Tournament: IHSA Illinois State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Elyse Conklin, Sydney Doe

Part One

We open with a discussion of what it means to be American. American identity is informed by an exceptionalism that leads to a belief that the US economic and political system is the best. This leads to an ideology of endless intervention – that we are required to help the destitute third world

McNeil 11 (Calum McNeil, PhD Candidate Political Science (International Relations) @ McMaster University, Mar 16, 2011, "Ontological Security and Emotion in US-Cuba Relations", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", HF FR)
An understanding of this history is essential if we are to fully appreciate the sociological
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actual ends sought are far from altruistic or ethically justifiable given the context.

Thus Cuba is seen as a destitute wasteland – where the citizens are pitiful objects that we must save. This ideology led to the Cuban revolution – a demand for respect and agency from the Cuban masses

McNeil 11 (Calum McNeil, PhD Candidate Political Science (International Relations) @ McMaster University, Mar 16, 2011, "Ontological Security and Emotion in US-Cuba Relations", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", HF FR)
The American intervention in Cuba frames Cubans as pitiable objects and in this way allows
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the distribution of wealth (Blight 26 Brenner 2002: 172-175). 

The revolution was an affront to US dignity that culminated in the missile crisis, where both sides were drawn to the brink of planetary annihilation in an all or nothing frenzy.

More than that, however, the revolution became a threat to US security, as we implemented the embargo stemming from an ontological fear of difference, where we view the Cuban citizens as helpless objects repressed by a tyrannical government rather than ever entertaining the notion that they might not want to be like us

McNeil 11 (Calum McNeil, PhD Candidate Political Science (International Relations) @ McMaster University, Mar 16, 2011, "Ontological Security and Emotion in US-Cuba Relations", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", HF FR)
Moreover, the Revolution represented a demand for respect – a renunciation of the humiliations
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avoid the anxiety of ontological insecurity and the humiliation which would accompany it. 

The missile crisis became a point around which American identity was built. We defended and molded ourselves as the defenders of the free world, standing guard against the evils of communism. This crisis discourse marginalizes alternative narratives and demands a policy response. But it goes even farther than that – this cold war discourse forces us to play the role of an anthropomorphized state – in which every one of "us" becomes America

Weldes 99 (Jutta Weldes, Professor of International Relations @ the University of Bristol, 1999, "The Cultural Production of Crises: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba", in Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-240-2012-S1_IP/Syllabus/EReadings/05.2/05.2.zFurther_Weldes1999Cultures035-062.pdf, Jacob)
The particular way in which the narrative of the Cuban missile crisis was constructed around
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obviously unacceptable situation that required a forceful U.S. policy response.

While the missile crisis became a flashpoint of physical security, the embargo itself is shaped by a deeper drive for ontological security. This world view is grounded in an ontology that attempts to annihilate that which doesn’t fit into our own political ideology, replacing concrete discourse with American exceptionalism in the name of insecurity

Horowitz 13 (Jeffrey Horowitz, an Honours political science and economics student at the University of Florida, 2013, Economic Sanctions and States’ Sense of Self: A Game-Theoretic Model, Undergrad Thesis Paper, HF FR)
The physical threat that led to the Cuban Embargo was the event commonly referred to
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government. Both of these acts of symbolism are clearly ontological security decisions.

This cumulates in a form of politics that attempts to make the world match the map – but the world won’t do that – this leads to an ontological lash out – and endless attempt to annihilate otherness that underlies all impacts – instead we need to accept our insecure orientation towards the world

Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to
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to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Part Two

This year’s resolution has centered on a discussion of free trade agreements, oil drilling, infrastructure development, and US soft power and credibility –

While these may be valuable discussion – they glaze over deeper ethical questioning and start from a flawed starting point – where engagement must benefit us, America, the capitalist master of the universe

The topic calls us to question what the US should do for Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela – this presupposes "we" should do anything, or that "we" can help them, or if they need or want engagement

The discussion has become saturated in American exceptionalism – where westernized development models are forced down the throats of the third world. Instead of questioning the broader ethical reasons behind action – we rush to grease the wheels of American soft power with the blood of the global south

Lamrani 03, Doctor of Iberian and Latin American Studies at the University Paris-Sorbonne Paris-IV He is a member of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Contemporary Iberian worlds from the University of Paris-Sorbonne Paris IV , and the Interdisciplinary Group on Hispanic Caribbean and Latin America at the University of Cergy Pontoise (Salim, U.S. Economic sanctions against Cuba: objectives of an imperialist policy, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Caribbean/USEconomicSanctions_Cuba.html)
The economic sanctions imposed on Cuba by the United States are unique in view of
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would not be controversial if the society we live in was intellectually free.

The national security state creates a form of hegemonic knowledge production that shuts out alternative forms of questioning. We refuse to be silenced.  The 1AC is a critical rupture in the exceptional narratives of the state – that allows radical new forms of political imagination – now is uniquely key

Jasinski 12 (Shawn Mark Jasinski, MA in philosophy @ the University of Vermont, 2012, "CRITICAL RUPTURES: VIOLENCE AND THE LEGACY OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISLM FROM THE COLD WAR TO 9/11", Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of Binghamton University, Proquest, Jacob)
Conclusion "Why is there clearly something wrong about reality and what is it that’s
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the way morally unjustifiable violence is inseparable from the legacy of American exceptionalism. 

Thus – Vote affirmative as an act of interrogation of American exceptionalism and security logic that led to economic sanctions on Cuba.

