpagewanted=2)
Despite such horrific effects, Dr. Peters is fairly anti-apocalyptic when it
AND
virus in all of history. Yet it's Ebola that people find ''scary''!

5. Focusing on one area is useless in the case of a highly infectious disease.
Barrett 5 (Scott, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins U, “Transnational Public Goods for Health” http://www.gpgtaskforce.org/uploads/files/65.doc)
You might think that the control of an infectious disease must be a global public
AND
effect anywhere else. That control would not be a global public good.

Natives advantage

The plan is implemented to further economic divide and racism in Mexico – southern regions are further neglected
Loera 11 (Juan, Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Interculturales e Indigenas, “Inequalities between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Populations in Northern Mexico” http://www.academia.edu/878117/Inequalities_between_Indigenous_and_Non-Indigenous_Populations_in_Northern_Mexico, igm)
Poverty is concentrated on rural and marginalised areas where there is a concentration of indigenous
AND
, indigenous people primarily populate areas with high or very high marginalisation levels.

the affirmative’s efforts at equality and justice are a clever ruse of the majority – this form of narcissistic hegemony guarantees the continuation of discrimination – the extension of the gift only strengthens the power of the white man
Arrigo and Williams 2k (Bruce and Christopher, California School of Professional Psychology, 2000, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, August page First Search gjm)
 The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national
AND
context of alterity, undecidability, cultural plurality, and affirmative postmodern thought.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Vashon SZ | Judge: Stephen Goldberg
Imaginaries of climatic apocalypticism are profoundly depoliticizing—appeals to a singular human fate objectify nature and ensure nothing changes.
Swyngedouw ‘13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

A flood of literature on the relationship between apocalyptic imaginaries, popular culture, and
AND
re’s (1998) words, so that nothing really has to change.

Security discourse enables acceptance of war and prevention policies, eliminating the possibility for dissent – making conflict inevitable
Neocleous 12 (Mark Neocleous, Professor of Politics and History at Brunel University in the UK, July 26 2012, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol.37, No. 3, “''Don't Be Scared, Be Prepared'' : Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience,” sagepub, azp)
In this regard, we might pay heed to Franz Neumann’s comment on the role
AND
, and the permanence of the security preparations carried out in its name.

Objectivist security studies will always fail – The historical and critical reflection our kritik engages in creates the possibility for studies that are more grounded in history
Krause and Williams 1997 (Keith is associate professor of political science at York University in Toronto, Michael C. is assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine, 1997. Critical Security Studies Concepts and Cases, 49-51)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also
AND
as grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Vashon SZ | Judge: Stephen Goldberg
Economic engagement requires a quid pro quo
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
AND
efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Tyler Cook
Cuban influence key to China’s Latin American agenda
Hearn 09 – Senior Research Fellow at the University of Sydney. Kiriyama Research Fellow at the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim (Adrian, "China’s relations with Mexico and Cuba: A Study of Contrasts" Pacific Rim Report No 52, January, usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport52.html)VP
China is Cuba’s second largest trading partner after Venezuela, with 2.7 billion
AND
the region as an external—potentially imperialistic—threat to economic sovereignty.

Plan is perceived as economic manipulation – that tanks China soft power
Blumenthal 08 – American Enterprise Institute Resident Fellow (Dan, "Concerns with Respect to China’s Energy Policy", July 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/concerns-with-respect-to-chinas-energy-policy/)//VP**
As China scours the globe for energy resources, it has become a new player
AND
toward the "liberal" end of the economic policy spectrum.4\

Soft power is key to maintain the Sino-Taiwan relationship – that solves escalatory crisis
Efthymiou 12 – Pavlos, PhD Candidate in Politics and International Studies, St. Edmund ’ s College, University of Cambridge, ("’Where Does China’s Soft Power Stem From and What are its Implications for the US?", December 21, 2012, http://academia.edu/2319797/Chinese_Soft_Power_Sources_And_Implications_For_The_US)//sawyer
Weiji, the Chinese word which describes the combination of threat and opportunity, best
AND
of the Kuomintang Party (2008) (Halper, 2010:19)

Extinction
Hunkovic, 09 – Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University(Lee, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict- Possible Futures of a Confrontation Between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America",  http://www.lamp-method.org/ecommons/hunkovic.pdf)//VP
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Tyler Cook
Text: The United States federal government should implement organoponics in the United States.

Organoponics solve agriculture
1ac Shkolnick 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES" 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban
AND
may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Tyler Cook
Security discourse enables acceptance of war and prevention policies, eliminating the possibility for dissent – making conflict inevitable
Neocleous 12 (Mark Neocleous, Professor of Politics and History at Brunel University in the UK, July 26 2012, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol.37, No. 3, “''Don't Be Scared, Be Prepared'' : Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience,” sagepub, azp)
In this regard, we might pay heed to Franz Neumann’s comment on the role
AND
, and the permanence of the security preparations carried out in its name.

Objectivist security studies will always fail – The historical and critical reflection our kritik engages in creates the possibility for studies that are more grounded in history
Krause and Williams 1997 (Keith is associate professor of political science at York University in Toronto, Michael C. is assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine, 1997. Critical Security Studies Concepts and Cases, 49-51)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also
AND
as grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Tyler Cook
Economic engagement requires a quid pro quo
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
AND
efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Iris Malone
Identity politics uniquely prevent successful alternatives to capitalism – destroy coalitions
Herod 7 (James, Columbia U graduate and political activist, “Getting Free” Pg. 33 JF)
The so-called new social movements, based on gender, racial, sexual
AND
clamor for admittance to the system by the majorities in their own movements.

Structural issues in the capitalist mode of production devalue labor and cause extinction
Brown, 05 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)
The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

Rejecting the aff is a prerequisite to our totalizing rejection, identity politics create conditions for piecemeal reforms.  
Herod 4 (James, renowned philosopher, author, and social activist, “Getting Free”, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm)
It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
another, and not merely reforming one way of life into something else.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Iris Malone
The presumption that ‘men’ exist in a definable category is a fascist demand that bodies conform to a rigidly standardized heterosexual model
Butler 1993 (Judith Butler, Johns Hopkins University, “Sexual Inversions,” Foucault and the Critique of Institutions. 1993, azp)
How does this inversion from early to late modern power affect Foucault's discussion of yet
AND
. One might claim that sex is here according to a heterosexual morphology.

Their authors’ assumption of sexual difference as a universal ordering category transposes Western binary thinking onto non-Western societies where social categories of man and woman are not primarily ordering. This “body reasoning” is constructed by and constructs Western dominance
Oyewumi 97 Oyeronke Oyewumi, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
INDISPUTABLY, gender has been a fundamental organizing principle in Western societies.1 Intrinsic
AND
the world, one that is facilitated by the West’s global material dominance.

Other forms of oppression are not linked to sexual difference – racial oppression for example is linked to percieved differences in skin colour – their inability to account for this prevents coalition building with other actors
Nagoshi1 phd student in social work @ ASU and Brzuzy Chair and Associate Professor of Social Work @ xavier 2010 (Julie L, Stephan/ie “Transgender Theory: Embodying Research and Practice “ Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work 25(4) 431-443)
As Hesse-Biber, Gilmartin, and Lydenberg (1999) discussed, the
AND
and queer theorists have at times tried deliberately to keep these identities separate.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Iris Malone
Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot –

It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the aff project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – that was defined in CX when the 1ac explained the necessity of the ballot in the context of talking about themselves. However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis.
Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust
Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses “raised.”

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Iris Malone
Their use of the word 'disease' to describe the impact of patriarchy appeals to a singular human fate - justifies cleansing
Swyngedouw ‘13 (Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918)

Using fear as motivation for action creates a permanent condition of anxiety – the impact is ontological disposability
Neocleous 12 (Mark Neocleous, Professor of Politics and History at Brunel University in the UK, July 26 2012, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol.37, No. 3, “''Don't Be Scared, Be Prepared'' : Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience,” sagepub, azp)
In this regard, we might pay heed to Franz Neumann’s comment on the role
AND
, and the permanence of the security preparations carried out in its name.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coeur dAlene | Judge: Iris Malone
Interpretation - the aff must defend the hypothetical enactment of a topical plan.

Key to effective deliberation - which is good
Freeley and Steinberg, 8 Austin L. John Caroll University, and and David L., University of Miami, 2/13/2008, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making”, 12th edition, http://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/argumentation-and-debate.pdf, p. 43-44, accessed 7/4/13,
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.

Literally that was it

Tournament: Lexington | Round: Octas | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Suo, Hammond, Woodhead
1nc Multilat

Multilateralism fails—
A. Enforcement
Rubin 9 Jennifer Rubin is COMMENTARY's contributing editor and is a graduate of Berkeley and of Boalt Hall School of Law, 26 September 2009, “How’s That Multilateralism Going?”,http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2009/09/26/hows-that-multilateralism-going/ SD
Obama and his Left-leaning supporters in universities and the media swoon over the
AND
. And that, on Iran, is exactly what we are doing.

B. Inflexibility
Wesley 11 Michael Wesley was Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy from 2009 to 2012. Previously he was Professor of International Relations and Director of the Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University, 18 May 2011, “Australia’s Multilateralism Fetish”, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/?d=D20-20Multilateralism20and20its20critics//LA
This is really dangerous, because multilateralism has become the copper wire phone network of
AND
diplomatic capacity, leaving fewer and fewer resources to work on pressing problems.

