Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien CS | Judge: Josh Miller
1AC Multilateralism 

Contention 1 is Multilateralism  

Multipolarity and the rise of global powers is inevitable - a commitment to greater cooperation is vital to managing the transition and protecting primacy
Terrif, 12 - Senior Lecturer in International Security in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at Birmingham University, UK (Terry, Debating a Post-American World: What Lies Ahead?, ed: Clark and Hoque, p. 47-51) 

Economic factors make decline of unilateralism inevitable
Layne, 12 - Professor and Robert M Gates Chair in National Security in the George HW Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A and M University (Christopher, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana” Quarterly (2012) 56, 203–213, Wiley online)

Military primacy does not ensure deterrence, rising nations don’t want to be American pawns
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations @gtown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles Kupchan, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, FEBRUARY 6, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

The plan is a powerful symbol of multilateralism –the embargo has garnered international opposition and subjugates Cubans
LINKS no date (International Journal of Socialist Review citing the United Nations 63rd General Assembly, “Overwhelming UN General Assembly vote against US blockade of Cuba”, no date, http://links.org.au/node/716)

And it sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White 13 – Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)  

That bolsters influence in international institutions
Sabatini and Berger 12 – Christopher Sabatini is editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas(Christopher/Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America" 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/)

The status quo forces militarism - the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy
Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)

Only the plan creates conflict resolution
Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, 

Unipolarity causes lashout
Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf

Unilateral collapse causes great power war  - w.m.d
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)

Now is key, Any step short of unconditional removal does not solve
Vivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch
(Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, google scholar)
1AC Plan

Text: The United States federal government should normalize economic relations with Cuba.

1AC Stability
Contention 2 is Stability 

Normalization is inevitable – now is key to prevent instability and generate reforms
Ashby 13
Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs., Preserving Stability In Cuba After Normalizing Relations With The United States – The Importance Of Trading With State-Owned Enterprises, 3/29/13, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/

Economic liberalization is key to a stable transition to a marketized one party system
Lopez-Levy lecturer and PhD Candidate at the School of International Studies University of Denver 2011 Arturo “Change in Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for U.S. Policy” New America Foundation

The plan creates leverage to foster political reform
Hinderdael 2011- M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar)

The government wouldn’t be an issue
LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, “The Danger of Dependence: Cuba's Foreign Policy After Chavez” World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) 

The unconditional offer of normal trade relations boosts US-Cuban relations and fosters a stable transition
Koenig, 10 – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, “Time for a New Cuba Policy” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)

Cuban instability causes Latin American instability, terrorism, and distracts the US from critical hotspots including Africa, the Caucus, and North Korea
Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Independently, Latin American instability causes global war
Manwaring 05 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, VENEZUELA’S HUGO CHÁVEZ, BOLIVARIAN SOCIALISM, AND ASYMMETRIC WARFARE, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)

Caucus instability causes nuclear war
Blank 2k – MacArthur Professor of Research @ The Strategic Studies Institute @ US Army War College (Stephen, “U.S. MILITARY ENGAGEMENT WITH TRANSCAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA,” June, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/Blank2000.pdf)

Africa goes nuclear
Deutsch 1 (Dr. Jeffery – founder at Rabid Tiger Project, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, p. http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)

Korean instability causes nuclear war
Chol 11 Kim Myong Chol is author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, including Kim Jong-il's Strategy for Reunification. He has a PhD from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's Academy of Social Sciences "Dangerous games" Aug 20 www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MH20Dg01.html

Latin American democracy solves environmental destruction
Callejas 10 (Danny, Professor of Economics at the Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, “Democracy and Environmental Quality in Latin America: A Panel System of Equations Approach, 1995-2008,” November)

Extinction
Takacs 96 (David, Philosophies of Paradise, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore)

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles  North OW | Judge: Sara Sanchez
1AC Violence
Contention 1 is Structural Violence 

Sanctions function like siege warfare -~-- they deprive civilians of basic needs and shift recourses to the elite
Gordon 6 (Joy, Professor of Philosophy at Fairfield University, published in the Harvard University Press, “A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics Of Economic Sanctions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, 4-11-06, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1999.tb00330.x/pdf)
In many regards, sanctions are the modern version  …. same moral objections as siege warfare.

