Tournament: New Trier | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks GP | Judge: Hanna Nasser
How I've set up this page
Cites are posted for new arguments If we read an argument in a round and there are no cites up for that round specifically we read it in a previous round and the argument has been posted already

My email is chriscolemanisabro@gmailcom. Email me for neg stuff. Please try to find cards before you ask for full text - if its inaccessible to you I'll gladly give it

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego LM | Judge: Misael Gonzalez
Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, "Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty" http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty-http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
and is worth investigating not just for their innovations, but for inspiration.

Lifting sanctions means agribusiness has a free hand to destroy Cuba’s ag model – maintaining sanctions are vital to resisting ag neoliberalism
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, "WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC 26 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development" 14 Transnat’l L. 26 Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)
The greatest challenge to Cuba’s unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
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and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Leads to food conflict

Calvin ’98 ~William. Neurophysiologist @ U of Washington. "The Greenhouse Connection" The Atlantic Monthly, Vol 281 No 1.  January 1998. ProquestJVOSS~
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
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longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

Lack of food makes every scenario for war inevitable

Easterbrook ’97 (Gregg, "Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity," http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm)
~Borlaug = Nobel-Prize winning advocate of industrial agriculture and professor at Texas A26M~
HIS opponents may not know it, but Borlaug has long warned of the dangers
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numerical scale, will exceed the worst of everything that has come before."

Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption

Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, "Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty" http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty-http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
and is worth investigating not just for their innovations, but for inspiration.

The aff provides a financial incentive to transition back to sugar monocultures – reverses the Urban ag movement

Kisner 08 - Corinne Kisner,The Climate Institute ~"Green Roofs for Urban Food Security and Environmental Sustainability" http://www.climate.org/topics/international-action/urban-agriculture/havana.htm-http://www.climate.org/topics/international-action/urban-agriculture/havana.htm December~
Havana, the capital of Cuba, is a port city with a year-
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through organic means, and providing an example for other third world countries.

Key to solve oxygen, ozone, and pesticide use

Alteri 2k (Miguel, Ph.D in Entomology, Division of Insect Biology, U.C. Berkeley http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/~~agroeco3/modern_agriculture.html)
The specialization of production units has led to the image that agriculture is a modern
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family farms, wildlife, the environment, and rural communities (10).

Oxygen starvation causes extinction

Tatchell 8 – human rights activist, internally quotes ecologists (Peter, 8/13, The oxygen crisis, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/13/carbonemissions.climatechange, AG)
Compared to prehistoric times, the level of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere has declined
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reproductive capacity of sea life, which could further diminish global fish supplies.

So do ozone holes

Greenpeace, 1995. "Full of Homes: The Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer," http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html.
When chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first postulated a link between chlorofluorocarbons and ozone
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so quickly - the stakes are literally the continuation of life on earth. 

And industrial pesticides

WDP 97—Western Daily Press, 10/6/1997. "Diana’s gone all sari-eyed," Lexis.
For new research claims that PMT - which is supposed to be due to drops
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cause a teensy- weensy bit of disturbance in women now and again?

Tournament: Niles | Round: 3 | Opponent: Des Moines Roosevelt AA | Judge: Robel Worku

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence

Brooks ’9 Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation "Keep the Embargo, O" April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB
In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
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communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

The signal of appeasement ignites a host of conflicts and collapses hegemony

Cohen 3-19 ~Eliot. Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins. "Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder" The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 lnGBS-JV~
In Mr. Obama’s second term the limits of such withdrawal from conventional military commitments
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must, and those with an option hurry up and get nuclear weapons. 

South China Sea conflict goes nuclear

Wesley ’12 ~Michael Wesley, Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and an Adjunct Professor at Griffith University and The University of Sydney, former Executive Director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, former Professor of International Relations and Director of the Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University, and Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales, July 2012, "What’s at stake in the South China Sea?" http://lowyinstitute.cachefly.net/files/wesley_whats_at_stake_snapshot11.pdf-http://lowyinstitute.cachefly.net/files/wesley_whats_at_stake_snapshot11.pdf~~

The South China Sea is enclosed by the west coast of mainland Southeast Asia,
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the South China Sea will become ever more crowded with shipping and commerce. 

Russian aggression causes extinction

Corcoran ’9  ~PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Frmr. Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, we win the qualification game, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm-http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm**~~**

That brings us to Russia, our former main adversary, now a competitive partner
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greatly complicate any efforts to stop escalation short of a total nuclear exchange.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt CM | Judge: Kim Pressling

Obama’s primary focus is increased engagement in Asia

Palmer 9-26
~Douglas. Trade Expert for Politico, Reuters. "President Obama to dive into Pacific trade talks" Politico, 9/26/13 lnGBS-JV~
President Barack Obama and leaders of 11 other countries are set to get directly involved
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followed a similar letter in June signed by 230 members of the House.

But increased engagement with Latin America trades off

Sharpe ’13
~Patricia Lee, a US based journalist, teacher and foreign service officer, "The Asian Pivot and Obama’s Gum-Chewing Problem", http://whirledview.typepad.com/whirledview/2013/05/the-pivot-and-obamas-gum-chewing-problem.html~~23sthash.ersSkGID.dpuf-http://whirledview.typepad.com/whirledview/2013/05/the-pivot-and-obamas-gum-chewing-problem.html GBS-JV~
The President, it seems, can’t walk and chew gum. The so-
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Otherwise, it’s not a middling power, much less a super power.

The impact’s nuclear war

Colby ’11
~Elbridge Colby, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, served as policy advisor to the Secretary of Defense’s Representative to the New START talks, expert advisor to the Congressional Strategic Posture Commission, August 10, 2011, "Why the U.S. Needs its Liberal Empire," The Diplomat, online: http://the-diplomat.com/2011/08/10/why-us-needs-its-liberal-empire/2/?print=yes-http://the-diplomat.com/2011/08/10/why-us-needs-its-liberal-empire/2/?print=yes~~

But the pendulum shouldn’t be allowed to swing too far toward an incautious retrenchment.
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The ability and will to intervene is too important to be so wasted.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Stopping illicit flows in mexico causes a shift elsewhere

Masciandaro et al. 7 ~Donato, Professor of Economics @ Bocconi University, El?d Takáts monitors emerging markets focusing on Central and Eastern Europe. He earned his PhD in financial economics at Princeton University in 2006, and Brigitte Unger is Professor of Public Sector Economics at the Utrecht School of Economics.   Black Finance: The Economics of Money Laundering, Google Books, Page 223, 2007~
In money-laundering enforcement marginal deterrence should be equated between different transfer forms,
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. Hence, excessively strong but insufficiently broad enforcement might miss its target.

Specifically, they’ll finance through the Balkans

Nielsen 12 ~Nikolaj, writer @ euobserver.com, news website  "Mexican drug cartels penetrate southern Europe", 9/11/12, http://euobserver.com/justice/118141-http://euobserver.com/justice/118141)~~
One of Mexico’s largest and most dangerous drug cartels has expanded its activities throughout the
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talking to their suppliers in Mexico, in South America," said Nichols.

That causes Balkan instability

Rom 10 ~Sheila Master’s degree International Conflict and Security @ U of Kent Brussels
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illicit goods, including weapons, and transit for terrorists and their recruiters. 

Balkan instability specifically escalates -~— causes global great power war

Paris 02 ~Rolan Paris, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at University of Colorado, "Kosovo and the Metaphor War," Volume 117, Political Science Quarterly, 2002, Proquest~
At this early stage in the Kosovo crisis, Clinton’s language was still somewhat coded
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the smoldering fire in the Balkan powderkeg, before it is too late.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata DK | Judge: Donnie Grasse
The 1AC is advertisement – the social is complex and irreducible, but the aff tries to make everything transparent enough where it can be easily digestible and voted on. This advertisement exhausts the meaning behind the 1AC which turns case
BAUDRILLARD 1981 – Simulacra and Simulation pg 87-91
Today what we are experiencing is the absorption of all virtual modes of expression into
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of a paradoxical mockery, mirror of the indifference of all public signification.

In debates, the judge gives feedback not on the meaning or true content of the 1AC, rather its presentation: the packaging, advantage order, and double breathing. Their attempt to bring awareness to the issue through the medium of debate is an attempt to rekindle the dead, cold body of the social apparatus leading to annihilation that outweighs the aff.
BAUDRILLARD 1981 – Simulacra and Simulation pp. 51-53
Forgetting extermination is part of extermination, because it is also the extermination of memory
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passes through like a magnetic tape - a tape, not an image.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest LM | Judge: Morgan Titcher

Engaging in the language of Otherness recreates the oppression of the affirmative
BAUDRILLARD 1993 - Transparency of Evil, pg. 127-129

These days everything is described in terms of difference, but otherness is not the
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confined to reservations. These are the vicissitudes of a logic of difference.

Each possibility their codex contains is part of a symbolic space – a universe of signifiers that can be constructed into a visible outcomes.  Attempting to make that function coopts their existence and meaning.

BAUDRILLARD 2o10 - Carnival and Cannibal; Ventriloquous Evil, p. 70-73

IN THE PROMETHEAN PERSPECTIVE of unlimited growth, there is not merely the desire to
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un-derstanding or intelligence, which is the intelligence of the mystery. 

They put the lives they attempt to save up for hostage, operating through a process of emotional blackmail that ultimately loses the other in simulation, an abolishment worse than death.

BAUDRILLARD 1992 - The Illusion of the End

In the case of the Romanian revolution, it was the faking of the dead
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.  All that remains of it are the traces on a monitoring screen.  

Refuse to become a subject of the political.

BAUDRILLARD 1981 - Simulacra and Simulation, p. 84-86, MRL
With one caution. We are face to face with this system in a double
AND
today is precisely the overproduction and regeneration of meaning and of speech.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Michael Suo

The simulation of nuclear war as a constant game of survival means we are constantly being obliterated in our hyper-real world over and over again. When we engage in the hyperreality created by the system then our reality is being security instead of being ourselves. The world becomes nothing but deterrence and war and peace become indistinct – leads to nihilism and annihilation

Baudrillard 94. (Jean, brilliant French philosopher, Simulacra and Simulation pg 32-39, 1994)
The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is
AND
of technology serves as a model for the meticulous operation of the social.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: Brad Bolman
Their criticism of race is fundamentally reversible – difference-based politics ensures (re)creation of racism
BAUDRILLARD 2006 (Jean, "The Melodrama of Difference (Or, The Revenge of the Colonized)", Published in the International Journal of Baudrillard Studies Vol. 3 No. 1, http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/baudrillard2.htm)
Racism does not exist so long as the other remains Other, so long as
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in unrecognizable, Islamic, fundamentalist and irreducible forms is no bad thing.

This attempt to know the other from the self creates a dualism and the condition for oppression.
BAUDRILLARD 1993 - Transparency of Evil, pg. 127-129
These days everything is described in terms of difference, but otherness is not the
AND
confined to reservations. These are the vicissitudes of a logic of difference.

This allows them to put the lives they attempt to save up for hostage, operating through a process of emotional blackmail that ultimately loses the other in simulation, an abolishment worse than death.
BAUDRILLARD 1992 - The Illusion of the End
In the case of the Romanian revolution, it was the faking of the dead
AND
.  All that remains of it are the traces on a monitoring screen.  

Voting neg on this argument constitutes a refusal of the demand of constituting ourselves as subjects of the political. When the masses do nothing, we can be liberated.
BAUDRILLARD 1981 - Simulacra and Simulation, p. 84-86
With one caution. We are face to face AND and regeneration of meaning and of speech.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Panel

The argument for more than two genders is haunted by the attempt to reduce everything to difference – to constitute the subject through identity, albeit we’ve changed how many genders we can identify with, is a proliferation of the destruction of Otherness

GRACE 2010 (Victoria, PhD in sociology from the U of Canterbury, Adjunct Professor of Sociology at Canterbury, author of a bunch of books, "Sex/Gender" The Baudrillard Dictionary)
Sex as difference; this is the problem. Sex as identity is an artefact
AND
Sex in this sense becomes a mere vestige of that which has disappeared.

This imposition of difference creates the condition for oppression.

BAUDRILLARD 1993 - Transparency of Evil, pg. 127-129
These days everything is described in terms of difference, but otherness is not the
AND
confined to reservations. These are the vicissitudes of a logic of difference.

The structures of identity mean that comparison is inevitable because the non-masculine will always be defined as precisely that – it will be defined vis-a-vis the masculine, which makes domination inevitable. The alternative is to affirm seduction to refuse the production of meaning and categories of sexual identity.

GRACE 2010 (Victoria, PhD in sociology from the U of Canterbury, Adjunct Professor of Sociology at Canterbury, author of a bunch of books, "Feminism/Feminine" The Baudrillard Dictionary)
Baudrillard is concerned to challenge feminism’s relentless insistence on instantiating female subjectivity, or women’s
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order of identity/difference but rather is that which seduces this structure.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Evan Jones

Their use of Black Culture is founded within the grammar of obliteration. They’ve taken culture and done more than just appropriate it for the ballot – they’ve demonstrated that hip hop can never be owned by the Slave, because the Slave can own nothing in the first place. Their foreclosure of this questioning forms the basis for domination in the first place

BRADY 2013 (Nicholas is a former debater, but read the rest of the cite before you make a judgment about his qualifications (plus, this article isn’t even in the context of debate). He’s an activist-scholar, an executive board member of Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle, a community-based think tank focused on empowering youth in the political process. Through the organization, he has helped to produce policy and critical intervention papers, organize the efforts in Baltimore against the prison industrial complex, lead educational forums on a myriad of community-oriented projects, and use debate as a critical pedagogical tool to activate the voice of young people. He is also a recent graduate of Johns Hopkins with a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy and currently a doctoral student at the University of California-Irvine Culture and Theory program studying the production of black music and black aurality in general. March 7, 2013, "Looking for Azealia’s Harlem Shake, Or How We Mistake the Politics of Obliteration for Appropriation", http://outofnowhereblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/07/looking-for-azealias-harlem-shake-or-how-we-mistake-the-politics-of-obliteration-for-appropriation/)
It would seem that it was in this spirit – the spirit of a new
AND
this we should return to my original Google search for Azealia Banks’ remix.

