Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Encinitas Independent DZ | Judge: John Vitz, Brandon Nahn
Airpower is irrelevant to new global threats
Davidson 04 Davidson Fellow Air Power Development Centre ‘4¶ (John-, Air Power Development Centre, “Unconventional challenge”, http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/ ¶ editions/4620/features/feature02.htm)
TO JUSTIFY the pre-eminence of air power, … Air power is therefore a two-edged sword capable of cutting its wielder as viciously as its adversary.

Reliance on air power hurts the war on terrorism—it causes collateral damage and backlash
Peña 2006 (Charles, senior fellow at the Independent Institute, a senior fellow with the Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy, a senior fellow with the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute, an adviser to the Straus Military Reform Project, “Cycle of Violence,” May 25, http://antiwar.com/pena/?articleid=9035)
On late Sunday and early Monday, U.S. air strikes in the Kandahar province in Afghanistan killed 20-80 suspected Taliban militants (a coalition statement confirmed 20 Taliban killed, while other sources reported as many as 60 more unconfirmed killed). …, the likely result will be a cycle of violence that will play into the hands of Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda and create terrorist threats that did not previously exist.

A terrorist attack escalates to a global nuclear exchange
Speice, Patrick F., J.D. College of William and Mary, “Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilareral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs,” William and Mary Law Review, February 2006, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427
Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-present risk that terrorists could acquire a nuclear device … its allies by hostile states, 52 as well as increase the likelihood that regional conflicts will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53

Enhanced airpower encourages the United States to focus entirely on technology—this undermines other strategies, crushes leadership, and hurts relations with Russia
HENRIKSEN 2000 (Thomas, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Orbis, 2000)
Lord Acton's famous maxim about the corruptive influence of power is just as true with regard to "absolute" military force as it is with regard to power in the domestic political realm. … an effective alternative to the unacceptable risks and costs of military operations.
Collapse of Russia relations risks extinction – cooperationis key to prevent all scenarios for nuclear conflict

Allison and Blackwill, 10/30/11 – * director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School AND  Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” Politico, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/67178.html
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S. government seeking to defend and advance its national interests. … So next time you hear a policymaker dismissing Russia with rhetoric about “who cares?” ask them to identify nations that matter more to U.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Jesuit | Judge:
The United States federal government should remove its economic restrictions on Cuba if and only if Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross.
Cuba says yes
Reyes 13 – Reporter for Associated Press (Franklin, “Key US Decision on Cuba Terror-Designation Coming”, Yahoo News, Associated Press, March 23, 2013, http://news.yahoo.com/key-us-decision-cuba-terror-designation-coming-074500998.html)//PN
HAVANA (AP) — A normally routine bit of Washington bureaucracy could have a big impact …  jailed U.S. subcontractor Alan Gross, whose detention in 2009 torpedoed hopes of a diplomatic thaw.
Doesn’t link to politics
Aho, 13
Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue's Latin America Advisor, Cuba Study Group, 1/23, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/our-opinions?ContentRecord_id=c20ad778-24cd-46df-9fb2-3ebc664ed58dandContentType_id=15d70174-0c41-47c6-9bd5-cc875718b6c3andGroup_id=4c543850-0014-4d3c-8f87-0cbbda2e1dc7

What Does Obama's Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations? John Kerry is expected to be confirmed soon as U.S. secretary of state. During his tenure in the Senate, Kerry has criticized U.S. programs aimed at fostering democracy in Cuba and proposed opening up U.S. travel to the island. Will having Kerry as secretary of state affect U.S …  financial services and purchase insurance products to ensure their safety and wellbeing while in Cuba; or remove regulatory impediments to U.S. farm exports.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Tom Woodhead

Waiver CP

The Attorney General of the United States should grant a waiver of ineligibility that persons who meets the criteria for a H2B visa from Mexico do not count towards the cap on visas for that area.

The Attorney General should make an international announcement that the waiver will be offered to all applicants and mandate that it is advertised to all relevant applicants.

The Attorney General has the authority to waive requirements at his discretion

Sagar Law Help 2013 ("Deportation Defense" http://sagerlawhelp.com/deportation-defense/)

WAIVER OF INELIGIBILITY??Aliens who are ineligible for a visa may be eligible for
AND
admitted committing acts?that constitute) murder or criminal acts involving torture.

The CP is binding – the Attorney General is in control of immigration issues

ALMONTE 04 Articles Editor, Rutgers Law Review; J.D. Candidate Rutgers University School of Law-Newark Jose R. Almonte, For the Sake of National Security: The Scope of the United States Attorney General’s Authority in Light of 8 C.F.R. 236.6, Rutgers Law Review, Spring, 2004, 56 Rutgers L. Rev. 817

It is often said that Congress has "plenary power" over immigration issues.
AND
the exercise of any authority delegated to him by the Attorney General." n56

CP avoids the link to politics

COX* and RODRIGUEZ  09  *Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School and  Professor of Law, New York University School of Law
 Adam B. Cox, Cristina M. Rodríguez,.THE PRESIDENT AND IMMIGRATION LAW. March 2, 2009.  New York University School of Law New York University Public Law and Legal. Theory Working Papers.  Yale Law Journal, v. 119

We ultimately do not intend to suggest that these agency problems mean that the Executive
AND
the labor market through its enforcement policies may make good policy sense. 247

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Groves OR | Judge: Ross Garrett
Fordist capitalism disadvantages Mexican labor – ensures out-migration, makes the poorest segments of the population disposable, and makes economic collapse inevitable
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, "Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty," http://www.sfu.ca/~~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf-http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf**, alp)

This article explores the way in which the U.S. economy has faced
AND
of migrants to the United States do so as undocumented or unauthorized workers.

Economic rationality prioritizes short term profit over the well-being of environment and human life — this makes extinction inevitable
Nhanenge, South Africa development studies masters, 2007
(Jytte, "Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The Concerns Of Women, Poor People And Nature Into Development", February, http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1-http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1, DOA: 7-4-12)

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modern society
AND
models, which can support women, Others and nature, are presented. 