This is specifically true for Cuba – current discourse is state centric and trades critical analysis for blind policy prescriptions – this reifies a nation’s identity and leaves fundamental assumptions of IR unanswered. The 1AC takes a different starting point – a critical interrogation of the representations that serve as the base for IR that refuses to give power to the state

Weldes 99 (Jutta Weldes, Professor of International Relations @ the University of Bristol, 1999, "The Cultural Production of Crises: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba", in Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-240-2012-S1_IP/Syllabus/EReadings/05.2/05.2.zFurther_Weldes1999Cultures035-062.pdf, Jacob)
The literature in international relations and security studies has conventionally identified crises in one of
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or (re)produced. Crises present important opportunities for that reproduction.

Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought outside the state with real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, "Critique of Security", 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
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it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Nathaniel Haas
Inherency

There is no transition in the skwo – Raul’s reforms have adopted the Chinese model. They set up front companies in order to hide and modernize their intelligence capabilities and sell secrets to the Chinese

Westerman 09 ~Toby Westerman, editor and publisher of International News Analysis, September 8, 2009, "U.S. Military Secrets, Spies and the ’China Model’", International Affairs, http://www.traditioninaction.org/HotTopics/i99ht_SpiesChinaModel_Westerman.html, Jacob-http://www.traditioninaction.org/HotTopics/i99ht_SpiesChinaModel_Westerman.html, Jacob~
America’s most sensitive military secrets will be sought even more aggressively by one of the
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centralized media, and the threat they pose is even less seldom reported. 

Specifically its true of the telecom industry – China dominates in Cuba – Huawei and ZTE both have ties to the PLA – they provide tech

Hernandez 13 (Jennifer Hernandez, Research Assistant at the Institute for Cuban 26 Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, "Chinese Technology Companies in Cuba" from Focus On Cuba, Issue 186, March 13, 2013. ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FOCUS_Web/Issue186.htm) VP
In recent years, Chinese technology enterprises have had a more open presence in Cuba
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communication and network technology capable of cyber espionage 90 miles from our shores.

The Bejucal base ensures penetration and means China steals nuclear secrets and make cyber attack inevitable

Cereijo 11 (Dr. Manuel Cereijo, President of the Professional Advancement Corporation and Lecturer of Engineering at the University of Miami, "Is Cuba behind the cyber-terrorism threat?" December 20, 2011. usactionnews.com/2011/12/is-cuba-behind-thecyber-terrorism-threat/) VP
Cuba: Bejucal Base In 1995, Russia started the construction of an espionage base
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Air Force intelligence, the kind of information critical to American troops abroad.
Adv—Espionage

Advantage one is espionage

Chinese tech means they can intercept satellite communication – the close proximity and Bejucal base ensures they get a ton of stuff

Simmons 12 ~Chris Simmons, Cuban Spy hunter, 6-11-12, Dirty Little Secret: Why China Needs Cuba, Cuba Confidential http://cubaconfidential.wordpress.com/tag/directorate-of-military-intelligence-dim//Jacob-http://cubaconfidential.wordpress.com/tag/directorate-of-military-intelligence-dim/Jacob~~
As China continues its quest to replace the U.S. as the world
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significantly smaller and less visible, providing China plausible deniability about its role.

And Huawei knows what they are doing

O’Connor 06 ~Nicholas C. O’Connor, Lieutenant, United States Navy B.A., Virginia Military Institute, 2006, "THE LONG-TERM U.S. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF HUAWEI’S PENETRATION IN LATIN AMERICA", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a579768.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a579768.pdf Jacob~
There are many ways in which a telecommunications company could conduct espionage. One way
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threats that should be concerning to nations hosting Huawei infrastructure in Latin America. 

Scenario one is nuclear secrets

Perception of nuclear theft alone causes nuclear war

Caves 10 (John P, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study
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scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Scenario two is Iran

Cuban espionage wrecks US intel gathering efforts – countries develop deception operations

Cleave 12 ~Michelle Van Cleave, Former National Counterintelligence Executive, May 17, 2012, "Cuba’s Global Network of Terrorism, Intelligence and Warfare", Hearing before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western HemisphereJacob~
There is a continuing market for such stolen U.S. secrets, which
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¬?fighters and even the warning community as if it were true.

Intel key to maintaining efforts towards Iranian counter-prolif – international agreements don’t solve

Clapper 13 ~James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community," March 12, 2013, http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/130312/clapper.pdf-http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/130312/clapper.pdf~~
WMD PROLIFERATION Nation-state efforts to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction (
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We do not know if Iran will eventually decide to build nuclear weapons.

We will strike their arsenal – locating them is key – stops war from going nuclear *highlight down big time

Lieber and Press 09 (Keir A., Associate Professor @ Georgetown University, Daryl G., Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec)
MODELING THE UNTHINKABLE To illustrate the growth in U.S. counterforce capabilities,
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the capabilities that would give a U.S. president real options.

Iran proliferation causes spillover prolif and nuclear war—no defense

Edelman, 11 ~distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Eric S, "The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran," Foreign Affairs, January/February~
The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
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would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Scenario two is leadership

Espionage wrecks deterrence and destroys US leadership

Cleave 12 ~Michelle Van Cleave, Former National Counterintelligence Executive, May 17, 2012, "Cuba’s Global Network of Terrorism, Intelligence and Warfare", Hearing before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western HemisphereJacob~
America’s deterrence and defense have long depended on strategic secrets. The locations of our
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the growing Latin America presence of foreign powers such as China and Iran.

