Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Hayden Warren

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward the United Mexican States through investment in Mexican water management systems.

Inherency

Current efforts to fix water problems in Mexico are temporary bandages on an overloaded infrastructure – continuing population growth exacerbates the problem

Rodriguez 9/26 (Olga R., 9/26/13, “Mexico City Tries To Freshen Its Smell,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/26/mexico-city-smell_n_3998585.html)

For many, the first experience of Mexico City is a
AND
Imagine!" he said. "I have already gotten used to it."

Poverty

Current water management reform insufficient – shortages in Mexico perpetuate poverty trap

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Where does water shortage lead? What impacts does it have
AND
the stage of economic development, Mexico could already have achieved. 

Clean water and sanitation key to breaking the poverty cycle of hunger, disease, illiteracy

Kern and Ritzen 1 (Ann and Jo, Executive Director of Sustainable Direction and Healthy Environments at the WHO, Vice President and Network Head of Human Development at the World Bank, “DYING FOR CHANGE: Poor people’s experience of health and ill-health,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Dying-for-Change/dyifull2.pdf)

In his 2001 address to the World Health Assembly, UN
AND
all these ills is economic growth and broad-based development”. 

The structural violence of poverty is constant and invisible – the aff functions as an uncovering of this violence

Gilligan 96 (James, Professor of Psychiatry – Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, Member – Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, pg. 191-196)

The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work
AND
are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Plan improves water quality and quality of life – border region investment proves

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

This study makes no claim to be comprehensive in its
AND
 the North American Free Trade Agreement and its environmental annexes.

Disease

Farmers of the Mezquital Valley fertilize their crops with raw sewage drained from Mexico City

Malkin 10 (Elisabeth, 5/4/10, “Fears That a Lush Land May Lose a Foul Fertilizer,” Mixquiahuala Journal, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/americas/05mexico.html?pagewanted=1andn=Top/Reference/Times20Topics/Subjects/W/Waterand_r=0)

Night and day, Marcelo Mera Bárcenas slops the fetid water
AND
Mexico, would be catastrophic, flooding large parts of the city.

But using partially treated wastewater cuts that risk dramatically

Romero-Alvarez 97 (Humberto, winner of the 1994 Abraham Horwitz Award, “Case Study VII* - The Mezquital Valley, Mexico,” http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy7.pdf)

The volume of wastewater generated has increased over time. It
AND
of wastewater use on the health of an exposed population. 

Axolotls

Pollution and bacterial contamination from raw sewage threatens the axolotl population of Mexico

Zoological Society of London No Date (Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered, the only global conservation initiative to focus specifically on threatened species that represent a significant amount of unique evolutionary history, Axolotls, http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species_info.php?id=552)

Axolotl populations are suffering as a result of land drainage
AND
still pose a serious threat to axolotls in the wild.

Preserving the axolotl’s habitat is the first step to alleviating their decline

Fowler 13 (Edmund P. Fowler, Professor Emeritus of political science at Glendon College, York University, in Toronto, Ontario, created and taught courses in local government, voting behaviour, community power structure, history of science, and green philosophy. He created and ran the Glendon Municipal Intern Program, under which students worked for municipal councillors in the Toronto region., 3/16/13, The Axolotl Salamander: A Parable, http://terryfowler.ca/articles/the-axolotl-salamander-a-parable/, 12/6/13)

There is a salamander in Mexico City called the axolotl,
AND
the networks of organisms that make our habitats so resilient.

Wastewater overflows due to inadequate infrastructure happen up to 60 times a year and kill thousands of fish each time

Vidal 11 (John “Thousands of fish dead after Thames sewerage overflow” http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jun/09/fish-thames-sewage)

Pollution teams on Thursday were still clearing up the Thames
AND
into the water to try to build back its health.

