Tournament: Berkeley DnG Borders | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

DnG Borders

The migrant

A Honduran man left his kids and wife
To give them all a better life
Of no more hunger, no more thirst
No more waiting on misery to spread worse
On an 18 wheeler, he sneaks a ride
For days on in he hopes and hides
Riding through America, land of the free
Turned out nothing like it seemed to be
For when he ran off after the truck stopped today
He found himself as a hopeless stray
He can’t get a job since he has an illegal name
And he won’t accept food since he’s so ashamed
The government, they won’t take him back
They say it’s too much money for them to stack
So, what of this man do you blame him at all?
The courage he held as he tried to stand tall
What would you have done to stop your families cries?
How far would you have went to stop hunger in your children’s eyes?
Would you go to the next country or two
To try and find something there for you
We have to look at him with our eyes and tears
And tell him we can’t help him here
Around the corner, he disappears
Why can’t we help him here?
A Honduran man left his kids and wife
To give them all a better life…
(Whitney Albright, 1/26/9, "Illegal Immigration," http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/illegal-immigration/ Bobby)

Our poem contained the struggle of the migrant, who solely exists to move, to pass on beyond an obstacle; our creation of the border is a statement against the nature of the nomad. Violence is the result of the border as clashes come between two opposite sects of life but this does not need to be the case.

Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
In the vertiginous landscape that engulfs the eastern half of the U.S.-
AND
dependent on the other for their operation in this moment and become entangled.

The world becomes defined by our differences, the border is a racist attack against that which is incompatible with our worldview, cultures, people, nature, the very ground itself is destroyed as the wall climbs higher and higher. The border becomes the symbol of authoritarian and the dominant narrative of lines in the sand becomes Oedipal in the nature of domination.

Chen 13 (Michelle Chen is a contributing editor at In These Times and an associate editor at CultureStrike, "The US-Mexico Border Is a Site of Environmental and Humanitarian Disaster," 5/12/13, Truth Out, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster Bobby)
Indigenous groups have historically articulated a different notion of the border, one that contemplates
AND
at the expense of the surrounding ecology, but in tandem with it.

Infinite Militarization is our destination – the political sphere grows more and more distant as the border begins to taint our minds and convince us that the wall is our salvation. It encodes itself in our reality so that we cannot live without it creating the ontological differences that create binaries necessary for conflict not only of humyn but of nature.

Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
The border between the U.S. and Mexico, as a contested site
AND
of the border multiplies into a territorial web of power and social relations.

This militarization results in conflict that is disregarded because it doesn’t fit on the white capitalists map – Instead of a focus on "war" between "nations" the 1ac navigates the real nexus of violence and provides real solvency mechanisms for the conflict that the rest of the world wishes to ignore – until the negative can provide discourse on war that is not a rigged game disregard it

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
But most significantly for present purposes, Native American peoples, like other nonstate nations
AND
unclear, it became more distinct in terms of both power and representation.

This is no accident, the system structures hierarchies of desire until we can’t see the struggles right in front of us. The lines are not what we want but how the dominant narrative structures the world. By which logic entire populations are enslaved and the only logic by which conflict is conceivable

Robinson, 10 (Andrew, 9/10/10, In Theory Why Deleuze (still) matters: States, war-machines and radical transformation, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/features/ideas/in-theory-deleuze-war-machine/)
’Machinic enslavement’ occurs when assembled groups of social relations and desires, known in
AND
goal of these other connections – is already a victory against the system. 

Vote aff to symbolically reappropriate yourself as the migrant of the debate community, always changing, always moving, as a strategy to break down static violence at the border

Thus by constituting ourselves as migrants, we problematize the Borderlands and break down status-quo institutionalization through capital and the state

Woodward and Jones 2005 (Keith Woodward is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin and John Paul Jones III is a Professor of Geography and Development at Arizona State University, "On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari," http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On20the20Border20with20Deleuze20and20Guattari.pdf Bobby)
As such, the smooth spaces generated by assemblages (e.g., La
AND
and with space, by bordering against the surrounding smooth spaces of capital.

Our advocacy is not a result but a journey creating lines of flight from the flawed existence of the status quo. We are all migrants. We are all policymakers. I am the president. He is a raccoon. The 1AC breaks down the flawed methodology of the status quo in favor of radical conceptions, when everyone is a migrant no one can be

Woodward and Jones 2005 (Keith Woodward is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin and John Paul Jones III is a Professor of Geography and Development at Arizona State University, "On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari," http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On20the20Border20with20Deleuze20and20Guattari.pdf Bobby)
’Todos Somos Ilegales/We Are All Illegals’ is aimed at disrupting State territorializations
AND
rate of pay (Spener and Staudt, 1998: 235-36).

The negative the judge, the community all are a policing on our mind. Forcing us into modules of "Free thought" in reality leaving us trapped within the dominant narrative. This precludes our ability to explore and create meaning into our lives. If there is no reason to uphold the system of society then why even bother?

Deleuze and Guattari 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 330-39
But it seems that things are becoming very obscure, for what is this distinction
AND
end up following behind and being swallowed up-a question of regime.

Desire in the status quo is prioritized on collectives, this investment becomes the precondition to political change, stacizing us and preventing the forward movement of art. The 1ac navigates desire and removes fundamental flawed goal orientation.

Deleuze and Guattari 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 347-8
Not only can the libidinal investment of the social field interfere with the investment of
AND
an apparatus of interest never takes the place of a machine of desire.

.

This becomes the axis of the BIOPOLITICAL – everything becomes a fascist tool twisting the macro political sphere into a game of "who can make borders look the best?" and mitigates the very real existence of the migrant

Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

The 1ac demonstrates our individual ethical responsibilities to the other – absent that cedes the political by divorcing our own powers from the heads of state, replicating violence via mental deputy politics – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to true politics

Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
’We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
, our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence

The poet is the nomad and his words lines of flight – we are da bomb

Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
While crossing, the Transborder Immigrant Tool directs the migrant towards water caches left by
AND
work to develop a collectivity outside of the binary politics of the state.