Deterrence solves nuclear war

Robinson, 1 – president + director of the Department of Energy Sandia National Laboratories (C. Paul, "A White Paper: Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century,"
http://www.nukewatch.org/importantdocs/resources/pursuing_a_new_nuclear_weapons_p.html)
I served as an arms negotiator on the last two agreements before the dissolution of
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attack with nuclear weapons; but the choice would be in our hands.
Adv—Cyber

Advantage two is cyberattacks

There is no defense in cyber space – even air gapping doesn’t solve

Lieberthal and Singer 12 ~Kenneth G. Lieberthal, senior fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at Brookings, and, Peter W. Singer, senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings, Feburary 2012, "Cybersecurity and U.S.-China Relations", Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/2320cybersecurity20china20us20singer20lieberthal/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english//Jacob~~
In sum, while there are cyber defenses that are very sophisticated and fairly widely
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—but most other agencies and users around the world do not.53 

Scenario one is China

Chinese attacks escalate to all-out cyber war

Frye 12 (Selena Frye, Senior Editor with a background in technical writing, editing, and research at TechRepublic. "Is Huawei a threat to U.S. national security?" October 8, 2012. www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/is-huawei-a-threat-to-us-national-security/) VP
Telecommunications giant Huawei’s rapid expansion has prompted fears in the U.S. national
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, and shut down or disrupt critical services in times of national emergency.

Goes nuclear

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid
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include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

Scenario two is the grid—cyberattacks kill it

Hjortdal 11 (Magnus Hjortdal, researcher associated with CHINA-SEC, Centre for Military Studies at the University of Copenhagen, M.Sc. in Political Science from the University of Copenhagen, owner of MH International Relations. "China’s Use of Cyber Warfare: Espionage Meets Strategic Deterrence," Journal of Strategic Security Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2011, cryptocomb.org/Espionage20Meets20Strategic20Deterrence.pdf) VP
Cyber capabilities have a real deterrent effect when a state shows its capabilities to the
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because each member state is required to have its own cyber defense.58

Extinction

IB Times 11 (International Business Times, Mike Adams – author and journalist, Solar Flare Could Unleash Nuclear Holocaust Across Planet Earth, Forcing Hundreds of Nuclear Power Plants Into Total Meltdowns, http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/213249/20110914/solar-flare-could-unleash-nuclear-holocaust-across-planet-earth-forcing-hundreds-of-nuclear-power-pl.htm-http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/213249/20110914/solar-flare-could-unleash-nuclear-holocaust-across-planet-earth-forcing-hundreds-of-nuclear-power-pl.htm)
(NaturalNews) Forget about the 2012 Mayan calendar, comet Elenin or the Rapture
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a world where hundreds of nuclear facilities go into a total meltdown simultaneously.
1AC—Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Communications Commission should grant a waiver to Telecuba authorizing a telecommunications rate increase up to 84c/min

Solvency

All other legal barriers have been removed and Obama already authorized it – that means all their disad links are non-unique

Piccone et al 10 (Theodore J. Piccone is the acting vice president and director of the Brookings Foreign Policy program, Christopher Sabatini is the senior director of policy at the Americas Society and Council of the Americas, and Carlos Saladrigas is Chairman of the Cuba Study Group, "Bridging Cuba’s Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help," U.S.-Cuba Relations at BROOKINGS Issue Brief No. 3 July 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15 cuba communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf Bobby)
U.S. sanctions against Cuba are administered and enforced by the Departments of
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and more. The sale of such devices, however, remains prohibited.
 

FCC permission is the only roadblock – plan solves and allows US telecom access into Cuba

Eaton 12 ~Tracey Eaton, MA in journalism from Temple University, 27th February 2012, "TeleCuba, planning fiberoptic cable, asks FCC for rate hike", Cramilo, http://cramlio.blogspot.com/2012/02/telecuba-planning-fiberoptic-cable-asks.html//Jacob~~
Calling Cuba from the United States costs around 241 per minute. That’s 13
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242:25, and Burma, 242.17. ?

Plan allows market control – drives out Huawei

Bloomberg 11 ("Chavez Beats AT26T to Cuban Telecom `Gold Mine’ as Dispute on Pricing Bites" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.html)
U.S. companies had been backing a separate venture by Miami-based
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400 million by 2013 from the current 2480 million, Pyramid said.

The only reason Huawei is successful is lack of US investment – the plan reverses that

O’Connor 13 ~Nicholas C. O’Connor, Lieutenant, United States Navy, March 2013 "THE LONG-TERM U.S. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF HUAWEI’S PENETRATION IN LATIN AMERICA", NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLJacob~
While it may seem as if Huawei is dominating technologies markets in Latin America,
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they need to be more aggressive in instances like this in Costa Rica. 

Specifically its true of cuba

O’Connor 13 ~Nicholas C. O’Connor, Lieutenant, United States Navy, March 2013 "THE LONG-TERM U.S. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF HUAWEI’S PENETRATION IN LATIN AMERICA", NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLJacob~
Another adversary that Huawei has had a relationship is Cuba. Huawei was consulted on
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. This was an opportunity for investment that Huawei was able to seize. 