Our alternative is to engage in a radical interrogation of the foundation of obliteration. Their ability to take Black culture and use it for the ballot means we can never interrogate obliteration which relies on the fungibility of the black body and is the biggest impact in the round

BRADY 2013 (Nicholas is a former debater, but read the rest of the cite before you make a judgment about his qualifications (plus, this article isn’t even in the context of debate). He’s an activist-scholar, an executive board member of Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle, a community-based think tank focused on empowering youth in the political process. Through the organization, he has helped to produce policy and critical intervention papers, organize the efforts in Baltimore against the prison industrial complex, lead educational forums on a myriad of community-oriented projects, and use debate as a critical pedagogical tool to activate the voice of young people. He is also a recent graduate of Johns Hopkins with a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy and currently a doctoral student at the University of California-Irvine Culture and Theory program studying the production of black music and black aurality in general. March 7, 2013, "Looking for Azealia’s Harlem Shake, Or How We Mistake the Politics of Obliteration for Appropriation", http://outofnowhereblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/07/looking-for-azealias-harlem-shake-or-how-we-mistake-the-politics-of-obliteration-for-appropriation/)
What is happening here is a politics of obliteration. That Banks is thought to
AND
we can protect and be protected, and when we can truly be.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: Finals | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

Text: In the next available test case, the federal judiciary should find and durably rule that the United States federal government is obligated to rescind the Cuban Democracy Act, the Helms-Burton Act of 1996, the Toricelli Act of 1992, and any and all other commercial, economic and/or financial sanctions against Cuba on the grounds of customary international law. We’ll clarify.

The embargo violates the right to develop component of customary international law – the Supreme Court should strike it down

Manchak 10
(Benjamin Manchak, Executive Editor of the Boston College Third World Law Journal, Now a managing partner at Pullman 26 Comley "COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW," Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, LexisMRG)
The right to development is an inalienable human right intrinsically linked to a peoples’ sovereignty
AND
responsibilities under treaty and customary international law regarding the right to development. n42

Application of customary international law’s inevitable – but applying it in direct contravention to existing precedent is key to the legitimacy of the doctrine

Kundmueller – Masters Political Theory – ’2
~Michelle. MA in Political Theory and JD from Notre Dame Law. "Note: The Application of Customary International Law in US Courts: Custom, Convention, or Pseudolegislation?" The Journal of Legislation, 2002. lnGBS-JV~
This Note has attempted to demonstrate some of the difficulties of applying customary international law
AND
define relationships between governments and their citizens and amongst citizens.  ~*378~   

The embargo’s a key test case to establish lasting incorporation

Porotsky ’95
~Richard. Partner in the Dinsmore’s Litigation Department and a member of the Insurance Practice Group. JD – Vanderbilt 1996. "Economic Coercion and the General Assembly: a Post-Cold War Assessment of the Legality and Utility of the Thirty-Five-Year Old Embargo Against Cuba" The Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol 28 N901. Oct 1995 lnGBS-JV~
This Note attempts to answer the question of whether the United States’¶ Cuban embargo
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to trying to have an international legal norm¶ against economic coercion recognized.

Impact’s extinction

Damrosch and Mullerson ’95
~Professor of Law, Columbia, and Professor of International Law, King’s, Beyond Confrontation, International Law for the Post Cold War Era, p. 2-3I. Pressures on International Law: Demands Placed on It and Obstacles to Its Effectiveness~
The contemporary world has an ever increasing need for an international legal system that can
AND
with the U.N. Charter and other norms of international law.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego LM | Judge: Misael Gonzalez

CIR will pass – Obama pushing and momentum now

ABC 10-17 ~ABC News Radio. "Obama: Immigration Next After Shutdown, Debt Limit Fights" ABC News Radio, 10/17/13 http://www.630wpro.com/common/more.php?m=5826ts=138192150426article=6B6A02EC361E11E3B51EFEFDADE6840A26mode=2-http://www.630wpro.com/common/more.php?m=5826ts=138192150426article=6B6A02EC361E11E3B51EFEFDADE6840A26mode=2 GBS-JV~
 President Obama said Tuesday that he will push Congress to take up immigration reform
AND
going to do so because I think it’s really important for the country."

CIR’s key to STEM worker infusion
Jones ’13 (Richard M. Jones Government Relations Division American Institute of Physics, "Immigration Reform Would Enhance STEM Workforce" FYI: The AIP Bulletin of Science Policy News, Number 20 - January 31, 2013, American Institute of Physics)
Momentum is increasing on both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue to change the way in which
AND
States for two years and passing rigorous national security and criminal background checks."

CIR is key to biotech
Goldberg et al 2004 (Joseph E., Dorsey, Harry, Bartone, Paul, Ortman, Bill, Ashcraft, Paul, Burlingame, Stan, Carter, Anna L., Cofer, Robin D., Elwood, John, Guerts, Jim, Industry Studies 2004: Biotechnology, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National Defense University)
Biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize all aspects of our daily of life over the
AND
use does not outweigh its ability to address the world’s most pressing needs. 

A bioweapons attack threatens human survival
Carpenter and Bishop 2009 (P. A., P. C.,  July 10, Graduate Program in Studies of the Future, School of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA, Graduate Program in Futures Studies, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events, ScienceDirect)
The flu of 1890, 1918–1919 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu,
AND
to have developed an antibiotic-resistant strain of the plague ~26~.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: MBA RR | Judge: Hays Watson

CIR will pass – Obama pushing and momentum now

ABC 10-17 ~ABC News Radio. "Obama: Immigration Next After Shutdown, Debt Limit Fights" ABC News Radio, 10/17/13 http://www.630wpro.com/common/more.php?m=5826ts=138192150426article=6B6A02EC361E11E3B51EFEFDADE6840A26mode=2-http://www.630wpro.com/common/more.php?m=5826ts=138192150426article=6B6A02EC361E11E3B51EFEFDADE6840A26mode=2 GBS-JV~
 President Obama said Tuesday that he will push Congress to take up immigration reform
AND
going to do so because I think it’s really important for the country."

Ag industry’s collapsing now – squo immigration laws cause labor shortages

Serrano ’12
~Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/~~**
The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers across the country say that a complex
AND
up to 249 billion, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Labor shortages devastate food security and production – CIR reverses that
ACIR ’7 (December 4, 2007 THE AGRICULTURE COALITION FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM
Dear Member of Congress: The Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Reform (ACIR) is
AND
important reforms that would provide for a stable and legal farm labor force. 

Food insecurity and shortages spark World War 3
Calvin ’98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
AND
longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: HH Dow US | Judge: Mike McCabe

Immigration reform will pass—momentum

Sargent 10/30 – Greg Sargent is an opinions writer for the WaPo. He joined the Post in early 2009, after stints at Talking Points Memo, New York Magazine and the New York Observer. ("Immigration reform is definitely undead", 10/30/2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/)

We now have three House Republicans who have signed on to the House Dem comprehensive
AND
that immigration reform can happen if House GOP leaders actually want it to.

Political capital is key to get it through the House

Munro 10-24
~Neil. Politics for the Daily Caller. 10/24/13  http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/24/obama-to-urge-immigration-increase-in-white-house-speech/~~23ixzz2ifJsBq9g-http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/24/obama-to-urge-immigration-increase-in-white-house-speech/ GBS-JV~
Obama’s high-profile speech also reverses his long-standing effort to keep a
AND
low-wage, university trained guest-workers to roughly 2 million.

Corn lobby hates the plan – that drains political capital

Specht  13
~Jonathan-J.D. Wash. U St. Louis, Legal Advisor, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States," Environmental Law 26 Policy Journal, Univ. of California Davis, Vol. 36:2, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf-http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf**~~**
The degree to which the federal government decided to support the corn-based ethanol
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influence and the opportunity to favorably shape U.S. agricultural policy.  

Increasing green cards generates effective IT experts to combat cyber war

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors, at least 15 of those are IT firms. And as we’re seeing across industry, much of the hardware and software that’s used in this country is not only manufactured now overseas, but it’s developed overseas by scientists and engineers who were educated here in the United States.
We’re seeing a lot more activity around cyber-security, certainly noteworthy attacks here
AND
returning back? This potentially puts us at a competitive disadvantage going forward.
MCLARTY: Yes. And I think your question largely is the answer as well
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Immigration Bill solves Human Rights

Ginatta ’13 Advocacy director for the U.S. program of Human Rights Watch (Antonio, "Immigration reforms should protect families", Human Rights Watch Publication, 6-21-13, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/21/immigration-reform-should-protect-families)//TQ-http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/21/immigration-reform-should-protect-families)/TQ
The immigration reform bill now being debated on the floor of the US Senate,
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immigrant status under the bill, and rejoins their families in the US.

Evil caused by human rights violations must be rejected – compromise can not tolerated to achieve political ends

Gordon 26 Gordon, 95 (Haim 26 Rivca, Department of Education, Ben
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only to be a topic of analysis and discussion among scholars and philosophers.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky

1AC Soligo and Jaffe indicates that sugar ethanol would fuel cellulosic ethanol - that will destroy global biomass supplies – the impact is extinction

Tad W. PATZEK, professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at U.C. Berkeley, 2008, Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, Chapter 2:  Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand?, p. 37 - , Online via Springerlink.
Therefore, in order to export biomass (mostly water, but also carbon,
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be a continental-scale ecologic and economic disaster of biblical proportions.24

Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

Hotspot rhetoric is based within conflict management which sees international relations solely as a means towards self-preservation. This causes otherization and leads us to believe we are invulnerable—which solidifies our worship for the Bomb

Chernus, 91. Ira (PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER), Nuclear Madness: Religion and the Psychology of the Nuclear Age p 19-20)
The omnipotence fantasy is also reflected in the various strategies of nuclear deterrence. With
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acting, is defined by the stark simple contrast of good and evil.

Constructing external threats is an attempt to rationalize the bomb in literalism – their aff is just a schizoid fantasy based off of a construction of an Other

Chernus 1991 (Ira, Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado Boulder, Nuclear Madness, p 35-37)
We may invent "the Russians," for example, as an experiential reality,
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terror, and violence. Our nearest and dearest must become our enemies.

Worship of nuclear weapons makes extinction inevitable. The religious fascination with the bomb becomes a worship of all destructive technology all of us become cogs in a grand nuclear machine that rewards us for our devotion only by grinding us to death.

CHERNUS, Professor of Religious studies at UC Boulder, 1986 Ira, Dr. Strangegod, 136-140
The similarities between the Bomb and other religious realities tells us part of what we
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toward numbing, and numbing reinforces our commitment to the Bomb as god.

The alternative is to surrender to despair – only in confronting a dead end can retain our emotional connection to the world and avoid true extinction

BARASH AND LIPTON 1985 (David, professor of Psychology at the University of Washington; Judith, Psychiatrist, The Caveman and the Bomb, 218-221)
Even as we look toward human feeling to help overcome the Neanderthal mentality, we
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destruction, whether through gradual environmental abuse or instantly, through nuclear war.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Brad Bolman

Deterrence is a fantasy that sees international relations solely as a means towards self-preservation. This causes otherization and leads us to believe we are invulnerable—makes mediation impossible. This just solidifies our need for the Bomb, and makes nuclear proliferation inevitable.

Chernus, 91. Ira (PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER), Nuclear Madness: Religion and the Psychology of the Nuclear Age p 19-20)

The omnipotence fantasy is also reflected in the various strategies of nuclear deterrence. With
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acting, is defined by the stark simple contrast of good and evil.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Capitol EK | Judge: Daniel Taylor

The U.S. is declining and China’s taking their place

Mallen 13 
~Patricia Rey, International Buisness Times "Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?" http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981 June 28
As if to confirm the declining hegemony of the United States as the ruling global
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," Gallagher observed. "Very soon, it might be too late."

US Mexico relations crowd out china

Martinez 13 (Guillermo I, writer South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 5-23-13, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, "America losing influence throughout Latin America", web)
Mexico counted on American intelligence assistance and money to fight the drug cartels until Obama’s
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relations with Washington, but are quick to negotiate economic deals with China.

China’s influence in Latin America is key to their soft power

Malik, 06 – PhD in International Relations (Mohan, "China’s Growing Involvement in Latin America," 6/12, http://uyghuramerican.org/old/articles/300/1/info@uyghuramerican.org-http://uyghuramerican.org/old/articles/300/1/info@uyghuramerican.org)
China’s forays into Latin America are part of its grand strategy to acquire "comprehensive
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trade agreements), and mutual security pacts, intelligence cooperation and arms sales. 

Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction

Zhang 2012 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. "The Rise of China’s Political Softpower" 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
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As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: MBA RR | Judge: Hays Watson
Their Goldwyn evidence indicates that they trade off with China’s ability to exercise influence in the international sphere

Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction

Zhang 2012 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. "The Rise of China’s Political Softpower" 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Panel

Modernity is founded upon an inside and an outside – the inside will always be the colonizing white male —- their attempt to save and incorporate the oppressed will always serve coloniality

MIGNOLO 2000 ~Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 175-178~ DDI13
In 1971 Dussel, starting and departing from Levinas, conceived totality as composed by
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do with his view of the deopolitics of Christianity. Let me explain.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge: Anthony Obguli

Economic engagement is the backbone of coloniality. It allowed us to shape identities, cultures, and countries by asserting that modernity was always to be desired, and the only way to be modern was through trade.