The rhizomatic art form of the 1AC is able to avoid structural oppression – we are stealing the resolution and stepping away from the impacts it causes

Deleuze and Negri 90 Gilles Deleuze and Antonio Negri, (Philosophers), Control and Becoming, 1990, accessed 6/23/12, http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze3.htm)
Art is resistance: it resists death, slavery, infamy, shame. But
AND
create vacuoles of noncommunication, circuit breakers, so we can elude control.

Extinction is inevitable, we are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark 10 – Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University (Nigel, "Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos", Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Tournament: Berkely | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Borders

1AC

We begin with a story from the place we label "Mexico" – in which an old man proves that western identities and lines are not intrinsic to reality – creating his own narrative and truth through defining his village either as Santa Maria or Zapata depending on the realities of the peoples

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
A brief account of an encounter between alternative spatial imaginaries helps to situate the alternative
AND
that assails such totalizations with the aim of providing an ethics of encounter.

The border has historically and continues to be a nativist attack on those who live on the other side – even impartial organizations are starting to notice it – destruction of property; identity and nature all become built up in the identity of the wall. The dominant narrative reproduces the myth of realistic lines in the sand and leaves nature to become submitted to our will. Embrace grassroots movements to reclaim and emancipate nature from its subjugation

Chen 13 (Michelle Chen is a contributing editor at In These Times and an associate editor at CultureStrike, "The US-Mexico Border Is a Site of Environmental and Humanitarian Disaster," 5/12/13, Truth Out, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster Bobby)
Indigenous groups have historically articulated a different notion of the border, one that contemplates
AND
at the expense of the surrounding ecology, but in tandem with it.

Status quo border policies derive from a xenophobic capitalism that puts otherization at the forefront of its discourse - the border is not just a separation of physical otherness, but a securitized attempt to impose a racist epistemology on those who fall outside the whims of the "American" elite

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
In the aftermath of the failure of comprehensive immigration reform in 2006 and again in
AND
citizenship and strengthen the alternative citizenship politics of social justice and civil rights. 

This takes the form of an "American" sponsored genocide at the border against people whom we deem inferior.

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
AND
rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

This is BIOPOWER that is allowed to proliferate upon the border. Twisting what you call the political into a fascist tool to protect the existence of borders and exclude reference for life

Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

This isn’t just one border but every border – conflict in the status quo is disregarded because it doesn’t fit on the white capitalists map – Instead of a focus on "war" between "nations" the 1ac navigates the real nexus of violence and provides real explanations and solvency for the conflict that the rest of the world wishes to ignore – until the negative can provide discourse on war that is not ommisive disregard their impacts

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
But most significantly for present purposes, Native American peoples, like other nonstate nations
AND
unclear, it became more distinct in terms of both power and representation.

This exclusion of life creates endless extermination in the name of our own vulnerability – all frame of reference for human lives is lost as the "US" writes off the deaths that aren’t publicized cease to have meaning

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence", pg 33 -38 Rufus)
I am referring not only to humans not regarded as humans, and thus to
AND
and through what log of exclusion, what practice of effacement and denominalization. 

Thus Bobby and I believe that you should vote affirmative to break down the border as a form of rethinking current geopolitical structures

You as the judge should take the role as a critical geographer – the debate space is a critical area in rethinking our current status quo geopolitics

Bauder and Engel-DiMauro, ’8 *Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Immigration 26 Settlement Studies, Dept. of Geography AND Associate Professor of Geography, SUNY New Paltz (Harald Bauder and Salvatore Engel-DiMauro, 2008, Critical Scholarship Practice and Education, "Critical Geographies: Introduction," http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=geography)
A particular issue, with which critical geographers have been concerned, is the link
AND
the impossibility of neutrality and objectivity in representing the Earth?s surface.

Before we may affirm the resolution, we must question our everyday geopolitics – understanding the social relationship of space is a prerequisite to policymaking

Blandy and Sibley, ’10 professors at the School of Law of the University of Leeds (Sarah Blandy and David Sibley, 2010, Social and legal studies, "Laws boundaries and the production of space," 19(3))
In this special issue we want to de-territorialize issues of law and space
AND
articles link the law and boundaries ’on the ground’ with psychic boundaries.

Use your ballot as an emancipatory tool to alleviate genocide and violence of a world focused around borders – our act of questioning is key to reverse squo trends of violence. The 1ac has already done its job by filling the void in the political sphere.

Tuathail 26 Dalby ’98 (Rethinking Geopolitics, Gearoid O Tuathail 26 Simon Dalby, 1998, pg. 89-90.  Gearo?id O? Tuathail is Associate Professor of Geography at Virginia Tech, USA and Simon Dalby is Associate Professor of Geography at Carleton University, Canada.)
A full analysis of sovereignty and geopolitics would necessitate an additional inquiry into constructions of
AND
reconsider central assumptions of political culture and the very foundations of its comparisons.

The 1ac demonstrates our individual ethical responsibilities to the other – absent that politics degenerates into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to true politics

Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
’We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
, our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence

The 1ac is our plea to address the Other as the Other – anything else removes them of identity and shovels them back into the sphere of violence

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
More generally, shedding the structure of past, violent inscriptions, Sorger is finally
AND
of representation one simply reproduces when one remains unreflectively within the already said.

The OTHER is EVERYTHING, from organisms to the artificial, we owe ourselves to it - letting beings-be is the only moral imperative.

Introna 10 (LUCAS, PROFESSOR OF ORGANIZATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND ETHICS @ LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, AI 26 SOC, 2010, VOL. 25, "THE ’MEASURE OF A MAN’ AND THE ETHOS OF HOSPITALITY: TOWARDS AN ETHICAL DWELLING WITH TECHNOLOGY," PG. 93-102)
Instead of creating value systems in our own self-image, the absolute otherness
AND
have nothing in common (Lingis 1994). Is such a community possible?