It’s reverse causal – entering the Cuban market is key

O’Connor 13 ~Nicholas C. O’Connor, Lieutenant, United States Navy, March 2013 "THE LONG-TERM U.S. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF HUAWEI’S PENETRATION IN LATIN AMERICA", NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLJacob~
Finally, for U.S. companies to be more competitive in Latin America
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hesitated in dealing with in the past, such as Venezuela and Cuba.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN LO | Judge: Connor OBrien
Jacob and I advocate that the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.
Contention one is genocide
The United States’ economic sanctions against Cuba are an illegal tool of unilateral violence which lay destruction upon the most vulnerable sections of Cuban society – this strategy not only fails but hides its coercively exploitative nature under the guise of ‘human rights’
Reisman 09 (W. MICHAEL REISMAN, Professor of International Law @ Yale Law School, and Recipient of the First Annual Human Rights Award from the Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, “SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: Keynote Address, The Cuban Embargo and Human Rights”, Intercultural Human Rights Law Review Annual Symposium, 4 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 9, LexisNexis, Evan)
 *9 The focus of our deliberations today is on the economic measures
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will violate principles of international law. I turn now to these questions.
This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.
This will only continue in the status quo – a federal removal of our illegal sanctions against Cuba is necessary and a prerequisite to peace
Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, 2010, LexisNexis, Evan)
Since the 1990s and the experience with the 661 regime in Iraq, a profusion
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for it to set an example with respect to human rights obligations.and#34; n11
This direct violence is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.
This is a form of American sponsored genocide on Cuban citizens that uses them as a means to an end
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
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the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.
That outweighs war
Dalecki, 12 (Maggie, October 1st, The Ethics Blog, “Are Economic Sanctions Ethical?” http://ethicsblog.ca/archives/44, accessed 7/6/13, VJ)
Economic sanctions are often seen as a way to change the way a government behaves
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bear responsibility for the effects – especially harmful ones – of this decision.
We control the scale of violence – imposition of structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for large-scale conflict – our responsibility to fight peacetime genocide is a prerequisite to solving war
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Professor of Anthropology at Cal-Berkeley, and Philippe Bourgois, Professor of Anthropology at UPenn, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
Placing blame on the Cuban regime is a psychological defense mechanism used to evade responsibility for an ongoing genocide
Simons, 97 (Geoff Leslie Simons, former chief editor at the National Computing Centre, The Scourging of Iraq : Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice, p. 210)
Any attempt to confront someone (official or other) with the fact of a
AND
. Yes, itand#39;s all very sad, but thatand#39;s how things are.
Cuba can’t and won’t reform until sanctions are lifted – they force authoritarian control of the population and serve as an international distraction to human rights concerns – the plan is the only way to solve
Hans 96 (Rupinder Hans, Detroit College of Law, Journal of International Law and Practice, “THE UNITED STATESand#39; ECONOMIC EMBARGO OF CUBA: INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY ACT OF 1995”, 5 D.C.L. J. Intand#39;l L. and Prac. 327, summer 1996, LexisNexis, Evan)
A recent report published by the United Nations Human Rights Commission found that the economic
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long run, cooperation rather than conflict is more likely to achieve change.
Contention two is responsibility
The 1ac is a performative act as citizens, demonstrating our personal responsibility to the other – absent a focus on our individual ethical responsibilities, politics degenerates into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to real policymaking
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
and#39;We are the warand#39; does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
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our valuesand#39; according to the structures and the values of war and violence.
Ethics come first – you should never commit a sure evil to avoid a possible one – consequentialist logic can be manipulated, and other actions can be taken to mitigate or avoid their disads
Gewirth, 84 (Alan, Professor of Philosophy @ The University of Chicago, Absolutism and its Consequentialist Critics, ed. Haber, p. 138-139)
6. There is, however, another side to this story. What of
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part of the consequentialistand#39;s substantive concerns within the limits of his own principle.
Failure to take a personal ethical perspective against violence ideologically legitimizes it – our advocacy is necessary to break down the roots of violent structures
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 6-7, Evan)
This means engaging also with the discourses which construct violence as a phenomenon but obliterate
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, on a small scale and against our nearest if not our dearest.
Backlash of other parties shouldn’t implicate your decision calculus as an ethical policy maker
Gewirth 82 (Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy @ the University of Chicago, “Human Rights: Essay on Justification and Application.” Pg. 230)
The required supplement is provided by the principle of intervening action. According to this
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rights cannot justifiably be secured at the price of the rights of blacks.
Sole focus on survival destroys value to life and is used to justify the worst atrocities
Callahan, 73 (Daniel, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, The Tyranny of Survival, pp. 91-93)
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its
AND
survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.
Utilitarianism is a faulty lens for sanctions—an ethical framework is necessary
Kochler, 94 (Dr. Hans, Professor of Philosophy, International Press Organization, “Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law The Practice of the Sanctions Policy and Human Rights”, http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm#I, accessed 7/8/13, VJ)
Comprehensive economic sanctions which heavily impact the life and health of the civilian population need
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inflicted so as to force the government to alter its course of action.
Great power conflict is over – interdependence, MAD, and deterrence ensure it – the only question now is of the war we wage on innocent civilian populations
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 (Daniel and G. John, MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest)
This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing
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international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eagan EA | Judge: Nathan Wodarz
Contention one is the crisis
Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representing an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
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securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.
The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.
This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through paranoiac risk analysis that labels all resources as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.
This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the other
Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, “From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,”)
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned.
In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.
This enframing of security justifies limitless violence in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the national security state guarantee failure – the problem isn’t external threats, it’s the state’s responses borne of insecurity that make violence a predetermined response – only by accepting an ontology that embraces insecurity can we solve all threats
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
This strategy leads to endless intervention in Latin America to order the world according to our own interests – this fails and ends in political failures, mass violence, and the worst excesses of neoliberalism
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy Politics and History, professor of Government at Brunel University, Critique of Security, page 95)
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.
This political calculation also underlies the Castro regime’s decisions – acts of violence against the Cuban populace were justified under a pretext of existential threats – only the aff breaks down security logic which allows reform
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The key for understanding the Cuban perspective on the October crisis is the position and
AND
. Unexpectedly, the Cubans accepted this extraordinary offer within two days.45
Plan
Plan: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.
Framing
Contention two is spaces
Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought with real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, “Critique of Security”, 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'
The aff’s rejection of dominant security enframing is a critical prerequisite to effective broad-scale policy solutions
Cheeseman and Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – the only question is how we engage in grief – the affirmative begins the process of grieving for the lives on the other end of our violence, reclaiming a view of life that is not grounded upon extermination
Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."
Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.
Clark 10 Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, “Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos”, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?
Don't evaluate their process counterplans -~-- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal
Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself.
The infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad and vast to be predicted and responded to effectively – securitized bureaucracy is not only incapable of responding to threats, but escalates all problems into global disasters
Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means.”
Constant securitization leads to serial policy failure – voting aff is key to breaking down the underlying political ontology that justifies security
Dillon and Reid 2k (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Sean Hammond
Contention one is security

Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representing an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.