Vote negative to endorse a world of Mexican labor sovereignty in the face of the neoliberal implications of North American trade
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, "Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty," http://www.sfu.ca/~~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf-http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf**, alp)

An alternative policy conclusion could be as follows: if the dismal conditions in rural
AND
that could alter dominant trends in the world economy from the bottom up.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: John Vitz
Solves relations with India
Williams ‘12 11/9/2012, Carol J. Williams. “Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform,” http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B. Lindsay Lowell, … and I think they still see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Relations averts South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer ‘2 Spring 2002, Teresita Schaffer is the Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security. Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)
Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position as Asia's newest rising power. … For India, the country's ambition to assume a stronger leadership role in the world and to maintain an economy that lifts its people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: Richard Idriss
Immigration reform is key to resolve the ethnically and racially dishonorable representation of minority populations
Blumenfield, 2/1 (Warren, Associate Professor, School of Education, Iowa State University, Huffington Post, 2/1/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/warren-j-blumenfeld/immigration-policy-and-racism_b_2600125.html, “Immigration Policy and Racism,” ADM)
Like the noble words from Emma Lazarus's sonnet "The New Colossus" engraved on a bronze plague affixed to the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, these sentiments express a foundational tenet on which the United States itself stands. … We have a wonderful chance now to avoid the mistakes of the past and finally to "lift the lamp beside the golden door!"

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Dan Lingel

China CP

The People’s Republic of China should provide all necessary humanitarian aid to Cuba.

It solves – China is a better alternative than the US

Ellis 6. ~Evan, Associate with Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., with an emphasis on Latin American security issues, PhD in Political Science, "The New Chinese Engagement with Latin America: Understanding its Dynamics and the Implications for the Region" Booz-Allen — March 3 — www6.miami.edu/hemispheric-policy/ellisthenewchineseengagementwithlatinamerica030306.pdf~

Aside from the intangible political dimension, China also represents a real alternative ¶ market
AND
United States, such as the Free ¶ Trade Area of the Americas.

China’s influence in Latin America is key to their soft power

Malik 06 – PhD in International Relations (Mohan, "China’s Growing Involvement in Latin America," 6/12, http://uyghuramerican.org/old/articles/300/1/info@uyghuramerican.org)

China’s forays into Latin America are part of its grand strategy to acquire "comprehensive
AND
trade agreements), and mutual security pacts, intelligence cooperation and arms sales. 

Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction

Zhang 2012 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. "The Rise of China’s Political Softpower" 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Austin Layton
China’s moving fast in Latin America- domestic and ideological problems hamstring US action
Regenstreif 6/12, (Gary: Editor at Large at Reuters, Special projects. Quoting Eric Farnsworth: vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society, an international forum on social development and open markets, 2013,“The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America” http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/)
The United States, Latin America’s largest trading partner throughout much of its history,....  It approaches opportunities almost exclusively on commercial terms there. 

Lack of US influence is key to China’s expansion in Mexico- offsets the balance of the triangular relationship
Shaiken et al ’13 Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9
The dominant strategies of each of the parties and how these strategies evolve over time: …  which may result in a closer relationship between these two countries.
Regional competition in Latin America kills US-China Relations
Zweig, 10 – Director of the Center on China’s Transnational Relations and a Chair Professor in the Division of Social Science (David, “China’s “Energy Rise”, The U.S., And The New Geopolitics Of Energy”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, April)
America’s bilateral policy may be better coordinated. … Only then can the potentially negative implications of Sino-American triangularization be better managed.

U.S.-China cooperation is the controlling impact —provides a foundation for resolving every global challenge
Dunn et al. 3/1 — Lewis A. Dunn, Senior Vice President at Science Applications International Corporation—an American defense company that works with government agencies including the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security, formerly served as assistant director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and ambassador for the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in the Reagan administration, Ralph Cossa, President of the Pacific Forum of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, holds a B.A. in international relations from Syracuse University, an M.B.A. from Pepperdine University, and an M.S. in strategic studies from the Defense Intelligence College, and Li Hong, Secretary General of the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, 2013 (“5 Ways to Build a Stable U.S.-China Strategic Relationship,” Flashpoints—a Diplomat blog, March 1st, Available Online at http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/03/01/5-ways-to-build-a-stable-u-s-china-strategic-relationship/?all=true, Accessed 03-06-2013)
The relationship between the United States and China, one country an established power, … in both countries to be used to address pressing domestic, economic, social, and other priorities.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Katie Gjerpen, Cameron Ward
The affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – their valorization of revolutionary movements constitutes an anti-Orientalist polemics which effaces the subject position of the Other
Chow 93 Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p. 15-16
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her significance as a kind of representational agency, …. For the Maoist in the 1970s, the mainland Chinese were, in spite of their "backwardness," a puritanical alternative to the West in human form—a dream come true.
This locks in an investment in the oppression of the Other about whom we are allowed to speak – they are confined to a position of perpetual lack, reinscribing the very violence they renounce
Chow 93 Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p. 12-15

In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the Maoist is disillusioned to watch the China they sanctified crumble before their eyes. …. How do we intervene in the productivity of this overdetermined circuit?
Reject the affirmative – their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions is mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize – your obligation as an intellectual is to struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.
Chow 93 Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17
While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons – especially in cases where underprivileged groups seek privilege – I remain skeptical of the validity of hegemony over time, especially if it is hegemony formed through intellectual power. …from turning into a solidly fenced-off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Austin Layton
Counterplan - The United States Export-Import Bank should offer subsidies and tax breaks to business, non-governmental organizations, and individuals interested in importing Mexican biofuels.

Counterplan solves investment
CAP, 09 Center for American Progress, independent nonpartisan educational institute dedicated to improving the lives of Americans through progressive ideas and action, 4/16, Mexico Working Group, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2009/04/16/5858/transcending-the-rio-grande/, “Transcending the Rio Grande - U.S.-Mexico Relations Need to Reach Beyond the Border” | ADM
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing …  in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.

And, private companies say yes – institutions are key
IDB, 10 Inter-American Development Bank, largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean. Established in 1959, the IDB supports Latin American and Caribbean economic development, social development and regional integration by lending to governments and government agencies, including State corporations, 3/19, http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2010-03-19/renewable-energy-inter-american-development-bank-idb-annual-meeting-2010-cancun-mexico,6762.html, “Private sector demand for renewable energy financing is on the rise in Latin America and the Caribbean” | ADM
Better regulations and falling equipment costs … investing heavily in energy efficiency, renewable energy, biodiversity and disaster risk management.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lowell CC | Judge: Chris Thiele
The Fifty states and all relevant territories should establish Feet-In-Tariffs for electrical utilities requiring mandatory purchasing through reverse auctioning.

States can implement feed-in tariffs – solves better than the aff
D.A. Barber – Energy Trend – 5/16/12, U.S. Feed-in Tariffs will Increase PV Demand, http://www.energytrend.com/Barber_PV_20120516
U.S. FIT Policy FITs have not been instituted nationally in the United States even though the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory …ERC issued a ruling that clarified the authority of U.S. states to implement multi-tiered feed-in tariffs based on avoided cost and denied the utility challenge for a re-hearing.