Tournament: Dowling Catholic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Matt Kenyon

Contact Bobby Swetz (bobby.swetz@comcast.net) for aff cites.

Tournament: Dowling Catholic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Matt Kenyon

Borders

1AC – Levinas

Contention one is the border

We begin with a story from a place known as "Mexico" in which an old man challenges the border by calling his village Santa Maria or Zapata depending on the state of the "nation"

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence) Purple = Slow
A brief account of an encounter between alternative spatial imaginaries helps to situate the alternative
AND
that assails such totalizations with the aim of providing an ethics of encounter.

This is one example of the status quo border policies which exemplify a system of racist epistemologies and xenophobia and the worst forms of society

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
In the aftermath of the failure of comprehensive immigration reform in 2006 and again in
AND
citizenship and strengthen the alternative citizenship politics of social justice and civil rights. 

"America" allows 26 actively encourages horrors to be exercised upon the border leaving bodies mangled to unrecognizable forms; this represents the worst human rights abuses in the "U.S."

Jimenez 11 (Maria Jimenez is an organizer with the Central American Resource Center a civil rights group that develops programs for immigrant workers, "Border Enforcement Has Caused Migrants’ Deaths," from Humanitarian Crisis: Migrant Deaths at the US-Mexico Border, Greenhaven Press, Opposing Viewpoints In Context, Bobby)
Men, women, and children go to their deaths day after day crossing the
AND
apprehensions and to the numbers for the same time period the year before. 

This takes the form of an "American" sponsored genocide at the border against people whom we deem inferior

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
AND
rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

This is BIOPOWER that is allowed to proliferate upon the border. Twisting what you call the political into a fascist tool to protect the existence of borders

Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

The politicians have missed the boat, it’s not the Other that causes the war, but our relation to the Other that causes war - focusing on peace between "nations" is dated and incorrect that means we miss solving for the real world problems that occur beneath the specatles of the world on the border – prior question

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
But most significantly for present purposes, Native American peoples, like other nonstate nations
AND
unclear, it became more distinct in terms of both power and representation.
This exclusion of life creates endless extermination in the name of our own vulnerability – all frame of reference for human lives is lost as the US writes off the deaths that aren’t publicized cease to have meaning
Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence", pg 33 -38 Rufus)
I am referring not only to humans not regarded as humans, and thus to
AND
and throug

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling MT | Judge: Bancroft

Borders

1AC – Levinas

Contention one is the border

Status quo border policies derive from a xenophobic capitalism that puts otherization at the forefront of its discourse - the border is not just a separation of physical otherness, but a securitized attempt to impose a racist epistemology on those who fall outside the whims of the American elite

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
In the aftermath of the failure of comprehensive immigration reform in 2006 and again in
AND
citizenship and strengthen the alternative citizenship politics of social justice and civil rights. 

Instead of ceasing the countless human rights abuses, the worst atrocities on American soil today have sped up, and the United States is simply ignoring them

Jimenez 11 (Maria Jimenez is an organizer with the Central American Resource Center a civil rights group that develops programs for immigrant workers, "Border Enforcement Has Caused Migrants’ Deaths," from Humanitarian Crisis: Migrant Deaths at the US-Mexico Border, Greenhaven Press, Opposing Viewpoints In Context, Bobby)
Men, women, and children go to their deaths day after day crossing the
AND
apprehensions and to the numbers for the same time period the year before. 

The border policies are an American sponsored genocide against people whom we deem inferior

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
AND
rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

The inability to recognize normalized violence is the root cause of war – structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for macro-scale conflict – the plan is a prerequisite to breaking that down

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Professor of Anthropology at Cal-Berkeley, and Philippe Bourgois, Professor of Anthropology at UPenn, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Thus Bobby and I believe that you should vote affirmative to break down the border as a form of rethinking current geopolitical structures

Contention 2 is Ethics

Questioning geopolitics is the only way to solve – without that we descend into war and violence

Tuathail 26 Dalby ’98 (Rethinking Geopolitics, Gearoid O Tuathail 26 Simon Dalby, 1998, pg. 89-90.  Gearo?id O? Tuathail is Associate Professor of Geography at Virginia Tech, USA and Simon Dalby is Associate Professor of Geography at Carleton University, Canada.)
A full analysis of sovereignty and geopolitics would necessitate an additional inquiry into constructions of
AND
reconsider central assumptions of political culture and the very foundations of its comparisons.

Re-orienting spatial imaginaries instills an ethics that avows vulnerability to alterity

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science @ U Hawaii, Violent Cartographies,173-180)
To claim membership in a particular tribe, ethnicity, or nation—that is
AND
accept Ward Just’s perpetually enigmatic Vietnam rather than endorse Norman Schwarzkopf’s domesticated version.

Discourse is dominated by conservative scapegoating and racist policing that make acceptance of hospitality impossible – this demonization of otherness results in a politics void of democracy – radically shifting how we conceive of the border is key to breaking it down

Carlson 09 (De

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell OM | Judge: Johnson

Glenbrooks 1AC

Advantage
Contention one is the crisis
Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representative of an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, "Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?", ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.
The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, "TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME", Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.
This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of "dual use" – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, "Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq," Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.
This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the other
Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, "From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,")
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned.
In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, "Imposing Economic Sanctions", Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.
This enframing of security justifies limitless violence and turns all impacts in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the dominant rationalist narrative guarantee serial policy failure – questioning is key
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

The embargo has deprived Cuba of basic necessities – that has led to Castro adopting neoliberal market ideology which frames Cuba as a tourist sex hotspot – reinforcing traditional gendered and racist elements of Cuban society