NSA surveillance destroys alliances – reconciliation is key to reclaiming trust
Mitchell and McClam 10/28 (Andrea and Erin, "US coping with furious allies as NSA spying revelations grow," 10/28/13, usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/28/21209499-us-coping-with-furious-allies-as-nsa-spying-revelations-grow?lite, slim_)
Jay Carney, the White House press secretary, said Monday that a White House
AND
to, apparently, some of our very closest allies,” he said.

No scenario for conflict – enemies aren’t waiting to attack the U.S.—regional actors check escalation.
Bandow, 11 – senior fellow at the Cato Institute. A former special assistant to Ronald Reagan, he is the author of Foreign Follies: America's New Global Empire (Xulon) 1-31-2011, Doug Bandow, “Solving the Debt Crisis: A Military Budget for a Republic”, January 31st, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12746, RM
More than two decades after the Cold War dramatically ended, the U.S
AND
Korea when it implodes." Actually, that should be South Korea's job.

North Korean apocalyptic threat discourse utilizes Manichean dichotomies to serve the American hegemonic project – the aff’s representations are militaristic attempts to stifle political dissent and exert coercive control over the orient – a strategy like the affirmative’s can only lead to napalm and radioactive ash
Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-1-13, “US Protection Racket Root of Korea Conflict,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/01/us-protection-racket-root-of-korea-conflict/) gz
The conflict emanates from Washington and is perpetuated by Washington. Why? To justify
AND
because domination, aggression and terrorism are the hallmarks of Washington’s Mafia regime.

Their depiction of Iran is inherently hyperbolic and reifies a violent ontology that posits it as the dangerous Other – that makes warfare inevitable
Trafton 13 (Jordan Trafton, MA student in International Relations, 3-24-13, “Securitized Iran: Threat or Not?,” http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/03/24/securitized-iran-threat-or-not/) gz
“Nuclear Armageddon!” and “Kissinger Predicts Nuclear war with Iran” are just
AND
avoiding the friend-enemy distinction that is ever present in international relations.

No ME escalation
Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, ‘7
(Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98) 

Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni-
AND
cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare.

Empirics are conclusive – tons of war in the region and zero escalation
Kevin Drum, Staff Writer for the Washington Monthly, 9/9/’7
(http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2007_09/012029.php)

Having admitted, however, that the odds of a military success in Iraq are
AND
Algeria fought an internal civil war for a decade. No regional conflagration. 

The affirmative’s claims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China – this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable – the result is the inevitable emergence of a ‘China threat’ based on orientalization
Pan 4 – prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, (Chengxin, “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics,” 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html)
Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the
AND
the indispensable nation in a world of anarchy is often to demand absolute security

. As James Chace and Caleb Carr note, "for over two centuries the
AND
the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy. 

There is no uniqueness to this advantage—no evidence that multilat is declining now—here’s evidence that says the opposite
Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File)
--threats to our cred are always exaggerated
--nobody can overtake us
A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to
AND
about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it. 

None of their evidence says lifting the embargo leads to a new era of multilateralism because that would be stupid – it just says lifting the embargo is a multilateral action
Harvey, 4 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45)  bghs-ms

The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a simple one, sum- marized by Ramesh
AND
threats virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.

Sugar 

Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance
Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14  MT)

Since the 1970s, the concept of ‘food security’ has been the primary lens
AND
notions of risk, threat and permanent emergency that constitute its governmental rationale.

No food wars – history proves
Salehyan, 7 Idean Salehyan, 8-14-07, Foreign Policy, “The New Myth About Climate Change”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/08/13/the_new_myth_about_climate_change?wp_login_redirect=0, accessed, 7-12-13 AMS
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
AND
there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.

Can’t re-build sugar sector – unworkable land and long-time frame.
Soligo ‘10
et al; Ronald Soligo is a professor emeritus of economics at Rice University and a Rice scholar at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. The author writes a chapter within the book “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication, edited by Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska –obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 102
Three and a half billion gallons seems unrealistic for the foreseeable future. There is
AND
water and fertilizer, and other inputs would all need to be considered.

Cuba and the US won’t trade – there’s no market in US for Cuban goods and Cuba won’t abandon relationships with China and Venezuela
Suchlicki, 2013 (Jaime, Director of Institute for Cuban Studies at the University of Miami “What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?,” Feb 26, Online: http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
All trade with Cuba is done with state owned businesses. Since Cuba has very
AND
exports. Yet, cigar production is mostly committed to the European market. 

Cuban sugarcane won’t be able to meet demand
Soligo and Jaffe, 10– Rice Scholar at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University AND Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at Rice University (Ronald AND Amy Myers, Cuba's Energy Future Strategic Approaches to Cooperation, p. 102-103)NG
¶ Issues in Achieving Cuba’s Ethanol Potential As noted, estimates of Cuba’s ethanol potential
AND
at 2006 prices) to build sufficient capacity to produce 2 billion gallons. 

Lifting restrictions won’t cause enough investment
Specht, 13 – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc., B.A., LSU (Jonathan, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States”, UC Davis, 4-24-13, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)//NG
III. THE POTENTIAL CUBAN ETHANOL INDUSTRY¶ To speak of a “Cuban sugarcane
AND
vehicles could be adopted in Cuba at faster rates than in other countries. 

Sugar ethanol is specifically key to Brazil’s economy --- it’s growing now --- our ev is reverse-causal
Villareal, 13
Ryan Villareal, foreign affairs reporter for International Business Times with a focus on Latin America; “How Brazil Turned Ethanol Into A Unique Success,” 2/8/2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/how-brazil-turned-ethanol-unique-success-1064308 bghs-ms

“Brazil is unique,” said Terry McInturff, director of the Energy Commerce Program
AND
. “Energy supply has been a major bottleneck for economic growth there.”

Brazil’s economy is critical to the Latin American and US economies – collapses multilat
Donald SHULTZ, Research Professor of National Security Policy at US Army War College, “THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE,” March, 2000, pg. Online @ http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/PUB31.pdf 

What are the major threats confronting Latin America,¶ how do they affect U.
AND
economic health were already affecting the¶ U.S. stock market.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: Octas | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Suo, Hammond, Woodhead
Security logic perpetuates endless war and capitalizes on anxiety in order to render individuals docile bodies constantly preparing for catastrophe.  
Neocleous 12 (Mark Neocleous, Professor of Politics and History at Brunel University in the UK, July 26 2012, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol.37, No. 3, “''Don't Be Scared, Be Prepared'' : Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience,” sagepub, azp)

In this regard, we might pay heed to Franz Neumann’s comment on the role
AND
, and the permanence of the security preparations carried out in its name.

This apocalyptic addiction to stasis justifies any degree of violence in pursuit of security.
Coviello 2000 (Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On)
Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not
AND
or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

The historical and critical reflection our kritik engages in is a necessary deterritorialization of the 1ac advantage scenarios.  We must move away from the objectivist approach of the 1ac, towards more diverse, interpretive modes of analysis.
Krause and Williams 1997 (Keith is associate professor of political science at York University in Toronto, Michael C. is assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine, 1997. Critical Security Studies Concepts and Cases, 49-51)

The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also
AND
as grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: Octas | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Suo, Hammond, Woodhead
Economic engagement requires a quid pro quo
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
AND
efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
No China war
Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, “Resetting the US–China Security Relationship,” Survival | vol. 53 no. 2 | April–May 2011 | pp. 89–116
Weighed in the aggregate, China’s rise remains a peaceful process, and the record
AND
no possibility of reaching a breakthrough in border negotiations.’2 pg. 90

US engagement in Latin America increases US-China tension
Oxley 12, Federal Executive Fellow Audry, 5/10/2012, “Dragon Training at Home Exploring the Possibilities for Collaboration Between the U.S. and Chinese Navies in the Western Hemisphere,” pg. 6 http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/7/1020china20us20defense/1020china20us20defense.pdf, date accessed 7/2/2013 IGM
However, a shift of tectonic proportions is underway in U.S.-China
AND
which is to diminish U.S. influence in the ¶ Americas.

No resource wars
Tetrais 12—Senior Research Fellow at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratgique (FRS). Past positions include: Director, Civilian Affairs Committee, NATO Assembly (1990-1993); European affairs desk officer, Ministry of Defense (1993-1995); Visiting Fellow, the Rand Corporation (1995-1996); Special Assistant to the Director of Strategic Affairs, Ministry of Defense (1996-2001).(Bruno, The Demise of Ares, csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerTertrais.pdf)

The Unconvincing Case for ‘‘New Wars’’ ¶ Is the demise of war reversible?
AND
will be driven by nationalist passions, not the desperate hunger for hydrocarbons.

Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm
Gillett et al 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, “Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions”. Nature Geoscience
Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is
AND
several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.

Mars proves—solar changes are inevitable and cause more warming
National Post 7 (Lawrence Solomon, staff writer, February 7, “Look to Mars for the Truth on Globl Warming” http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=edae9952-3c3e-47ba-913f-7359a5c7f723andk=0/)

Climate change is a much, much bigger issue than the public, politicians,
AND
expansion, ascend to the atmosphere only to give the absorbed heat away." 