Wastewater management is key to biodiversity

Thames Water 11 http://www.thameswater.co.uk/about-us/7412.htm they manage a program that helps manage our impacts on environment. Ignore the fact that this is from England because it doesn’t matter. Wastewater will have an impact on the environment

How we manage water and wastewater can have a big
AND
statutory undertakers, we have a formal duty to protect biodiversity.

We must consider the value of plant and animal life when making decisions

Kochi 09 (2009, Tarik, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, “Species War: Law, Violence, and Animals,” Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009; 5: 353–369, sagepub, azp)

Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a
AND
for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Solvency

Substantial increase in government investment key to break down structural barriers – black markets, privatization, social backlash

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Like for nearly every scarce good, black markets do exist
AND
society and are neglected in terms of public ¶ policy-making.

Border region proves plan succeeds – but larger international investment key to funding across Mexico

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

In Mexican urban areas where services exist, some citizens are
AND
projects difficult, leading to incomplete or abandoned water infrastructure projects.

Framing

Privilege impacts already happening now – “any risk” logic makes decisionmaking impossible

Meskill 9 (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” 12/9/09, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)

Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the environment
AND
looming apocalypse, with the time (just barely) to take action.

Low risk means no risk – policy actions can’t be justified by near-zero probabilities

Rescher 3 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

On this issue there is a systemic disagreement between probabilists
AND
no longer seen as something that presents a realistic prospect.

International armed conflict highly unlikely – interdependence and rational states

Deudney and Ikenberry 9 (Daniel and John, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Jan/Feb 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs)

This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent
AND
point to the renewed value of international integration and cooperation.

Apocalyptic rhetoric crystallizes biopolitical structures through the constant, falsified threat of demise – moving away from apocalyptic impacts is a prerequisite to address the disadvantaged

Coviello 2k (Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On)

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present
AND
seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

No nuclear escalation or war – rational leaders, no loose nukes, no arms races, mutual deterrence – takes out all their impacts

Tepperman 09 (Jonathan, Newsweek International's first Assistant Managing Editor, BA in English Literature from Yale University, an MA in Jurisprudence from Oxford University (New College), and an LL.M. in International Law from NYU, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb”, Newsweek, 8/28/09 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html)

A growing and compelling body of research suggests that nuclear
AND
disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Adam Ades

Inherency

Current efforts to fix water problems in Mexico are temporary bandages on an overloaded infrastructure – continuing population growth exacerbates the problem

Rodriguez 9/26 (Olga R., 9/26/13, “Mexico City Tries To Freshen Its Smell,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/26/mexico-city-smell_n_3998585.html)

For many, the first experience of Mexico City is a
AND
Imagine!" he said. "I have already gotten used to it."

Harms

Poverty –

Current water management reform insufficient – shortages in Mexico perpetuate poverty trap

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Where does water shortage lead? What impacts does it have
AND
the stage of economic development, Mexico could already have achieved. 

Clean water and sanitation key to breaking the poverty cycle of hunger, disease, illiteracy

Kern and Ritzen 1 (Ann and Jo, Executive Director of Sustainable Direction and Healthy Environments at the WHO, Vice President and Network Head of Human Development at the World Bank, “DYING FOR CHANGE: Poor people’s experience of health and ill-health,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Dying-for-Change/dyifull2.pdf)

In his 2001 address to the World Health Assembly, UN
AND
all these ills is economic growth and broad-based development”. 

The structural violence of poverty is constant and invisible – the aff functions as an uncovering of this violence

Gilligan 96 (James, Professor of Psychiatry – Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, Member – Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, pg. 191-196)

The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work
AND
are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Plan improves water quality and quality of life – border region investment proves

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

This study makes no claim to be comprehensive in its
AND
 the North American Free Trade Agreement and its environmental annexes.

Disease –

Farmers of the Mezquital Valley fertilize their crops with raw sewage drained from Mexico City

Malkin 10 (Elisabeth, 5/4/10, “Fears That a Lush Land May Lose a Foul Fertilizer,” Mixquiahuala Journal, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/americas/05mexico.html?pagewanted=1andn=Top/Reference/Times20Topics/Subjects/W/Waterand_r=0)

Night and day, Marcelo Mera Bárcenas slops the fetid water
AND
Mexico, would be catastrophic, flooding large parts of the city.