DOMOSH 6 ~Mona, Joan p. and edward j. Foley, jr department chair, professor of geography at Dartmouth, Ph.D., Clark University, "American Commodities in an Age of Empire", Taylor 26 Francis~
Most "metanarratives" of American expansionism point to the¶ 1898 Spanish-American
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the same product can change meaning given its¶ particular cultural context.22

Their use of the federal government obscures the coloniality of its very existence – founded on stolen land and built on the backs of slaves, the very idea of America is unethical – reject them

MIGNOLO 2005 (Professor of Romance Languages at Duke University, Walter, "The Idea of Latin America," pg 5) DDI13
How do these two entangled concepts, modernity and coloniality, work together as two
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now) – the same logic was maintained; only power changed hands.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Ryan Galloway
Competitiveness ideology makes environmental deststruction, economic collapse and resource wars inevitable
Bristow (School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University) 10
(Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167)

In recent years, regional development strategies have been subjugated to the hegemonic discourse of
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fractured debates about the merits of the current system, and challenging public and

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North GY | Judge: Stephanie Garrett

Laundry list of alt causes to credibility but the NSA scandal was the final nail in the coffin – this card is saucy.

GUTTENBERG 11-7 (Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg ex-German defence, economics and technology minister, "The American spying scandal is no ordinary diplomatic rift", Nov 7 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/033a9e12-46ff-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2kqLojqxz)
A ngela Merkel’s phone is tapped and the transatlantic world seems to be in a
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personal, elite level as well as in the broader public diplomacy context.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: 2 | Opponent: OPRF JT | Judge: Gjerpin, McIntosh

Growth’s sustainable – trends are decisively neg

Norberg, 03 — Johan Norberg, Senior Fellow at Cato Institute, "In Defense of Global Capitalism", p. 223)

It is a mistake, then, to believe that growth automatically ruins the environment
AND
, in reusing it, and in trying to find substitutes for it. 

The link is de-development – that’s a 1ac claim

Economic decline causes war

Green and Schrage 9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative’s Office, State Department and Ways 26 Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html-http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
?

Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts

Panzner 8 (Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Travis Henderson

Everything is always decaying thus we are always mourning. The aff’s belief that death ends value is violent and wrong – no impact to the aff

AUSTIN 2009 (Michael, doctoral candidate in the Department of Philosophy at Memorial University
AND
09/30/some-notes-on-relationality-mourning/)
- All things exist in relation to other things. There is no thing that
AND
mourning. Sometimes it’s simply more pronounced. Sometimes I mourn even more.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Damien LL | Judge: Claire McKinney
Death is inevitable, but their interpretation of death is always phenomenological which destroys the imminent potential of death
BRASSIER 2007 (Ray, member of the philosophy faculty at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, known for his work in philosophical realism, “Nihil Unbound”, pdf of the book found online)
It is this occlusion of temporality’s bio-physical instantiation AND temporality of thought and the time of death.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Brad Bolman

The death drive is inevitable – the only question is our relationship to it

ŽIŽEK 2009 (Slavoj Žižek, researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana, The Sublime Object of Ideology (Second Edition), January 5, 2009, pg. xvii-xxviii)
Psychoanalytic ’essentialism’ is paradoxical in so far as it is precisely psychoanalysis - at least
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the sexes is an acknowledgement of this basic antagonism, this basic impossibility. 

Constant worry about life’s end causes us to miss the joy in the journey. The alternative is to sacrifice the rationalism of the 1AC. Only within this frame can intimate experiences between the subject and object occur, achieving immanence

RAZINSKY 2009 (Liran, University of Wisconsin, "How to Look Death in the Eyes: Freud and Bataille")
The Highest Stake in the Game of Living  
Thus far we have mainly discussed our first two questions: the limitation in imagining
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left out, life "as it is" is false and superficial.  

And, no impact to death – being alive is independent of our bodies and everything is a current of consciousness

LANZA 2011 (Robert is a professor at Wake Forest and is considered one of the leading cell scientists in the world. He is currently Chief Scientific Officer at Advanced Cell Technology, and a professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 11/26/11, Why Do You Exist?, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/biocentrism/201111/why-do-you-exist)
We’re more than we’ve been taught in biology class. We’re not just a collection
AND
sings because it has a song. The meaning is in the lyrics.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Andres Gannon

Budget compromise coming now but time is key

Hughes and Hook 9/20 – Siobhan and Janet, writers for WSJ. ("House Passes Funding Bill Tied to Health Law", 9/20/2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323308504579087032642057334.html)
WASHINGTON—The House of Representatives, voting along sharply drawn party lines, passed a measure Friday to keep the government funded through mid-December but eliminate funding for the new federal health law, setting the stage for a series of high-stakes negotiations with the Senate over debt and spending.
By 230-189, the Republican-led House passed a plan that would temporarily avoid a partial government shutdown when the current fiscal year ends on Sept. 30.
Senate Democrats are planning to strip out provisions that would eliminate funding for the health law. Members of both parties say that Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D., Nev.) has enough votes to do so, although the process may entail overcoming time-consuming procedural hurdles laid out by conservative senators that could take up all of next week.
"I’m much more confident there won’t be a shutdown,’’ said Rep. Pete King (R., N.Y.). But he predicted that the debate could be drawn out nearly to the Oct. 1 deadline, because the House is not likely to quickly pass a funding extension stripped of the health-law provisions, if that is what the Senate sends to it next week. "There could be some more back and forth."

The plan links to politics

Frank James, 9-13-2013, "Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future," NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future
The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-
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people. When we have something to report, we’ll let you know."

Shutdown wrecks CDC monitoring – means we can’t solve an inevitable disease outbreak

Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, "Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted," Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826
The vast majority of employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC
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won’t have the manpower we have right now," the HHS spokesman said.

Disease causes extinction

GREGER 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111-http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
AND
"might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard."3154

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Panel

Apocalyptic visions of disease securitize the bodies of the infected and justify genocide in the pursuit of the perfect human

Gomel 2k – Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University. ("The Plague of Utopias: Pestilence and the Apocalyptic Body", Twentieth Century Literature, Winter 2000, JSTOR)
In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years,
AND
the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Hoflo FR | Judge: Oddo, Sabransky

Text: The United States federal government should durably end the use of unpiloted aerial vehicles. We will clarify.

The counterplan does not lift the embargo, but solves a much stronger internal link to resolving security. Drone strikes make violence and insecurity a virtual certainty by conceiving of geography as isometric grids and algorithmic calculations.  This also answers their distancting argument, which is the only solvency deficit to the counterplan

Shaw and Akhter ’12
(Ian Graham Ronald, School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, The University of Glasgow and Majed, School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, "The Unbearable Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan" Antipode, 1500-1)
In this section, we argue that the ramping up of drone deployments is justified
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be" is to be locked within the cool certainty of a crosshair.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: MBA RR | Judge: Hays Watson

Unconventional oil extraction is the unrestricted application of technique—it elevates efficiency to an end in itself

KOWALSKI AND HALUZA-DE LAY 2011 (Nathan, St. Joseph’s College; Randolph, King’s University College, "Homo Energeticus: An Ellulian Analysis of the Alberta Tar Sands," Dec 17, http://www.academia.edu/1216875/Homo_energeticus_Jacques_Ellul_on_the_Alberta_Oilsands)
Ellul’s socio-historical analysis suggests that the contemporary era comprises a profoundly new human
AND
claim is that the Alberta tar sands instantiate this technical will to power.
Ellul’s point about technical power is that it is not evaluated according to any standards
AND
less efficient, and ’everybody knows’ that inefficiency isundesirable and bad.2
 Of course, all of a society’s causal operations are directed to one end
AND
for a given stage of development) in every field of human activity.
(Ellul 1964, xxv)The result is that technique comprises the limit of
AND
inefficient for the country to depart from the petro-economic status quo.
But citizens are not supposed to be mindful of such technological rationality. For Ellul
AND
naturalized and thus immune to any criticism other than technological fine-tuning.
The second effect of technique’s rejection of any values other than the increase of efficient
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are fitted to the demands of the tar sands rather than the inverse.

This primacy of technique turns the case and causes extinction

WILKINSON 1964 (John, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, forward to The Technological Society by Jacques Ellul)
It should not be imagined, however, that the universal concentration camp which Ellus
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except madness, is only too capable of outbreaks of irrational suicidal destructiveness.
The escape valves of modern literature and art, which technique has contrived, may
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like everything else, bears within itself the seeds of its own destruction.
It must not be imagined that the autonomous technique envisioned by Ellul is a kind
AND
. Things could have eventuated in the technological society otherwise than they have.
Technique, to Ellul, is a "blind" force, but one which unfortunately seems to be more perspicacious than the best discernible human intelligences. There are other ways out, Ellul maintains, but nobody wants any part of them.
Ellul’s insistence that the technical phenomenon is not a determinism is not weakened by the enumeration (in the second chapter) of five conditions which are said to be "necessary and sufficient" for its outburst in the recent past, since the sufficient conditions for the conditions (for example, the causes of the population explosion) are not ascertainable.
The inertia of the technical phenomenon guarantees not only the continued refinement and production of
AND
being of society, if by well-being we understand social equilibrium. 

The alternative is to reject the 1AC- only this iconoclastic rejection of the ’technique’ opens up a space for truly reasonable debate

KOWALSKI AND HALUZA-DE LAY 2011 (Nathan, St. Joseph’s College; Randolph, King’s University College, "Homo Energeticus: An Ellulian Analysis of the Alberta Tar Sands," Dec 17, http://www.academia.edu/1216875/Homo_energeticus_Jacques_Ellul_on_the_Alberta_Oilsands)
Kevin Garrison summarizes thus: modern techno-logic is "a continual move toward
AND
inevitability and irresistibility, when this is, in fact, not true.
In the end, the point of Ellul’s analysis is that techno-logic is
AND
can truly reasonable debate take place as to how their development might proceed.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: Finals | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

Their call to retreat from environmentally destructive practices foregrounds an artificially pure environmental state presided over by a moral narrative in which humans have violated some pre-existing "natural" order. There is no "natural world" with which you can interrogate your relationship: the natural world springs forth from chaos, and our moral regulations can’t restrict our interactions with it

CRONON ’96 ~William; Frederick Jackson Turner Professor of History, Geography, and Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin at Madison; Uncommon Ground; 1996; p. 47-51~
But theme parks and shopping malls are by no means the only ways in which
AND
worry about being stung by them.20 More dramatically, in April a
young woman jogging near her home in the Sierra Nevada foothills was stalked and pulled
AND
contributed to it. The human inclination is to transform all such events into
stories that carry a moral lesson. Nature as demonic other is  Job’s whirlwind,
AND
the unhappy discovery that even its nearest neighbors refuse to acknowledge that claim.

Environmental reforms replicate the ecological failures of the status quo by relying on a Cartesian ontology that stands over Nature and acts to protect it. This subject/object dichotomy is the root of environmental crises – no progress is possible within their method

DeLuca 05 – PhD, Dept. of Communication Studies, University of Iowa (Kevin, "Thinking with Heidegger", Ethics and the Environment, Project Muse)
The first stasis point revolves around humanity’s relation to nature. To put it plainly
AND
a fundamental understanding of Being-in-the-world on earth?

====Rejection of the 1ac’s environmental dualisms eliminates the concept of an "environment" and solves destruction of the planet====
Rowe 96 — Stan Rowe, Professor Emeritus at the University of Saskatchewan, 1996 ("From Shallow To Deep Ecological Philosophy," Trumpeter, Volume 13, Number 1, Available Online at http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/278/413)JFS
Organisms can be "alive" one moment and "dead" the next with
AND
, because the destruction of ecosystems severs the very roots of evolutionary creativity. 

Our criticism is the alternative — our argument is that the 1AC’s flawed approach to the politics of ecology make their speech act a step in the wrong direction. Voting negative entails an acknowledgement of the hybrid quality of ecology as interlocking form within cultural politics rather than separate from it — their idealized mythos of nature is wholly incompatible with making cultural analysis a starting point for ecology

Proctor and Pincetl ’96 James D Proctor, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Stephanie Pincetl, independent conservation researcher. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1996, volume 14, pages 683-708 "Nature and the reproduction of endangered space: the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest and southern California" http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~~jproctor/pdf/E26P1996.pdf-http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jproctor/pdf/E26P1996.pdf

Our intent in this paper is to examine how nature is being literally and figuratively
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preservation of more quintessentially natural places, is thus understandable in this light.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Morris

We begin with the "Death in Samarkand" – a story of death and destiny

BAUDRILLARD NO DATE ("Death in Samarkand" Trans. Brian Singer, Accessed 12/12/13 http://insomnia.ac/essays/death_in_samarkand/)
An ellipsis of the sign, an eclipse of meaning: an illusion. The
AND
referents, empty, senseless, absurd and elliptical signs, absorb us.

Their understanding of death as the biological end of life to be constantly warded off denies the symbolic meaning of death. They erect a politics of security against death to accumulate the value of life which reduces life to mere industrial prolongation and lays the foundation for all exclusion. This destroys value to life and is the root cause of war and genocide.

ROBINSON 2012 (Andrew, Political Theorist, research fellow affiliated to the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice, University of Nottingham, "Jean Baudrillard: The Rise of Capitalism 26 the Exclusion of Death", 3/30/2012, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-2/)
Symbolic exchange – or rather, its suppression – plays a central role in the
AND
as long as ’his’ life or death serves the reproduction of domination.

Life and death aren’t binaries – to assume death is biological kills us by consigning the body to the status of an inert object. Their attempt to escape this fundamental reversibility denies us all agency

BAUDRILLARD 1976 (Jean, Symbolic Exchange and Death, p 158-160, can be found full text at http://insomnia.ac/essays/punctual_death_biological_death/)
The irreversibility of biological death, its objective and punctual character, is a modern
AND
has passed entirely over to the side of the ’non-body.’

Placing life over death destroys value-making capacity, leading to repressed eruptions of death and erasing of the possibility of joy

MCGOWAN 2013 (Todd, Associate Professor of Film and Television Studies at the University of Vermont, Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis, 223-227)
On the level of common sense, this opposition is not symmetrical. What thinking
AND
have it. This violence marks the return of what modernity necessarily forecloses.