3 periods of rapid warming show no extinctions- models are flawed guesswork
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
The first period they examined was the Eocene Climatic Optimum (53–51 million
AND
must be considered little more than guesswork (see also Chapman, 2010). 

Adaptations check biodiversity loss
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
One of the most powerful means plant and animal species have for avoiding extinction during
AND
et al. (2009), and Erschbamer et al. (2009). 

Plan kills Cuba’s agriculture model
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
AND
the Special Period in ways that diverged radically from the prevailing neoliberal model.
One of the most significant decisions that Cuba will face after the lifting of the
AND
and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Empirics prove
McKibben, 5 – author, environmentalist, and activist. In 1988, he wrote The End of Nature, the first book for a common audience about global warming. He is the co-founder and Chairman of the Board at 350.org, an international climate campaign that works in 188 countries around the world (Bill, “The Cuba Diet”, Harper’s Magazine, April, reprinted here - http://billtotten.blogspot.com/2005/04/cuba-diet.html

One question is: How resilient is the new Cuban agriculture? Despite ever tougher
AND
contaminating the original strains of the crop, which began in southern Mexico.

*Ethanol

No impact to food wars and no empirical basis
Allouche 11, research Fellow – water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, frmr professor – MIT, ‘11
(Jeremy, “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Vol. 36 Supplement 1, p. S3-S8, January)

The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).

Aff cant solve – Castro won’t allow sugar-ethanol
Specht ‘12
(Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D.,¶ Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)

To speak of a Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol industry is, at this point
AND
to 2 billion gallons of¶ sugar-based ethanol per year.”¶ 4

2 Can’t re-build sugar sector – unworkable land and long-time frame.
Soligo ‘10
et al; Ronald Soligo is a professor emeritus of economics at Rice University and a Rice scholar at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. The author writes a chapter within the book “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication, edited by Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska –obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 102
Three and a half billion gallons seems unrealistic for the foreseeable future. There is
AND
water and fertilizer, and other inputs would all need to be considered.

Pipelines Turn – US imports of Cuban ethanol lead to building of ethanol pipelines.
Jonathan Specht – 1AC author, 4-24-2013, Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States,” http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf 

Ethanol from Cuban-grown sugarcane could enter the gasoline supply of Florida in one
AND
Georgia. C. Economic Effects of Cuban Ethanol on the United States Generally 

Externally, ethanol pipelines suck – they lead to corrosion and leaks of oil and gas pipelines.
K.D. Mariano, 8-05-2011, writer for EcoSeed, OilPrice.com, energy news website, “Oil and Gas Pipelines at Risk from Ethanol Bacteria,” http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Oil-And-Gas-Pipelines-At-Risk-From-Ethanol-Bacteria.html

Oil and Gas Pipelines at Risk from Ethanol Bacteria Researchers from the National Institute of
AND
intensity levels on normal operating conditions. The cracking is related to corrosion.

Unchecked pipeline corrosion collapses marine biodiversity.
DSPComm, 2009 (one of the fastest growing companies in the underwater wireless modem market, “Subsea pipeline Monitoring,” http://www.dspcomm.com/applications_monitoring.html

Subsea pipeline monitoring In subsea oil and gas production fields, pipelines are an integral
AND
along the pipeline to collect data that can be reticulated to the surface. 

Ocean collapse causes extinction.
Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
Text: As they pertain to crude oil and sugar cane methanol, the United States federal government should exempt United States firms from restrictions on exploring, extracting, refining, importing, or coordinating engineering and safety protocols with the Republic of Cuba.

It solves – methanol is a comparatively better biofuel than ethanol and doesn’t lead to steam reforming.
Patrick Takahashi, 6-10-2008, Director Emeritus with the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute of the University of Hawaii, former professor of engineering, was for 15 years director of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and co-founder of the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research, awarded the Bechtel Energy Award by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Spark Matsunaga Memorial Award by the National Hydrogen Association and Ocean Pioneer Award by the Ocean Energy Council, "Ethanol Vs. Methanol," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/patrick-takahashi/ethanol-vs-methanol_b_106380.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/patrick-takahashi/ethanol-vs-methanol_b_106380.html

Ethanol and biodiesel are dead, long live methanol21 Methanol is the simplest alcohol
AND
within a decade. Biomethanol is real and immediately available for commercial prospecting.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
Security logic perpetuates endless war and capitalizes on anxiety in order to render individuals docile bodies constantly preparing for catastrophe.  
Neocleous 12 (Mark Neocleous, Professor of Politics and History at Brunel University in the UK, July 26 2012, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol.37, No. 3, “''Don't Be Scared, Be Prepared'' : Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience,” sagepub, azp)

In this regard, we might pay heed to Franz Neumann’s comment on the role
AND
, and the permanence of the security preparations carried out in its name.

This apocalyptic addiction to stasis justifies any degree of violence in pursuit of security.
Coviello 2000 (Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On)

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not
AND
or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

The historical and critical reflection our kritik engages in is a necessary deterritorialization of the 1ac advantage scenarios.  We must move away from the objectivist approach of the 1ac, towards more diverse, interpretive modes of analysis.
Krause and Williams 1997 (Keith is associate professor of political science at York University in Toronto, Michael C. is assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine, 1997. Critical Security Studies Concepts and Cases, 49-51)

The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also
AND
as grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
Transition to an ethanol economy catalyzes the use of steam reforming processes for ethanol use in fuel cells.
Prakash D. Vaidya1 and Alirio E. Rodrigues2, 3-15-2006, Ph.D Tech in Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Department of Chemical Engineering1, University of Porto, Department of Chemical Engineering2, "Insight into steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen for fuel cells," http://www.researchgate.net/publication/244361886_Insight_into_steam_reforming_of_ethanol_to_produce_hydrogen_for_fuel_cells-http://www.researchgate.net/publication/244361886_Insight_into_steam_reforming_of_ethanol_to_produce_hydrogen_for_fuel_cells 

Ethanol can be prepared from agricultural residues and hence is a renewable resource. Its
AND
will enable production of high-purity H2 and hence is very promising.

Ethanol steam reforming for fuel cells causes mass carbon monoxide production.
Cleantechnica Nathan, 7-17-2013, writer for CleanTechnica, "Ethanol Steam Reforming For Fuel Cells — Major Obstacle Overcome," http://cleantechnica.com/2013/07/17/ethanol-steam-reforming-fuel-cell/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/07/17/ethanol-steam-reforming-fuel-cell/

Ethanol steam reforming is a process whereby hydrogen gas can be generated directly within fuel
AND
creation of toxic carbon monoxide byproducts which then damage the fuel cell membranes.

High carbon monoxide levels cause extinction.
William D. Euille et al, 4-23-2009, Mayor of Alexandria, Virginia, with the Alexandria City Council, prepared by the Office of Environmental Quality, Transportation and Environmental Services, City of Alexandria, "Alexandria’s State of the Air Report – Past, Present and Future," http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/oeq/State20of20Air20Report.pdf-http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/oeq/State of Air Report.pdf

High CO levels can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body’s
AND
, CO can lead to headaches and nausea, even in healthy persons.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, … that it belongs to me.)

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: GDS GQ | Judge: Quamir Johnson
Interpretation – engagement is conditional
Wanee 11 ( Professor at UT Knoxville, “ Old actors, New Drama: Chinese Engagement with Africa and the Implications for the United States, http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2432andcontext=utk_chanhonopro,HK)
Beyond the dual-standard of non-interference versus accountability, critics¶ also
AND
for its partnerships if it¶ scales back its non-¶ interference policy.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Tech TB | Judge: Ben Allen
We affirm the 1ac minus the use of “speak” and “listen.”

Their framing of the 1ac’s resistance in the context of speaking and listening restricts performance to those capable of speaking and listening.

You have an educational duty to reject their ableist language.
Ben-Moshe 06 (Liat Ben-Moshe, Spring 2006, Volume 26, No. 2, Disability Studies Quarterly, “Infusing Disability in the Curriculum: The Case of Saramago's Blindness”, http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/688/865)
Using blindness as metaphor in novels reinforces a precarious duality: 1) the perception
AND
what are we missing when we use disability merely as a rhetorical tool?

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Tech TB | Judge: Ben Allen
Calls to take action and alleviate suffering from within the debate space are nothing more than us vampirically draining the life out of the so-called “victims,” commodifying their pain for the ballot and inserting them into the liberal exchange economy and the military-industrial-complex – turns case.
Baudrillard 96 (Jean Baudrillard The Perfect Crime, 1996, pg 133 – 137)

Our reality: that is the problem. We have only one, and it
AND
aware of what we are doing -- from evil, never from misfortune. 

The 1AC feeds into the structures it kritiks. They have us worship violence and murder in order to achieve political change. We agree anti-black terror is a bad thing, but the way in which they would have us Affirm the actions of a Murderer is a bad method. MLK, Ghandi and others proves that VIOLENCE IN NOT THE ANSWER

White Knight Complex—they create a charity case out of less fortunate populations—results in the creation of new ethical crises to intervene in to maintain enjoyment that snowballs uncontrollably
Baudrillard in 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 66-71 

We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the 'other
AND
by fate, it will prefer to stage its own death as a species

They also cherry pick the way in which they present information. Congressmen and Women sent letters to Castro the day following the resolution to get Assata to the United States saying that they did not agree with the resolution. The Councilmen of New York is lobbying for her taking off of the Most Wanted List. Change is occurring but they just want to win a Ballot

The affirmative misunderstands power – power comes from below, not above.  Thus, a universal ordering principle for power can neither be found nor imposed.  Our recognition of the constructive contingencies of power relations on the border is the only productive discursive interrogation of race
Foucault 78.  (The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1.  p 94-98)
Continuing this line of discussion, we can advance a certain¶ number of propositions
AND
of discourses on sex in the field of multiple and mobile power relations.