Faye Harrison March 2008 (Sociocultural anthropologist interested in the culture, politics, and political economy of knowledge and social inequalities, especially as they relate to the African diaspora, "Everyday Neoliberalism in Cuba A Glimpse from Jamaica," Outsider Within Reworking Anthropology in the Global Age, Pg. 201-219 Bobby) We do not endorse the authors racist language
During the Special Period (which officially ended in the 19905) and the continued
AND
the past decades rumba has become an important emblem of Cuba’s egalitarian ethos.
This political calculation also underlies the Castro regime’s decisions – acts of violence against the Cuban populace were justified under a pretext of existential threats – only the aff breaks down security logic which allows reform
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, "Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?", ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The key for understanding the Cuban perspective on the October crisis is the position and
AND
. Unexpectedly, the Cubans accepted this extraordinary offer within two days.45
Plan
Plan: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.
Framing
Contention two is spaces
Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought which have real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, "Critique of Security", 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’
Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – the only question is how we engage in grief – the affirmative begins the process of grieving for the lives on the other end of our violence, reclaiming a view of life that is not grounded upon extermination
Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence", pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."
Don’t evaluate their process counterplans —- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal
Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory 26 Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main ’product’, is involvement with itself. 

Discard their improbable risk calculation, all actions can have catastrophic consequences, worst case thinking leads to bad decision making and replicates violence

Schneier 10 (Bruce, Security Technologist, Author, MA in Computer Science – American University, "Worst-Case Thinking", 3-13, http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/05/worst-case_thin.html Rufus)
At a security conference recently, the moderator asked the panel of distinguished cybersecurity leaders
AND
don’t need to refute counterarguments, there’s no point in listening to them.

Constant security leads to serial policy failure – only the plan breaks down the underlying political ontology that justifies security.

Dillon and Reid 2000 (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency", Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

The infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad and vast to be predicted and responded to effectively – their faith in securitized bureaucracy is not only incapable of responding to threats, but escalates all problems into global disasters

Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article26id=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means." 

Extinction is inevitable, we are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark 10 – Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University (Nigel, "Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos", Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Niles West GH | Judge: Tallungan, Carlson, Collins

Glenbrooks 1AC

Advantage
Contention one is the crisis
Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representative of an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, "Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?", ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.
The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, "TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME", Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.

The embargo has deprived Cuba of basic necessities – that has led to Castro adopting neoliberal market ideology which frames Cuba as a tourist sex hotspot – reinforcing traditional gendered and racist elements of Cuban society

Faye Harrison March 2008 (Sociocultural anthropologist interested in the culture, politics, and political economy of knowledge and social inequalities, especially as they relate to the African diaspora, "Everyday Neoliberalism in Cuba A Glimpse from Jamaica," Outsider Within Reworking Anthropology in the Global Age, Pg. 201-219 Bobby) We do not endorse the authors racist language
During the Special Period (which officially ended in the 19905) and the continued
AND
the past decades rumba has become an important emblem of Cuba’s egalitarian ethos.
This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of "dual use" – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, "Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq," Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.
This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the other
Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, "From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,")
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned.
In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, "Imposing Economic Sanctions", Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.
This enframing of security justifies limitless violence and turns all impacts in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the dominant rationalist narrative guarantee serial policy failure – questioning is key
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10,

Tournament: IHSA Varsity State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Derrick Clifton

DnG

The migrant

A Honduran man left his kids and wife
To give them all a better life
Of no more hunger, no more thirst
No more waiting on misery to spread worse
Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html-http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
In the vertiginous landscape that engulfs the eastern half of the U.S.-
AND
dependent on the other for their operation in this moment and become entangled.

This manifests in an ontology of difference, a nativist attack against that which doesn’t fit in with our worldview, the destruction of nature, identity, and people can only be adverted through grassroots action

Chen 13 (Michelle Chen is a contributing editor at In These Times and an associate editor at CultureStrike, "The US-Mexico Border Is a Site of Environmental and Humanitarian Disaster," 5/12/13, Truth Out, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster-http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster Bobby, edited for ableist language by levo)
Indigenous groups have historically articulated a different notion of the border, one that contemplates
AND
at the expense of the surrounding ecology, but in tandem with it.

On an 18 wheeler, he sneaks a ride
For days on in he hopes and hides
Riding through America, land of the free
Turned out nothing like it seemed to be

I’ll tell you why.
To survive
To outlive

The border is George Orwell’s 1984 – infinite Militarization by the political sphere becomes distorted as the border symbolically alters our minds, encoding reality so we cannot live without these lines.

Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html-http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
The border between the U.S. and Mexico, as a contested site
AND
of the border multiplies into a territorial web of power and social relations.

We are born with dreams in our hearts,
looking for better days ahead.
At the gates we are given new papers,
our old clothes are taken
and we are given overalls like mechanics wear.
We are given shots and doctors ask questions.
Then we gather in another room
where counselors orient us to the new land
we will now live in.
For when he ran off after the truck stopped today
He found himself as a hopeless stray
He can’t get a job since he has an illegal name
And he won’t accept food since he’s so ashamed
The government, they won’t take him back
They say it’s too much money for them to stack
To live
beyond the hatreds
of patriotism.
the kinder face of humanity.
To think
free of the Faith’s manacles.
To believe
we are sent to work as dishwashers,
to work in fields for three cents an hour.
The administration says this is temporary
So we go about our business, blacks with blacks,
poor whites with poor whites,
no mixing of cultures, let them stay apart,
like in the old neighborhoods we came from.

This is no accident, the system orients desire making it impossible to recognize the struggles right in front of us, this is how the machine enslaves us, and how conflict is made possible and desirable.

Robinson, 10 (Andrew, 9/10/10, In Theory Why Deleuze (still) matters: States, war-machines and radical transformation, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/features/ideas/in-theory-deleuze-war-machine/)
’Machinic enslavement’ occurs when assembled groups of social relations and desires, known in
AND
goal of these other connections – is already a victory against the system. 

So, what of this man do you blame him at all?
The courage he held as he tried to stand tall
What would you have done to stop your families cries?
How far would you have went to stop hunger in your children’s eyes?
Would you go to the next country or two
To try and find something there for you
We have to look at him with our eyes and tears
And tell him we can’t help him here
Around the corner, he disappears

dialogue
Without the obligation
of forming belief.
To discover
the basic joys of being.
The price? I’ll tell you.
Evaporation.