Survival politics is life denying politics – it insulates life from risk and flux which is the heart of becoming and life. They reduce humanity to bare biological preservation which denies us all value.

BABICH 1994 (Babette, Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Science: Reflecting Science On the Ground of Art and Life, 194-196)
Without Price: The Will to Truth as the Will to Life As we have
AND
for creative expression; this is the plenitude of desire: articulated affirmation.

Death is the site of truth – prioritize metaphysics over politics

BRATA DAS 2010 (Saitya, Assistant Professor, Centre for English Studies—School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University, "(Dis)Figures of Death: Taking the Side of Derrida, Taking the Side of Death," Derrida Today. Volume 3, Page 1-20, May 2010)
In a proposition in his Ethics Spinoza claims: ’A free man thinks nothing
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of responsibility  and gift? It is this question that I now turn.

Our alternative is to embrace death upon our minds and sacrifice the affirmative’s future-based utility politics to unite life and death, subject and object in a gift of immanence.

RAZINSKY 2009 (Liran, Lecturer, The Program for Hermeneutics and Cultural Studies, Bar-llan University, Professor of Philosophy @ The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, "How to Look Death in the Eyes: Freud and Bataille" SubStance, Issue 119 (Volume 38, Number 2), 2009, pp. 63-88)
But what I wish to stress here is that the passage actually opposes what Freud
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left out, life "as it is" is false and superficial.

The performance of the 1NC is a mystical dance with death which shatters the rational and utilitarian foundations of war and totalitarianism. Sacrifice the aff and embrace the rapturous madness of freedom to develop politics absent domination

IRWIN 2002 (Alexander, Professor of Religion at Amherst College and Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Justice, "Exercises in Inutility" in Saints of the Impossible, pg 139–140)
This parti pris of responding to a brutal political and military situation with a mystico
AND
of the world, the singularity by which it too constitutes an event.

Extinction framing generates violence – The drive for survival necessitates the creation of the other and the body as enemies to be eliminated. The affirmative’s universal endorsement of survival conceals its inextricable violent underbelly: genocide and war.

Bauman ’92 /Zygmunt, Prof. Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Leeds, Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies, Cambridge: Polity Press, Pg. 33-39/
Inescapably, as Elias Canetti wrote, 24 man is a survivor: `the
AND
abode. They would sing merrily on the way to the sewage gutters.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Collin Roarke

No Food wars – cooperation is more likely

Burger et al. 10 – Kees Burger Development Economics, Corresponding author, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg, Jeroen Warner AND Eefje Derix Disaster Studies, Wageningen Universit "Governance of the world food system and crisis prevention" http://www.stuurgroepta.nl/rapporten/Foodshock-web.pdf
Both European water and agricultural policies are based on the belief that there will always
AND
al. 2008: 512, Boin et al. 2008: 406).

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest LM | Judge: Morgan Titcher

A. Interpretation 26 Violation – The affirmative has presented a plan text / advocacy statement that doesn’t advocate United States federal government action.

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647GBS-JV~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Vote negative –

A. Decision-making – a limited topic with equitable ground is key to our ability to advocate for things inside and outside of the contest round.  This provides adequate flexibility and innovation, but keeps the discussion targeted so that we can debate the merits of controversy

Steinberg and Freely ’8
~Austin – Civil Rights Attorney and David – Lecturer in Communication at Miami. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 2008, Pg 45GBS-JV
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007. 

(  ) Linking the ballot to a should question in combination with USFG simulation teaches the skills to organize pragmatic consequences and philosophical values into a course of action – that’s the core of switch side debate

Hanghøj ’8
~Thorkild. Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where he currently works as an assistant¶ professor. "Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming" PhD Dissertation at The Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark.  2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//GBS-JV~~ 
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

B.  Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer.  Even if it is good to talk about their 1AC, they must prove we could have logically anticipated it.  This question comes prior to the merits of the aff because it implicates our ability to debate.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused set of questions.

Goodin and Niemeyer ’3
~Robert and Simon – of the Australian National University. "When Does Deliberation Begin?" Political Studies, Vol 51.  2003. EbscoGBS-JV~
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

C. Third is Dialogue – Debate’s vital to controlled, informed dialogue

Hanghøj ’8
~Thorkild. Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where he currently works as an assistant¶ professor. "Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming" PhD Dissertation at The Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark.  2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//GBS-JV~~**
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Michael Antonucci

A. Interpretation and Violation: The affirmative claims they should win the debate for reasons other than an advocacy of increasing economic engagement.

1. Should means "ought to" and implies an advocacy of obligation toward the future

Butte ’99
~The Butte College Department of English Tip Sheet: a Guide to Grammar and Usage.  "TIP Sheet: Would, Should, Could" www.butte.edu-http://www.butte.edu/, 1999JVOSS~
Technically, Should is the past tense of shall, but it is an auxiliary
AND
victory. (The sentence means, "I think that. . .  

2. Substantial means substance

MW ’8
(Merriam Webster Dictionary. "substantial", 2008, http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary26va=substantially)**
Main Entry: sub•stan•tial¶ 1 a: consisting of or relating to substance b: not imaginary or illusory : real, true c: important, essential

Vote negative –

A. Decision-making – a limited topic with equitable ground is key to our ability to advocate for things inside and outside of the contest round.  This provides adequate flexibility and innovation, but keeps the discussion targeted so that we can debate the merits of controversy

Steinberg and Freely ’8
~Austin – Civil Rights Attorney and David – Lecturer in Communication at Miami. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 2008, Pg 45GBS-JV
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007. 

(  ) Linking the ballot to a should question teaches the skills to organize pragmatic consequences and philosophical values into a course of action – that’s the core of switch side debate

Hanghøj ’8
~Thorkild. Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where he currently works as an assistant¶ professor. "Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming" PhD Dissertation at The Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark.  2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//GBS-JV~~
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

(  ) Undermining switch side debate destroys critical activism – debating both sides of democracy assistance empirically creates powerful liberal coalitions

Guilhot ’5
~Nicolas. Prof Sociology and Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. The Democracy Makers, 2005, Pg 13-4GBS-JV~
Finally, there can be double agents only where there is conflict and con¬tending agendas
AND
, democratic activism has obviously changed its signification, if not its sides.

B.  Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer.  Even if it is good to talk about their 1AC, they must prove we could have logically anticipated it.  This question comes prior to the merits of the aff because it implicates our ability to debate.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused set of questions.

Goodin and Niemeyer ’3
~Robert and Simon – of the Australian National University. "When Does Deliberation Begin?" Political Studies, Vol 51.  2003. EbscoGBS-JV~
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

C. Third is Dialogue – Debate’s vital to controlled, informed dialogue

Hanghøj ’8
~Thorkild. Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where he currently works as an assistant¶ professor. "Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming" PhD Dissertation at The Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark.  2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//GBS-JV~~**
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

(  ) Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion

Morson ’4
~Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331-http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf//GBS-JV~~**
A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata DK | Judge: Donnie Grasse
Their use of the ’f’ word is an independent reason to vote neg
Schwyzer, 09   Hugo Schqyzer, community college history and gender studies professor, Berkley "Penetrate" v. "Engulf" and the multiple meanings of the "f" word: a note on feminist language, 4 November 2009, http://hugoschwyzer.net/2009/11/04/penetrate-v-engulf-and-the-multiple-meanings-of-the-f-word-a-note-on-feminist-language/
There’s a pause at this point. Here’s the problem: long before most kids
AND
part of building a more pleasurable, safe, just and egalitarian world.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Michael Suo

Economic engagement is gendered

GIBSON-GRAHAM 2006 The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy, https://korotonomedya.s3.amazonaws.com/Gibson-Graham_-_The_End_of_Capitalism.pdf
Marcus conveys many different meanings through her idea of a rape script. She does
AND
them productive for capital.) (Surin 1994: 13, interpreting Negri)

These so-called objective discourses create both overt nuclear destruction and structural violence – vote negative to adapt the position of a feminist separatist – only divorcing from the dominant culture can reflect back social change

WEEDON 1999 (Chris, the Chair of the Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory at Cardiff University, Feminism, theory, and the politics of difference, p. 90-93)
In the order of reason which has governed Western thought since the rise of Ancient
AND
nor their language can exist. (1994: 106; original 1989)

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Sara Sanchez

Their multilat rhetoric is gendered and posits the US within the myth of exceptionalism

Landreau 11—associate professor of womenâs and gender studies at The College of New Jersey. (John, Obamas My Dad: Mixed Race Suspects, Political Anxiety and the New Imperialism, www.thirdspace.ca/journal/article/viewArticle/landreau/408)

More than a few scholars have emphasized the democratic and dialogic character of President Barack
AND
the democratic task of contending with opponents with whom we share the world.

That proves their epistemology is flawed and bars ethical relations necessary to solve extinction

Tickner 1—professor at the School of International Relations, USC (Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, 44-47)
44 New issues and new definitions of security have been accompanied by calls for new
AND
relations, and an emancipatory agenda—are beginning to undertake such reanalyses.

The role of the judge is a critical intellectual – you should vote negative to refuse the aff’s security discourse Your framework of analysis should be to determine whether their discourse is problematic or not. They have performed discourse in the 1AC that is inseparable from their speech act, meaning that voting negative disrupts hegemonic representations of security

Shepherd 8 ~Laura J. Shepherd, Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security Studies," EBSCO~
As discussed above, ideas about masculinity and femininity, dignity and sacrifice may not
AND
the world (Zalewski 1996, p. 352, emphasis in original).

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt CM | Judge: Kim Pressling

Economic engagement is gendered

GIBSON-GRAHAM 2006 The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy, https://korotonomedya.s3.amazonaws.com/Gibson-Graham_-_The_End_of_Capitalism.pdf
Marcus conveys many different meanings through her idea of a rape script. She does
AND
them productive for capital.) (Surin 1994: 13, interpreting Negri)

This imperial discourse entrenches a culture of militarism and sanctions structural violence —- state-centric epistemologies focus on crisis management which makes mass-violence inevitable

SAROSI 9—Manager, Policy and Advocacy, Nobel Women’s Initiative (Diana, Human Security: Does Gender Matter?, http://humansecurityconf.polsci.chula.ac.th/Documents/Presentations/Diana.pdf)
Dominant groups maintain hegemony for the most part by discursive means rather than by direct  
AND
’ or ’barbaric,’ but  are deliberate,  calculated strategies. 37 

Vote negative to expose the gendered process underlying the 1AC - this leads to a fundamental rethink of security that contributes to endless warfare

STEANS 98—senior lecturer of IR, U Birmingham (Jill, Gender and International Relations: An Introduction, 116-7)
Furthermore, feminist analysis suggests that what is needed is a fundamental rethink of our
AND
sleep, blinding us to the possibilities that lie within our reach.’

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 4 | Opponent: Seaholm HG | Judge: John Martin

Global solutions to climate change lock in structural inequalities that prevent action

Kythreotis (Global Change Institute and School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland) 11
(Andrew Paul, Progress in global climate change politics? Reasserting national state territoriality in a ’post-political’ world, Prog Hum Geogr, 7 December 2011) 

This is because a (global) politics of climate  change is secondary to the
AND
, but the political solution  may not actually reside solely at this scale.  

Also locks in North/South inequality – only bottom up change can solve warming

Kythreotis (Global Change Institute and School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland) 11
(Andrew Paul, Progress in global climate change politics? Reasserting national state territoriality in a ’post-political’ world, Prog Hum Geogr, 7 December 2011) 

Many commentators have questioned the ethics of global climate change (Gardiner, 2004;
AND
and justice before national states have agreed on economic targets that lower emissions.  

This North/South inequality creates multiple structural trends towards extinction

Szentes ’8
Tamás Szentes, a Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest. "Globalisation and prospects of the world society" 4/22/08 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf
It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a
AND
mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Panel

And the Aff’s focus on seemingly foreign warmaking erases ongoing domestic warfare making racist structural violence inevitable

LOYD 11 (Jenna M. Loyd Syracuse University, American Exceptionalism, Abolition and the Possibilities of Nonkilling Futures, Nonkilling Geography, p. 103-124)

While a good deal of critical attention has analyzed how racialized geopolitical imaginations inform and
AND
, fundamental to undermining the legal categorizations that create race and structure grievability.

Though they believe that the 1AC does not begin or end with Guantanamo, their assertion that Guantanamo is a "good starting point for colonialism" erases the everyday violence of the American carceral machine

Veeren 12
(Elspeth Van Veeren is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’Clean War, Invisible War, Liberal War: The Clean and Dirty Politics of Guantánamo’, Chapter in Democracies at War, http://academia.edu/1990191/Clean_War_Invisible_War_Liberal_War)

In that sense, Guantánamo, defined as exceptional, also helped to erase and
AND
to be a scene of so much (often invisible) violence.37

These representations of suffering bodies recreate the violence of the carceral aparatus despite their best intentions

Spade et al 2011
(Morgan Bassichias, Alexander Lee, and Dean Spade, Building an Abolitionist Trans and Queer Movement in Captive Genders, AK Press pg. 33)

A lot of oppressed people are hyper-sexualized in dominant culture as a way
AND
low-income transgender people and transgender people of color and our organizations. 

Their attempt to change the conditions of detained bodies in Guantanamo creates silence around the American carceral regime and obscures it as the heart of America itself

Whitmer 6
(BENJAMIN WHITMER University of Colorado, Boulder, "Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms": What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us about the American Carceral System, The New Centennial Review, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 171-194 (Article))

It is not only legislation and institutional reprisal that create the silence of American prisons
AND
entire symbolic order depends on the sexual psychopathology that creates our Abu Ghraibs.

That culminates in extinction – the imprisonment logic is fundamentally unsustainable and consumes populations

Gordon 6 (Avery Gordon is professor in sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the author, most recently, of Keeping Good Time: reflections on knowledge, power, and people, "Abu Ghraib: imprisonment and the war on terror" Race Class 2006 48: 42)

War and peace Being or becoming the enemy returns us to the complicated imbrication of
AND
yet it is inconceivable without the abolition of its adjunct, mass imprisonment.