This relationship towards Cuba sustains American exceptionalism and makes attempts to secure domination inevitable
McNeil 11 (Calum McNeil, PhD Candidate Political Science (International Relations) @ McMaster University, Mar 16, 2011, “Ontological Security and Emotion in US-Cuba Relations”, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", HF FR)
Moreover, the Revolution represented a demand for respect – a renunciation of the humiliations
AND
avoid the anxiety of ontological insecurity and the humiliation which would accompany it. 

This is grounded in an ontology that attempts to annihilate that which doesn’t fit into our own political ideology, replacing concrete discourse with securitized propaganda
Horowitz 13 (Jeffrey Horowitz, an Honours political science and economics student at the University of Florida, 2013, Economic Sanctions and States’ Sense of Self: A Game-Theoretic Model, Undergrad Thesis Paper, HF FR)
The physical threat that led to the Cuban Embargo was the event commonly referred to
AND
government. Both of these acts of symbolism are clearly ontological security decisions.

This enframing of security justifies endless annihilation and underlies all impacts – only accepting an ontology of insecurity and challenging the discourse of threat construction can solve all threats
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

This strategy leads to endless intervention in Latin America to order the world according to our own interests – this ends in political failures, mass violence, and the worst excesses of neoliberalism
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy Politics and History, professor of Government at Brunel University, Critique of Security, page 95)
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.

This makes all US policy a terminal failure – status quo approaches create the problems they intend to solve and making error replication inevitable
Dillon and Reid 2k (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

Plan

Thus the plan: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Framing

Contention two is spaces

The 1AC is a critical refutation of security discourse which opens up a space in politics for transformative political thought – breaking away from these norms is key to actualize change
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, “Critique of Security”, 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."' 

This rejection of dominant security enframing is a critical prerequisite to effective broad-scale policy solutions
Bruce, 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University, and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) words added for continuity
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

That’s key – the way we talk and think about the world affects how we approach it – the 1ac’s interrogation of security is key to change practice
Bilgin, 5 – Professor of IR, Bikent University, Regional Security In The Middle East A Critical Perspective, Page 7
From a critical perspective, thinking differently about security involves: first, challenging the
AND
some, emancipation-oriented) approach to security in theory and practice.

refusing to acknowledge the state it won’t cause it to stop existing- while we certainly believe in the power of critical pedagogy and individual protest movements, of which the aff is part of, demands and change focused on the state is key to combating neoliberal distortions of our spheres
Giroux 4 (Henry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, “Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical” Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 and 4, 2004, Rufus)
Neo-liberalism has become one of the most pervasive and dangerous ideologies of the
AND
, and necessitate alternative visions regarding autonomy and the possibility of democracy itself.

Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – accepting this is a precursor to reclaiming a politics not centered on extermination
Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."

Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.
Clark 10 Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, “Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos”, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Reliance on national security predictions escalates all problems into global disasters – the infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad, and realist assumptions make everything worse
Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means.” 

Product comes before process – focusing on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity and political withdrawal
Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest ML | Judge: Charlie Cavalier

Advantage

Contention one is the crisis

Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representative of an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war

Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.

The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security

Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.

This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through paranoiac risk analysis that labels all resources as military, magnifying humanitarian damage

Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.

This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the other

Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, “From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,”)
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned. 

In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens

Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

This exclusion of life and explanations creates endless extermination in the name of elimination of insecurity, as the death of innocents becomes a non-event, a life that cannot be grieved because it never existed

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 33 -38 Rufus)
I am referring not only to humans not regarded as humans, and thus to
AND
and through what log of exclusion, what practice of effacement and denominalization. 

This enframing of security justifies limitless violence and turns all impacts in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the dominant rationalist narrative guarantee serial policy failure – questioning this insecure ontology is key

Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

This political calculation also underlies the Castro regime’s decisions – acts of violence against the Cuban populace were justified under a pretext of existential threats – only the aff breaks down security logic which allows reform

Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The key for understanding the Cuban perspective on the October crisis is the position and
AND
. Unexpectedly, the Cubans accepted this extraordinary offer within two days.45

Plan

Plan: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Framing

Contention two is spaces

Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought with real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, “Critique of Security”, 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."' 

The aff’s rejection of dominant security enframing is a critical prerequisite to effective broad-scale policy solutions

Cheeseman and Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – the only question is how we engage in grief – the affirmative begins the process of grieving for the lives on the other end of our violence, reclaiming a view of life that is not grounded upon extermination

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."

Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark 10 Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, “Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos”, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Don't evaluate their process counterplans -~-- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal

Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself. 

Constant securitization leads to serial policy failure – voting aff is key to breaking down the underlying political ontology that justifies security

Dillon and Reid 2k (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

The infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad and vast to be predicted and responded to effectively – securitized bureaucracy is not only incapable of responding to threats, but escalates all problems into global disasters

Der Derian 5(Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means.”