Scenario 1 is Medicine 

Cuban isolation makes the most basic disease treatment impossible
Kovalik 6-27 (David, labor and human rights attorney, and teaches International Human Rights at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, “Trying to Destroy the Danger of a Good Example”, http://mltoday.com/subject-areas/books-arts-and-literature/trying-to-destroy-the-danger-of-a-good-example-1697-2.html,
Lamrani concludes that the results of this … treating bone cancer and HIV AIDS.

This is a form of genocide on Cuban citizens
Simons 1999 - chief editor at the National Computing Centre,
Geoff, “Imposing Economic Sanctions”, Pluto Press, 12-13, chip
The years-long US attempt to deny Cuba access … Geneva Convention governing the treatment of civilians in wartime.

Scenario 2 – Freedom of Expression  

Plan solves internet that allows for Cuban freedom of expression and communication while aiding disaster relief
Cuba Study Group 10 (The Cuba Study Group is made up of business and professional ¶ individuals with a deeply rooted love for Cuba and the ¶ Cuban people. They aim to put their collective experience ¶ in leadership skills, problem solving, and wealth ¶ creation at the service of the Cuban people. They aim ¶ to facilitate change, help empower individuals and ¶ promote civil society development.¶ The Cuba Study Group is a non-partisan, not-for-profit ¶ organization. They seek not, nor receive, any personal ¶ gain or profit from any of their activities or projects.¶ We do not receive, nor accept, funding from any U.S. ¶ government source, or government-funded subcontractor; “EMPOWERING THE CUBAN PEOPLE
THROUGH ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY”; July 2010; http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume20/pdfs/cubastudygroupit.pdf)
Information has always been a liberating force, … Even incremental changes in expanding connectivity and access to ICT could go a¶ long way toward alleviating the economic struggles,¶ health and human risks inherent in living under a¶ closed, economically-underperforming, totalitarian¶ regime.

Solves human rights abuse in Cuba
Thibault 10 (Denae; Info Society; “Communication and Human Rights”; 2010; http://infosocietycuba.wordpress.com/communications-and-human-rights/)
In 2008, Cuba was the second largest prison in the world for journalists, second to the People’s Republic of China  …. sooner than later, urge to advance toward unalienable human rights for all.

Freedom of expression key to value to life – must be held
Dwyer 2001 (Susan Dwyer, at University of Maryland, 2001 (http://www.umbc.edu/philosophy/dwyer/papers/freespeech.html))
Let us return to the central topic:  free speech.  …. ) free speech in one place, we strengthen (protect) it everywhere.

1AC Hospitality
Contention 2 is Hospitality

The status quo is locked into a system of enemy creation and violence. The plan is an act of embracing the demonized other – ethic of absolution is key
Richard Kearney, 1-01-2001, Charles Seelig professor of philosophy at Boston College, author of over 20 books on European philosophy and literature, “Others and Aliens; Between Good and Evil,” from “Evil After Postmodernism; Histories, Narratives, and Ethics,” https://www2.bc.edu/~kearneyr/pdf_articles/pl86217.pdf *This card has been gender modified
One of the oldest conundrums of human thought is: unde malum? Where does evil come from….  mystical madness who believe they are recipients of messianic messages from sorne Other they caJi God?

Hospitality is key to accommodate the other – without out it we are annihilating those who refuse to conform.
Paul Corey-Voegelin Institute- 9-2-5-2004, Humber College, McMaster University, member of the Eric Voegelin Institute, a humanities and social sciences research institute devoted to the revitalization of teaching and understanding of the “great books” of Western civilization in comparison with other tradition, “Totality and Ambivalence: Postmodern Responses to Globalization and the American Empire,” http://www.lsu.edu/artsci/groups/voegelin/society/200420Papers/Corey2004.shtml
To clarify what he means by absolute hospitality, Derrida distinguishes … accepting a vehement fundamentalism or a genocidal solution. 22

The embargo leads to identity erasure for the Cuban- American children born in the United State – a mindset shift is key
José Gabilondo, 5-21-2013, Caribbean Journal, Associate Professor of Law at Florida International University in Miami, Fla., “Op Ed: The Embargo and Cuban Identity,” http://cri.fiu.edu/news/2013/op-ed-the-embargo-and-cuban-identity/
What "Cuban embargo" brings to mind is the economic … our own views, though, is within our control.