Our alternative is that the judge should embrace abolition as a pedagogical method.

The Aff’s gesture towards reform merely locks in genocide management as the new center of debate ~and makes extinction inevitable~ – the debate should be judged on competing visions of liberatory social formations

RODRÍGUEZ 10
(Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act:  Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)

I have had little trouble "convincing" most students—across distinctions of race
AND
dependent on our willing- ness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: MBA RR | Judge: Hays Watson

Heg causes war and prolif-recalcitrant power balancing takes out the benefits of heg

Monteiro 11 *Nuno P. Monteiro is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University ~http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064-http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is not Peaceful"~
A unipole carrying out a defensive-dominance strategy will seek to preserve all three
AND
shifted toward a strategy of offensive dominance, to which I turn next. 

Extinction

Asal and Beardsley 09 (Victor, Department of Political Science, State University of New York, Albany, and Kyle, Department of Political Science, Emory University, Winning with the Bomb, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Beardsley-Asal_Winning_with_the_Bomb.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Beardsley-Asal_Winning_with_the_Bomb.pdf)
Conclusion Why do states proliferate? Nuclear weapons and the programs necessary to create them
AND
necessarily mean that the weapons are a net benefit for peace and stability.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Ignatius | Judge: John Lawson

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to prevent war with Russia and China—-defuses Georgia, Taiwan and the South China Seas

MacDonald and Parent 11  *Paul K. MacDonald, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami ~November/December 2011, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 6~
Curbing the United States’ commitments would reduce risks, but it cannot eliminate them.
AND
now temper its commitments and cultivate a lasting compromise with China over Taiwan.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: Finals | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

New simulations from late November prove that the universe is a hologram and all we experience are the "strings" of string theory – the data and calculations are correct and there’s no denying it

COWEN 12-10 (Rob, Award-winning science writer who has been published in National Geographic, Nature, The New York Times, Science, Science News, Scientific American, and US News and World Report. The papers Rob cites are from Masanori Hanada (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University, The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research at Kyoto University, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics), Yoshifumi Hyakutake (College of Science at Ibaraki University), Goro Ishiki, (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University), Jun Nishimura (KEK Theory Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, and Graduate University for Advanced Studies ~SOKENDAI~). "Simulations back up theory that Universe is a hologram", Nature, Dec 10, 2013, http://www.nature.com/news/simulations-back-up-theory-that-universe-is-a-hologram-1.14328~~23/b2)
A team of physicists has provided some of the clearest evidence yet that our Universe
AND
day be explained by a simpler cosmos purely in terms of quantum theory.

That means you vote neg on presumption because

1 - There is no impact to death because every projection stems from the same point

And, 2 - Time doesn’t exist, because everything in the world stems from the same point and the future is already mapped out

LENDA 2013 (Paul, author of "The Creation of a Consciousness Shift", an integral futurist, and co-founder of SHIFT, a social community focused on anchoring in the new paradigm and assisting the positive transformation of humanity, citing physicist David Bohm, July 26, 2013, "Living In A Hologram: Our Holographic Reality", http://www.wakingtimes.com/2013/07/26/living-in-a-hologram-our-holographic-reality/)
We grow up thinking and believing that the world and reality in which we exist
AND
and exciting place. Let’s all be explorers of this enchanting life experience.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Travis Henderson

The United States Federal Government should pass Senate bill 1465, the Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act, Senate bill 1731, the Combating Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Counterfeiting Act, and the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act.

Law Enforcement Assistance makes it harder to start shell corporations – these are key parts of the money laundering regime

Feinstein 13 ~ senior United States Senator,  "The Buck Stop Here: Improving U.S. Anti-Money Laundering Practices", US Caucus on International Narcotics Control, April 2013, http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve/?File_id=311e974a-feb6-48e6-b302-0769f16185ee-http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve/?File_id=311e974a-feb6-48e6-b302-0769f16185ee~~crk
In the 112th Congress, Senators Carl Levin (D-MI) and Charles
AND
of the Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act in the 113th Congress.

Tax Haven Act solves domestic laundering and tax problems and spills over to other countries

CTJ 9/19 ~Citizens for Tax Justice "Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act Would Curb Some of the Worst Multinational Corporations’ Tax Dodges" 9/19/13 http://www.ctj.org/taxjusticedigest/archive/2013/09/stop_tax_haven_abuse_act_would.php~~crk-http://www.ctj.org/taxjusticedigest/archive/2013/09/stop_tax_haven_abuse_act_would.php5dcrk
Senator Carl Levin (D-Mich.) today introduced the "Stop Tax Haven
AND
. The Levin bill would limit the worst abuses of this tax dodge.

Tournament: IHSA | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Tang, Rufus

The Ukraine package will pass with IMF reforms attached –polcap is key

Burgess 3-19 —- Politics for Politico. "Congress pokes along on Ukraine aid" Politico, 3/19/14 lnGBS-JV) 

Ukraine’s internal situation is putting pressure on congress
Obama has instituted targeted sanctions…
PC is necessary to break a deadlock in the Senate
House has passed the bill 

The Russian incursion in Ukraine is putting pressure on a historically unproductive Congress to,
AND
Congress can get its act together now that it’s in the global spotlight.

====The plan drains capital and causes hostage-taking====
LeoGrande 12 William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf-http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf**)**

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Political capital’s key – the impact is the collapse of US leadership – it has to get done before the April IMF meetings

Truman 3-14 — Edwin M. Truman, senior fellow at the Peterson
AND
Economics Bulletin ~23PB14-9, 3/14/14 pdf)

The vital role played by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)¶ in stabilizing the
AND
¶ still awaits US congressional approval before it can go into¶ effect.

Financial assistance now is key to stabilize Ukraine and prevent further Russian expansionism

Coy 2-27
~Peter. Economics Editor for Bloomberg BW. "The New Great Game: Why Ukraine Matters to So Many Other Nations" Bloomberg Businessweek, 2/27/14 lnGBS-JV~
Ukraine doesn’t seem like the kind of place that world powers would want to tussle
AND
market economist at Standard Bank in London, "it’s now or never."

Causes miscalc and goes nuclear

Apps 3-2 — Peter. Intl Desk for Reuters. "Ukraine crisis gives NATO, West no good options" Reuters, 3/2/14) 

With Western powers increasingly concluding Ukraine has lost Crimea to Russia, the U.
AND
in (Russia’s) western military district they are in a strong position."

Tournament: Blake | Round: Octas | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Panel

The 1AC is a rebellion without a revolution – their methodology creates a framework of impossible demands upon the state that is always dependent on rallying in a dependent relationship to the state and never precedes to their supposed desire for abolition. This locks in and retains genocide management.

Rodríguez 10
(Dylan, Slavery’s Present Tense: Addressing the Social Logic of White Supremacist Genocide)

One of white supremacy’s central explanatory and narrative tasks is to produce an edifice of
AND
-unreachable modality of existence that we must inhabit to consummate our humanity. 

They don’t have a justification for impossible demands on the state. Yes the state is really messed up, we agree, but their attempt to make impossible demands upon it only allows for the status quo to be maintained which makes movement failure inevitable

ZIZEK 2003 (Slavoj, "The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity" google books)
In the strict Lacanian sense of the term, one should thus posit that "
AND
, you stand a good chance of getting hundreds of thousands of dollars.

That also leads to government promises that constrain resistance and increases the power of the state – their demand isn’t impossible and is pretty reasonable, but their focus on a singular instance leads to failure

MARTIN 94 - Brian, associate professor in science, technology, and society at the University of Wollongong ("Protest in a Liberal Democracy, Philosophy and Social Action, Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2, pp. 13-24, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/94psa.html)//MP
The intellectual jousting about protest is fascinating, but just as important is the practical
AND
their operations, it is time for legislation and harassment to stop them.

The political form of the impossible demand functions to reimpose the State as a paternal entity and increases state power

LUNDBERG 2012 (Chris, comm studies prof at UNC, Lacan in Public)
Framing enjoyment as equivalent with hegemony, Laclau identifies the fundamental "split" in
AND
the cost of imposing a contested relationship between desire and social mores.32

A method focus is good – proposals should stem from the best way to conceptualize strategies in the first place, and if we win our method is a better starting point than theirs you vote negative. We do not believe that debates such as this should contain the artificial debate structure called a permutation in order for methodology debates to be effective – we need to refuse to conceptualize competition in the same way

And a method focus is the most fair – it’s the most stable point for us to garner offense in the debate and is the only way that we can deter practices like framework conditionality that dodges responsibility for the 1AC

This focus on the content of the methodology of the 1AC rather than simply their goals is necessary to break down white supremacy

Rodríguez 9
(Dylan, The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition, 2010 36: 151 Crit Sociol, MUSE)

In the vicinity of the constantly retrenching social welfare apparatuses of the US state,  
AND
made the abolition of oppressive  violence their most immediate and fundamental political desire.  

As part of an academic community, we believe that the debate space should be organized around a wholesale negation of the state form, not through the positive process of impossible demands but through the destruction of state forms. We don’t preclude the returning of Assata, rather we believe we should focus on broader issues

Halberstam 13
(Jack, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning 26 Black Study - Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, pg. 4-10)

Moten links economic debt to the brokenness of being in the in-  terview with
AND
scatted eschaton, the undercommon re-  fusal of the academy of misery."

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Scott Phillips

State supported inclusion efforts create consent to neoliberal hegemony and are a form of social engineering that shut down individual agency—-new epistemological strategies are necessary to avert structural violence and the root causes of conflict

Biyanwila 8—University of Western Australia (Janaka, Re-empowering labour : Knowledge, ontology and counter-hegemony, http://www.tasa.org.au/uploads/2011/05/Biyanwila-Janaka-Session-59-PDF.pdf-http://www.tasa.org.au/uploads/2011/05/Biyanwila-Janaka-Session-59-PDF.pdf)

An essential component of union power and issues of empowerment is the production of knowledge
AND
within social movements asserting the validity of social, experiential and practical knowledge. 

This takes out the entirety of the aff and destroys any conception of agency—-the alternative is to endorse invented movements as a tactic of resistance

Miraftab 4—Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning PhD, University of California, Berkeley (Faranak, Invited and Invented Spaces of Participation: Neoliberal Citizenshipand Feminists’ Expanded Notion of Politics, appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewFile/378/719)

This  short  conceptual  piece  calls  for  a  careful  rethinking  of  what  feminist  scholars  have  articulated
AND
as  civil  society,  and  defines  the  spaces  where citizenship can be practiced.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hendrickson TG | Judge: Eric Forslund

The ability for the affirmative to identify violence as emerging from State structures allows us to abdicate our responsibility for violence, which makes domination inevitable.

KAPPELER IN 1995 ~Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 1-4~
What is striking is that the violence which is talked about is always the violence
AND
is am unmistakable signal to society that racist violence does indeed ’pay off’.

?

Even if they kritik the West, positing ourselves as ones who have control over USFG policy allows us to refuse to acknowledge the ways in which we ourselves maintain economic oppression, destroying agency.

KAPPELER, 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11)
`We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is
AND
our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.

Therefore, Chris and I advocate personally embracing an ethic of universal hospitality. Only by interrogating our own will to violence can we solve.

KAPPELER IN 1995 ~Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 4-5~
If we nevertheless continue to explain violence by its ’circumstances’ and attempt to counter
AND
for any political struggle against violence and for a non-violent society.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Scott Phillips

Text: The United States federal government should offer a sufficient incentive modeled after the Green Community Tax Credit Program to Mexico’s state governments, local governments, and individual land owners in exchange for permission to provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification development on land over which they have jurisdiction. We’ll clarify.

The counterplan competes:

A. To "offer" is distinct from provide

LD ’14
~Legal Dictionary. "Offer" Last Updated 2014 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/offer-http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/offer GBS-JV~
Offer: A promise that, according to its terms, is contingent upon a
AND
from doing something that he or she has the legal right to do.)

B. Should – it’s certain – distinct from the counterplan because there’s a world in which target parties say no

Summer ’94
~Justice in the Oklahoma State Supreme Court. "Kelsey v Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant" 1994, lexislegalGBS-JV~
The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "should
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).  

C. Resolved – means "a fixity of purpose"

AHD ’3
~The American Heritage Dictionary at Dictionary.com~

D. Assistance – the plan is a cash payment or voucher, which is distinct from the tax credit of the counterplan

Congress ’5
~The United States Congress. "Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 - Title I: Committee on Agriculture - Agricultural Reconciliation Act of 2005 - Subtitle A: Commodity Programs" 11/18/5 http://www.opencongress.org/bill/109-h4241/show-http://www.opencongress.org/bill/109-h4241/show GBS-JV~
(Sec. 8117) Defines assistance as payment, by cash, voucher, or other means, to or for an individual or family to meet a subsistence need, but not nonrecurring short-term benefits.

E. Development is the deployment of the solar technology, not a capital exchange

GAO ’10
US Government Accountability Office ("United States Government Stewardship Information (Unaudited) for the Years Ended September 30, 2010, and 2009 Stewardship Investments" http://www.gao.gov/financial/fy2010/10stew.pdf)
With regard to development, the DOD and NASA had 2465.3 billion (84 percent) and 249.1 billion (12 percent), respectively, of total development investments in fiscal year 2010, as shown in Table 11. Development is comprised of five stages: advanced technology development, advanced component development and prototypes, system development and demonstration, management support, and operational systems development. Major outputs of DOD development are:

They’d say yes.  Solves the aff and doesn’t link to politics

Rule ’11
~Troy. Prof Law at the University of Missouri, PhD University of Chicago. "Renewable Energy and the Neighbors" University of Utah Law Review, N4. December 2011. SocialScienceResearchNetworkGBS-JV~
C. Additional Advantages of a Tax Credit Approach A Green Community Tax Credit program
AND
less likely to actively oppose a neighbor’s proposed wind turbine or solar panel.