The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA

I keep secrets. Even though I am told over and over by white feminists
AND
hidden understanding reduces in cases of extreme political vulnerability that morally require secrecy.

Turns the case – secrets are a prerequisite to liberation—revealing them endangers the lives and freedoms of the oppressed
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA
Given the two distinguishable forms of oppositional secrecy, the question remains what political reasons
AND
in question judge best the full practical and political import of open identification.

Their discursive strategy negates the necessity of changing material conditions and is merely a self-righteous attempt of intellectuals to center themselves as a kind of hero, as the new subject of social change, over and opposed to those actually oppressed and disenfranchised
Poitevin, PhD Cand Sociol @ UC-Davis, 2001 (Rene Francisco, “The end of anti-capitalism as we knew it: Reflections on postmodern Marxism”, TheSocialist Review, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3952/is_200101/ai_n8932891)The Postmodern Intellectual as Revolutionary Subject, Or Capitalocentrism Strikes Back

Let us bracket for a moment the limitations of postmodern/post-Marxist epistemologies
AND
Leninist) nothing short of a new vanguardism on post-structuralist steroids. 

Revolutions against sovereignty come to desire a reaffirmation of state authority
Newman 4 (Saul, U of Western Australia, Interrogating the Master: Lacan and Radical Politics, Psychoanalys and Culture 2004, 9, p. 298-314)LA *We don’t defend gendered language. Pronoun replaced in the body of this text, marked by |||.

Psychoanalytic theory has a less sanguine and utopian view of human nature and the possibilities
AND
permitted anymore’’’ (Grigg, Seminar XVII, Ch 8, p 3).

Their attempt at academic change through the black and brown body sustains power’s ability to constrain ANY resistance by turning those victims of power into ghosts.  Liberal citizenship attempts to remember past political struggles that ultimately fetishize movements of the past, especially in academic subculture—turns the case
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9.http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19
Totally managed death. A machine for administering death, for the proliferation of technologies
AND
gets its own designated burial plot.  Who doesn’t participate in this graveyard?

The affirmative is theory for theory’s sake – the process of discoursing suffering gives way to a bureaucratization of the Other’s suffering which further entrenches domination while positioning the affirmative as savior
Nayar 2013 (Jayan Nayar, PhD from the University of Cambridge, Department of Law at the University of Warwick, February 2013, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-The-World: Thinking Exteriority,” Law and Critique Volume 24 Issue 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2001975) gz
People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
the normalities of business-as-usual (Robinson and Tormey 2009).

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Tech TB | Judge: Ben Allen
Reject the affirmative’s call for the ballot –

It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – this rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn. The guilt solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the aff project from directly changing the lives they invoke to warrant a ballot
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

This is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC. This rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses “raised.”

Their Shakur iconography will be coopted
James 99 Joy James Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics 1999 Presidential Professor of the Humanities and a professor in political science at Williams College Pg. Xiii
Chapter 4, "Radicalizing Feminisms from The Movement' Era." reviews the emergence and
AND
opposition, it promotes the disappearance of black female agency in political struggles.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: David Herman
Their invocation of radical democracy and critical pedagogy as a node for resistance serve as intellectual empowerment for the sole benefit of human ends
Best 6 (Steven, Intl Journal of Inclusive Democracy, http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution_PRINTABLE.htm, azp)
The prejudice and discriminatory attitude of speciesism is as much a part of the Left
AND
holistic vision to grasp the profound connections between animal abuse and human suffering. 

Anthropocentrism is the original hierarchy – all other forms of exploitation and domination are premised on the human / nature dichotomy.
Best 07 (Steven Best, Professor of Humanities and Philosophy @ UT el Paso, review of Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust by Charles Patterson, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_7/bestpatterson.pdf, azp)
It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
AND
inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation.

Our alternative is to endorse the global suicide of humanity. The only possible way to atone for centuries of human chauvinism is to engage in utopian anti-humanism. Global suicide as a thought experiment is the most ethical response to anthropocentricism.
Kochi and Ordan 08 (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf, azp)
How might such a standpoint of dialectical, utopian anti-humanism reconfigure a notion
AND
no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: David Herman
Transformations in consciousness can never lead to social change – only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations
Marx, 1845
(Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm)
This conception of history depends on our ability to expound the real process of production
AND
It shows that circumstances make men just as much as men make circumstances.

Their emphasis on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism
Zavarzadeh, 94 – department of English at Syracuse
(Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative
Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html)
The task of this text1 is to lay bare the structure of
AND
not get a political or philosophical argument but a tropological description.5

Structural issues in the capitalist mode of production devalue labor and cause extinction
Brown, 05 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)
The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

The affirmative’s invocation of the “world war” metaphor is the latest in a trend of the use of militarized rhetoric in our everyday lives. This makes the educational space of this debate a warzone. To compare the spread of neoliberalism to literal war is to energize a violent frenzy that creates oppositional politics based on hatred and enemy creation
Stuart 11 – prof of law @ Valparaiso
(Susan, War As Metaphor And The Rule Of Law In Crisis: The Lessons We Should Have Learned From The War On Drugs, Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Vol. 36)
Rhetoric has long been employed to persuade, even goad, people to action.
AND
consequence of which may be a fundamental change in the rule of law.

Giroux’s radical democracy fails – the right will co-opt the plan’s invigoration of public spaces to prevent a genuine societal transformation
Vincent 6 Jonathan Vincent is a PhD candidate in American studies at the University of Illinois, where he teaches American literature and composition. “A Call to Arms in a Repressive Atmosphere of Educational Acquiescence”, Pedagogy 6.1 (2006) 189-198, JSTOR khirn
Take Back Higher Education labors tirelessly to map out a course for critical dissent,
AND
totalitarian machine that has mastered the discourse of older forms of leftism.2 

The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case
Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA

I keep secrets. Even though I am told over and over by white feminists
AND
hidden understanding reduces in cases of extreme political vulnerability that morally require secrecy.

Revolutions against sovereignty come to desire a reaffirmation of state authority
Newman 4 (Saul, U of Western Australia, Interrogating the Master: Lacan and Radical Politics, Psychoanalys and Culture 2004, 9, p. 298-314)LA *We don’t defend gendered language. Pronoun replaced in the body of this text, marked by |||.

Psychoanalytic theory has a less sanguine and utopian view of human nature and the possibilities
AND
permitted anymore’’’ (Grigg, Seminar XVII, Ch 8, p 3).

Their attempt at academic change through indigenous narratives sustains power’s ability to constrain ANY resistance by turning those victims of power into ghosts.  Liberal citizenship attempts to remember past political struggles that ultimately fetishize movements of the past, especially in academic subculture—turns the case
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9.http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19
Totally managed death. A machine for administering death, for the proliferation of technologies
AND
gets its own designated burial plot.  Who doesn’t participate in this graveyard?

The affirmative is theory for theory’s sake – the process of discoursing suffering gives way to a bureaucratization of the Other’s suffering which further entrenches domination while positioning the affirmative as savior
Nayar 2013 (Jayan Nayar, PhD from the University of Cambridge, Department of Law at the University of Warwick, February 2013, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-The-World: Thinking Exteriority,” Law and Critique Volume 24 Issue 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2001975) gz
People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
the normalities of business-as-usual (Robinson and Tormey 2009).

Reappropriation of colonial violence fails to effect change in the face of oppression
Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition. 

We control uniqueness – the academy has been promising change for too long
Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: David Herman
Reject the affirmative’s call for the ballot –

It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – this rhetorical alliance with the alterity of the Venezuelan people is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn. The guilt solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the aff project from directly changing the lives they invoke to warrant a ballot
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

This is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC. This rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only for the sake of intellectual affirmation in the context of this debate round but can never interrogate the broader structures that induce this alterity in the first place
Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses “raised.”

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central QP | Judge: Grellinger
Cuban influence key to China’s Latin American agenda
Hearn 09 – Senior Research Fellow at the University of Sydney. Kiriyama Research Fellow at the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim (Adrian, "China’s relations with Mexico and Cuba: A Study of Contrasts" Pacific Rim Report No 52, January, usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport52.html)VP
China is Cuba’s second largest trading partner after Venezuela, with 2.7 billion
AND
the region as an external—potentially imperialistic—threat to economic sovereignty.