Failure to adopt an ethic of openness causes mass atrocities and violence
Darrell J. Fasching-prof religious studies, University of South Florida-93, Professor of Religious Studies of the University of South Florida in Tampa, holds a joint appointment in Special Education, has served as Associate Dean for Faculty Development in the College of Arts and Sciences and as Chair of the Department of Religious Studies, “The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: Apocalypse or Utopia?” p. 1-7
*edited for gendered language
Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they … faith capable of transforming us into "new beings" who are capable of creating a new world of pluralistic humyn interdependence.

Plan  

Text: The United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions on the Republic of Cuba. 

1AC Framing  
Contention 3 is framing

We have to change our conception of crisis based politics to include everyday violence
CUOMO`96 (Chris Cuomo - Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia – 1996 “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence” Published in Hypatia 11.4, pp. 30-46)
 Ethical approaches that do not attend to the ways in which warfare … "war on crime," and other state-funded militaristic campaigns.

Deontology comes first, the means must justify themselves – utilitarianism justifies any atrocity.
Anderson, National Director of Probe Ministries International 2004
(Kerby, “Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number” http://www.probe.org/theology-and-philosophy/worldview~-~-philosophy/utilitarianism-the-greatest-good-for-thegreatest-number.html)
One problem with utilitarianism is that it leads to an "end justifies the means" mentality…  the mechanism used to judge the action itself.inviolability is intrinsically valuable.

Even if we should evaluate consequences, there should be absolute side constraints on deliberately harming innocent people  
Fried, Professor of law @ Harvard, 94
(Charles, Absolutism and its Consequentialist Critics, ed. Haber, p. 74)
The opposing conception of right and wrong, the conception that there are some things… . Right and wrong are the expressions of respect for persons—respect for others and self-respect. 

The “1 risk” logic would make all decision-making impossible—evaluate probability over magnitude
MESKILL 2009 (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” Dec 9, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)
Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the environment (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/09/opinion/09friedman.html?_r=1) is one of the flimsiest pieces by a major columnist that I can remember ever reading. He  …  like it was 2099. Many religious movements - for example the early Jesus movement - have exhibited precisely this combination of traits: the looming apocalypse, with the time (just barely) to take action.

And –repression is a systemic impact equivalent to nuclear war
Shattuck 94 – Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs (John, “Hearing of the Foreign Ops Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee,” Federal News Service, April 19, Lexis)
Around the world we are witnessing ugly and violent racial, ethnic and religious ..perhaps not yet successfully, to incorporate human rights and democracy into the mainstream of our foreign policy-making.

Sole focus on survival destroys value to life and is always used to justify the worst atrocities.
Callahan, Fellow at the Institute of Society and Ethics, 1973 - (Daniel, The Tyranny of Survival, Pages 91-93)
The value of survival could not be so readily abused were it not for its evocative power. … to ensure that survival. It would be the Pyrrhic victory to end all Pyrrhic victories.

And great power war won’t happen – be skeptical of their authors that exaggerate to create more interesting stories Easterbrook, 05 senior fellow at The New Republic, 05 Greg, “EXPLAINING 15 YEARS OF DIMINISHING VIOLENCE — The End of War?”, http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2009/05/31/easterbrook-end-of-war/  
Daily explosions in Iraq, massacres in Sudan, the Koreas staring at each other through artillery barrels, a Hobbesian war of all against all in eastern Congo — combat plagues human society as it has, perhaps, since our distant forebears realized that a tree limb could be used as a club. But here is something you would never guess from watching the news: War has entered a cycle of decline. Combat in Iraq and in a few other places is an exception to a significant global trend that has gone nearly unnoticed — namely that, for about 15 years, there have been steadily fewer… , for the moment, the trends have never been more auspicious: Swords really are being beaten into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks. The world ought to take notice.