The internal net benefit’s localism – an innovative and local approach to renewable energy development is key to sustainable development – incorporation of the affirmative’s "one size fits all" approach sparks backlash and turns the case

Rule ’11
~Troy. Prof Law at the University of Missouri, PhD University of Chicago. "Renewable Energy and the Neighbors" University of Utah Law Review, N4. December 2011. SocialScienceResearchNetworkGBS-JV~
D. Green LULUs: Homevoter-Feared Sustainability A third set of sustainable land
AND
jurisdictions that regulate sustainable land use in ways that mirror their individual preferences.

Also wrecks small farms which are key to food security

Altieri 8
(Miguel Altierei Professor of Agro ecology at the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management at the University of California, Berkeley since 1981. He is a member of the Steering Committee of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) programmer, whose goal is to dynamically conserve the world’s remaining traditional farming systems. He is also President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agro ecology (SOCLA) and Coordinator of the International Agro ecology Program of the Center for the Study of the Americas in Berkeley. He periodically lectures at universities in the USA, Latin America and Europe, and provides technical expertise to international organizations as well as farmers’ organizations and nongovernmental organizations throughout the world. He is the author of 12 books, including Agro ecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agro ecosystems, as well as more than 250 scientific journal articles "Small Farms as a Planetary Ecological Asset: Five Key Reasons Why We Should Support the Revitalisation of Small Farms in the Global South" http://agroeco.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/smallfarmes-ecolasset.pdf)~-~-http://agroeco.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/smallfarmes-ecolasset.pdf)-
While 91 of the planet’s 1.5 billion hectares of agricultural land are
AND
large monocultures managed with such high-tech solutions as genetically modified seeds.

Existential threat

Brown ’11
(Lester R. Brown 2011 Writer for the Earth Policy Institute "World on the Edge: How to prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse" http://www.earth-policy.org/images/uploads/book_files/wotebook.pdf)~-~-http://www.earth-policy.org/images/uploads/book_files/wotebook.pdf)-
For the Mayans, it was deforestation and soil erosion. As more and more
AND
it could be the weak link but that it is the weak link.

Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MK | Judge: Wayne Tang

The United States federal government should cooperate with Mexico over geothermal, wind, and solar energy integration and development.

That solves relations and the Mexican economy

DONNELLY 2010 (Robert Donnelly, Program associate with the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center., June 28 2010, U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda)
Could joint green-energy development help improve relations between the United States and Mexico
AND
points for a broader U.S.-Mexico dialogue, she remarked.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge: Anthony Obguli

Lifting the embargo would force liberalization upon Cuba, destroy its domestic industries, and integrate it into the global neoliberal order.

GONZALEZ, law prof, 2003 (Carmen, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 16, p. 685, 2003, "Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944, ZBurdette)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
embargo that Cuba was able to embark upon a radically different development path.
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
end of Cuba’s economic isolation may only be a matter of time.415
It is unclear how the Cuban government will respond to the immense political and economic
AND
S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.418
Cuba is once again at a crossroads—as it was in 1963, when
AND
crisis or as a path-breaking achievement worthy of pride and emulation.
The history of Cuban agriculture has been one of resistance and accommodation to larger economic
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction

LANDER ’2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, "Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the "Natural" Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South", 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.

The alternative is an affirmation of the Cuban model of development. Cuba is a key symbol of resistance to the US neoliberal model – rather than assimilating Cuba, we should use its experience and history to re-imagine US economic relations and shatter neoliberalism’s stranglehold on our political imagination

VATTIMO 26 ZABALA 11
(Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 132-135)

The reasons for concluding this book by directing our attention to the recent South American
AND
is possible to construct true alternatives upon the ruins of Western industrial capitalism.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Movements against neoliberalism are growing and strong in Latin America and spill over globally - but the plans insistence on US led economic cooperation and integration reifies neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp - instead of economic engagement, there must be a de-linking to preserve the environment and indigenous culture’s survival. Ethics require we don’t ask what we can do for the US but ask what’s best for people living in Latin America.

HARRIS 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi¬nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction

LANDER ’2, 
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, "Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the "Natural" Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South", 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below. Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements

CHOI ET AL 4
Jung Min, John W Murphy, Manuel J Caro, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stratford CS | Judge: Anushka Panday

Decline of OAS Allows CELAC to take its place

Lendman 11 ~Stephen Lendman, Journalist "CELAC: A Washington-Controlled OAS Alternative" http://sjlendman.blogspot.com/2011/12/celac-washington-controlled-oas.html-http://sjlendman.blogspot.com/2011/12/celac-washington-controlled-oas.html Dec~
On February 23, 2010, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States was
AND
new world without it. Imagine enough global pressure to accept nothing less. 

Prevents LA Prolif or solves LA disarm

NTI No Date ~The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) "Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)" http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/community-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-celac/-http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/community-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-celac/~~
At the time of inauguration of CELAC, on 3 December 2011, the Heads
AND
) decision to recognize the Quadripartite Agreement-http://www.abacc.org.br/?p=384626lang=en as an alternative to Additional Protocols.

Venezuelan nuclear acquisition causes extinction

Zulauga ’5
~Felipe. President of Visions of Latin America at the Univ of Pitt. "Venezuela…A Good Neighbor?" 2005, http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/publications/Visions_vol1_issue1.pdf~~**
Although Chavez indicates that the development of nuclear power is to be for peaceful purposes
AND
such as Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Argentina – will follow suit.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Sara Sanchez

CELAC is key to BRICS influence

Mahapatra 13 ~Dr. Debidatta Aurobinda Mahapatra is an Indian commentator. His areas of interests include conflict, terrorism, peace and development, Kashmir, South Asia, and strategic aspects of Eurasian politics. "BRICS see greater role in Latin America" http://rbth.asia/news/2013/06/11/brics_see_greater_role_in_latin_america_47283.html-http://rbth.asia/news/2013/06/11/brics_see_greater_role_in_latin_america_47283.html June~
Like Africa, Latin America is emerging as a hub of economic development with huge
AND
In this venture, the proposed BRICS bank can be an effective tool.

BRICs k2 solve climate change

EN 9/17 – English News ~"BRICS pledge cooperation on climate change" http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-09/17/c_132725951.htm-http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-09/17/c_132725951.htm~~
RIO DE JANEIRO, Sept. 16 (Xinhua) — The BRICS bloc of
AND
Ministerial Meeting will be held in China in the fourth quarter of 2013.

Warming causes extinction

Costello 11 – Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London ~"Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action" May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society~

Advocacy about the health consequences will ensure that climate change is a high priority.
AND
as dissipation of metabolic heat becomes impossible, therefore making many environments uninhabitable.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Evan Jones

The 1AC is just another cultural study – Dead Prez is presented as a fetishized text, waiting to be debunked and decoded through their carded analysis of hip hop, neglecting the value it holds sans interpretation

Bryant 12
(Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, The Power of Things, Larvalsubjects, 7/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/the-power-of-things/)
A lot of people ask what the political dimension of OOO might be. I
AND
horizons and begin to see a world as if the hammers were broken.

This reducibility makes anthropocentrism inevitable – objects become defined in terms of the Human subject, analyzed, established in terms of representation and sign, making movement failure inevitable. The alternative is to affirm an object-oriented ontology to redefine our spaces of distinction

Bryant 11, Bryant Professor of Philosophy at Collin College (2011 Levi Democracy of Objects http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:4/~~-~~-democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext)
Yet in all of the heated debates surrounding epistemology that have cast nearly every discipline
AND
to draw our distinctions in such a way as to exclude nonhuman actors.

Anthropocentrism makes violence inevitable

DECKHA 2010 (Associate Professor at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law in Victoria, Maneesha, It’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", The Scavenger, dec 10 http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html-http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html)
The resonance of the subhuman figure may also be found in western jurisprudence relating to
AND
like practices, the subhuman figure is critical to producing violence against humans.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles North WO | Judge: Sam Shore

The plan has to let Cuban oil be extracted – that trades off with US- Mid-East oil ties

Alhaiji and Maris ’4
~Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, "The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector," Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf~~23page=105~~

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that¶ energy
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

That leads to Saudi prolif

Rogers 3/20
~2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, "America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region’s Oil, says Gen. Dempsey," Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-~~

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

====Nuclear war====
Edelman ’11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 26 Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: Semis | Opponent: Westminster GB | Judge: Panel

Oil prices high and rising – market optimism

GEMAN 10/16 – Ben, energy and environment reporter for The Hill, "Oil prices climb as debt ceiling deal emerges" http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/328867-oil-prices-climb-as-debt-ceiling-deal-emerges
Oil prices rose Wednesday as traders reacted to the looming Capitol Hill resolution of the
AND
have reduced demand for oil and sent prices downward as the economy sputtered.

The plan allows companies to access tons of Cuban oil – lowers prices

National Geographic News 2012 ~11/19 "Cuba’s Oil Quest to Continue, Despite Deepwater Disappointment"~
 But Cuba’s disappointing foray into deepwater doesn’t end its quest for energy.  The
AND
than 20 billion barrels, which would be double the reserves of Mexico.

High oil prices are key to Scottish independence

THE TIMES 2011 ("Assumption on oil price could trip up Salmond," June 23, lexis)
The price of oil has emerged as the critical factor in determining
AND
could have profound effects on political events onshore.

Scottish independence results in British disarm—solves prolif

FARGO 2012 (Matthew Fargo is an intern at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, "Independence for Scotland and Disarmament for the United Kingdom: Or, the Law of Unintended Consequences," Date is date accessed, July 27, http://armscontrolcenter.org/issues/nuclearweapons/articles/independence_for_scotland_and_disarmament_for_the_united_kingdom_or_the_law_of_unintended_consequences/index.html)
A mixture of geography and nationalism has set the stage in the United Kingdom for
AND
Let Trident rust in peace.

Prolif causes global nuclear war

TAYLOR 2001, former nuclear weapons designer and chairman of NOVA ~"Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"~
Nuclear proliferation – be it among nations or terrorists – greatly increases the chance of
AND
, the small nuclear war could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Scott Phillips

The plan is an example of state-sponsored centralized planning – a rejection of the aff is crucial to solve extinction

Papworth ’1
~John, Senior Editor of Ecologist and Founder of the Fourth World Review. Peace Through Social Empowerment, "Primary Causes," http://www.cesc.net/radicalweb/radicalconsultation/papworth/jp14.html-http://www.cesc.net/radicalweb/radicalconsultation/papworth/jp14.html 2001GBS-JV~
It is simply this; that our primary problem is not war, or the
AND
the only realistic path to enduring peace and to any genuine social progress.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Scott Phillips

Patent reform will pass – bipart support and trends point to a compromise

Brown et al 4-10
~Alex. Politics and Consumer Staffer at the National Journal.  "Senate Punts Again on Patents" 4/10/14 lnGBS-JV~
PATENT ACTION DELAYED UNTIL AFTER RECESS: While announcing that a deal has been reached
AND
victims of a recent Fort Hood shooting as additional cause for the delay.

Obama’s PC and focus is crucial to reform passage – only a credible Obama push will succeed

Meyers 3-5
~Jessica Meyers joined POLITICO from The Dallas Morning News, where she spent four years covering Texas politics, education and just about everything else. "Lawmakers: Patent reform will advance." 3/5/14. http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/patent-reform-104278.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/patent-reform-104278.html ~ STRYKER
Two lawmakers immersed in patent reform efforts suggested Wednesday that the president could see a
AND
election year. That timing, Berman said, "concerns me greatly."

The plan’s a fight in congress

Cardwell, 12
(Diane, "Energy Tax Breaks Proposed, Despite Waning Support for Subsidies", New York Times, January 26, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/business/energy-environment/clean-energy-projects-face-waning-subsidies.html?pagewanted=all)
But the lobbying by the wind and solar industries comes at a time when there
AND
chairman of the Energy and Natural Resources Committee, who supports the extension. 

Patent reform is key to innovation and the economy – this evidence is reverse causal

-Also a PC key warrant
Shapiro 3-26
~Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA)®, the U.S. trade association representing more than 2,000 consumer electronics companies, and author of the New York Times best-selling books, Ninja Innovation: The Ten Killer Strategies of the World’s Most Successful Businesses and The Comeback: How Innovation Will Restore the American Dream. "Senate should finish off the patent trolls." 3/26/14. http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/201701-senate-should-finish-off-the-patent-trolls-http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/201701-senate-should-finish-off-the-patent-trolls ~ STRYKER
Recent strong action by Congress and the White House against patent trolls is a rare
AND
patent troll plague once and for all, and allow innovators to thrive.

Nuclear war

Royal 10
Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
~Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 3 | Opponent: Des Moines Roosevelt AA | Judge: Robel Worku

The central question of the debate is how we respond to anxiety—-"solving the environment" is a dangerous palliative that gives us the allusion of control by affirming our mastery over nature and distracting us from our consumptive practices—-ensures serial policy-failure and extinction

Dodds 12 Joseph, MPhil, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK, MA, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK BSc, Psychology and Neuroscience, Manchester University, UK, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) of the British Psychological Society (BPS), and a member of several other professional organizations such as the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society, Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos p 27 *gender mod

Why psychoanalysis? On the face of it, it seems frankly irrelevant. Surely
AND
of ’holding environments’, the ultimate ’environment mother’ (Winnicott 1999,1987).