FITs solve – kickstart the renewable industry
Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~23ixzz24aVQZwDO
America needs to introduce a nationwide feed-in tariff (FIT) to kick-start the renewable industry, restore America's leadership role, … In reality, since the prices were much lower in 2010 the unit volume growth was far more than five-fold.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Mulholland
A – Interpretation:
Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.  

B – Definitions
Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)
should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC
Encarta Online 2005,
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite
United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.

Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
“Economic engagement” is means expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves …  of stales where a change in the position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

First, a limited topic of discussion is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being debatable
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest before there can be a debate. If everyone is in agreement on a … . If we take this statement to mean that the written word is more effective than physical force for some purposes, we can identify a problem area: the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Second, A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy professionals who make the decisions that actually affect outcomes
McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, 2001
(David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/)
Or we might take Foucault who, at best, has provided us with what may reasonably be described as a very long and eccentric footnote to Nietzsche … and who have not yet found a good reason to listen to jargon-riddled lectures from philosophers and culture critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Third is Dogmatism – Most problems are not black and white but have complex, uncertain interactions.  By declaring that colonialism is always bad, they prevent us from understanding the nuances of an incredibly important and complex issue.  This is the epitome of dogmatism
Keller, et. al,– Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago - 2001
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
John Dewey, the philosopher and educational reformer, suggested that the initial advance in the development of reflective thought occurs in the transition from holding fixed, …  The ensuing tension between two distinct but legitimate views is designed to yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally. But it is not enough for reasoning to be done in public to achieve good results. …  Alternatively, a devil’s advocate could be introduced in the group to defend an alternative opinion (e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, and Ragan, 1986).
The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking and information processing abilities.  
Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 1-4, googlebooks
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and then the U.S. Senate voted to authorize …  Often, intelligent self-interest or a sense of responsibility will require us to win the support of others. We may want a scholarship or a particular job for ourselves, a customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Fairness—The affirmative’s willful refusal to defend the resolution is an act to exclude the negative from meaningful participation in the dialogue.  
Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively fair opportunity to voice their position. …  Germaneness and other substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Fairness outweighs any affirmative offense. Debate as dialogue is vital to refine and develop positions, test ideas and is a prerequisite to meaningful political participation
Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

A second reason to reject the topic has to do with its exclusivity. Many teams argue that because topicality and other fairness constraints prevent particular speech acts, debaters are denied a meaningful voice in the debate process. … that the resolution is oppressive and cannot be meaningfully affirmed denies debaters the ability to craft a nuanced answer to the question posed by the resolution.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Sheila Peterson

1NC

A. Congress will raise the debt ceiling now – but it’ll be a tough fight

The Detriot News 9/19/13 (Dale McFeatters, "Another Debt Ceiling Debate?")
The tea party-influenced wing of the House GOP favors passing the CRs but
AND
that his leadership is weak and uncertain, the president almost dare not.

B. Political capital is key to get the job done

Blake 9/18/13  (Aaron, Covers National Politics for the Washington Post, The Washington Post, Post Politics, Carney Assures That Obama ’Has Twisted Arms’)
White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
, and he’ll be in the fray until Congress does the right thing."

Political capital link

Failure to raise the debt ceiling has economic ripple effects – investor uncertainty

Masters 13 (Jonathan, Deputy Editor at the Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, jan 2 2013"US Debt Ceiling. Costs and Consequences")
Most economists, including those in the White House and from former administrations, agree
AND
sense of caution in financial markets, with adverse effects on the economy."

Economic decline and volatility heightens the risk of nuclear global conflict—multiple scenarios

Burrows and Harris - Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - 2009 (Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 ("Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis," The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Encinitas Independent DZ | Judge: John Vitz, Brandon Nahn
The 50 states and all relevant territories should extend tax credits to businesses, non-governmental organizations, and individuals interested in investing in greenhouse technology

tax credits solve and avoid bureaucracy, mismanagement, and corruption
Muzinich and Werker, 07 Justin, works for a hedge fund in Connecticut, and Eric, assistant professor at Harvard Business School, 10/20, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/opinion/20werker.html, “A Global Tax Credit,” ADM
BARACK OBAMA has proposned that the United States double the amount it spends on foreign aid to $50 billion each year. … foreign aid can be transformed from a faltering effort into one that brings the fruits of globalization to poor countries.

State tax laws allow states to issue tax credits for greenhouse growing
Burnett and Stack, no date Stephanie and Lois Berg, The University of Maine, http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/Notebook/pdf/Sec5/Greenhouse_Energy_Tax_Incentives_by_Burnett_and_Stack.pdf, “Greenhouse Energy Tax Incentives “ | ADM
Many growers are tightening their belts this winter to conserve fuel in preparation for ¶ another long and potentially expensive winter. … a tax credit is worth more money to the tax payer than a tax deduction, because a ¶ tax credit reduces tax dollar-for-dollar, while a tax deduction reduces the tax load by only a ¶ percentage.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Jesuit | Judge:
The plan’s influx of workers collapses Cuba’s health care model
Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)//EX
According to Steven Ullmann of the University of Miami's Cuba Transition Project, …  government responsibility for the health of its people. It would be a shame if the normalization of relations between the United States and Cuba killed that vision.

Current Cuban health care effective model for elimination of disease
Cooper et al, 6 - Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (Richard S., Joan F Kennelly, and Pedro Orduñez-Garcia, “Health in Cuba,” International Journal of Epidemiology, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full)//SY
Two aspects of the Cuban experience serve as reasonable …  principles have been successfully implemented in Cuba at a cost well within the reach of most middle-income countries.

Infectious diseases cause extinction – threat higher than ever
Platt, 10 – Science journalist, Scientific American (John R., “Humans are more at risk from diseases as biodiversity disappears,” Scientific American, 12/7, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2010/12/07/humans-are-more-at-risk-from-diseases-as-biodiversity-disappears/)//SY
¶ Well, according to new research published December 2 in Nature, the answer is yes—… and along with them disease-carrying ticks. "The mice increase numbers of both the black-legged tick vector and the pathogen that causes Lyme disease," Ostfeld said.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Meadows ES | Judge: Ana Dmitrijevic, Mike Shackelford, Richard Mancuso
Rising food prices solve poverty in China
Sandra Polaski, Senior Associate and Director, Trade, Equity and Development Program, MAY 2008, “Rising Food Prices, Poverty, and the Doha Round,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/polaski__food_prices.pdf
As noted, India is home to the largest number of poor people in the world. … primarily on better incomes in rural areas, attributable mainly to higher prices for food.