Thus by constituting ourselves as migrants, we problematize the Borderlands and break down status-quo institutionalization through capital and the state

Woodward and Jones 2005 (Keith Woodward is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin and John Paul Jones III is a Professor of Geography and Development at Arizona State University, "On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari," http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On20the20Border20with20Deleuze20and20Guattari.pdf-http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari.pdf Bobby)
As such, the smooth spaces generated by assemblages (e.g., La
AND
and with space, by bordering against the surrounding smooth spaces of capital.

We recognize our privilege in the debate community and in life as a whole, this just proves the necessitaty of our advocacy

Our advocacy is a journey spiriting away upon lines of flight that detach us from the flaws of the status quo. WE ARE ALL MIGRANTS. WE ARE ALL POLICYMAKERS. I AM THE PRESIDENT. BOB IS A RACOON. The 1AC radically changes the status quo.

Woodward and Jones 2005 (Keith Woodward is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin and John Paul Jones III is a Professor of Geography and Development at Arizona State University, "On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari," http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On20the20Border20with20Deleuze20and20Guattari.pdf-http://geography.arizona.edu/sites/geography.arizona.edu/files/u122/On the Border with Deleuze and Guattari.pdf Bobby)
’Todos Somos Ilegales/We Are All Illegals’ is aimed at disrupting State territorializations
AND
rate of pay (Spener and Staudt, 1998: 235-36).

The world is a thought police officer, forcing is into fake modules of free thought, that leave us trapped within societal norms, if we can’t explore and creating meaning in our lives what is the point?

Deleuze and Guattari 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 330-39
But it seems that things are becoming very obscure, for what is this distinction
AND
end up following behind and being swallowed up-a question of regime.

Desire in the status quo is that of the collective, staticizing change, we must fundamentally reorient ourselves individually in order to avoid the deadly repression, and goal orientation

Deleuze and Guattari 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 347-8
Not only can the libidinal investment of the social field interfere with the investment of
AND
an apparatus of interest never takes the place of a machine of desire.

A fascist epistemology of bio power dominates public debate, turning the political into a game of border protection – 
Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

The 1ac demonstrates our individual responsibilities to the other – absent that cedes the political by divorcing our own powers from the heads of state, replicating violence via mental deputy politics – our standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to true politics

Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
’We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
, our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence

The poet is the nomad and his words lines of flight – we decode the machinations of politics, and create radical conceptions

Paul 11 (Ian Alan Paul is a writer, artist and programmer living in the Bay Area of California. He is currently entangled with investigations of Prefigurative Politics, Antifascist Aesthetics, Network Collectivity/Ethics, and Horizontal Social Movements. He received his MFA and MA at the San Francisco Art Institute in 2011 is in the process of completing his PhD studies in UC Santa Cruz’s Film and Digital Media program, "From Lines to Territories: Ricardo Dominguez, Bang.Labs and the Transborder Immigrant Tool," May 2011, http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html-http://www.bordermachines.net/transborder2.html Bobby)
While crossing, the Transborder Immigrant Tool directs the migrant towards water caches left by
AND
work to develop a collectivity outside of the binary politics of the state.

I am offering this poem to you,
Since I have nothing else to give.
Keep it like a warm coat
When winter comes to cover you,
or like a pair of thick socks
the cold cannot bite through,
 I love you,

Society encodes Racism into being, forcing biology to become a bio political statement of destruction that entails repression of our desire which controls the proximate cause to every impact, the world is too damn sane

Foucault 76 (Michel, sexual philosopher and historian of the ages, "Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France", 1976,Levo)
What in fact is racism? It is primarily a way of introducing a break
AND
number die, the race to which we belong will become all the pure

It’s all I have to give,
and all anyone needs to live,
and to go on living inside,
when the world outside
no longer cares if you live or die;
remember,
I love you.

The rhizomatic art form of the 1AC is able to avoid structural oppression – we are stealing the resolution and stepping away from the impacts it causes

Deleuze and Negri 90 Gilles Deleuze and Antonio Negri, (Philosophers), Control and Becoming, 1990, accessed 6/23/12, http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze3.htm-http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze3.htm)
Art is resistance: it resists death, slavery, infamy, shame. But
AND
create vacuoles of noncommunication, circuit breakers, so we can elude control.

Worth it? Doubtless.
To finally grasp
humanity’s fraudulent truth.
To dream
the sweetness of equality.
Why can’t we help him here?
To desire. To know
the power of desire. To wait
joyfully amid unpalatable sadness.
We came here to get away from false promises,
From dictators in our neighborhoods,
But it’s no different here.
our minds deteriorate, we learn nothing of value.
Our lives don’t get better, we go down quick.
A Honduran man left his kids and wife
To give them all a better life… 

(Whitney Albright, 1/26/9, "Illegal Immigration," http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/illegal-immigration/ Bobby)

(Ali Alizadeh,4/30/9,"Immigration",http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/immigration-3/,Levo)

(Jimmy Santiago Baca,1977," immigrants in Our Own Land"http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/179708,Levo)

(Jimmy Santiago Baca, 1990,"I Am Offering this Poem" http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/238134,Levo)

Tournament: JV State | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN CT | Judge: Buntin

Border Security

Advantage

Contention one is security

The border has become the pinnacle of vulnerability, the bodies of immigrants become vulnerable in their attempt at crossing, and the bodies of the border security guard become vulnerable in their securitized attempt to remove violence, this turns the border into a violent space of control where both sides misappropriate their vulnerability

Shapiro 12 (Michael J. Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawai’i, M?noa, "A continuing violent cartography From Guadalupe Hidalgo to contemporary border crossings" in The New Violent Cartography Chapter 15)
The various U.S. policy initiatives aimed at controlling the traffic across the
AND
either refused or could not pay a fee for a safe ¶ crossing.