Technological management is an expression of the death drive—-causes projection of our fears onto the human and non-human world to justify their annihilation—-turns and outweighs the case

Dodds 12 Joseph, MPhil, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK, MA, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK BSc, Psychology and Neuroscience, Manchester University, UK, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) of the British Psychological Society (BPS), and a member of several other professional organizations such as the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society, Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos p 70 *gender mod

Here there are echoes of Freud’s (1916) idea of ’anticipatory mourning’ and the
AND
of bringing about our extinction. (Searles 1972: 371-372)

These pathologies distort not only how we respond to crisis but also why and to which crises—-as such, your primary role is to investigate the aff’s psychological investment as an exercise in reprogramming our position in a non-linear and inevitably chaotic world – vote negative to reject their libidinal economic engagement

Dodds 12 Joseph, MPhil, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK, MA, Psychoanalytic Studies, Sheffield University, UK BSc, Psychology and Neuroscience, Manchester University, UK, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) of the British Psychological Society (BPS), and a member of several other professional organizations such as the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society, Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos p 198 ( ) – gender modified 

The metaphor of an acrobat on a high wire referred to by Bateson (2000
AND
, and as a species among the interconnected life systems of the Earth.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Brad Bolman

Their scenarios are symptomatic of enemy creation that leads to extinction

HOLLANDER 3 – professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University (Nancy, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror:In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
AND
believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Kevin Bancroft

The aff is a demand to be recognized as dangerous to the status quo hegemonic order. This demand figures us as hysterical subjects dependent on the continuation of oppression as a condition of our enjoyment. This renders alternative political strategies impossible while also precluding transformative engagement with the state.

LUNDBERG 2012 (Chris, comm studies prof at UNC, Lacan in Public)
The demands of student revolutionaries and antiglobalization protestors provide a set of opportunities for interrogating
AND
power of depriving them of that alone by which they are satisfied."46

We should engage in politics oriented around government action guided by the imagination of a transformed state. This is the best hope for social justice and ecological democracy.

ECKERSLEY 2004 (Robyn, Professor and Head of Political Science in the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty)
It was the bourgeoisie who in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served as the vanguard
AND
State theory is potentially to change the character of our social existence."5

Failure to establish ecological democracy makes racism impossible to confront and causes human extinction

CONE 2000 (James, Briggs Distinguished Professor at Union Theological Seminary,   Cross Currents, Spring/Summer)
Black and other poor people in all racial groups receive much less than their fair
AND
they will continue to die a slow and silent death on the planet.
Ecology touches every sphere of human existence. It is not just an elitist or
AND
eliminate racism if we are not around to enjoy a racist free environment?
The survival of the earth, therefore, is a moral issue for everybody. If we do not save the earth from destructive human behavior, no one will survive. That fact alone ought to be enough to inspire people of all colors to join hands in the fight for a just and sustainable planet.
Expanding the Ecological Critique. We are indebted to ecologists in all fields and areas
AND
bang or a gradual poisoning of the land, air, and sea.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Panel

The attempt to bring about equality through focus on sex and gender binaries brings focus to a locus point—focus on a static female identity. This approach deprioritizes racism, homophobia, and classism while ensuring they can never solve

ROGUE 2012 (J., intersectional anarchist-communist who has been organizing in anarchist, feminist and radical queer movements for 10+ years, "Dessentializing Anarchist Feminism: Lessons from the Transfeminist Movement" from Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire, pdf online)
Out of the conversations between Marxist feminism and radical feminism another approach emerged called "
AND
anti-classist" politics, but not necessarily anti-capitalist.1

Especially in the context of communications, white feminism and black feminism are entirely distinct and the 1AC’s attempt to reduce all women’s struggles in debate under the umbrella of patriarchy normalizes other forms of oppression

Tate 2000 – Tara Tate is a communications teacher and debate coach. This paper was for a Master’s in Communication Studies at UNT. ("We’ve Only Just Begun: A Black Feminist Analysis of Eleanor Smeal’s National Press Club Address", August 2000, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2595/m2/1/high_res_d/Thesis.pdf)
Another key element in developing a black feminist methodology to criticize discourse is that it
AND
of goals that many black women view as being essential to their liberation.

Using feminism in conjunction with contemporary debate practices marginalizes other forms of oppression and recreates exclusion – watch out, this card is saucy

Crenshaw, PhD, 2
Carrie, PhD, Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from CAD, Scholar
 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

The alternative is to call for an end to all hierarchies. The aff’s feminine-centric approach will always throw everyone else under the bus.

ROGUE 2012 (J., intersectional anarchist-communist who has been organizing in anarchist, feminist and radical queer movements for 10+ years, "Dessentializing Anarchist Feminism: Lessons from the Transfeminist Movement" from Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire, pdf online)
The concepts espoused by transfeminism help us understand gender, but there is a need
AND
rooted in the working class requires a real and integrated understanding of transfeminism.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AS | Judge: Rahul Patel

The United States federal government should announce that domestic renewable energy subsidies constitute prohibited World Trade Organization subsidies and end said subsidies.

That solves trade cred

BEETZ 2012 (Becky, "China retaliates, finds US in violation of free-trade rules", May 25, 2012, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/china-retaliates—finds-us-in-violation-of-free-trade-rules_100006951/~23ixzz2jHsf1LAx-http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/china-retaliates~-~-finds-us-in-violation-of-free-trade-rules_100006951/**)**
Citing a statement released on the ministry’s website yesterday, May 24, Bloomberg reports
AND
-market economies (NMEs). That could make the … decision moot."

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky

The United States federal government should repeal the Renewable Fuel Standard.

Repealing the RFS solves food shocks

MEAD 13 (Walter Mead, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College, co-founder of the New American Foundation, Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, former Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Ethanol Still a Boondoggle," July 17, 2013, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/07/17/ethanol-still-a-boondoggle/)
The US has a law on the books, the Renewable Fuel Standard, that
AND
For once, the US should follow Europe’s lead on green energy policy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hendrickson TG | Judge: Eric Forslund

Making society completely open is impossible – means the other doesn’t get accepted

Harris 04 – Essayist for Policy Review (Lee, Policy Review is one of America’s leading conservative journals. It was founded by the Heritage Foundation and was for many years the foundation’s flagship publication. In 2001, the publication was acquired by the Stanford, California-based Hoover Institution, though it maintains its office on Washington, D.C.’s Dupont Circle. "Civilization and its Enemies", http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1260214/posts-http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1260214/posts, MT)
Forgetfulness occurs when those who have been long accustomed to civilized order can no longer
AND
, this fact must change everything about the way you see the world.

Embrace of the other turns their end goals – creates a mentality of the unjust enemy and leads to the destruction of the Other

Prozorov 06 (Sergei, Professor of International Relations at Petrozavodsk State University, Russia, "Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism," Millenium Vol 35 no 1, December 2006, 75-99, dml)
What interests us in this modality of the friend–enemy distinction is the explicit
AND
, or, in Schmitt’s terms, an inimicus rather than a hostis.

Their ethic produces a false sense of equality – difference is seen as marginal and opposition to the ethical order is seen as illegitimate – paves a path to worse modes of violence – we don’t see the other as equal – thus when opposition ensures then violence is the only path

Odysseos 8, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, ~Dr. Louiza, Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan, Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, March 22~
In The Concept of the Political Schmitt had already indicted the increased usage of the
AND
lines articulated by Foucault under the heading of ’self government’(2007b).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Madhu Vijay

Our first link is conscientization

Their front-loading of critical consciousness building actively prevents decolonization and material change

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

Fanon told us in 1963 that decolonizing the mind is the first step, not
AND
"free your mind, the rest (your ass) will follow."

The Aff’s strategy of consciousness raising is part of a flawed strategy of liberal anti-racism that reproduces settler colonialism that is the major cause of anti-Asian oppression

Journal of Asian Liberation 12
(SUNDAY, DECEMBER 16, Asians Against White Supremacy,-http://illethegal.tumblr.com/post/38096140723/asians-against-white-supremacy-by-jalan-journal-of On the origins of anti-Asian racism and how we have fought back by the Editors of JALAN Journal of Asian Liberation, http://illethegal.tumblr.com/post/38096140723/asians-against-white-supremacy-by-jalan-journal-of)

That’s why liberal strategies of "anti-racism" will not liberate us.
AND
, it enforced the fiction of a white Western civilization reforming Asian barbarism.

Second is Settler Privilege and Complicity

Discussions of immigrant struggles in America like the 1AC must begin from a starting point of complicity in colonialism. Failure to recognize our own role in the colonial process reinforces the settler mentality

Kahina 13
(Indigenous Settler? Decolonization and the Politics of Exile-https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-settler-decolonization-and-the-politics-of-exile/, Nuunja Kahina-https://intercontinentalcry.org/author/nuunjakahina/ • May 28, 2013 https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-settler-decolonization-and-the-politics-of-exile/-https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-settler-decolonization-and-the-politics-of-exile/)
Settlers of color, like their white counterparts, engage in the oppression of Indigenous
AND
and react to the demands of Indigenous liberation movements like Idle No More-http://decolonization.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/idlenomore-in-historical-context/.

The focus on the difference of the Asian experience from the White body of the 1AC literally erases the ground on which we stand – this is a move to innocence that short circuit the radical potential of the 1AC. Settlerism must be a fundamental starting point

Patel (PhD candidate in Sociology and Equity Studies in Education and Women and Gender Studies at the University of Toronto) 13
(Shaista, Where are the Settlers of Colour?-https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/where-are-the-settlers-of-colour/, March 11, 2013, https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/tag/settlers-of-color/)

The narrow moral distance that Milley discusses in her article has made me ask myself
AND
more critical of how we are working for Indigenous sovereignty in our organizing.

Our Third link is Progress

Every solvency claim the 1AC makes is a representative of – "racial progress" under the current situation is a marker of indigenous disappearance

Smith 12
(Andrea)

Of course, what is not questioned in this analysis is the idea that "
AND
of anti-indigenous racism (as well as other forms of racism).

Our interpretation is that the judge should have overwhelming negative presumption. History accumulates destruction, rather than unfolding in change. Presumption must go against claims to specificity unless they have an alternate description of how time and history operate.

Dillon (PhD in American Studies at Minnesota, now an Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College) 13
(Stephen, Fugitive Life:   Race, Gender, and the Rise of the Neoliberal-Carceral State, A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/153053/1/Dillon_umn_0130E_13833.pdf)

In Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of
AND
what the future will be. The future will be what was before.

The metric for your decision should be who best refuses settler moves to innocence. Their performance fails to confront either their own embodiment of settlerism and is a move to innocence that allows them to deny their own complicity while living, breathing and debating on stolen ground

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

There is a long and bumbled history of non-Indigenous peoples making moves to
AND
to innocence enacted differently by white people and by brown and Black people.

Failure to challenge settlerism makes persistent structural violence, ecocide and social death inevitable

Pugliese (an Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney) 13
(Joseph, State Violence and the Execution of Law, pg. 53-4)

Another report quotes the following: a ’Seal then shot bin Laden in the
AND
and the various corporations that conduct their ecocidal operations on their land.85

Our alternative is to refuse settler moves to innocence. Our bodies are always already guilty on colonialism and we must maintain that guilt as a process of refusing complicity in further acts of genocide.

You should adopt an ethic of incommensurability – a refusal of any combination of the settler mentality, white, Korean, black or other, with decolonization. This is a rubric and role of the ballot for evaluating the rhetorical frames offered in the debate.

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

An ethic of incommensurability, which guides moves that unsettle innocence, stands in contrast
AND
Decolonization is not an "and". It is an elsewhere.

AND Debates like this should not include the artificial debate structure called permutation. A debate about competing methodologies makes these debates non-sense and tanks any hope of effective engagement with an Aff literature base. The community is beginning to transition to new standards of stasis and affirmation rather than sole topic focus which is awesome but the only way to ensure that we have debates that are both high quality and fair in

And a method focus is the most fair – it’s the most stable point for us to garner offense in the debate and is the only way that we can deter practices like framework conditionality that dodges responsibility for the 1AC

Furthermore, this kind appeal to flexibility and combination is the essence of the Settler mentality, always ready to mutate. The desire to reconcile is a settler desire to be made innocent

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

Everything within a settler colonial society strains to destroy or assimilate the Native in order
AND
is unimplicated in the subordination of other women" (p. 335).

And – their aff can never solve our kritik because Native subjugation doesn’t function through identity, but rather a material struggle. conscientization  fails to change anything

Trask 2k Trask is a Native Hawaiian nationalist, professor of Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawaii, and author of From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii "Settlers of Color and "Immigrant Hegemony: "Locals" in Hawaii"
Pdf)
Apart from its embodiment of Native aspirations, the Ka Lahui Hawaii Master Plan can
AND
posed in the old union song, "which side are you on?"

Tournament: Niles | Round: 3 | Opponent: Des Moines Roosevelt AA | Judge: Robel Worku

Cuba flagrantly violates human rights

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22^nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)
The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to
AND
who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Mexico violates human rights

Pachico 13 — Elyssa Pachico, Analyst at InSight Crime—a think tank about organized crime in the Americas, 2013 ("Amnesty International Critiques Human Rights Abuses of Mexico Drug War," InSight Crime, May 23^rd, Available Online at
In its annual report, Amnesty International criticized Mexico for human rights abuses committed during
AND
both in terms of protecting human rights and fighting organized crime more effectively. 

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Kevin Bancroft

They will never escape their eurocentrism —- the subaltern always becomes an object of western analysis.  They steal the subaltern’s agency.

Gayatri Chakravorty SPIVAK 1988 Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture "Can the Subaltern Speak?"
SOME OF THE most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result
AND
supplementing an earlier economic text, can the subaltern speak? . . . 

Their new form of analysis is just another way to disempower the Subaltern – this knowledge merely fills in the blindspots in our military map of alterity. The result is that we can only ever see the people they debate about as targets for more militarization.

Rey CHOW 2006 - Humanities and Modern Culture @ Brown, The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work
Often under the modest apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the "
AND
a definable object"—and by "the problem of the vanishing object."