But using partially treated wastewater cuts that risk dramatically

Romero-Alvarez 97 (Humberto, winner of the 1994 Abraham Horwitz Award, “Case Study VII* - The Mezquital Valley, Mexico,” http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy7.pdf)

The volume of wastewater generated has increased over time. It
AND
of wastewater use on the health of an exposed population. 

Axolotls –

Pollution and bacterial contamination from raw sewage threatens the axolotl population of Mexico

Zoological Society of London No Date (Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered, the only global conservation initiative to focus specifically on threatened species that represent a significant amount of unique evolutionary history, Axolotls, http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species_info.php?id=552)

Axolotl populations are suffering as a result of land drainage
AND
still pose a serious threat to axolotls in the wild.

Preserving the axolotl’s habitat is the first step to alleviating their decline

Fowler 13 (Edmund P. Fowler, Professor Emeritus of political science at Glendon College, York University, in Toronto, Ontario, created and taught courses in local government, voting behaviour, community power structure, history of science, and green philosophy. He created and ran the Glendon Municipal Intern Program, under which students worked for municipal councillors in the Toronto region., 3/16/13, The Axolotl Salamander: A Parable, http://terryfowler.ca/articles/the-axolotl-salamander-a-parable/, 12/6/13)

There is a salamander in Mexico City called the axolotl,
AND
the networks of organisms that make our habitats so resilient.

We must consider the value of plant and animal life when making decisions

Kochi 09 (2009, Tarik, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, “Species War: Law, Violence, and Animals,” Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009; 5: 353–369, sagepub, azp)

Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a
AND
for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Attempts to downplay violence to animals sanitize the most immoral form of disposability as embodied by the factory farm

Boggs 2007 (Carl Boggs, Carl Boggs is the author of numerous books in the fields of contemporary social and political theory, European politics, American politics, U.S. foreign and military policy, and film studies. For two years (1999-2000) he was Chair of the Caucus for a New Political Science, a section within the American Political Science Association. In 2007 he was recipient of the Charles McCoy Career Achievement Award from the American Political Science Association, Fast Capitalism, Vol. 2, No.2, “Corporate Power, Ecological Crisis, and Animal Rights,”  2007, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_2/boggs.html)

Animal-rights agendas face stiff challenges from agribusiness, the meat
AND
 to resource-objects for human appropriation, virtually anything is possible. 

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward the United Mexican States through investment in Mexican water management systems.

Solvency

Substantial increase in government investment key to break down structural barriers – black markets, privatization, social backlash

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Like for nearly every scarce good, black markets do exist
AND
society and are neglected in terms of public ¶ policy-making.

Border region proves plan succeeds – but larger international investment key to funding across Mexico

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

In Mexican urban areas where services exist, some citizens are
AND
projects difficult, leading to incomplete or abandoned water infrastructure projects.

Federal cooperation key to solve.

Eckstein 11 (Gabriel E., Professor of Law, Texas Wesleyan University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Director, International Water Law Project, “Buried Treasure or Buried Hope? The Status of Mexico-U.S. Transboundary Aquifers under International Law”, http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/articles/Eckstein-Mex-US_ICLR.pdf)

One of the most essential procedural requirements for transboundary waters
AND
transboundary natural resource is already part of customary international law.

Framing

Privilege impacts already happening now – “any risk” logic makes decisionmaking impossible

Meskill 9 (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” 12/9/09, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)

Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the environment
AND
looming apocalypse, with the time (just barely) to take action.

Low risk means no risk – policy actions can’t be justified by near-zero probabilities

Rescher 3 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

On this issue there is a systemic disagreement between probabilists
AND
no longer seen as something that presents a realistic prospect.