The wall is the newest symbol of the war on terrorism – Mexicans are envisioned as the newest Al Qaeda, and the wall is the drone -

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
To approach this question, we need to step back from the standard ways we
AND
politics of prosperity, integration, racism, order, and radical capitalism. 

This is grounded in an ontology of difference; The war on terror turns borders into a securitized attempt to limit out the receivers of our violence. Crossing the border is thus an ontological experience and only the aff recognizes it as such

Bhandar, 8 (Davina, Trent University, Canadian Studies, Faculty Member, Resistance, "Detainment, Asylum: The Onto-Political Limits of Border Crossing in North America" in War, Citizenship, Territory, Chapter 13)
Inadmissible, deportable, undesirable, terrorist, no-fly list: all of
AND
. This is the onto-connection to the "war on terror."¶ 

This enframing of security justifies endless annihilation and underlies all impacts – only accepting an ontology of insecurity and challenging the discourse of threat construction can solve all threats

Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

This takes the form of an "American" sponsored genocide at the border against people whom we deem inferior.

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
AND
rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

Bounding nation-states through the enclosure of borders is the control of territory through violence. This production of the space of the state obfuscates always on-going non-state violence and legitimates wars and genocides in the name of state-making.

Neocleous 3 ~Mark Neocleous is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Brunel University, "Off the Map: On Violence and Cartography", European Journal of Social Theory 2003 6: 409~
As Michael Hardt and Toni Negri (2000: 167) put it, ’
AND
) state’s violence. Alternately, they are simply ’off the map’. 

This makes all US policy a terminal failure – status quo approaches create the problems they intend to solve and making error replication inevitable

Dillon and Reid 2000 (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency", Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

Plan

Thus the plan: the United States federal government should open its border towards the United Mexican States.

Framing

Contention two is spaces

The 1AC is a critical refutation of security discourse which opens up a space in politics for transformative political thought – breaking away from these norms is key to actualize change

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, "Critique of Security", 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’ 

A securitized epistemology of biopower dominates public debate, turning the political into a game of border protection
Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

This rejection of dominant security enframing is a critical prerequisite to effective broad-scale policy solutions

Bruce, 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University, and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) ~words added for continuity~
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

Abdicating the state is pure narcissism – refusing to acknowledge it won’t cause it to stop existing. Demands and change focused on the state is key to political agency and democratic change

Giroux 4 (Henry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, "Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical" Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 26 4, 2004, Rufus)
Neo-liberalism has become one of the most pervasive and dangerous ideologies of the
AND
, and necessitate alternative visions regarding autonomy and the possibility of democracy itself.

Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – accepting this is a precursor to reclaiming a politics not centered on extermination

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence", pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."

Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark in 10 (Nigel, Senior Lecturer in Geography @ Open University, UK, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Open Research Online, "Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos," http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/13534640903478809, Pg. 80-95)
In this way, desire or love is becoming, and generosity is generativity -
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who? 

Reliance on national security predictions escalates all problems into global disasters – the infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad, and realist assumptions make everything worse

Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article26id=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means." 

Product comes before process – focusing on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity and political withdrawal

Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory 26 Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main ’product’, is involvement with itself.

Tournament: Kelly | Round: 2 | Opponent: Van Stuben | Judge: George Liu

Borders

1AC – Levinas

Contention one is the border

We begin with a story from a place known as "Mexico" in which an old man challenges the border by calling his village Santa Maria or Zapata depending on the state of the "nation"

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence) Purple = Slow
A brief account of an encounter between alternative spatial imaginaries helps to situate the alternative
AND
that assails such totalizations with the aim of providing an ethics of encounter.

Status quo border policies exemplifies a system in which racist epistemologies and xenophobia are allowed to proliferate because of the force and acknowledgement  of the capitalist elite

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
In the aftermath of the failure of comprehensive immigration reform in 2006 and again in
AND
citizenship and strengthen the alternative citizenship politics of social justice and civil rights. 

America allows forces horrors to operate upon the border leaving bodies mangled to unrecognizable forms, this represents the worst human rights abuses in the "U.S."

Jimenez 11 (Maria Jimenez is an organizer with the Central American Resource Center a civil rights group that develops programs for immigrant workers, "Border Enforcement Has Caused Migrants’ Deaths," from Humanitarian Crisis: Migrant Deaths at the US-Mexico Border, Greenhaven Press, Opposing Viewpoints In Context, Bobby)
Men, women, and children go to their deaths day after day crossing the
AND
apprehensions and to the numbers for the same time period the year before. 

We are letting an American sponsored genocide occur at the border against people whom we deem inferior

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
AND
rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

The inability to recognize normalized violence is the root cause of war – structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for macro-scale conflict – the plan is a prerequisite to breaking that down

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Professor of Anthropology at Cal-Berkeley, and Philippe Bourgois, Professor of Anthropology at UPenn, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Thus Bobby and I believe that you should vote affirmative to break down the border as a form of rethinking current geopolitical structures

Contention 2 is spaces

We must question geopolitics to alleviate the horrors presented in a society drawn around borders – without this we descend into never ending violence

Tuathail 26 Dalby ’98 (Rethinking Geopolitics, Gearoid O Tuathail 26 Simon Dalby, 1998, pg. 89-90.  Gearo?id O? Tuathail is Associate Professor of Geography at Virginia Tech, USA and Simon Dalby is Associate Professor of Geography at Carleton University, Canada.)
A full analysis of sovereignty and geopolitics would necessitate an additional inquiry into constructions of
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reconsider central assumptions of political culture and the very foundations of its comparisons.

The affirmative is not here to assimilate them into our political society but to address them in their basest form that of Otherness – the problem is not that they’re the Other but the way we treat them because of the border

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
More generally, shedding the structure of past, violent inscriptions, Sorger is finally
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of representation one simply reproduces when one remains unreflectively within the already said.