Plan is perceived as economic manipulation – that tanks China soft power
Blumenthal 08 – American Enterprise Institute Resident Fellow (Dan, "Concerns with Respect to China’s Energy Policy", July 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/concerns-with-respect-to-chinas-energy-policy/)//VP**
As China scours the globe for energy resources, it has become a new player
AND
toward the "liberal" end of the economic policy spectrum.4\

Soft power is key to maintain the Sino-Taiwan relationship – that solves escalatory crisis
Efthymiou 12 – Pavlos, PhD Candidate in Politics and International Studies, St. Edmund ’ s College, University of Cambridge, ("’Where Does China’s Soft Power Stem From and What are its Implications for the US?", December 21, 2012, http://academia.edu/2319797/Chinese_Soft_Power_Sources_And_Implications_For_The_US)//sawyer
Weiji, the Chinese word which describes the combination of threat and opportunity, best
AND
of the Kuomintang Party (2008) (Halper, 2010:19)

Extinction
Hunkovic, 09 – Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University(Lee, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict- Possible Futures of a Confrontation Between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America",  http://www.lamp-method.org/ecommons/hunkovic.pdf)//VP
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central QP | Judge: Grellinger

Engagement strategies rely on a Eurocentric understanding of international relations

Young, 4/20/13 (Kevin, 4/20/13, "The Good, the Bad, and the Benevolent Interventionist: U.S. Press and Intellectual Distortions of the Latin American Left" http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/-http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/, date accessed 7/5/13 IGM)
The good-left/bad-left thesis may seem more enlightened and progressive
AND
implied that Latin Americans both needed and wanted U.S. intervention.

Failure to confront our flawed form of knowledge production inevitably leads to conflict - Excluding other types of thought through universalizing truth claims makes resistance manifest in violent ways

Barkawi, and Laffey, 6 (Tarak University of Cambridge Center of International Studies senior lecturer, and Mark, University of London politics and international relations professor 2006, "The postcolonial moment in security studies", Review of International Studies, vol. 32, pg. 331-333, https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf-https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf, accessed 7/12/13, JZ)
The rootedness of the current conflict in centuries of often violent interaction between North and
AND
requires that we discard Eurocentric assumptions about the world and how it works.

Our alternative is to reject the aff. We need to reconceptualize our relationship to power and the hierarchies of foreign relations.

Chandra, 13 (Uday, Max Planck institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Department of Religious Diversity, Post-Doc, PhD Yale, Aug 2013, Yale University, "The Case for a Postcolonial Approach to the Study of Politics", http://academia.edu/2364123/The_Case_for_a_Postcolonial_Approach_to_the_Study_of_Politics, Accessed 7/12/13, NC)
¶ Towards a Postcolonial Approach to Political Science¶ The preceding section demonstrated how American
AND
knowledge on non-Western politics and society via sustained engagements with them.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central QP | Judge: Grellinger

US shifting to offshore balancing now—primacy shifts towards military interventions

Layne 12 (Christopher-PhD is Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University.; "The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing"; http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405)
Two terms not found in the DSG are "decline" and "imperial overstretch
AND
ground forces and shifted the burden of military heavy lifting to the Europeans.

Off shore balancing key to solve great power wars that go nuclear—

Layne 06 (Christopher-Christopher-PhD is Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University.; The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present; p. 169)
Proponents of U.S. hegemony like to say that America’s military commit¬
AND
from the danger of being entrapped in Eurasian conflicts by its alliance commitments.

Unipolarity causes proliferation and destroys influence—only disengagement from hegemony solves

Monteiro 12 (Nuno P.-assistant professor of political science at Yale.; "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful"pg. 38-40; http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064-http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064, ~JJ~)
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central QP | Judge: Grellinger
Text: The United States federal government should implement organoponics in the United States.

Organoponics solve agriculture
1ac Shkolnick 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES" 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban
AND
may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central QP | Judge: Grellinger

Interpretation – engagement is conditional

Wanee 11 ( Professor at UT Knoxville, " Old actors, New Drama: Chinese Engagement with Africa and the Implications for the United States, http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=243226context=utk_chanhonopro,HK-http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=243226context=utk_chanhonopro,HK)
Beyond the dual-standard of non-interference versus accountability, critics¶ also
AND
for its partnerships if it¶ scales back its non-¶ interference policy. 

Violation - Removal of penalties must be used as an incentive to be a QPQ

Smith 2004 (M. Shane., graduate student in the Political Science Department at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Beyond Intractibility. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, Conflict Research Consortium, UC Boulder, April, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/incentives/)
There are generally four different types of incentives: ¶ 1.) Relaxing Penalties:¶
AND
an atmosphere more conducive to compromise than can the threat of more sanctions.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
CP Text: Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California should finance transportation infrastructure projects with Mexico.

Border States solve – corridor planning
Shapleigh, 8 ~10/08, Eliot, Texas Senator, "Texas Borderlands 2009 The State of Border Transportation and Security," http://shapleigh.org/system/reporting_document/file/238/81st_Transportation_Chapter.pdf, date accessed: 07/12/13, LV~
Key U.S.-Mexico border ports-of-entry are located on
AND
allow us to synchronize investment ¶ plans with the Mexican Ministry of Transport.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
CIR will pass – GOP support increasing
Leopold, 10-30-13 David, Immigration Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president and past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association, October 30, 2013, “Another Day, Another House Republican Signs On To Comprehensive Immigration Reform”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/post_5953_b_4175294.html, accessed 11-1-13 BLE
There's no doubt about it. Pressure is building on the House GOP leadership to
AND
path to citizenship and real reform can become a reality -- this year.

Plan is unpopular – bureaucracy causes backlash
Dallas Morning News July 2008 “EDITORIAL: NADBank deserves U.S. funding” ProQuest
Not everyone agrees about the merits of the North American Free Trade Agreement, but
AND
help ensure that the bank's important work stays on track in the future. 

PC is key – Obama push creates a window of opportunity
Scher, The Week, 10/18/13, Bill, How to make John Boehner cave on immigration, theweek.com/article/index/251361/how-to-make-john-boehner-cave-on-immigration
Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) generally adheres to the unwritten Republican rule
AND
But he won't do it without a push. A real good push.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor – spurs relations and economic growth in India
LA Times, 12 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, 9 November 2012) http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Key to every existential threat
Armitage et al., 10
(Richard is the President of Armitage International and former Deputy Secretary of State. R. Nicholas Burns is a Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Richard Fontaine is the President of the Center for New American Security. “Natural Allies: A Blueprint for the Future of U.S.-India Relations,” October, Center for New American Security, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Burns20-20Natural20Allies.pdf)
A strengthened U.S.-India strategic partnership is thus imperative in this new
AND
transform a series of bilateral achievements into a lasting regional and global partnership.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
1nc Manufacturing
No impact to heg — 

A. Latent power
Wohlforth 7 (Olin Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University William, Harvard International Review, “The Rules of Power Analysis,” Vol. 29, Spring, http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1611andp=3, accessed 6/27 TR)
Rule No. 4: Consider Latent Power US military forces are stretched thin,
AND
its self-inflicted overstretch and tap potentially large wellsprings of latent power.

b. economic stability

Preble 10 (Christopher, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute August 2010 “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/)
Most in Washington still embraces the notion that America is, and forever will be
AND
States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab.

c. no specific scenarios

Fettweis 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO, CMR)
Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments
AND
their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.

NSA surveillance kills credibility
Fox News Latino 10/29 ("Obama Administration Mulls Over Ending Spying On Allied Nations In Wake Of NSA Scandal," 10/29/13, latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/10/29/obama-administration-mulls-over-ending-spying-on-allied-nations-in-wake-nsa/, slim_)
While it began with reports of spying on the administration of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff
AND
the NSA was acting legally when it gathered millions of Americans' phone records.

Their econ studies fail – conflict literature bias
Bazzi and Blattman, 11 (Samuel Bazzi (Department of Economics at University of California San Diego) and Christopher Blattman (assistant professor of political science and economics at Yale University) November 2011 “Economic Shocks and Conflict: The (Absence of?) Evidence from Commodity Prices” http://www.chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2011.EconomicShocksAndConflict.pdf?9d7bd4)
VI. Discussion and conclusions A. Implications for our theories of political instability and
AND
a lower threshold of evidence for initially significant results than ambiguous ones.20

Even if studies are true, decline’s empirically denied
Apps 10 6/8, *Peter Apps: Political Risk Correspondent and writer for Reuters, “Crisis fuels unrest, crime, but war risk eases,” http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/06/08/idINIndia-49123220100608, AJ
(Reuters) The global financial crisis has made the world less peaceful by fuelling
AND
the Middle East and North Africa came primarily from improving relations between nations.  

Economic security is a form of colonization that produces a self-fulfilling prophecy
Lipschutz 95, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, 1995, On Security, pg 15-16
Consider, then, the consequences of the intersection of security policy and economics during
AND
and the ever-increasing velocity of the product cycle – undermines the ability

econ resilient – job numbers
Godhwani 8/15 (Gautam, CEO of Simplyhired.com and Huffington Post Contributor—cites polls and government reports, Signs of Resilience in our Economy, 8/15/12; LA)
These days, it's rare to see a day pass without hearing some sort of
AND
from the Great Recession shows that our economy is as resilient as ever.