Apocalyptic rhetoric crystallizes biopolitical structures through the constant, falsified threat of demise – moving away from apocalyptic impacts is a prerequisite to address the disadvantaged

Coviello 2k (Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On)

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present
AND
seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

Reject systematic or all-encompassing ‘root cause’ explanations for human actions

Bleiker 3 (Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland (Roland, “Discourse and Human Agency”,Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1; pg. 25)RP )

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a
AND
the benefit of a polyphonic array of  whispers and shouts. 

Role-playing is uniquely empowering –this imagination is critical to understand how the government reaches decisions, how to hold it accountable and determine how we should act

Rawls 99 (John, Professor Emeritus – Harvard University, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-7)

Developing the Law of Peoples within a liberal conception of
AND
that case it would be incompatible with freedom of speech.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: Aubrey Semple

Inherency

Current efforts to fix water problems in Mexico are temporary bandages on an overloaded infrastructure – continuing population growth exacerbates the problem

Rodriguez 9/26 (Olga R., 9/26/13, “Mexico City Tries To Freshen Its Smell,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/26/mexico-city-smell_n_3998585.html)

For many, the first experience of Mexico City is a
AND
Imagine!" he said. "I have already gotten used to it."

Harms

Poverty –

Current water management reform insufficient – shortages in Mexico perpetuate poverty trap

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Where does water shortage lead? What impacts does it have
AND
the stage of economic development, Mexico could already have achieved. 

Clean water and sanitation key to breaking the poverty cycle of hunger, disease, illiteracy

Kern and Ritzen 1 (Ann and Jo, Executive Director of Sustainable Direction and Healthy Environments at the WHO, Vice President and Network Head of Human Development at the World Bank, “DYING FOR CHANGE: Poor people’s experience of health and ill-health,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Dying-for-Change/dyifull2.pdf)

In his 2001 address to the World Health Assembly, UN
AND
all these ills is economic growth and broad-based development”. 

The structural violence of poverty is constant and invisible – the aff functions as an uncovering of this violence

Gilligan 96 (James, Professor of Psychiatry – Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, Member – Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, pg. 191-196)

The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work
AND
are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Plan improves water quality and quality of life – border region investment proves

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

This study makes no claim to be comprehensive in its
AND
 the North American Free Trade Agreement and its environmental annexes.

The US has a moral obligation to solve for Mexican poverty.

O’Donnell, 96 (Guillermo, Helen Kellogg Professor of Government and International Studies, Academic Director of the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame; “POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: SOME POLITICAL REFLECTIONS,” http://-www.rrojasdatabank.info/225odonnell.pdf)//HO

Extensive poverty and deep social inequality are characteristics of Latin
AND
but also whatever economic stability or growth has been achieved.

Disease –

Farmers of the Mezquital Valley fertilize their crops with raw sewage drained from Mexico City

Malkin 10 (Elisabeth, 5/4/10, “Fears That a Lush Land May Lose a Foul Fertilizer,” Mixquiahuala Journal, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/americas/05mexico.html?pagewanted=1andn=Top/Reference/Times20Topics/Subjects/W/Waterand_r=0)

Night and day, Marcelo Mera Bárcenas slops the fetid water
AND
Mexico, would be catastrophic, flooding large parts of the city.

But using partially treated wastewater cuts that risk dramatically

Romero-Alvarez 97 (Humberto, winner of the 1994 Abraham Horwitz Award, “Case Study VII* - The Mezquital Valley, Mexico,” http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy7.pdf)

The volume of wastewater generated has increased over time. It
AND
of wastewater use on the health of an exposed population. 

Axolotls –

Pollution and bacterial contamination from raw sewage threatens the axolotl population of Mexico

Zoological Society of London No Date (Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered, the only global conservation initiative to focus specifically on threatened species that represent a significant amount of unique evolutionary history, Axolotls, http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species_info.php?id=552)

Axolotl populations are suffering as a result of land drainage
AND
still pose a serious threat to axolotls in the wild.