The affirmative necessitates both ethnographic deconstruction and disruptive literary discourse aimed at unveiling problems with geopolitics from multiple angles and new voices of marginalized peoples

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
Ethnographic and literary discourses suggest themselves as ways into the ethical because both, in
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various tribal peoples have practiced a radically nonrepresentational mode of encounter with alterity. 

In the world dominated by the elite perpetration of the border – the image of hospitality is impossible and coexistence is laughed at – this demonization of the other results in a world void of democratic principles – a radical shift of the border is key to breaking down our views

Carlson 09 (Dennis Carlson, prof. of education and cultural studies @ Miami, THE BORDER CROSSED US: EDUCATION, HOSPITALITY POLITICS, AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE "ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT", Educational Theory, 59: 259–277, Evan)
As I have already noted, Derrida was deeply suspicious of the modern state in
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,’’ to proactively and offensively restrict their access to the public.31
The 1ac demonstrates our individual ethical responsibilities to the other – absent that politics degenerates into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to true politics
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social
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, our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence

Specifically politics on the border result in an existence of nihilism and that only arises without planting the other at the root of  our political act

Zylinska 2004, (Joanna is Professor of New Media and Communications at the University of London, "The Universal Acts: Judith Butler and the biopolitics of immigration," Cultural Studies 18.4, pg. 533-35 Bobby)
The problem of openness which is to be extended to our current and prospective guests
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I may even become a stranger in the skin of my own home.

In a world without the affirmative the border exists and perpetrates genocide while the state becomes a monstrous figure with control of life and death

Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
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dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

All of humanity is equal regardless of whether we call them "citizens" or "non-citizens" the state cannot and should not be able to choose whether they can enter our society – an ethical approach is key

Carens 87 (Joseph H. Carens is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, Canada, "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders," The Review of Politics, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Spring, 1987), pp. 251-273, Bobby)
One popular position on immigration goes something like this: "It’s our country.
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, their entry and their actions would be none of the state’s business. 

Util leads to a decision framework in which genocides can occur – specifically on the border- but we still outweigh under their interp

Carens 87 (Joseph H. Carens is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, Canada, "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders," The Review of Politics, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Spring, 1987), pp. 251-273, Bobby)
If we focus only on economic consequences, the best immigration policy from a utilitarian
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the ones entailed by the public order restriction implied by the Rawlsian approach.

Totalitarian regimes can only exist where we let the other disappear – actions like the aff break it down

Simmons 99 William Paul, current Associate Professor of Political Science at ASU, formerly at Bethany College in the Department of History and Political Science, "The Third: Levinas’ theoretical move from an-archical ethics to the realm of justice and politics," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism November 1, 1999 vol. 25 no. 6
Levinas argues for a place for both ethics and politics, or, to employ
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ethics. Politics is necessary but it must be continually checked by ethics. 

The other and the self are at the root of every conflict – we need to recognize and change this before war – conflict is impossible in the world of the aff

Caygill 02 Howard, Professor of Cultural History at Goldsmiths College, University of London, Levinas and the Political
The other makes possible the time of labour and possession while also putting it into
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the donation are not themselves a possession that must be defended by war.

Tournament: Lane Tech | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northside | Judge: Lane judge

Borders

1AC – Levinas

Contention one is the wall

We can exemplify this with a story from the place we label Mexico – in which an old man proves that western identities and lines are not intrinsic to reality – creating his own narrative and truth through defining his village either as Santa Maria or Zapata depending on the realities of the peoples

Shapiro 97 (Michael, Professor of Political Science, University of Hawaii, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of Violence)
A brief account of an encounter between alternative spatial imaginaries helps to situate the alternative
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that assails such totalizations with the aim of providing an ethics of encounter.

The border has historically and continues to be a racist attack on those who live on the other side – even impartial organizations are starting to notice it – destruction of property; identity and nature all become built up in the identity of the wall. The dominant narrative reproduces the myth of realistic lines in the sand and leaves nature to become submitted to our will. Embrace grassroots movements to reclaim and emancipate nature from its subjugation

Chen 13 (Michelle Chen is a contributing editor at In These Times and an associate editor at CultureStrike, "The US-Mexico Border Is a Site of Environmental and Humanitarian Disaster," 5/12/13, Truth Out, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster-http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20445-the-us-mexico-border-is-a-site-of-environmental-and-humanitarian-disaster Bobby)
Indigenous groups have historically articulated a different notion of the border, one that contemplates
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at the expense of the surrounding ecology, but in tandem with it.

Status quo border policies derive from a xenophobic capitalism that puts otherization at the forefront of its discourse - the border is not just a separation of physical otherness, but a securitized attempt to impose a racist epistemology on those who fall outside the whims of the American elite

Heyman 2008 (Josiah McC. Heyman holds a PhD and is a Professor of Anthropology at University of Texas in El Paso, "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.-Mexico Border Policing," Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn, 2008), pp. 322-325, JSTOR, Bobby)
In the aftermath of the failure of comprehensive immigration reform in 2006 and again in
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citizenship and strengthen the alternative citizenship politics of social justice and civil rights. 

This takes the form of an "American" sponsored genocide at the border against people whom we deem inferior.

Ochoa 2011 (Raúl Al-qaraz Ochoa is a writer for Anti-Fronterias citing Gregory Stanton who was the president of ’Genocide Watch’, 2/11, "The New Genocide: Immigration and the U.S.-Mexico Border," http://antifronteras.com/2011/11/07/367/ Bobby)
White-painted crosses carried the names of each person deceased, most times there
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rather as the symptoms of intentional U.S. policies of genocide.