Chinese middle class solves
Chan 12 (Kam Wing, 6-23-12, University of Washington East Asia Forum, “Can China’s urbanisation save the world?,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/23/can-china-s-urbanisation-save-the-world/, accessed 7-5-12, AS).
In 2012 China’s urbanization became even more significant for the global economy, with Europe’s
AND
, about 50 per cent more than the entire global middle class today.

squo solves—forces political reform
Cline 12 “Restoring Fiscal Equilibrium in the United States” William R. Cline (senior fellow, has been associated with the Peterson Institute for International Economics since its inception in 1981. His numerous publications include Financial Globalization, Economic Growth, and the Crisis of 2007–09 (2010) and The United States as a Debtor Nation (2005). He contributed to The Long-Term International Economic Position of the United States (2009).) Petersn Institute for International Economics: Policy Brief June 2012 http://www.mi.iie.com/publications/pb/pb12-15.pdf
‘Despite the year-end risks, it is difficult to escape the conclusion
AND
included in the fiscal cliff’s 5 percent of GDP adjustment should be avoided.

Manufacturing base is resilient – latest statistical studies
Schmidt, 12 - Associate Editor, Manufacturing Business Technology, cites Bradley J. Holcomb, CPSM, CPSD, chair of the Institute for Supply Management Manufacturing Business Survey Committee (Mike, “ISM: Manufacturing Is 'Resilient'” Wed, 06/13/2012, http://www.foodmanufacturing.com/articles/2012/06/ism-manufacturing-resilient)//ahayes 

Resilient and strong are two of the best words to describe the current state of
AND
resilience” he says. “I expect it to stay that way.”

Alt Causes – 

A) Qualified workers
GIT, 12 –Georgia Institute of Technology and the Council on Competitiveness, (“Report on the U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness Initiative: Dialogue on Next Generation Supply Networks and Logistics” February 28 –29, 2012, http://www.isye.gatech.edu/news-events/special/usmci/N13C3008-ISyE-USManufacturingReport.pdf)//ahayes

Another of manufacturing’s challenges is a lack of qualified factory workers. This situation is
AND
the near future by an insufficient supply of engineering talent in that country.

B) Taxes
GIT, 12 –Georgia Institute of Technology and the Council on Competitiveness, (“Report on the U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness Initiative: Dialogue on Next Generation Supply Networks and Logistics” February 28 –29, 2012, http://www.isye.gatech.edu/news-events/special/usmci/N13C3008-ISyE-USManufacturingReport.pdf)//ahayes

Manufacturers also face an array of challenges that fall under the general heading of tax
AND
by long-term, sustainable economic development that plans for ten or twenty
years down the road.

Your authors aren’t qualified
Ikenson, 10 - Associate Director at the Center for Trade Policy Studies Cato Institute (Daniel J., “The Rumors of Manufacturing’s Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated” 9-10-10, http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/the-rumors-of-manufacturings-death-have-been-greatly-exaggerated/)//ahayes

“US manufacturing grows for 13th straight month” is the headline of an AP
AND
as the justification for protectionism? They should never again have any credibility.

12 percent of the plan goes into manufacturing.
The Department of the Treasure and The Council of Economic Advisors 10 (October 21st, “AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT”, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/economic-policy/Documents/infrastructure_investment_report.pdf)//chm
Investing in transportation infrastructure creates middle class jobs. Our analysis suggests that 61 percent
AND
the 25 th and 75 th percentile of the national distribution of wages.
1nc BNB
This advantage is a description of the status quo – NADBANK finances now, a switch to infrastructure is not assumed in their evidence

Bioterror risk exaggerated – It’s a conspiracy to justify funding for counter-measures.
Leitenberg 05 (Milton, Senior research scholar at the U of Maryland and author of "Assessing the Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism Threat." LA Times – 2/17 lexis)
A pandemic flu outbreak of the kind the world witnessed in 1918-19 could
AND
country has ever done so -- even nations known to have trained terrorists.

Bioterror is hyperbolized – threat con replicates impacts and creates serial policy failure
Ackerman and Moran 2006 (Gary A. And Kevin S., 2006, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies, Bioterrorism and Threat Assessment,http://www.wmdcommission.org/files/No22.pdf)

Public understanding of bioterrorism is frequently distorted by undue emphasis placed on worst case scenarios
AND
relative to other natural biological risks that are more commonly accepted and understood.

Can’t solve underlying cause of bioterror – only the symptoms

No US spill over or attacks - Cartels fear US retaliation to narco-terrorist attacks
Kimery ,  11 Anthony L , 6-8-11 , Homeland Security Today , "Cartel Threats, Attacks On US Law Enforcement And The Question Of ‘Spill Over’ Violence" , http://www.hstoday.us/blogs/the-kimery-report/blog/cartel-threats-attacks-on-us-law-enforcement-and-the-question-of-spill-over-violence/19546dea1864ba1008378ba598069fa4.html , Accessed: 7-10-13, JC
Former ICE Deputy Director Alonzo Pena, who retired late last year and is now
AND
to poke the Bear; they know not to piss off the Americans.”

No border terror – low threat, high security
Powell 11 – Houston Chronicle writer (Stewart M., “Are Potential Terrorists Crossing into Texas From Mexico?”, 12/2/11;  http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Are-potential-terrorists-crossing-into-Texas-from-2341185.php)//Beddow
Pakistani officials told Texas' Republican Congressman Michael McCaul on a recent visit to Karachi that
AND
DHS carefully monitors any potential threats along the Southwest border and responds accordingly."

No bioterror
a. dispersion fails
Smithson, Ph.D, ’05
(E, project director for biological weapons at the Henry L. Stimson Center, “Likelihood of Terrorists Acquiring and Using Chemical or Biological Weapons”. http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB2001121259)
Terrorists cannot count on just filling the delivery system with agent, pointing the device
AND
and even exposure to oxygen, all of which can kill the microbes.
Biological agents can be dispersed in either dry or wet forms. Using a dry
AND
undergo mechanical stresses that can kill 95 percent or more of the microorganisms.

b. no motive
Stolar 6 October 2006, *Alex Stolar: Research Officer, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, “BIOTERRORISM AND US POLICY RESPONSES ASSESSING THE THREAT OF MASS CASUALTY,” http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/1659566521IPCS-Special-Report-31.pdf//NR
Each of these steps presents significant hurdles for terrorists. Acquiring a strain of a
AND
served so many doctors so well for so long: Primum non nocere.  

no water wars impact – empirically denied and coop solves
Wolf and Jarvis 11 (Aaron and Todd, professor of geography and chair of the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University and assistant professor of geography in the Department of Geosciences and the Associate Director of the Institute for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University, 4/15/2011, Revolve, “Water Wars: Hydropotential or Hydrohype?,” http://www.revolve-magazine.com/home/2011/04/15/water-wars/ JJ)
The history of international water treaties regarding surface water is robust. Over 400 treaties
AND
can cause international conflict, destabilize entire regions and lead to ecological disaster.

no link between water scarcity and political tension
Wolf 99 Aaron T., Ph.D., works in the Department of GeosciencesOregon State University, “Water and Human Security”, Universities Council on Water Resources, http://ucowr.siu.edu/updates/pdf/V118_A5.pdf
An increasingly prevalent viewpoint about water and security is best summed up by Ismail Serageldin
AND
one U.S. dollar per cubic meter to create from seawater.

Scarcity sparks cooperation.
Wolf 99 Aaron T., Ph.D., works in the Department of GeosciencesOregon State University, “Water and Human Security”, Universities Council on Water Resources, http://ucowr.siu.edu/updates/pdf/V118_A5.pdf
A Shared Interest Argument   What is it about water that tends to induce cooperation  
AND
that transcends traditional thinking  about resource-related disputes, “water rationality.” 

Mexico’s economy is resilient

a. effective crisis management
IMF 12 (International Monetary Fund, “Mexico Banks Resilient, But Global Risks Need Care”, 3/30/12, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/car033012a.htm)//WL
Mexico’s banking system is resilient and well capitalized, and stress tests indicate that it
AND
a series of reforms as Latin America’s second largest economy continues to modernize.

b. growth will continue
Hall 1/24 - Vice-President and Chief Economist at Export Development Canada (Peter G, “Mexico's Resilience”, Export Development Canada, 1/24/13, http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/canada_eng/images/pdfs/mexico_resilience.pdf)//WL
Mexico's Resilience Few economies escaped the global slowdown in the summer of 2012. Mexico
AND
. Over the coming months, this market will be one to watch.

 NADBank fails - Renovation would cost $6 billion- NADBank doesn’t have that much in funds
Lee and Wilson, Associate 12 Erik, masters in Latin American Studies from UCSD
AND
U.S. - Mexico Border,” p. 17-18,
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf Accessed 7/8/13, JB).
Port of Entry Infrastructure One of the most obvious and often cited way s to
AND
the land ports of entry along the United States southern and northern borders.

 NADBank only has $2.3 billion
NADBank 2011
(“ANNUAL REPORT: NADBank.” http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/2011AnnualReport.pdf, JB)

FUNDING RESOURCES Capitalization The total authorized capital of NADB is US$3 billion with
AND
would be subject to an allocation of Mexican budgetary resources for such purposes.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
Engagement strategies rely on a Eurocentric understanding of international relations
Young, 4/20/13 (Kevin, 4/20/13, "The Good, the Bad, and the Benevolent Interventionist: U.S. Press and Intellectual Distortions of the Latin American Left" http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/-http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/, date accessed 7/5/13 IGM)
The good-left/bad-left thesis may seem more enlightened and progressive
AND
implied that Latin Americans both needed and wanted U.S. intervention.