Preserving the axolotl’s habitat is the first step to alleviating their decline

Fowler 13 (Edmund P. Fowler, Professor Emeritus of political science at Glendon College, York University, in Toronto, Ontario, created and taught courses in local government, voting behaviour, community power structure, history of science, and green philosophy. He created and ran the Glendon Municipal Intern Program, under which students worked for municipal councillors in the Toronto region., 3/16/13, The Axolotl Salamander: A Parable, http://terryfowler.ca/articles/the-axolotl-salamander-a-parable/, 12/6/13)

There is a salamander in Mexico City called the axolotl,
AND
the networks of organisms that make our habitats so resilient.

We must consider the value of plant and animal life when making decisions

Kochi 09 (2009, Tarik, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, “Species War: Law, Violence, and Animals,” Law, Culture and the Humanities 2009; 5: 353–369, sagepub, azp)

Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a
AND
for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Attempts to downplay violence to animals sanitize the most immoral form of disposability as embodied by the factory farm

Boggs 2007 (Carl Boggs, Carl Boggs is the author of numerous books in the fields of contemporary social and political theory, European politics, American politics, U.S. foreign and military policy, and film studies. For two years (1999-2000) he was Chair of the Caucus for a New Political Science, a section within the American Political Science Association. In 2007 he was recipient of the Charles McCoy Career Achievement Award from the American Political Science Association, Fast Capitalism, Vol. 2, No.2, “Corporate Power, Ecological Crisis, and Animal Rights,”  2007, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_2/boggs.html)

Animal-rights agendas face stiff challenges from agribusiness, the meat
AND
 to resource-objects for human appropriation, virtually anything is possible. 

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward the United Mexican States through investment in Mexican water management systems.

Solvency

Substantial increase in government investment key to break down structural barriers – black markets, privatization, social backlash

Erlekam 9 (Franziska, Master of Science in International Economic Consulting, September 2009, “To which extent is water shortage a key determinant for a retarded economic growth? A case study of Mexico City,” Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7926/Franziska_Erlekam_-_Master_Thesis.pdf)

Like for nearly every scarce good, black markets do exist
AND
society and are neglected in terms of public ¶ policy-making.

Border region proves plan succeeds – but larger international investment key to funding across Mexico

LBJ School of Public Affairs 7 (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, 10/22/07, “COMPREHENSIVE FINAL REPORT: How Investment in Water, Wastewater, and Irrigation Infrastructure Has Affected the Mexico-Texas Border,” prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://webspace.utexas.edu/dulaymp/www/Evaluation20of20Infrastructure20_Final.pdf)

In Mexican urban areas where services exist, some citizens are
AND
projects difficult, leading to incomplete or abandoned water infrastructure projects.

Federal cooperation key to solve.

Eckstein 11 (Gabriel E., Professor of Law, Texas Wesleyan University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Director, International Water Law Project, “Buried Treasure or Buried Hope? The Status of Mexico-U.S. Transboundary Aquifers under International Law”, http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/articles/Eckstein-Mex-US_ICLR.pdf)

One of the most essential procedural requirements for transboundary waters
AND
transboundary natural resource is already part of customary international law.

Framing

Privilege impacts already happening now – “any risk” logic makes decisionmaking impossible

Meskill 9 (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” 12/9/09, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)

Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the environment
AND
looming apocalypse, with the time (just barely) to take action.

Low risk means no risk – policy actions can’t be justified by near-zero probabilities

Rescher 3 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

On this issue there is a systemic disagreement between probabilists
AND
no longer seen as something that presents a realistic prospect.

Apocalyptic rhetoric crystallizes biopolitical structures through the constant, falsified threat of demise – moving away from apocalyptic impacts is a prerequisite to address the disadvantaged

Coviello 2k (Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On)

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present
AND
seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

Reject systematic or all-encompassing ‘root cause’ explanations for human actions

Bleiker 3 (Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland (Roland, “Discourse and Human Agency”,Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1; pg. 25)RP )

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a
AND
the benefit of a polyphonic array of  whispers and shouts. 