Chinese poverty causes Sino-Russia nuclear war
Sharavin 10-1-2K1 (Alexander, “The Third Threat,” What The Papers Say (Russia))
Chinese propaganda has constantly been showing us skyscrapers in free trade zones in southeastern China. … However, it is a realistic prospect - just like a war against NATO or Islamic extremists.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Meadows ES | Judge: Ana Dmitrijevic, Mike Shackelford, Richard Mancuso
High food prices spark new research into crops which require less pesticides and fertilizers
Declan Butler, agriculture expert, 1 May 2008, Nature Magazine, “A research menu,” http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7191/full/453001b.html
This was not a sudden crisis. It may be only this spring that food prices have started sparking riots on the streets of Haiti and Egypt, not¶ to mention rice rationing at Wal-Mart's cash-and-carry stores, … Agricultural research systems in sub-Saharan Africa are fragmented into almost 400 distinct agencies, eight times the number in the United States and four times the number in India.¶ 

Pesticides kill earthworms – causes extinction.
Microsoil 04 Microsoil, January 20, 2004, http://www.microsoil.com/earthworm.htm
Only where you find earthworms will you find rich, healthy soil with high amounts of organic matter and vice versa. … But Minnich complains that with the single exception of Dr. Henry Hopp, the attitude of USDA scientists, along with that of many of their associated colleagues in subsidized state universities, has traditionally been negative toward the earthworm.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Mulholland
The affirmative burns the memory of coloniality into the 1ac demanding the never-ending pain of the memory – that turns the case
Zupancic 03 alenka, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 57-60
This is perhaps the moment to examine in more detail what Nietzschean “forgetting” is actually about. What is the capacity of forgetting as the basis of “great health”? Nietzsche claims that memory entertains some essential relationship with pain. This is what he describes as the principle used in human “mnemotechnics”: “…  but in the sense that forgetting liberates the potential of the encounter itself, and opens up—precisely through its “closure”—the possibility of a new one. 

this demand for an eternally better world engenders a hate for reality that does not cease when you vote aff – that existential distaste culminates in nihlism
Paul Saurette, PhD in political theory at John Hopkins U, in 96 "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them': Nietzshce, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in INternational Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25 no. 1 page 3-6
The Will to Order and Politics-as-Making The Philosophical Foundation of the Will to Truth/Order •. I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them. A will to a system is a lack .of ! integrity."
According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation of a … it creates practices which attempt to impose increasing order in the Apparent World. With this critical transformation, the Will to Order becomes .the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity. 

our alternative is to create an ecology of hope – this is mutually exclusive with the rhetorical artifact of the 1ac – we willfully forget the suffering and pain of the affirmative to reconceptualize our agency for good
May 5
(Todd, “To change the world, to celebrate life: Merleau-Ponty and Foucault on the body”, Philosophy Social Criticism September 2005 vol. 31 no. 5-6 517-531)

For those among us who seek in philosophy a way to grapple with our lives rather than to solve logical puzzles; for those whose reading and whose writing are not merely appropriate steps toward academic advancement but a struggle to see ourselves and our world in a fresher, clearer light; … Whether you like it or not, whether you recognize it or not. The only question is whether you will take up the world that you are of, or leave it to others, to those others who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Sheila Peterson

1NC

the plan entrenches a broader strategy of economic domination and imperialism deployed as endless war

Jones et al, ’4 Martin Jones is Reader in Human Geography, Rhys Jones is Lecturer in Human Geography and Michael Woodsis Senior Lecturer in Human Geography in the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences at the University of Wales Aberystwyth. They all teach on the Master’s degree, Space, Place and Politics. (2004, "An Introduction to Political Geography," http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf)//CC
Political domination can take on many forms. At its most basic and uncompromising,
AND
geopolitics and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge 1995)

that domination provides a staging ground for remilitarization of empire – turns case and causes unending war

Grandin, ’6 professor of history at New York University (Greg Grandin, 2006, "Empires Workshop: Latin America, The United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism")CC
The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the
AND
in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame. 

the alternative is latin americanism – reject the affirmative’s faulty knowledge production – this embrace of partisan knowledge production is the only way to combat the system and avoid cooption

Lewis, ’4 Professor and Collegiate Fellow in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Iowa (Tom Lewis, 2004, "Latin Americanism and Imperialism after 9/11")CC
Michael Denning has recently suggested that, "If there is a neglect of class
AND
fallen into irrelevance or perverse hypothesis, because it has gone over their enemies

Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Capitol Debate DD | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey
The aff reinscribes the exclusion and pain of the past with no productive future – that turns the case and means you vote neg on presumption
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within identity politicsthat can be best described as the problem of … It would fur-ther refocus attention on the future possibilities present in theidentity as opposed to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances.

Politics is key – lack of a future without their calls to rally around identity results in backlash and reactionary politics that reentrenches the very conditions they demand be changed
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
The quotation with which this article begins comes from the end of the novel where the character Paul D is speak-ing to fellow former slave Sethe of the need to move be- yond the terms of a past dis?gured by slavery. … Central to the development of our thesis will be an engagement with work on experience and identity by Satya Mohanty, and com-munities and knowledge by Lynn Hankinson Nelson.

You should vote neg to demand that identity be used productively – it has to guide political action, not become a self-serving reinscription of itself – their failure to reflect on politics kills any productive change
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
We suggest that alternative models of identity and community are required from those put forward by essentialist theories, andthat these are offered by the work of two theorists, SatyaMohanty and Lynn Hankinson Nelson. Mohanty’s (1993 2000)post-positivist, … As such, the communities that enable identity should not be conceived of as “imagined” since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Katie Gjerpen, Cameron Ward
Ayush and I endorse the entire 1AC except for the call for United States federal government action.
The aff’s choice to frame their plan in terms of the USFG as the agent of action mediates our relationship to other people, removing their personal responsibility for action and displacing it onto the state- this perspective makes possible everyday violence
Kappeler 95
Susanne, associate professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behaviour, p. 14
Scientific discourse, too, which is one of the major instruments of cultural and ideological power, certainly is no longer the prerogative of those who rule and administer society according to their will and interests. … seek to evade their personal responsibility by means of a scientific representation of their own actions as the effect of a most complicated set of causes.

The impact turns the case- the decision to externalize power and responsibility onto the state removes individual responsibility and personal reflection, calculating them in terms of state action- that prevents empathetic identification with others and ensures their project fails
Kappeler 95
Susanne, associate professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behaviour, p. 6-7
This means engaging also with the discourses which construct violence as a phenomenon but obliterate the agent's decision to violate. …, but any resistance to it: leaving a violent relationship or situations of violence, resisting bullying, pressure and blackmail, refusing to fight back.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: John Vitz
The 50 states and all relevant territories should legalize marijuana, cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine.