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dowling TM | Judge: Christian Palacios

Advantage

Contention one is the crisis

Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representative of an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war

Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.

The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security

Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.

This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage

Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.

This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the other

Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, “From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,”)
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned. 

In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens

Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

This enframing of security justifies limitless violence and turns all impacts in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the dominant rationalist narrative guarantee serial policy failure – questioning is key

Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

The infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad and vast to be predicted and responded to effectively – securitized bureaucracy is not only incapable of responding to threats, but escalates all problems into global disasters

Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means.” 

This political calculation also underlies the Castro regime’s decisions – acts of violence against the Cuban populace were justified under a pretext of existential threats – only the aff breaks down security logic which allows reform

Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The key for understanding the Cuban perspective on the October crisis is the position and
AND
. Unexpectedly, the Cubans accepted this extraordinary offer within two days.45

Plan

Plan: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Framing

Contention two is spaces

Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought which have real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, “Critique of Security”, 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."' 

The 1ac demonstrates our individual ethical responsibilities to the other necessary to prevent politics from degenerating into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to “true” politics

Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
'We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
our values' according to the structures and the values of war and violence. 

Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable – the only question is how we engage in grief – the affirmative begins the process of grieving for the lives on the other end of our violence, reclaiming a view of life that is not grounded upon extermination

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."

Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of that, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark 10 Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, “Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos”, Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Constant securitization leads to serial policy failure – voting aff is key to breaking down the underlying political ontology that justifies security

Dillon and Reid 2k (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

Don't evaluate their process counterplans -~-- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal

Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself. 

Sole focus on survival destroys value to life and is used to justify the worst atrocities

Callahan, 73 (Daniel, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, The Tyranny of Survival, pp. 91-93)
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its
AND
survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Christopher Thomas
Contention one is the crisis

Cuba is a pawn in the overall strategy of historical threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, with the discourse surrounding it representative of an orientation drawn to the brink of nuclear war
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.

The embargo is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors. 

This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.

This kind of political discourse requires us to make the world match the map – that leads to an endless war of extermination against the liminars
Friis 2k (Karsten, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, “From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths,”)
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned. 

In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

This genocidal logic of disposability underlies all security impacts and makes extinction inevitable
Santos 03 (Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra (Portugal) and Distinguished Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School. "Collective Suicide?" March 28, 2003 online http://www.ces.fe.uc.pt/opiniao/bss/072en.php)
According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it
AND
machine of democracy and liberty turns into a machine of horror and destruction.

This enframing of security justifies limitless violence and turns all impacts in the frantic drive for order – discourses confined within the dominant rationalist narrative guarantee serial policy failure – questioning is key
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

This political calculation also underlies the Castro regime’s decisions – acts of violence against the Cuban populace were justified under a pretext of existential threats – only the aff breaks down security logic which allows reform
Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, “Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?”, ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan)
The key for understanding the Cuban perspective on the October crisis is the position and
AND
. Unexpectedly, the Cubans accepted this extraordinary offer within two days.45

This will only continue in the status quo – a federal removal of our illegal sanctions against Cuba is necessary
Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, 2010, LexisNexis, Evan)
Since the 1990s and the experience with the 661 regime in Iraq, a profusion
AND
for it to set an example with respect to human rights obligations." n11

Jacob and I advocate that the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Contention two is spaces

Our critical rejection of security discourse opens up a space in politics that allow new modes of political thought which have real transformative potential – that’s only possible by a radical separation from status quo discourse
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, “Critique of Security”, 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."' 

The 1ac demonstrates our individual ethical responsibilities to the other necessary to prevent politics from degenerating into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to “true” politics
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
'We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
our values' according to the structures and the values of war and violence. 

Vulnerability and insecurity are inevitable- from the moment of our birth, we are inextricably linked to the Other, laid bare to violence- the only question is how we engage in grief- the affirmative begins the process of grieving for the lives on the other end of our violence, reclaiming a view of life that is not grounded upon extermination
Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg 28-32 Rufus)
Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage. In the United States, we have
AND
such fast and furious support and will not even qualify as "grievable."

Don't evaluate their process counterplans --- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal
Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself.

Sole focus on survival destroys value to life and is used to justify the worst atrocities
Callahan, 73 (Daniel, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, The Tyranny of Survival, pp. 91-93)
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its
AND
survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.

If you focus on minute probabilities, all actions can have catastrophic consequences – absolute risk avoidance would stifle all assessment – even if we cannot draw a perfect line, we should still act on probabilities
Hansson, 2006 (Sven Ove, professor in philosophy Royal Institute of Technology, May 23, 2006, “The Epistemology of Technological Risk”; http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v9n2/hansson.html#bondi
However, it would not be feasible to take such possibilities into account in all
AND
our knowledge about their resilience towards various disturbances has not been sufficiently systematized.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek | Judge: Vida Chiri
Same as the Glenbrooks 1AC, except took out the first piece of Butler evidence, and added this

This strategy leads to endless intervention in Latin America to order the world according to our own interests – this fails and ends in political failures, mass violence, and the worst excesses of neoliberalism
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy Politics and History, professor of Government at Brunel University, Critique of Security, page 95)
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Sam Haley Hill

1ac

Contention one is security

Cuba is a pawn in the American strategy of threat construction – ever since 1960, Cuba has been an essential tool in the project of the national security complex, underlying a discourse drawn to the brink of nuclear war

Ruži? 12 (Maja Ruži?, prof of International Security Studies, researcher at Central European University, research assistance at Slovak Foreign Policy Association, "Securitization Outside the Liberal Political Context: Did Cuba Matter in the Cuban Missile Crisis?", ???????? IV/1 (2012), ?????, Evan) —-  edited for bad language
The Cuban Missile Crisis, or the Caribbean Crisis, or the October Crisis,
AND
securitization theory in political settings that are known for not being very transparent.