Role-playing is uniquely empowering –this imagination is critical to understand how the government reaches decisions, how to hold it accountable and determine how we should act

Rawls 99 (John, Professor Emeritus – Harvard University, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-7)

Developing the Law of Peoples within a liberal conception of
AND
that case it would be incompatible with freedom of speech.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West SK | Judge: David Heidt

Plan

The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba.

Relations

The U.S. is trying to rebuild US-Latin American relations but the focus on Cuban regime change prevents genuine improvement.

CDA, 13 - Center for Democracy in the Americas (“News Flash? Has the Administration rediscovered Latin America?” 6/7, http://www.democracyinamericas.org/blog-post/news-flash-has-the-administration-rediscovered-latin-america/)

Today, as we put cursor-to-screen, we were struck
AND
a high-cost, low-probability “regime change” solution for Cuba.

The plan sends a clear signal to improve Latin American relations and reinvigorate the OAS.

White, 13 - Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)

FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that
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of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.

Current Cuba policy wrecks OAS credibility – regional coalitions overtake it

Reuters 12 - Brian Ellsworth, “Despite Obama charm, Americas summit boosts U.S. isolation,” 4/16/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/us-americas-summit-obama-idUSBRE83F0UD20120416

President Barack Obama sat patiently through diatribes, interruptions and even
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Thale, program director at the Washington Office on Latin America.

Cyber-attack coming in the Western Hemisphere – OAS legitimacy is key to coordination

Caribbean News Now 6/25 - “OAS launches cyber security crisis management exercise,” 6/25/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-OAS-launches-cyber-security-crisis-management-exercise-16500.html

The assistant secretary general of the Organization of American States
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security specialists, among others. The event will conclude on Tuesday.

Cyberattacks cause extinction

Andreasen 6/14 – national security consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative and its Nuclear Security Project (Steve, “Cyberwar’s Threat Does Not Justify a New Policy of Nuclear Deterrence,” 6/14/13, http://www.nti.org/analysis/opinions/cyberwars-threat-does-not-justify-new-policy-nuclear-deterrence/)

President Obama is expected to unveil a new nuclear policy
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shared approaches to cybersecurity, including agreements related to limiting cyberwar.

Engagement creates a framework for environmental protection – it will be modeled and protect biodiversity globally

Conell 9 - Research Associate at COHA (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6/12/09, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)

Cuba’s abundant natural resources need to be protected with heightened
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arena for the execution of exemplary sustainable environmental protection practices. 

Biodiversity key to ecosystem stability and sustaining the human population

Cardinale 13 – Associate Professor, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan (Bradley J., “Opinion: Biodiversity Impacts Humanity,” The Scientist, 2/20, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34448/title/Opinion~-~-Biodiversity-Impacts-Humanity/)

Nature has provided the goods and services needed to sustain
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life that is the most striking feature of our planet.

Cuba is the single most important biodiversity hotspot in the region

Houck 00 - Professer of Law, former General Counsel and Vice-President of the National Wildlife Federation, and consultant in the development of environmental law in Cuba and other Latin American countries (Oliver, “Environmental Law in Cuba”, Florida State University Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, Fall 2000, http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/vol161/houck.pdf)

On a worldwide basis, biodiversity tends to be concentrated in
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geography, which bought time for conservation to come into play. 

Biodiversity loss causes human extinction – four reasons

Howard 11 – Professor, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent (Patricia, “Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges in Science and Policy,” British Academy and the Royal Society, 3/13, http://academia.edu/537857/Tipping_Points_and_Biodiversity_Change_Consequences_for_Human_Wellbeing_and_Challenges_for_Science_and_Policy)

With biodiversity change, there are a number of vulnerabilities to
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not to translate into local, regional, and even global, catastrophe.