 And nuclear war won’t cause extinction
Nyquist, 99 (J.R., Defense Analyst, Worldnetdaily.com, May 20, 1999)
I patiently reply to these correspondents that nuclear war would … airburst mode, these weapons would produce few (if any) fallout casualties.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster KC | Judge: Ryan Wash
1AC Multilateralism  

Multipolarity and the rise of global powers is inevitable - a commitment to greater cooperation is vital to managing the transition and protecting primacy
Terrif, 12 - Senior Lecturer in International Security in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at Birmingham University, UK (Terry, Debating a Post-American World: What Lies Ahead?, ed: Clark and Hoque, p. 47-51) 

Economic factors make decline of unilateralism inevitable
Layne, 12 - Professor and Robert M Gates Chair in National Security in the George HW Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A and M University (Christopher, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana” Quarterly (2012) 56, 203–213, Wiley online)

Military primacy does not ensure deterrence, rising nations don’t want to be American pawns
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations @gtown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles Kupchan, “Sorry, Mitt: It Wonand#39;t Be an American Century”, FEBRUARY 6, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

Only a visible commitment to multilateralism makes leadership sustainable
Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)

The plan is a powerful symbol of that commitment –the embargo has garnered international opposition and subjugates Cubans
LINKS no date (International Journal of Socialist Review citing the United Nations 63rd General Assembly, “Overwhelming UN General Assembly vote against US blockade of Cuba”, no date, http://links.org.au/node/716)

The status quo forces militarism - the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy
Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empireand#39;s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)

Only the plan creates conflict resolution
Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, 

Unipolarity causes lashout
Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf

Unilateral collapse causes great power war  - w.m.d
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, masterand#39;s of science from Columbia Universityand#39;s Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)

Now is key, Any step short of unconditional removal does not solve
Vivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch
(Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, google scholar)
1AC Plan

Text: The United States federal government should normalize economic relations with Cuba.

1AC Stability
Normalization is inevitable – now is key to prevent instability and generate reforms
Ashby 13
Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs., Preserving Stability In Cuba After Normalizing Relations With The United States – The Importance Of Trading With State-Owned Enterprises, 3/29/13, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/

Economic liberalization is key to a stable transition to a marketized one party system
Lopez-Levy lecturer and PhD Candidate at the School of International Studies University of Denver 2011 Arturo “Change in Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for U.S. Policy” New America Foundation

The plan creates leverage to foster political reform
Hinderdael 2011- M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obamaand#39;s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar)

The government wouldn’t be an issue
LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, “The Danger of Dependence: Cubaand#39;s Foreign Policy After Chavez” World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) 

The unconditional offer of normal trade relations boosts US-Cuban relations and fosters a stable transition
Koenig, 10 – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, “Time for a New Cuba Policy” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)

Cuban instability causes Latin American instability, terrorism, and distracts the US from critical hotspots including Africa, the Caucus, and North Korea
Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Independently, Latin American instability causes global war
Manwaring 05 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, VENEZUELA’S HUGO CHÁVEZ, BOLIVARIAN SOCIALISM, AND ASYMMETRIC WARFARE, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)

Korean instability causes nuclear war
Chol 11 Kim Myong Chol is author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, including Kim Jong-iland#39;s Strategy for Reunification. He has a PhD from the Democratic Peopleand#39;s Republic of Koreaand#39;s Academy of Social Sciences and#34;Dangerous gamesand#34; Aug 20 www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MH20Dg01.html

Latin American democracy solves environmental destruction
Callejas 10 (Danny, Professor of Economics at the Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, “Democracy and Environmental Quality in Latin America: A Panel System of Equations Approach, 1995-2008,” November)

Extinction
Takacs 96 (David, Philosophies of Paradise, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore)

Caribbean terrorism leads to attack on the US-~--they’ll use bioweapons and target LNG
Bryan 1 (Anthony T. Bryan, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program, 10-21-2001. CFR, Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation, p.
http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html)

Risk of bioterror is high-~--extinction
Matheny 7 Jason is a research associate at Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute. He previously worked at the Center for Biosecurity and holds an MBA from Duke University. “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis Vol. 27, No. 5, http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf

1AC Framing 

Consequences matter  
Issac, 2002 (Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)

Lives matter
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145) 

Predictions good
Fitzsimmons, 07  (Michael, Washington DC defense analyst, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06-07, online)

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Alpharetta NN | Judge: Stephanie Garret
1AC Multilateralism 