This relationship towards Cuba sustains American exceptionalism and makes attempts to secure domination inevitable

McNeil 11 (Calum McNeil, PhD Candidate Political Science (International Relations) @ McMaster University, Mar 16, 2011, "Ontological Security and Emotion in US-Cuba Relations", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", Jacob) —- edited for bad language
Moreover, the Revolution represented a demand for respect – a renunciation of the humiliations
AND
avoid the anxiety of ontological insecurity and the humiliation which would accompany it. 

This is grounded in an ontology that attempts to annihilate that which doesn’t fit into our own political ideology, replacing concrete discourse with securitized propaganda

Horowitz 13 (Jeffrey Horowitz, an Honours political science and economics student at the University of Florida, 2013, Economic Sanctions and States’ Sense of Self: A Game-Theoretic Model, Undergrad Thesis Paper, Jacob)
The physical threat that led to the Cuban Embargo was the event commonly referred to
AND
government. Both of these acts of symbolism are clearly ontological security decisions.

This enframing of security justifies endless annihilation and underlies all impacts – only accepting an ontology of insecurity and challenging the discourse of threat construction can solve all threats

Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Project MUSE) —- edited for bad language
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

In terms of the embargo, this takes the form of an American genocide on Cuban citizens

Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, "Imposing Economic Sanctions", Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

This strategy leads to endless intervention in Latin America to order the world according to our own interests – this ends in political failures, mass violence, and the worst excesses of neoliberalism

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy Politics and History, professor of Government at Brunel University, Critique of Security, page 95)
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed. 

This makes all US policy a terminal failure – status quo approaches create the problems they intend to solve and making error replication inevitable

Dillon and Reid 2k (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency", Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

Thus Jacob and I advocate: the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Contention two is spaces

The 1AC is a critical refutation of security discourse which opens up a space in politics for transformative political thought – that’s key to actualize change

Neocleous 8 (Mark, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, "Critique of Security", 185-6 Rufus)
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’ 

This rejection of dominant security enframing is a critical prerequisite to effective broad-scale policy solutions

Bruce, 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University, and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) —— edited bad language
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

That’s key – the way we talk and think about the world affects how we approach it – the 1ac’s interrogation of security is key to change practice

Bilgin, 5 – Professor of IR, Bikent University, Regional Security In The Middle East A Critical Perspective, Page 7
From a critical perspective, thinking differently about security involves: first, challenging the
AND
some, emancipation-oriented) approach to security in theory and practice.

Insecurity is an inevitable fact of existence – our acceptance of this is a precondition to solving all impacts

Enloe, 04 (Professor of Women’s Studies at Clark University, 2004 Cynthia, The Curious Feminist, page 265-266)  
CC: But I think the problem is more than the sense of being vulnerable
AND
to alter the meanings of strength and justice in the international political arena.

Our demands and change focused on the state is key to political agency and democratic change

Giroux 4 (Henry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, "Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical" Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 26 4, 2004, Rufus)
Neo-liberalism has become one of the most pervasive and dangerous ideologies of the
AND
, and necessitate alternative visions regarding autonomy and the possibility of democracy itself.

Extinction is inevitable. We are all doomed. The sun will explode and the universe will tear itself to shreds. In the face of this, creating a politics starting from uncertainty and ethics is the only way for us to have any meaningful relationship with the universe.

Clark 10 Senior Lecturer in Geography at Open University
(Nigel, "Ex-Orbitant Generosity: Gifts of Love in a Cold Cosmos", Parallax, Vol. 16, No. 1, Pg. 80-95, dml)
Harman has no qualms about positing nonhuman objects that attract and repel each other.
AND
turning away has a defining quality. If not us, then who?

Reliance on national security predictions escalates all problems into global disasters – the infinite and non-linear causes of violence are too broad, and realist assumptions make everything worse

Der Derian 5  (Director of the Global Security Program and Research Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University  An Accident Waiting to Happen by James Der Derian Predicting the Present, Vol. 27 (3) - Fall 2005 Issue http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article26id=1430)
It often takes a catastrophe to reveal the illusory beliefs we continue to harbor in
AND
-scale accident is now the prolongation of total war by other means." 

Product comes before process – focusing on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity and political withdrawal

Van Oenen, 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory 26 Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main ’product’, is involvement with itself.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN LO | Judge: Rahim Shakoor
Plan: Jacob and I advocate that the United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions towards Cuba.

Contention one is genocide

The United States’ economic sanctions against Cuba are an illegal tool of unilateral violence which lay destruction upon the most vulnerable sections of Cuban society – this strategy not only fails but hides its coercively exploitative nature under the guise of ‘human rights’
Reisman 09 (W. MICHAEL REISMAN, Professor of International Law @ Yale Law School, and Recipient of the First Annual Human Rights Award from the Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, “SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: Keynote Address, The Cuban Embargo and Human Rights”, Intercultural Human Rights Law Review Annual Symposium, 4 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 9, LexisNexis, Evan)
 *9 The focus of our deliberations today is on the economic measures
AND
will violate principles of international law. I turn now to these questions.

This is enforced through an arbitrary interpretation of “dual use” – the US blocks access to fundamental goods and services through a destructive lens of risk analysis that treats critical supplies as military, magnifying humanitarian damage
Gordon 06 (Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University and law degree from Boston, “Accountability and Global Governance: The Case of Iraq,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 2006, Evan)
There were two critical reasons for this state of affairs. One was the United
AND
these policies was massive, entirely foreseeable, and ongoing for several years.