This is BIOPOWER that is allowed to proliferate upon the border. Twisting what you call the political into a fascist tool to protect the existence of borders and exclude reference for life

Ajana 06, (PhD in Sociology from London School of Economics and Political Science Btihaj. "Immigration Interrupted." Journal for Cultural Research 10.3 (2006): 259-273. Print.)
The fact that technology is an aspect of immanentist biopolitics, is in itself an
AND
dispensable bodies and unnecessary existences. This is the dialectical reality of borders21

This isn’t just one border but every border – conflict in the status quo is disregarded because it doesn’t fit on the white capitalists map – Instead of a focus on "war" between "nations" the 1ac navigates the real nexus of violence and provides real explanations and solvency for the conflict that the rest of the world wishes to ignore – until the negative can provide discourse on war that is not ommisive disregard

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 1 | Opponent: Frank B | Judge: Wilderson

Redness

Questions of economic engagement between Latin America and the United States must be trace back to its roots; history conceals that the ontological destruction of indigenous bodies are wholly entrenched in U.S. economic engagement– the enslavement of indigenous bodies to build New Spain– the forced segregation and assimilation of Red bodies into Chipas- and the guise of the "Drug-War" that cloaks the U.S. and civil society to continuously destruct the Red body. The resolution begs a question of economic engagement– our answer lies in the colonialist project of anti-Red genocide
Itzocelotl 08 Itztli Ehecatl-https://pipl.com/directory/name/Ehecatl/Itztli/ "Killing Hope" Zapatista http://www.mexicauprising.net/killinghope.html-http://www.mexicauprising.net/killinghope.html D.W.
For 510 years, the indigenous people of Mexico have endured utter poverty: they
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in. The world really needs to be a world" (Chiapas). 

Anti-redness, under the guise of common good, structures Latin American under the dominant hegemon’s conceptions of personhood and power.  This seditious manifestation of cooption represents unparalleled danger to surviving indigenous groups while stripping away the autonomy of these societies

Alfred and Corntassel 5 "Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism", Government and Opposition, p.601-2
It is important to identify all of the old and new faces of colonialism that
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other brutal forms of oppression, threaten the very survival of Indigenous communities.

Pretenses of "development" and "care" for the Indian other are rooted by a desire to redefine the other as an anomalous population whilst still falling within the sovereignty of U.S. – this validates racial violence against the Indian Other as the U.S. exerts limitless "authority"

Rifkin 9 "Indigenizing Agamben: Rethinking Sovereignty in Light of the "Peculiar" Status of Native Peoples," Cultural Critique, No 73, Fall
Representing Native populations and lands as occupying an "anomalous" position allows the U
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body—on land that self-evidently constitutes part of the nation. 

The biopolitics used by the state justifies murdering entire populations for the ability to send them to war to be slaughtered

Mendieta 02, Eduardo Mendieta, PhD and Associate professor of Stonybrook School of Philosophy, "’To make live and to let die’ –Foucault on Racism Meeting of the Foucault Circle, APA Central Division Meeting" http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/philosophy/people/faculty_pages/docs/foucault.pdf
This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within
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of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature. 

Thus as a judge you should vote affirmative to embrace a movement of Critical Indigenous Pedagogy of Place – our movement is a direct challenge to racism that undergirds the topic and how knowledge production operates in debate by injecting our agency against oppressive structures

Alma M.O. Trinidad January 2012 Portland State University Critical Indigenous Pedagogy of Place: A Framework to Indigenize a Youth Food Justice Movement pg. 2-3
Community based health practices aimed at serving Indigenous youth and young adults often impose epistemological
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, 2004; Smith, 1999–principles that contradict with Indigenous values.

This allows us to disrupt the status quo paradigm and allow for genuine political thought

Wilderson 10, award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing, 2010  (Frank B. III "Introduction: Unspeakable Ethics" Red, White, 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,) GG
Is it still possible for a dream of unfettered ethics, a dream of the
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ontology. The grammar of antagonism breaks in on the mendacity of conflict.

The imperialist conception of equalizing society is rooted in an attempt to subjugate indigenous populations – previous attempts of liberation have resulted exclusively in reiteration of identity colonization; our departure from the existing power structure is the best starting point at addressing hegemonic structures

Michelle Capistran Jun 23, 2006 Writer, Expert on indigenous rights in Mexico http://~~~~suite101.com/article/aboriginal-rights-mexico-a3516-http://~~suite101.com/article/aboriginal-rights-mexico-a3516 D.W.
Mexico is an illusion; it can exist only as a state yet not as
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hand in hand, and the struggle for self-determination and autonomy.

We do not exclude violence from the shadowed U.S.-Mexico nation; waiting for reformism policy only replicates colonialist violence

John Gibler 2009 http://www.zcommunications.org/the-hidden-side-of-mexicos-drug-war-by-john-gibler-http://www.zcommunications.org/the-hidden-side-of-mexicos-drug-war-by-john-gibler John Gibler is a Global Exchange human rights fellow in Mexico. His writing and photographs has appeared in Z, In These Times, Left Turn, the Indypendent, and New Politics. His 2009 book is Mexico Unconquered: Chronicles of Power and Revolt.
In 2001, Ramiro was captured at a military roadblock in Riva Palacios, Michoacán
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is why guerrillas arise. It is not something we do for fun."

Indigenous perspectives in such academic spaces is a pre-requisite to any blue print- Red pedagogy is key to providing decolonizing methods against Settler colonialism

McLaughlin, Juliana M. and Whatman, Sue L. (2007) embedding indigenous perspectives in university teaching and learning: lessons learnt and possibilities of reforming / decolonising curriculum. In Proceedings 4th International Conference on Indigenous Education: Asia/ Pacific, Vancouver, Canada. Copyright 2007 http://eprints.qut.edu.au/10350/1/10350.pdf-http://eprints.qut.edu.au/10350/1/10350.pdf
Some of the literature is devoted to coming to some kind of agreement as to
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or notion of assumptions of European ’superiority’ and non-European inferiority.

====The position of the "Savage" can never be reconciled; only an affirmation through the impossible narrative of the 1AC in such spaces can we begin to question theories of engagement====
Wilderson 10 (Frank "Unspeakable Ethics", Red, White, 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, 141-5)
Today the US is no longer self-consciously fascistic but instead self-consciously
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how this management, constraint, marginalization, and disavowal are rendered cinematically.