Failure to confront our flawed form of knowledge production inevitably leads to conflict - Excluding other types of thought through universalizing truth claims makes resistance manifest in violent ways
Barkawi, and Laffey, 6 (Tarak University of Cambridge Center of International Studies senior lecturer, and Mark, University of London politics and international relations professor 2006, "The postcolonial moment in security studies", Review of International Studies, vol. 32, pg. 331-333, https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf-https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf, accessed 7/12/13, JZ)
The rootedness of the current conflict in centuries of often violent interaction between North and
AND
requires that we discard Eurocentric assumptions about the world and how it works.

Our alternative is to reject the aff. We need to reconceptualize our relationship to power and the hierarchies of foreign relations.
Chandra, 13 (Uday, Max Planck institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Department of Religious Diversity, Post-Doc, PhD Yale, Aug 2013, Yale University, "The Case for a Postcolonial Approach to the Study of Politics", http://academia.edu/2364123/The_Case_for_a_Postcolonial_Approach_to_the_Study_of_Politics, Accessed 7/12/13, NC)
¶ Towards a Postcolonial Approach to Political Science¶ The preceding section demonstrated how American
AND
knowledge on non-Western politics and society via sustained engagements with them.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Michael Fannon
Interpretation
"Substantial" most commonly means of considerable value
Words and Phrases 2
(Volume 40A, p. 458)

D.S.C. 1966.  The word “substantial” within Civil Rights Act providing that a place is a public accommodation if a “substantial” portion of food which is served has moved in commerce must be construed in light of its usual and customary meaning, that is, something of real worth and importance; of considerable value; valuable, something worthwhile as distinguished from something without value or merely nominal

Increase must be a net increase
Rogers 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)

48  Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.
EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Violation – the NADBank already exists and cooperates with Mexico

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
The United States federal government should restrict National Security Administration spying efforts on its citizens and allies. The United States federal government should implement organoponics in the United States.

NSA surveillance destroys alliances – reconciliation is key to reclaiming trust

Mitchell and McClam 10/28 (Andrea and Erin, "US coping with furious allies as NSA spying revelations grow," 10/28/13, usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/28/21209499-us-coping-with-furious-allies-as-nsa-spying-revelations-grow?lite, slim_)
Jay Carney, the White House press secretary, said Monday that a White House
AND
to, apparently, some of our very closest allies," he said.

Organoponics solve agriculture
1ac Shkolnick 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES" 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban
AND
may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
CIR will pass – GOP support increasing
Leopold, 10-30-13 David, Immigration Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president and past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association, October 30, 2013, “Another Day, Another House Republican Signs On To Comprehensive Immigration Reform”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/post_5953_b_4175294.html, accessed 11-1-13 BLE
There's no doubt about it. Pressure is building on the House GOP leadership to
AND
path to citizenship and real reform can become a reality -- this year.

Plan guarantees congressional backlash
Hanson, 1/31/13 (Stephanie, coordinating editor at CFR, Brianna, Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Cuba Relations,” http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113, Accessed 7/9/13)
Many recent policy reports have recommended that the United States take some unilateral steps to
AND
process risks falling victim to the politics of the issue," says Sweig.

PC is key – Obama push creates a window of opportunity
Scher, The Week, 10/18/13, Bill, How to make John Boehner cave on immigration, theweek.com/article/index/251361/how-to-make-john-boehner-cave-on-immigration
Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) generally adheres to the unwritten Republican rule
AND
But he won't do it without a push. A real good push.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor – spurs relations and economic growth in India
LA Times, 12 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, 9 November 2012) http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Key to every existential threat
Armitage et al., 10
(Richard is the President of Armitage International and former Deputy Secretary of State. R. Nicholas Burns is a Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Richard Fontaine is the President of the Center for New American Security. “Natural Allies: A Blueprint for the Future of U.S.-India Relations,” October, Center for New American Security, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Burns20-20Natural20Allies.pdf)
A strengthened U.S.-India strategic partnership is thus imperative in this new
AND
transform a series of bilateral achievements into a lasting regional and global partnership.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
1nc Leadership

Embargo removal will aid democratization of Cuba – their evidence
Hinderdael 11 – Klaas is an M.A. candidate at the SAIS Bologna Center, concentrating in American Foreign Policy and Energy, Resources, and Environment. (“Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, June 11, 2011, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true)
. American leaders cannot forget the fact that an economic embargo, combined with diplomatic isolation, has failed to bring democracy to Cuba for over 50 years. American policymakers should see Cuba as an opportunity to reap the political, economic, and strategic rewards of shifting its own policies toward engagement.

That turns the aff – their evidence
Kupchan and Mount 09 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009,  http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf)
But the Western model does not command widespread acceptance. If the next international system is to be characterized by norm-governed order rather than competitive anarchy, it will have to be based on great-power consensus and toleration of political diversity rather than Western primacy and the single-minded pursuit of universal democracy.

Don’t evaluate generic defenses of US primacy – NSA scandal proves multipolarity is unavoidable, posturing alienates allies and kills credibility
Lightfoot 10/29 (Jeffrey, deputy director of the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, “The Geopolitical Contradictions of the NSA Scandal” http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-geopolitical-contradictions-of-the-nsa-scandal, date accessed 11/1 igm)
Now more than four years later, Germany is at the heart of a scandal
AND
NSA scandal and rebuild the broken trust between the United States and Europe.

No impact to heg —
A. Latent power
Wohlforth 7 (Olin Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University William, Harvard International Review, “The Rules of Power Analysis,” Vol. 29, Spring, http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1611andp=3, accessed 6/27 TR)
Rule No. 4: Consider Latent Power US military forces are stretched thin,
AND
its self-inflicted overstretch and tap potentially large wellsprings of latent power.

b. economic stability
Preble 10 (Christopher, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute August 2010 “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/)
Most in Washington still embraces the notion that America is, and forever will be
AND
States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab.

c. no specific scenarios
Fettweis 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO, CMR)
Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments
AND
their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.

1nc Agriculture

Internal blockages prevent foreign investment – their evidence
Shkolnick 12 – JD Candidate, Drake University Law School. (“SIN EMBARGO: THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES”, 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol17No3-Shkolnick.pdf)
127Government officials recognize that the Cuban economy is in a relatively underdeveloped state, and
AND
structure employed in Cuba to manage and direct the agricultural system in Cuba. 

They also don’t have a card that says the US is to exporting it 

Cuba is already modeled
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
policies that promote oligopolistic corporate control over agriculture and to promote food sovereignty.

But the plan destroys that
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
AND
the Special Period in ways that diverged radically from the prevailing neoliberal model.
One of the most significant decisions that Cuba will face after the lifting of the
AND
and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

1AC Kost evidence says that Cuban-produce needs to be certified-organic – that’s an alt cause

Their link internal takes too long – Morgan ev is four years old and their Scialabba evidence says global adoption is key 

And, No evidence that says ag reductions are sufficient –

That means that don’t solve because transportation is key – comparatively outweighs the aff’s internal link
Burwell 11 (David, Director of the Energy and Climate Program – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “ROAD to RECOVERY: Transforming America’s Transportation”, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/road_to_recovery.pdf)

U.S. transportation is responsible for a significant share—30 to 85
AND
population. Transportation pricing will be necessary to make this shift in behavior.

No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97  Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N
Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge.
Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD 

Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

Species adapt and migrate
Ian Thompson et al., Canadian Forest Service,  Brendan Mackey, The Australian National University, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment,  Steven McNulty, USDA Forest Service,  Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest Service, 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity “Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change” Convention on Biological Diversity

 While resilience can be attributed to many levels of organization of biodiversity, the
AND
and generally ignore the ecological interactions that also govern species dis- tributions. 

Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm
Gillett et al 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, “Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions”. Nature Geoscience
Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is
AND
several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.

Mars proves—solar changes are inevitable and cause more warming
National Post 7 (Lawrence Solomon, staff writer, February 7, “Look to Mars for the Truth on Globl Warming” http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=edae9952-3c3e-47ba-913f-7359a5c7f723andk=0/)

Climate change is a much, much bigger issue than the public, politicians,
AND
expansion, ascend to the atmosphere only to give the absorbed heat away." 

3 periods of rapid warming show no extinctions- models are flawed guesswork
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
The first period they examined was the Eocene Climatic Optimum (53–51 million
AND
must be considered little more than guesswork (see also Chapman, 2010). 

Adaptations check biodiversity loss
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
One of the most powerful means plant and animal species have for avoiding extinction during
AND
et al. (2009), and Erschbamer et al. (2009).

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
Cuban influence key to China’s Latin American agenda
Hearn 09 – Senior Research Fellow at the University of Sydney. Kiriyama Research Fellow at the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim (Adrian, "China’s relations with Mexico and Cuba: A Study of Contrasts" Pacific Rim Report No 52, January, usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport52.html)VP
China is Cuba’s second largest trading partner after Venezuela, with 2.7 billion
AND
the region as an external—potentially imperialistic—threat to economic sovereignty.