This will only continue in the status quo – a federal removal of our illegal sanctions against Cuba is necessary and a prerequisite to peace
Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, 2010, LexisNexis, Evan)
Since the 1990s and the experience with the 661 regime in Iraq, a profusion
AND
for it to set an example with respect to human rights obligations." n11

This direct violence is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses any violence in the name of national security
Kauzlarich, 01 (David Kauzlarich, prof @ Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, and Rick A. Matthews, prof @ Ohio University, and William J. Miller, prof @ Carthage College, “TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME”, Critical Criminology, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 183-186, Evan)
Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
of citizens because they have not waged successful civil insurrections against their oppressors.

This is a form of American sponsored genocide on Cuban citizens that uses them as a means to an end
Simons, 99 (Geoff, freelance author, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip)
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access to food, medicine and
AND
the Articles of the Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

That outweighs war
Dalecki, 12 (Maggie, October 1st, The Ethics Blog, “Are Economic Sanctions Ethical?” http://ethicsblog.ca/archives/44, accessed 7/6/13, VJ)
Economic sanctions are often seen as a way to change the way a government behaves
AND
bear responsibility for the effects – especially harmful ones – of this decision.

We control the scale of violence – imposition of structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for large-scale conflict – our responsibility to fight peacetime genocide is a prerequisite to solving war
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Professor of Anthropology at Cal-Berkeley, and Philippe Bourgois, Professor of Anthropology at UPenn, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

This genocidal logic of disposability underlies all security impacts and makes extinction inevitable
Santos 03 (Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra (Portugal) and Distinguished Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School. "Collective Suicide?" March 28, 2003 online http://www.ces.fe.uc.pt/opiniao/bss/072en.php)
According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it
AND
machine of democracy and liberty turns into a machine of horror and destruction.

Placing blame on the Cuban regime is a psychological defense mechanism used to evade responsibility for an ongoing genocide
Simons, 97 (Geoff Leslie Simons, former chief editor at the National Computing Centre, The Scourging of Iraq : Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice, p. 210)
Any attempt to confront someone (official or other) with the fact of a
AND
. Yes, it's all very sad, but that's how things are.

Cuba can’t and won’t reform until sanctions are lifted – they force authoritarian control of the population and serve as an international distraction to human rights concerns – the plan is the only way to solve
Hans 96 (Rupinder Hans, Detroit College of Law, Journal of International Law and Practice, “THE UNITED STATES' ECONOMIC EMBARGO OF CUBA: INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY ACT OF 1995”, 5 D.C.L. J. Int'l L. and Prac. 327, summer 1996, LexisNexis, Evan)
A recent report published by the United Nations Human Rights Commission found that the economic
AND
long run, cooperation rather than conflict is more likely to achieve change.

Contention two is responsibility

The 1ac is a demonstration of our individual ethical responsibilities – absent that politics degenerates into nihilism – our ethical standpoint is necessary to halt ongoing violence against the world and is a prerequisite to true politics
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, ISBN 0-8077-6281-4, pp. 10-11 eR)
'We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
our values' according to the structures and the values of war and violence. 

Ethics come first – you should never commit a sure evil to avoid a possible one – consequentialist logic can be manipulated, and other actions can be taken to mitigate or avoid their disads
Gewirth, 84 (Alan, Professor of Philosophy @ The University of Chicago, Absolutism and its Consequentialist Critics, ed. Haber, p. 138-139)
6. There is, however, another side to this story. What of
AND
part of the consequentialist's substantive concerns within the limits of his own principle.

Backlash of other parties shouldn’t implicate your decision calculus as an ethical policy maker
Gewirth 82 (Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy @ the University of Chicago, “Human Rights: Essay on Justification and Application.” Pg. 230)
The required supplement is provided by the principle of intervening action. According to this
AND
rights cannot justifiably be secured at the price of the rights of blacks.

Sole focus on survival destroys value to life and is used to justify the worst atrocities
Callahan, 73 (Daniel, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, The Tyranny of Survival, pp. 91-93)
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its
AND
survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.

Utilitarianism is a faulty lens for sanctions—an ethical framework is necessary
Kochler, 94 (Dr. Hans, Professor of Philosophy, International Press Organization, “Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law The Practice of the Sanctions Policy and Human Rights”, http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm#I, accessed 7/8/13, VJ)
Comprehensive economic sanctions which heavily impact the life and health of the civilian population need
AND
inflicted so as to force the government to alter its course of action.

Great power conflict is over – interdependence, MAD, and deterrence ensure it – the only question now is of the war we wage on innocent civilian populations
Deudney and Ikenberry, 09 (Daniel and G. John, MA and PhD in Political Science, Professor, Political Science, Johns Hopkins University; PhD, Professor, International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, January/February 2009, “The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail,” Foreign Affairs Volume 88, Issue 1, ProQuest)
This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing
AND
international system is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.

Don't evaluate their process counterplans --- Their focus on perfecting governmental structures as a means rather than actually helping others results in interpassivity, indifference and political withdrawal
Van Oenen 2006 (Gijs, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Politic al Life, Theory and Event, 9:2)
This metaphor signifies of course that the hierarchical relation between government and citizens is being
AND
process now mainly realizes, its main 'product', is involvement with itself.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN LO | Judge: Connor OBrien
Have questions? Want a cite that you don't see up here?

Email Evan at evanrunburg@gmail.com or Jacob at xon1202@gmail.com