Solves drug violence and instability – expert consensus.
Abu-Hamdeh, 11 Sabrina, Pepperdine University, 1/1, Pepperdine Policy Review, Vol. 4, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004andcontext=pprandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dmerida2Binitiative2Bsuccess26hl3Den26as_sdt3D026as_vis3D126oi3Dscholart26sa3DX26ei3D1XD6UYihGseSyAG-rIHgDA26ved3D0CC0QgQMwAA#search=22merida20initiative20success22, “The Merida Initiative: An Effective Way of Reducing Violence in Mexico?”
Lastly, many economists and knowledgeable leaders suggest that legalizing certain drugs would be a means of driving their prices down. …,  all three of the criteria established

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Groves OR | Judge: Ross Garrett
Pemex reform will pass because of Nieto’s influence and political capital – it’s key to overcome opposition
O’Reilly, 8/7/13, Andrew, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, internally quoting Duncan Wood, Full Professor, Director of the Program in International Relations, and also Director of the Canadian Studies Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He is Senior Adviser for the Renewable Energy Initiative with the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and a Senior Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. He is also a researcher in the Centro de Derecho Economico Internacional (CDEI) at ITAM, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/, "Mexico’s Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition" | ADM
The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
to contain more than half of Mexico’s estimated 14 billion barrels of reserves.

Mexico backlashes against border infrastructure
Rueda 6/26 ~Manuel, Latin America Correspondent for ABC/Univision, Journalism Masters Degree from Columbia University, BA in International Affairs from the University of Virginia, always up for an invite to the local salsa club~
(Mexico Slams U.S. Border Buildup Plan, ABC News/Univision, June 26, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/mexico-slams-us-immigration-reform-bills-proposed-border/story?id=19495974~~23.UdwObqUk_dk)

In recent years, the administrations of Presidents Enrique Peña Nieto and Felipe Calderón had
AND
- another border where the U.S. stations thousands of troops.
Energy reforms reverse declining production – that kills the US economy, destabilizes Mexico, and spills over regionally
Wood 9 (Duncan Wood, Mexico Institute Director at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Office of the William E. Simon Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Cantarell, Mexico’s Economy and Interdependence," November 30th, 2009. http://csis.org/blog/cantarell-mexicos-economy-and-interdependence)

The story of how Mexico reached this crisis point is by now well known.
AND
and political and economic insecurity in Mexico impacts negatively on US economic growth.
Instability leads to extinction – generates conflict, leads to failed states, and exacerbates all of the root causes of conflict
Manwaring ’5,
(General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare", Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)
At the same time, President Chávez’s approach to Latin American security and stability requires
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Sheila Peterson

The USFG should not the aff unless Mexico demonstrates that human rights conditions have significantly improved. The USFG should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

Congress should make engagement contingent upon a periodic certification process to determine Mexican human rights abuses are investigated and prosecuted – counterplan effectively uses leverage to improve human rights conditions

HRW, 07 Human Rights Watch, the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse, 10/24, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/23/mexico-us-aid-should-include-human-rights-conditions, "Mexico: US Aid Should Include Human Rights Conditions," ADM
The US Congress should oppose counternarcotics assistance to Mexico unless it includes strong conditions aimed
AND
Mexico’s security forces to improve their appalling human rights record," said Vivanco.

Engagement without human rights conditions send the message that US condones torture, rape, and disappearances – turns the aff and reinforces organized crime

WOLA 10 - (Washington Office of Latin America- contains multiple experts on human rights abuse in latin america and quotes the state department’s report "Congress: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance" 9/14/10, http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance)//AP
However, research conducted by our respective organizations, Mexico’s National Human Rights Commission,
AND
established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture:  

US human rights leadership is key to international peace, security, domestic interests, and the pursuit of global democracy

Griffey, 11 Brian, human rights consultant who has worked for the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International USA and as an investigative journalist, 3/18, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/150667-us-leadership-on-human-rights-essential-to-strengthen-democracy-abroad, "U.S. leadership on human rights essential to strengthen democracy abroad," ADM
In the midst of what many are calling the Arab world’s 1989, the United
AND
concerted and collective effort to be upheld, especially in times of crisis.

Aid without human rights conditions send the message that US condones torture, rape, and disappearances – turns the aff and reinforces organized crime

WOLA 10 - (Washington Office of Latin America- contains multiple experts on human rights abuse in latin america and quotes the state department’s report "Congress: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance" 9/14/10, http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance)//AP
However, research conducted by our respective organizations, Mexico’s National Human Rights Commission,
AND
established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture:  

US human rights leadership is key to international peace, security, domestic interests, and the pursuit of global democracy

Griffey, 11 Brian, human rights consultant who has worked for the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International USA and as an investigative journalist, 3/18, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/150667-us-leadership-on-human-rights-essential-to-strengthen-democracy-abroad-http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/150667-us-leadership-on-human-rights-essential-to-strengthen-democracy-abroad, "U.S. leadership on human rights essential to strengthen democracy abroad," ADM
In the midst of what many are calling the Arab world’s 1989, the United
AND
concerted and collective effort to be upheld, especially in times of crisis.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Ian Beier, Tony Johnson
The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors should place international trade at the heart of the group’s framework, extend the group’s standstill on protectionism including upgrading and supporting it with surveillance, set a hard “kill or complete” post-Bali deadline, encourage the World Trade Organization to focus on a new trade agenda, and build on past calls by the group to strengthen and reform the WTO.

CPs key to multilateralism.
Thirlwell 6/17, Mark, 6/17/13, “Saving Multilateralism: The G20, The WTO, and World Trade,” http://lowyinstitute.org/publications/saving-multilateralism-g20-wto-and-world-trade-0?noredirect=1)
As the world’s premier international economic forum, …But the alternative is to stand back and let the multilateral system unravel. That would be unacceptable.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Jack Manchester

The intersection between economic engagement and neoliberalism is the root cause of the current economic crisis—it ushers in an unsustainable model of debt-driven growth.

Palley, PhD in economics from Yale, 10 (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, "AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION", New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, and military intervention—moral obligation to put those sacrificed by Western growth at the center of decision making.

Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce,
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.

Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy 26 Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, "Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?", Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf-http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal Library/Trade and Countries/Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories.
There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: John Vitz
Expanding immigration serves to smooth the excesses of neoliberalism via labor flexibility – prefer for the specificity to the Aff
Wise et al., Penn social sciences PhD, 2010
(Raul, “Reframing the debate on migration, development and human rights: fundamental elements”, October, http://rimd.reduaz.mx/secciones_documentos/959ReframingtheDebate.pdf)
The official discourse of neoliberal globalization rests on the ideology of the free market, the end of history, representative democracy and, more recently, the war on terrorism. … The advancement of structural reform in peripheral countries has led to increasing social debt, a fact that remains unacknowledged by governments and the entrenched powers.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kent Denver BJ | Judge:
Outsourcing is key to Chinese economic growth
Dyer 8 Martin is a Corporate Accountant at Big Red, Inc. He holds a BA in Finance from LSU. “The Effects of U.S. Outsourcing to China,” http://www.lsu.edu/faculty/jwither/Essays/Immigration_Trade/Dyer_Essay.html
“Made in America” is quickly becoming a lost phrase. … “Yes, cheap labor is abundant in Bangladesh, Cambodia…. However, China’s low-wage work force tends to be more skilled, higher educated, and better disciplined.”
China’s economic rise is good --- they’re on the brink of collapse --- causes CCP instability and lashout --- also tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Mead 9 Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power itself is … China has so far been able to manage the stresses and conflicts of modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.
Chinese lashout goes nuclear
The Epoch Times, Renxing San, 8/4/2004, 8/4, http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-4/30931.html
Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would not be surprising if the CCP resorts … who now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kent Denver BJ | Judge:
Offshoring key to trade- doesn’t collapse the economy or competitivenes
Chapman 12 (Steve Chapman, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune. 7/19/12. "What Politicians Don't Know About Outsourcing". reason.com/archives/2012/07/19/what-politicians-dont-know-about-outsour
That's one problem with the war of allegations. The other is that they reflect and promote an erroneous assumption: … Romney and Obama both manage to convey the impression that they have no clue how trade acts to continually raise our standard of living.

Extinction
Pazner, 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous … Many will interpret stepped-up conflicts between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Jack Manchester

A - Issue-Specific Uniqueness. Post-Chavez, "pink tide" is dying. Shortage of oil profits hurts the Leftist cause.

Panizza ’13
Dr Francisco Panizza is the Head of the Latin America International Affairs Programme at LSE IDEAS. He is a Reader in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics. "Latin America: Life after Chavez (and Lula)" – April 4^th – http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2013/04/latin-america-life-after-chavez-and-lula/

The death of Chávez and the succession of Lula by Dilma Rousseff in Brazil leaves
AND
regional change than encapsulated by the narrative of the rise of the left.

Second – Softening embargo while the Castros are in charge means profits to finance "pink tide".

Brookes ’9
(Peter – Heritage council, Senior Fellow, Brookes is serving his third term as a congressionally appointed member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. He previously served in the administration of President George W. Bush as deputy assistant secretary of defense for Asian and Pacific affairs. In this post, he was responsible for U.S. defense policy for 38 countries and five bilateral defense alliances in Asia, Brookes was a professional staff member with the House International Relations Committee. He also served with the CIA and the State Department at the United Nations. In the private sector, he worked in the defense and intelligence industries.¶ A decorated Navy veteran, Brookes served on active duty in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East in aviation and intelligence billets, Brookes, now a retired Navy commander, served as a reservist with the National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Naval Intelligence, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Office of the Vice President, Brookes is pursuing a doctorate at Georgetown University. He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy (B.S.); the Defense Language Institute (Russian); the Naval War College; and the Johns Hopkins University (M.A.). He also has taught at the National Defense University and studied German and Polish, National Security Affairs, "Keep the Embargo, O" – April 16 – http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)

Of course, the big empanada is the US economic embargo against Cuba, in
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

C- Impact

First – Castro-led pink tide causes US-Russia military confrontations.

Walser ’8 
(Ray Walser, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America at the Heritage Foundation – Chávez, Venezuela, and Russia: A New Cuban Missile Crisis? – WebMemo ~232064 — September 15th http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm2064.cfm)

Like his iconic mentor, Fidel Castro, Chávez thrives on mounting tensions and confrontation
AND
will take as it shapes its policy toward America’s neighbors in the hemisphere. 

Small US-Russia conflicts can escalate or cause nuclear miscalc.

Gottemoeller ’8 
(Rose Gottemoeller was sworn in as the United States Department of State’s Assistant Secretary for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance on April 6, 2009. She was the chief negotiator of the follow on for the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty otherwise known as the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) with the Russian Federation. Since 2000, she had been with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – "U.S.-Russia Cooperation on Iran: Aftermath of the Summer War in Georgia," Carnegie Moscow Center, August- July 2008. PLESE NOTE – THIS CARD APPEARS IN A HOST OF CURRENT OPEN-SOURCE DEBATE DOCS AND THE URL THAT APPEARS ON THOSE CARDS MISDIRECTS TO A DIFFERENT Gottemoeller ARTICLE. The website below redirects to her October article:   http://www.scribd.com/doc/13031239/RussianAmerican-Security-Relations-After-Georgia)

No holds barred, no rules—the United States and Russia may be heading
AND
us, we could come close to nuclear  catastrophe before we knew it.

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Ian Beier, Tony Johnson
Immigration reform will pass now – the shutdown created momentum
Bloomberg View 10/29/13 ("Bloomberg View: Immigration Reform, Trapped in the House")
What are the prospects that the House will pass useful immigration legislation?¶ … But given the dense political wreckage surrounding it, the people’s body can’t expect to rise above merely by moving its jaw.

Drains capital – anti-Cuba lawmakers backlash and take hostages on unrelated legislation
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie? … Major policy changes that require a significant expenditure of political capital rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Capital is key to spur a compromise -
Munro 10/21/13 (Neil, White House Correspondent for the Daily caller, "US Chamber of Commerce Pleads for Obama's Help to Pass Immigration Boost")
The president needs to get personally involved in the high-stakes immigration  battle to overcome growing GOP distrust, … in good faith, or even to implement provisions that he doesn’t like.
Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors, …, that's going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Retaliation to cyber-attack escalates to global nuclear war
Lawson 9 (Sean - assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, , 5/13/2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477 )
At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the threat of cyber war,1 … It also sets a relevant scale–a cyberattack that has an impact larger than that associated with a relatively small release of a lethal agent is regarded with the same or greater seriousness.” 7

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Encinitas Independent DZ | Judge: John Vitz, Brandon Nahn
Plan guts unity, demoralizes base, drains PC and trades off with Obamas top agenda priorities despite business lobbying
Magnus, ‘9
John R. Magnus, trade lawyer in Washington, DC, is President of TradeWins LLC and Of Counsel
at Miller and Chevalier Chartered, ‘9
3. Votes: Will the new government allow any major trade-liberalizing items to come to a vote in the first two years? …. But, of course, foreign policy concerns, and business community desires, will pull in the opposite direction.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lowell CC | Judge: Chris Thiele
widespread usage of renewables is costly and prevents reliable electrical supply – guarantees blackouts and grid failures
Garman and Thernstrom, 13 David, assistant secretary and under secretary at the U.S. Department of Energy (2001-07) and on the board of directors of the Energy Innovation Reform Project, and Samuel, executive director of EIRP, Former Resident Fellow and Codirector of the AEI Geoengineering Project,  7/29, WSJ, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323309404578613792021690244.html, “Europe's Renewable Romance Fades” | ADM
Europe has bet big on wind and solar energy, and many environmental advocates would like America to follow. Wind and solar have a role in the U.S. energy economy, … He also expressed great concern "about the potential destabilizing effect of outdated connection conditions for distributed generation that are not being retrofitted anywhere fast enough."