Contention 1 is Multilateralism  

Multipolarity and the rise of global powers is inevitable - a commitment to greater cooperation is vital to managing the transition and protecting primacy
Terrif, 12 - Senior Lecturer in International Security in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at Birmingham University, UK (Terry, Debating a Post-American World: What Lies Ahead?, ed: Clark and Hoque, p. 47-51) 

Economic factors make decline of unilateralism inevitable
Layne, 12 - Professor and Robert M Gates Chair in National Security in the George HW Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A and M University (Christopher, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana” Quarterly (2012) 56, 203–213, Wiley online)

Military primacy does not ensure deterrence, rising nations don’t want to be American pawns
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations @gtown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles Kupchan, “Sorry, Mitt: It Wonand#39;t Be an American Century”, FEBRUARY 6, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

Only a visible commitment to multilateralism makes leadership sustainable
Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)

The plan is a powerful symbol of that commitment –the embargo has garnered international opposition and subjugates Cubans
LINKS no date (International Journal of Socialist Review citing the United Nations 63rd General Assembly, “Overwhelming UN General Assembly vote against US blockade of Cuba”, no date, http://links.org.au/node/716)

The status quo forces militarism - the plan establishes a model for hemispheric diplomacy
Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empireand#39;s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)

Only the plan creates conflict resolution
Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, 

Unipolarity causes lashout
Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf

Unilateral collapse causes great power war  - w.m.d
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, masterand#39;s of science from Columbia Universityand#39;s Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)

Now is key, Any step short of unconditional removal does not solve
Vivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch
(Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, humans rights watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, google scholar)
1AC Plan

Text: The United States federal government should normalize economic relations with Cuba.

1AC Stability
Contention 2 is Stability 

Normalization is inevitable – now is key to prevent instability and generate reforms
Ashby 13
Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs., Preserving Stability In Cuba After Normalizing Relations With The United States – The Importance Of Trading With State-Owned Enterprises, 3/29/13, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/

Economic liberalization is key to a stable transition to a marketized one party system
Lopez-Levy lecturer and PhD Candidate at the School of International Studies University of Denver 2011 Arturo “Change in Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for U.S. Policy” New America Foundation

The plan creates leverage to foster political reform
Hinderdael 2011- M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obamaand#39;s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar)

The government wouldn’t be an issue
LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, “The Danger of Dependence: Cubaand#39;s Foreign Policy After Chavez” World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) 

The unconditional offer of normal trade relations boosts US-Cuban relations and fosters a stable transition
Koenig, 10 – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, “Time for a New Cuba Policy” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)

Cuban instability causes Latin American instability, terrorism, and distracts the US from critical hotspots including Africa, the Caucus, and North Korea
Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Independently, Latin American instability causes global war
Manwaring 05 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, VENEZUELA’S HUGO CHÁVEZ, BOLIVARIAN SOCIALISM, AND ASYMMETRIC WARFARE, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)

Caucus instability causes nuclear war
Blank 2k – MacArthur Professor of Research @ The Strategic Studies Institute @ US Army War College (Stephen, “U.S. MILITARY ENGAGEMENT WITH TRANSCAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA,” June, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/Blank2000.pdf)

Africa goes nuclear
Deutsch 1 (Dr. Jeffery – founder at Rabid Tiger Project, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, p. http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)

Korean instability causes nuclear war
Chol 11 Kim Myong Chol is author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, including Kim Jong-iland#39;s Strategy for Reunification. He has a PhD from the Democratic Peopleand#39;s Republic of Koreaand#39;s Academy of Social Sciences and#34;Dangerous gamesand#34; Aug 20 www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MH20Dg01.html

Latin American democracy solves environmental destruction
Callejas 10 (Danny, Professor of Economics at the Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, “Democracy and Environmental Quality in Latin America: A Panel System of Equations Approach, 1995-2008,” November)

Extinction
Takacs 96 (David, Philosophies of Paradise, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore)

Caribbean terrorism leads to attack on the US-~--they’ll use bioweapons and target LNG
Bryan 1 (Anthony T. Bryan, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program, 10-21-2001. CFR, Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation, p.
http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html)

Risk of bioterror is high-~--extinction
Matheny 7 Jason is a research associate at Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute. He previously worked at the Center for Biosecurity and holds an MBA from Duke University. “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis Vol. 27, No. 5, http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf

Tournament: Crestian | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton DW | Judge: Gjerpen, Malia, Rubin
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