Transition

Cuban reforms are inevitable but the loss of external investment risks economic and social collapse – offering normal trade relations is vital

Ashby 13 - Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. He served in the U.S. Commerce Department's International Trade Admpinistration as Director of the Office of Mexico and the Caribbean and acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the Western Hemisphere(Timothy, "Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises" 3/29/13, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/)

Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of
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must include both Cuba’s private sector as well as SOEs.

Cuban collapse diverts attention from existing hotspots

Gorrell 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074  GWOT=Global War on Terrorism

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
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effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Hotspots all risk escalation to global nuclear war.

Bosco 6 - David Bosco (a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine) July 2006 “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III” http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_

The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global
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a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.

Even a regional nuclear war would cause global famine which would kill billions and trigger pandemics and further wars

IPPNW 2010 - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Won the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize, “Zero is the Only Option: Four Medical and Environmental Cases for Eradicating Nuclear Weapons,” http://ippnweducation.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/zero-is-the-only-option0303010.pdf

Using South Asia as an example, 5 these experts have
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were at their disposal to maintain access to food supplies.

Nuclear war destroys the environment

Nissani 92 - Moti, Professor at Wayne State, Lives in the Balance:  The Cold War and American Politics 1945-1991, http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/pagepub/CH2.html

There will be fewer people and less industrial and commercial
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a return to normal climatic conditions within a few years.

Nuclear war would be worse than the largest mass extinctions in geological history

Parkinson 3 - Stuart, Scientists For Global Responsibility, “Does Anybody Remember the Nuclear Winter?” http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/NuclearWinter_NL27.htm

One further environmental problem would be widespread destruction of the
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has ever happened during the 3 billion years of evolution.

The unconditional offer of normal trade relations boosts US-Cuban relations and fosters a stable transition

Koenig 10 – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, “Time for a New Cuba Policy” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)

The option with the greatest possibility of success and reward
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a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas. 

Solvency

Cuba will say yes – it needs desperately needs new capital to aid economic reforms

Iglesias 12 – Commander, US Navy. Paper submitted for the Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the the US Army War College (Carlos, “United States Security Policy Implications of a Post-Fidel Cuba” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560408)

For Cuba, the destitute economy can wait no longer. TheAND
and if invested, would help prime the Cuban economic engine.

Multilat

US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism

Lake 10 – Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)

The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader
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self-interest, lead the way to a new world order.

The plan is a powerful symbol of that commitment

Burgsdorff 9 – Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)

How would the international community react?  At international level all
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interpreted by the international community as steps  towards effective multilateralism.

The alternative to multilateralism is unilateral militarism – the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy that sustains US leadership

Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)

Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the
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unchecked corporate power, and political paralysis quicken the U.S.’s fall.

The plan creates a credible model for multilateral conflict resolution

Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)

At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations
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greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction

Montalván 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)

Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is
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is the time to create rather than divide common ground.

Any step short of unconditional removal means won’t create the same symbol of multilateralism

Vivanco 6 - LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch
(Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba,  google scholar)

This reluctance would be understandable but misguided. Most Cubans do
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stops acting like Goliath will Cuba stop looking like David.

Effective multilateralism – led by the United States Solves – prevents multiple triggers for conflict and destruction

Zakaria 8 - Fareed, Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University, and editor of Foreign Affairs magazine and Newsweek Internationa and professor of IR and political philosophy at Harvard and Columbia University, “Wanted: A New Grand Strategy”, 12/8/08, http://www.newsweek.com/id/171249
The "Global Trends" report identifies several worrying aspects of the
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the world. This is his moment. He should seize it.

Tournament: sorry | Round: 1 | Opponent: not our fault | Judge: we promise
Independent GY
Interdependent GY
Puget Sound GY

Sorry, administrative issues mean that we sometimes can't represent Interlake. No fear though, we're probably still the same team!

Tournament: Contact Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: b | Judge: c
Aff: steph.coolcat@gmail.com
Neg: lindazgong@gmail.com