Plan is perceived as economic manipulation – that tanks China soft power
Blumenthal 08 – American Enterprise Institute Resident Fellow (Dan, "Concerns with Respect to China’s Energy Policy", July 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/concerns-with-respect-to-chinas-energy-policy/)//VP**
As China scours the globe for energy resources, it has become a new player
AND
toward the "liberal" end of the economic policy spectrum.4\

Soft power is key to maintain the Sino-Taiwan relationship – that solves escalatory crisis
Efthymiou 12 – Pavlos, PhD Candidate in Politics and International Studies, St. Edmund ’ s College, University of Cambridge, ("’Where Does China’s Soft Power Stem From and What are its Implications for the US?", December 21, 2012, http://academia.edu/2319797/Chinese_Soft_Power_Sources_And_Implications_For_The_US)//sawyer
Weiji, the Chinese word which describes the combination of threat and opportunity, best
AND
of the Kuomintang Party (2008) (Halper, 2010:19)

Extinction
Hunkovic, 09 – Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University(Lee, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict- Possible Futures of a Confrontation Between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America",  http://www.lamp-method.org/ecommons/hunkovic.pdf)//VP
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
Engagement strategies rely on a Eurocentric understanding of international relations
Young, 4/20/13 (Kevin, 4/20/13, "The Good, the Bad, and the Benevolent Interventionist: U.S. Press and Intellectual Distortions of the Latin American Left" http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/-http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/, date accessed 7/5/13 IGM)
The good-left/bad-left thesis may seem more enlightened and progressive
AND
implied that Latin Americans both needed and wanted U.S. intervention.

Failure to confront our flawed form of knowledge production inevitably leads to conflict - Excluding other types of thought through universalizing truth claims makes resistance manifest in violent ways
Barkawi, and Laffey, 6 (Tarak University of Cambridge Center of International Studies senior lecturer, and Mark, University of London politics and international relations professor 2006, "The postcolonial moment in security studies", Review of International Studies, vol. 32, pg. 331-333, https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf-https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rblanton/public/POLS_7508_Fall_2012/barwaki_postcolonial_RIS_2006.pdf, accessed 7/12/13, JZ)
The rootedness of the current conflict in centuries of often violent interaction between North and
AND
requires that we discard Eurocentric assumptions about the world and how it works.

Our alternative is to reject the aff. We need to reconceptualize our relationship to power and the hierarchies of foreign relations.
Chandra, 13 (Uday, Max Planck institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Department of Religious Diversity, Post-Doc, PhD Yale, Aug 2013, Yale University, "The Case for a Postcolonial Approach to the Study of Politics", http://academia.edu/2364123/The_Case_for_a_Postcolonial_Approach_to_the_Study_of_Politics, Accessed 7/12/13, NC)
¶ Towards a Postcolonial Approach to Political Science¶ The preceding section demonstrated how American
AND
knowledge on non-Western politics and society via sustained engagements with them.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Kim Pressling
Interpretation – engagement is conditional
Wanee 11 ( Professor at UT Knoxville, “ Old actors, New Drama: Chinese Engagement with Africa and the Implications for the United States, http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2432andcontext=utk_chanhonopro,HK)
Beyond the dual-standard of non-interference versus accountability, critics¶ also
AND
for its partnerships if it¶ scales back its non-¶ interference policy. 

Violation - Removal of penalties must be used as an incentive to be a QPQ
Smith 2004 (M. Shane., graduate student in the Political Science Department at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Beyond Intractibility. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, Conflict Research Consortium, UC Boulder, April, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/incentives/)
There are generally four different types of incentives: ¶ 1.) Relaxing Penalties:¶
AND
an atmosphere more conducive to compromise than can the threat of more sanctions.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
Text: The United States federal government should increase non-hydrocarbon, non-solar energy integration with the United Mexican States.

Solar development kills desert tortoise
Lovich and Ennen 11 Jeffrey and Joshua, “Wildlife Development and Solar Energy Development in the Desert Southwest, United States,” Bioscience Volume 61 No. 12 Pages 982-992 http://www.avhidesert.com/pdf/downloaded_file-1.pdf
Habitat fragmentation. Until relatively recently, the desert Southwest was characterized by large blocks
AND
the adjacent coastal region of southern California (Delaney et al. 2010).

Desert Tortoise is a keystone species, keeps hundreds of species alive and soil correct
Becker 12 (Kendall is an environmental researcher at the University of Washington, “Renewable Energy, Fire, and the Agassiz’s Desert Tortoise,” http://scienceinshort.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/renewable-energy-fire-and-the-agassizs-desert-tortoise/)
At the forefront of this debate is the Agassiz’s desert tortoise. The tortoise is
AND
, by extension, the entire desert ecosystem, is a pressing one.

Ecosystem collapse causes extinction
Watson 6 (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, has a show on Animal Planet, Last Mod 9-17, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)
The facts are clear. More plant and animal species will go through extinction within
AND
and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction.

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
Hi everyone, Slim here - normally Isaac updates the neg wiki, but we're done debating for the year, so just for reference here is everything we read at Stanford and Berkeley. I am trying to upload cites for all the new stuff but if you need anything else below, hit one of us up.

STANFORD

Round 1 vs. Bishop Guertin SZ (Gitmo) - Slim was the 2n
1nc: Competition theory, PIC out of the documentary, Torture Epistephelia K, Baudrillard on case, Newman on case, Dialectical Materialism on case
2nr: Torture Epistephelia

Round 4 vs. Gig Harbor MP (Renewables)
1nc: Inherency, T-Toward, Security K, Solar PIC, Oil DA on case, Grid Turn
2nr: Security

Round 6 vs. Rowland Hall RW (Queer Anarchism)
1nc: Ballots Bad, Deleuze K, Queer Futurism on case
2nr: Deleuze

Doubles vs. St. Francis GR (NAFTA Renegotiation)
1nc: T-EE, Plantext PIC, Decoloniality K, Holloway on case, Legalism on case, Victimization on case, Chow on case, Opacity on case
2nr: Plantext PIC

Quarters vs. Pine Crest GJ (Gitmo)
1nc: Holocaust Trivialization, Occularcentrism PIC, Anthro K, Chow on case, Interpassivity on case, Opacity on case, Newman on case, Suffering Reps on case, Victimization on case
2nr: Occularcentrism PIC, some case stuff

BERKELEY

Round 1 vs. Cherry Creek BR (Embargo)
1nc: Plan Flaw, T-QPQ, China DA, Rice DA, Security K
2nr: Security

Round 3 vs. Harker SM (IFFs)
1nc: Inherency, T-QPQ, China DA, Security K, Advantage CP, ASEAN Bad, Cartels Turn
2nr: Security

Round 6 vs. Highland Park HS (Embargo)
1nc: T-QPQ, Security K, Ag DA on case
2nr: Security

Doubles vs. Kinkaid BR (Nanotech Structural Violence)
1nc: T-EE, Inherency, Foucault K, Kappeler on case, Air Pollution Good, Arms Race Turn, Grey Goo, Nanoterrorism Turn, Victimization on case, Gift K on case
2nr: Foucault

Tournament: Stanford and Berkeley All | Round: 1 | Opponent: friends | Judge: refused to vote
The 1ac engages in torture epistephilia, the thirst for ever-more knowledge about the structures justifying Guantanamo violence. However, their performance is both superfluous and insufficient – it is one more document in a library of analysis; debate is full of discussions of militarism; we are constantly saturated with media depictions of violence
Lesage 9 (Julia, "Torture documentaries," Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media Jump Cut, No. 51, spring 2009, slim_)
Other explanatory interviews, which are intended to represent the filmmakers' perspectives more directly,
AND
indicated above, a felt need to integrate ideas about this issue now.

In the face of this informational deluge, we crave moral coherence – the 1ac is a heuristic, designed to sift through the chaos and come to a provisional understanding of a deeply complex issue in a ninety-minute debate round. This whitewashes the enabling conditions for the War on Terror to begin with – the 1ac compounds an ever-increasing excess of revolutionary imagery
Baudrillard 9 (Jean Baudrillard, dead and French, “The Transparency of Evil”, azp)
The uncertainty to which we are subject results, paradoxically, from an excess of
AND
. To this end a gigantic campaign of plastic surgery has been undertaken. 

Their performance renders its audience nothing more than privileged spectators – documentary epistephilia structures external violence for consumption by the relentless gaze of the academic subject. The 1ac gives us a map through the floodwaters of information, engendering an illusion of psychological closure that numbs us to the realities of violence
Lesage 9 (Julia, "Torture documentaries," Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media Jump Cut, No. 51, spring 2009, slim_)
I would add that in looking at the photos of bodies in enforced stasis and
AND
of codifications/ representations of power and abjection to our own viewer response.

The search for authenticity and meaning outside the purview of the state's violent representations of Guantanamo creates a vicious hatred of the present; escaping the conditions for causing torture is impossible, and their aesthetic idealism condemns them to a violent flight from the Real.
Lesage 9 (Julia, "Torture documentaries," Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media Jump Cut, No. 51, spring 2009, slim_)
Clearly it is important, and perhaps unusual, that we have all this documentation
AND
the Abu Ghraib photos, means gaining painful knowledge and acting on it.

Our alternative is to reject their simulated relationships and affirm the potlatch – the reclamation value through an act of sacrificial gift giving.  Escape their urge to reveal and remake the universe ad-infinitum.
Lawler 2012 (James Lawler, Assistant Professor in Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, October 2012, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, “The King Must Die: Pataphysical Exegesis of an American Presidency,” http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol-9_3/v9-3-lawler.html, azp)
Baudrillard goes back even further in order to discern the radical implications of this choice
AND
us the optics for recognising how we can responsibly participate in this transition.