blackouts cause nuclear meltdowns – conventional risk assessment doesn’t assume a sustained grid failure and the lack of backup power
AP, 11 Associated Press, 3/29, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/03/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-reactors/, “AP IMPACT: Long blackouts pose risk to US reactors” | ADM
Long before the nuclear emergency in Japan, U.S. regulators knew that a power failure lasting for days at an American nuclear plant, whatever the cause, could lead to a radioactive leak. … Despite the added safety measures, a 1997 report found that blackouts - the loss of on-site and off-site electrical power - remained "a dominant contributor to the risk of core melt at some plants."

Nuclear meltdowns have enormous impacts on par with nuclear war – fallout can affect the entire planet
Drell et al, 12 Sidney D., senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a professor of theoretical physics emeritus at Stanford’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where he served as deputy director until retiring in 1998, George P. Schultz, thomas w. and susan b. ford distinguished fellow chair, energy policy task force, member of the working group on economic policy, held four different federal cabinet posts, and Steven P. Andreasan, lecturer at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota, 10/2, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/128966, “Reducing the Global Nuclear Risk” | ADM
The times we live in are dangerous for many reasons. … There is little understanding of the reality and poten­tial danger of consequences if such an event were to occur halfway around the world. An effort should be made to prepare the public by providing information on how to respond to such an event.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lowell CC | Judge: Chris Thiele
Natural Gas prices are rising in the long term – slowing production and increased demand   
WSJ 3/21/13 (“Natural Gas Blazes a Path to Higher Prices” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324373204578374773681881796.html)
Colder-than-normal weather in many parts of the U.S. is lighting a fire under natural-gas prices.¶ … part of a bet that prices will keep rising as gas usage by power plants and trucking fleets catches up with output.

Expansive deployment of renewables drives down natural gas prices
Blake, Editor of the Washington Monthly, 09
(The Rooftop Revolution, www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2009/0903.blake.html)
In some nations where feed-in tariffs have reached critical mass, there is evidence that they have actually driven down the overall price of electricity. … If you have a large volume of renewable energy (particularly less-expensive wind power) you can cut your use of natural gas, bringing prices down across the board.

Low prices cause flaring
Weber, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin, 12
(May, THE LOOMING NATURAL GAS TRANSITION IN THE UNITED STATES, www.c2es.org/docUploads/natural-gas-transition-us.pdf)
These attractive market opportunities are offset in some respects by the negative environmental impacts that are occurring from production in the Bakken and Eagle Ford shale plays in North Dakota and Texas. …  Consequently, for many operators it ends up being cheaper in many cases to flare the gas rather than to harness and distribute it.

Flaring depletes the ozone layer - extinction
Osai, Professor of Social Sciences at The Rivers State College of Arts and Science, 02
(SHELL AS AGAMA LIZARD, www.waado.org/Environment/OilCompanies/Shell-Communities/ShellsFalsePR.html)
Talking of the impact of gas flaring on the environment, in 1984/85, … Incidentally, I did my administrative internship in 1977 at the Cleveland Division of Air Pollution Control, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and I think I learned quite a bit about pollution and its negative impact on the environment - immediate or otherwise.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola DW | Judge:
The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.

Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, ’99 (David, “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a President from lifting the embargo against Cuba arbitrarily would appear to be no more than a facade of legislation.  … Cuba would compensate them for their losses, and the U.S. Government would not be liable for any losses.   *262
Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, ‘8 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos  and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
 *451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution Policy should be implemented by way … with its varying remedies, allows for former owners to seek justice for Cuba's transgressions by allowing them to receive individualistic and equitable remediation.

Failure to settle expropriated property issue before lifting the embargo spills over and affects property rights in all of Latin America*
Poblete, Managing Attorney for Poblete and Tamargo LLP, ’10 (Jason- Vice-Chair National Security Committee of the American Bar Association Section of International Law, member of the Cuban-American Bar Association, Former Senior Attorney at Global Regulatory Litigation group of Reed Smith (a top 15 global law firm), and ranked by Roll Call as one of the “50 Most Influential Staffers on Capitol Hill”, September 9, “Settling Expropriated Cuban Property Cases Will Set Tone for Region, World” http://jasonpoblete.com/2010/09/09/settling-expropriated-cuban-property-cases-will-set-tone-for-region-world/)
Private property rights is about control. Either you control or the government controls.  … if you tinker with private property, sooner or later there will be a price to pay.
Poorly enforced property rights in Latin America cause Amazon deforestation – seen as necessary to protect property value
Araujo et al, Professor Econ at University of Auvergne, ‘8 (Claudio Araujoa, Catherine Araujo Bonjean, Jean-Louis Combes, Pascale Combes Motel, and Eustaquio J. Reis, December 17, “Property rights and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon” Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International, http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/66/99/PDF/2008.20.pdf)
The main outcome of this paper is that insecure property rights in land drive deforestation in the … Indeed, according to the Brazilian rule of law, forested lands, even privately owned, are often classified as unproductive and hence eligible to expropriation.
Amazon deforestation causes extinction
Brown- President, Earth Policy Institute- ‘8 Lester, Earth Policy Institute is a nonprofit, interdisciplinary research organization Plan B 3.0: ?Mobilizing to Save Civilization, p. 15-16
33 Scientists believe that if half the Amazon is cleared or weakened, … If we reach this tipping point we will have triggered yet another climate feedback, taken another step that could help seal our fate as a civilization.35

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge: Bolman, Duner, Langr

1NC Shell

Saudi Arabia has not yet acquired the bomb. Perception of US support is the key factor.

Guzansky ’13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel’s National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon, Iraq’s increasing alignment with Tehran, and
AND
, to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties

Alhaiji and Maris ’4
~Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, "The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector," Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf~~23page=105~~

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that¶ energy
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi Arabia fears the narrative that the US may abandon them for North American supplies – the plan forces Saudi Arabia to develop nuclear weapons

Rogers 3/20
~2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, "America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region’s Oil, says Gen. Dempsey," Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-~~

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war.

Edelman ’11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 26 Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Jack Manchester

Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening.

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22^nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)
The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to
AND
who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Austin Layton
Immigration reform will pass now - Obama is pushing and his capital is high
Santoro 10/15/13 (Evan McMorris, Buzzfeed Staff, "Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight and He's Coming For Immigration Next")
As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, …. , ‘We’re not going to wait.’”

Obama political capital is necessary to get a deal done – moderate GOP members can be negotiated with
Stokols 10/17/13 (Eli, FOX News Denver, "Analysis: Obama's Quick Pivot To immigration Reform")
To all my friends in Congress, …. heading into next year’s midterms.¶ 

Immigration reform is key to US hegemony -
Nye 12. Joseph S., a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. “Immigration and American Power,” December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s~-~-nye
CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. ……… long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Nuclear war
Khalilzad 11. Zalmay, the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, February 8, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” online:  http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing …. barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Groves OR | Judge: Ross Garrett
The 50 States and all relevant territories should substantially increase their investment in border infrastructure towards Mexico.
States key to solve – can’t wait for the federal government – AZ and TX prove
Uribe 12 (Monica, Reporter for Fronteras, "NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructure," http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure)**
There has been some progress. There’s a new commercial port of entry in Arizona
AND
determine the future of other privately funded commercial projects currently in the works.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Groves OR | Judge: Ross Garrett
The economy’s improving – still fragile growth
Stilwell, 9/4 Victoria, Bloomberg, Accessed on 9/7/13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-04/trade-gap-in-u-s-widened-in-july-from-almost-four-year-low.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-04/trade-gap-in-u-s-widened-in-july-from-almost-four-year-low.html, "Widening Trade Gap Signals Improving U.S. Demand: Economy" | ADM
The trade deficit in the U.S. widened in July from an almost
AND
expansion from early July through late August, even as borrowing costs increased.

Infrastructure spending increases inflation—erodes the dollar and floods the economy.  
Zupan 11 — Mark Zupan, Dean of the Simon Graduate School of Business at the University of Rochester, 2011 ("Stimulus Is a Recipe for Inflation," Kiplinger, March 30^th, Available Online at http://www.kiplinger.com/printstory.php?pid=21057, Accessed 06-30-2012)
Our nation is flirting with resurrecting inflation to levels that are reminiscent of the grim
AND
and this money hits the economy, it will add to inflationary pressures.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall SL | Judge:
Text: The government of the European Union should provide all necessary support for the construction of ten super chimneys.

Ten super chimneys are more then enough to solve all warming – They facilitate heat exchange and cause cloud formation
Pesochinsky 8 (Michael, engineer. “How the super-chimney will cool the atmosphere” http://www.superchimney.org/atmosphere.html)
The super-chimney will cool the Earth atmosphere by facilitating the heat exchange, … Thus, we will need fewer than 10 super-chimneys to offset the effects of Global Warming.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Tom Woodhead

1NC

Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits and specifically excludes facilitating the flow of non-governmental people —- including political, military, or cultural engagement explodes the topic

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
AND
govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’s global market.’
Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional
AND
of the incentives that might be offered under a policy of cultural engagement.
This brief overview of the various forms of engagement illuminates the choices open to policymakers
AND
a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Voting issue for limits and ground —- non-economic areas are huge, overstretch research burdens and require completely different strategies —- trade and finance allow sufficient flexibility but lock-in a core mechanism for preparation

Tournament: USC Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Katie Gjerpen, Cameron Ward
Interpretation: Economic engagement includes assistance, trade, and investment — it is distinct from political engagement and diplomatic engagement.
Delury 12 — John Delury, Associate Director of the Asia Society’s Center on U.S.-China Relations and Director of the China Boom Project, Assistant Professor of Chinese Studies at Yonsei University, holds a Ph.D. in History from Yale University, 2012 (“Triple-Pronged Engagement: China's Approach to North Korea,” American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, Volume 34, Issue 2, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor and Francis Online)
So what is revealed about China's approach to Korea if Americans and South Koreans clear out a priori hopes and fears, and analytically privilege state behavior … For now, the Six Party Talks represent the one broken prong of China's three-fold engagement approach to North Korea.

Tournament: ToC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Daniel Taylor
The Export-Import bank will be reauthorized now – Obama is pushing but it will be a fight
Reuters 4/24/14 ("US Trade Bank urges Lawmkaers to Renew Charter, Avoid 'Political Games'")
(Reuters) - U.S. lawmakers should back a bill renewing the U.S. Export-Import … and have accused Ex-Im of cronyism as the deadline for extending its charter nears.

Link
Obama leadership is key -  
Timothy P.Carney, 3/14/12  The Examiner's senior political  columnist GOP could make hay by opposing Ex-Im Bank http://campaign2012.washingtonexaminer.com/article/gop-could-make-hay-opposing-ex-im-bank/428346
President Obama and the Senate Democratic leadership these days are standing with the Chamber of Commerce … blasted Ex-Im as "nothing more than a corporate welfare slush fund for companies with the best lobbyists."
Failure to reauthorize collapses economy
Jones 4/9/14 (Ted, Guest Post Director of International Supplier Relations for the NEI, "Top 5 Reasons to Support Ex-Im Bank")
For decades, the Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im) … risk billions in U.S. exports and hundreds of thousands of American jobs.
Broad statistics conclude economic decline leads to war
Royal, Director of cooperative threat reduction, ‘10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict. … This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Jack Manchester

Uniqueness - A military strike on Syria will be authorized by Congress in the coming week – but Obama’s political capital is key to it’s success

All Voices 9/1/13 (Hsaqib, former Editor for the National Daily, "First round of Syria Battle will be fought in the Congress")
Although President Barack Obama-http://www.allvoices.com/people/barack_obama has taken a U-turn on Syria strike and put
AND
members of Congress return in September over government budgets and the debt ceiling. 

Link –

Impact –

Syrian strikes are key to prevent Iranian proliferation and an Israel strike on Iran

Slavin 8/31/13 (Barbara, Aljazeera America,  "Hitting Syria to Deter Iran")
Although President Barack Obama may soon launch a limited military strike on Syria for its
AND
Hezbollah, the most powerful pro-Iranian organization in the Arab world.

Iran prolif destabilizes the entire region and causes extinction
Ward 12 – studying for a Masters in International Relations from Durham University, cites Krieger, Tepperman and Waltz (Alex, 03/02, "Iran’s Nuclear Programme and the Stability of the Middle East," http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/02/irans-nuclear-programme-and-the-stability-of-the-middle-east/)
All in all, Iran’s nuclear programme has already had a profoundly destabilizing effect upon
AND
strategic order, plagued by the spectre of all-out nuclear apocalypse.