Refuse to know - an endorsement of our specific intellectual criticism makes challenging the neutrality of the affirmative’s power relationships possible – only the alt solves the root cause of their harms

Jenny EDKINS 2006 - U of Wales, "The Local, the Global and the Troubling," Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy Vol. 9, No. 4)
Rather than starting with a reading of traditional academic analyses of the Northern Ireland conflict
AND
effect, but through a slow re-building, brick by brick.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Andres Gannon
The United States federal government should allow the United States Customs and Border Protection to accept reimbursement from sources other than Congress.  The United States federal government should request that the states, local governments, and private sector increase their investment in infrastructure and renewable energy along the border.

Border modernization can be achieved by requesting funding from state and local government and the private sector – CP doesn’t trigger the link to politics
Lee and Wilson 2012 (Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University. Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. "The State of Trade, Competitiveness and Economic Well-being in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region" http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf)

Given the fact that POE improvements offer significant and tangible monetary benefits to border communities
AND
above, additional staffing is and will be increasingly necessary as trade increases.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East LP | Judge: Erin Dinser

Obama’s pushing a strike on Syria – GOP opposition is key

Parsons 9-11 ~C. Staffer for the LA Times. "Obama: Diplomatic talks on Syria ’encouraging,’ but threat remains" The LA Times, 9/11/13~

On Capitol Hill, the president’s threat to strike Syria continued to draw new opposition
AND
actors that are involved," but McConnell said it was "worth exploring."

An increase in political capital allows Obama to strike

Cotler 9-11 ~Irwin. Irwin Cotler is the Member of Parliament for Mount Royal, first elected in November, 1999. He is a former Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada (2003-2006) and is Professor of Law Emeritus at McGill University.  " Obama Must Make a Stronger Case For Syria" Huffington Post, 9/11/13~

US President Barack Obama has embarked upon what has been called the "most consequential
AND
Kerry have called a "Munich Moment" let alone their WWII analogies.

Causes Israel-Iran war – leads to extinction

Zakheim 8-30 (Dov, former U.S. Dept. of Defense official, Senior Fellow at the CNA Corporation, a Senior Advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He is also Co-Vice Chair of Global Panel America. "4 Unaddressed Concerns About a U.S. Strike Against Syria" http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/30/4-_unaddressed_concerns_about_a_us_strike_against_syria-http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/30/4-_unaddressed_concerns_about_a_us_strike_against_syria**)**

Would an attack succeed? A missile attack would likely have no more effect than
AND
an Israeli strike, thereby dragging America into yet another Middle Eastern maelstrom.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Andres Gannon

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

B. Violation – the plan ~uses an intermediary / targets civil society / removes a barrier to private engagement~

C. Voting issue –

First is limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

Second is ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Tournament: Niles | Round: 2 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Sorry but I don’t remember the interpretation here – I’m 99 sure we read a Resnick card that defined economic engagement, then read limits and ground standards.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Travis Henderson

A. Interpretation – Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies

Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, "Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice" http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf-http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf

The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
AND
chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

B. Violation – Effecting the economies of both states isn’t enough – Mastanduno says engagement requires structural linkage – which means trade expansion

Sheen, 2 –  associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University (Seongho, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2002, "US Strategy of Engagement During the Cold War and Its Implication for Sunshine Policy" http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/seongho_sheen.pdf-http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/seongho_sheen.pdf) footnote 22

22 Speaking of different strategies of economic statecraft, Michael Mastanduno distinguishes: "Whereas
AND
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 53–58.

C. The plan is not a structural linkage of anything real – we simply share information about our banks with Mexico and analyze trade flows – this is not actual trade

C. Voting issue –

First is limits – broad interpretations of engagement include anything that effects the economy, which means everything

Second is ground– trade promotion is vital for a stable mechanism for disad links and counterplan ground

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: HH Dow US | Judge: Mike McCabe

A. Interpretation – Economic engagement must be quid pro quo – the plan must engage to deliberately change the behavior of the topic country

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

B. Violation – The affirmative engages ~Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela~ without attempting to directly manipulate the country. This is economic appeasement, not engagement.

Mastanduno 03 – Michael, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government, B.A., Economics and Political Science, and Ph.D., Political Science, Princeton University, "The Strategy of Economic Engagement: Theory and Practice," Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate 

Our knowledge of the workings of economic engagement is still at a fairly preliminary stage
AND
of potential adversaries. Economic engagement is not simply synonymous with economic appeasement.
Yet we must also appreciate the difficult conditions that must be met for economic-
AND
subsequently, are difficult to meet individually and all the more so cumulatively.

C. Voting issue

First is Limits – allowing the affirmative to simply interact with the topic countries explodes the number of potential affirmatives, the topic must refer to a specific mechanism or else any aff becomes topical

Second is education – our interp is key to topic education, the affs interpretation makes it the appeasement topic which destroys specific topic education on what engagement actually is

Tournament: Michigan | Round: Doubles | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: Panel

"Increase" means to make greater

Encarta 6
– Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)
in•crease ~ in kr?ss ~ transitive and intransitive
AND
larger in number, quantity, or degree noun (plural in•creas•es)

A. Interpretation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants

Resnik 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, "Defining Engagement" v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework
AND
permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation – the aff is anti-topical – ending a lease on Guantanamo decreases the transfer of resources 

That’s a voter 

1. Limits – economic engagement is the only functional limit on the topic – the aff opens the floodgates to non-economic affs such as Civic and Cultural engagement 

2. Ground – all disad, counterplans and kritik ground is based on a net increase in economic engagement – their interpretation alters the research strategy and shifts the topic to
?
3. Bi-directionality – allowing decreases in economic engagement justifies affs that put sanctions on a country and terminate pre-existing economic contacts- independent internal link to limits

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eden Prairie WY | Judge: Beenie Stein

Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?

"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

Violation: the plan solely lifts restrictions that pertain to a specific good – oil

That’s a voter - they make the topic explode by allowing the aff to tweak the embargo for cigars or left-handed baseball pitchers. The topical version of the aff is to lift the whole embargo or a large coordinated set of restrictions. Limits are vital to preparation – which causes clash and depth of education.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego LM | Judge: Misael Gonzalez

Interpretation: Economic engagement requires solely economic means

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Violation: The plan is sanctions and action towards cuba which is not solely economic

Reasons to prefer:

a. limits – unlimited number of affs that have economic results

b. precision – engagement requires specification – they make the term meaningless which kills education

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Kevin Bancroft

A. Interpretation 26 Violation – The affirmative has presented a plan text / advocacy statement that doesn’t advocate United States federal government action.

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
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resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647GBS-JV~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Vote negative –

A. Decision-making – a limited topic with equitable ground is key to our ability to advocate for things inside and outside of the contest round.  This provides adequate flexibility and innovation, but keeps the discussion targeted so that we can debate the merits of controversy

Steinberg and Freely ’8
~Austin – Civil Rights Attorney and David – Lecturer in Communication at Miami. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 2008, Pg 45GBS-JV
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007. 

Linking the ballot to a should question in combination with USFG simulation teaches the skills to organize pragmatic consequences and philosophical values into a course of action – that’s the core of switch side debate

Hanghøj ’8
~Thorkild. Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where he currently works as an assistant¶ professor. "Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming" PhD Dissertation at The Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. 2008, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//GBS-JV~~ 
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

B.  Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer.  Even if it is good to talk about their 1AC, they must prove we could have logically anticipated it.  This question comes prior to the merits of the aff because it implicates our ability to debate.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused set of questions.

Goodin and Niemeyer ’3
~Robert and Simon – of the Australian National University. "When Does Deliberation Begin?" Political Studies, Vol 51.  2003. EbscoGBS-JV~
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 4 | Opponent: Seaholm HG | Judge: John Martin

The United States federal government should lift all restrictions on sales to and transactions with Cuba involving telecommunications hardware and services, as described in our Piccone evidence.

Solves the aff

Piccone et al 10 – Theodore J. Piccone is a Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution; he served eight years as a senior policy advisor on Latin America in the Clinton Administration. Christopher Sabatini is Senior Director of Policy for the Americas Society/Council of the Americas and Editor-in-Chief of Americas Quarterly. Carlos Saladrigas is Co-Chairman of the Board of the Cuba Study Group, a nonprofit, non-partisan organization comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and prosperous Cuba. ("Bridging Cuba’s Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help", July 2010, Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/15 cuba communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf)
On April 13, 2009, President Obama took the first step in what many
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in ecommerce, thus helping to lessen individual citizens’ dependency on the state.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: HH Dow US | Judge: Mike McCabe

Globalization promotes the conditions for war

Staples, 3 ~Stephen Staples, Director of the Polaris Institute’s Project on the Corporate-Security State, 8/29/3, "How Globalization Promotes War, pdf~
Globalization, more correctly called corporate globalization, is founded upon a conservative, free
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. Police forces have responded with increased repression and intolerance for political protests.

Their authors are wrong – we look at the facts

Martin et al 8 ~Phillipe Martin, Thierry Mayer, and Mathias Thoenig, professor at the University of Paris, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, AND, professor at the University of Paris, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, AND, professor at the University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics,  "The Review of Economic Studies", pg. 75 http://econ.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/file/tmayer/MMT.pdf~~
Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues
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, even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.

Increased trade leads to increased proliferation- actors will use dual-use tech to create the missiles- that’s comparatively the largest prolif threat

Kassenova 12 (Togzhan Kassenove- associate in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow. She specializes in weapons of mass destruction nonproliferation issues, with a regional focus on Central Asia and Southeast Asia; nuclear security; strategic trade management; and civilian nuclear energy programs, January 25, "Preventing WMD Proliferation Myths and Realities of Strategic Trade Controls", http://carnegieendowment.org/files/wmd_proliferation_Togzhan_Jan_25_2012.pdf)//JM
WMD-relevant technology and materials are all around us. Semiconductors, for instance
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trade, further exacerbate the challenge of firewalling international trade from WMD proliferation.

Extinction

Asal and Beardsley 09 (Victor, Department of Political Science, State University of New York, Albany, and Kyle, Department of Political Science, Emory University, Winning with the Bomb, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Beardsley-Asal_Winning_with_the_Bomb.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Beardsley-Asal_Winning_with_the_Bomb.pdf)
Conclusion Why do states proliferate? Nuclear weapons and the programs necessary to create them
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necessarily mean that the weapons are a net benefit for peace and stability.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Kevin Bancroft
STATE CONTROL OVER LIFE IS GOOD—REGULATIONS ARE THE ONLY WAY TO PROTECT TRANSHUMAN TECHNOLOGY FROM PUBLIC BACKLASH
HUGHES 2006
(James, Ph.D., Public Policy Studies at Trinity College, "Democratic Transhumanism 2.0," Last Mod Jan 26, http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm)

Then I argue that the libertarian transhumanists need to engage with democracy since (1
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of its evolved "naturalness" when transhumanists are champions of the artificial.

Solves all death and suffering

Samuelson 08 – (Hava, Prof of History at Arizona State, "Engaging Transhumanism: The Meaning of Being Human," A paper prepared for the "Transhumanism and the Meanings of Progress" workshop, ASU, Tempe, AZ, April 24-25, 2008, Published   2008.06.05, http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10547/Default.aspx)

For transhumanists (i.e., those who advocate the transitional steps humans need
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product of evolution but the designers and controllers of the evolutionary process itself.

THE IMPACT OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHERS—OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD IS SO LIMITED THAT WE CAN’T EVEN KNOW WHAT WE SHOULD WANT TO WANT WITHOUT ALTERING HUMANITY
BOSTROM 2005
(Nick, Oxford University, Faculty of Philosophy, "Transhumanist Values," Last Mod Sept 17, http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html)

The conjecture that there are greater values than we can currently fathom does not imply
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modes of being that are accessible to us with our current biological constitution.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Kevin Bancroft

Their methodology confines resistance to processes with set goals in mind, destroying these movements from the beginning. Their aff is based around codes – how the world is, how it will be, and the only way to stop it. only an abandonment of goals can break away from the paranoia that makes revolution impossible.

DELEUZE AND GUATTARI 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 370-1

The codes and their signifiers , the axiomatics and their structures, the imaginary figures
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ceases to reach fulfillment as it proceeds-art as "experimentation.’ 

The impact to this paranoia is microfascism which is the precondition for any macropolitical violence and ceding human agency

Deleuze and guattari 80 (ATP 214-215)
It is not sufficient to define bureaucracy by a rigid segmentarity with compartmentalization of contiguous
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you yourself sustain and nourish and cherish with molecules both personal and collective.

Voting negative means refusing a politics of representation. Reject the 1AC for their claims to represent oppressed peoples in the debate space in favor of a disidentification with the apparatuses of power/knowledge that police identity. Our alternative begs the question of how real political change begins and is a prior question to the 1AC method – only a schizophrenic approach can solve

Tsianos et al. ’8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. "Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21^st Century" Pluto Press

To escape policing and start doing politics necessitates dis-identi- fication - the
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is always here because it is non-literal, witty and hopeful.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge: Anthony Obguli

Their critique of terrorism ties the hands of the United States–this appeasement prevents action to stop genocide, terrorism, sexism, and other atrocities

HANSON 2004 (Victor Davis, Professor of Classical Studies at CSU Fresno, City Journal, Spring, http://www.city-journal.org/html/14_2_the_fruits.html)
Rather than springing from realpolitik, sloth, or fear of oil cutoffs, much
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but a danger and a pathology to be remedied by deportation or incarceration.

Terrorism itself is the problem, not some root cause—their argument relies on cultural stereotypes and promotes unrestrained violence

ELSHTAIN 2007 (Jean Bethke Elshtain is the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago, The Price Of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century, Edited by Charles Reed and David Ryall)
Of course it is sometimes the case that elements of movements that resort to terrorism
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a patronising gesture that traffics in the most demeaning sorts of cultural stereotypes.

Any lack of resolve will not end the War on Terrorism but force us to rely on extreme brutality—university criticism is the most likely path to a nuclear war

PETERS 2005 (Ralph, fmr US Army intel officer, prizewinning writer and strategist, New Glory, 72-75)
We all hope that we shall never have to use a nuclear weapon.  But
AND
because of our fecklessness we will learn to kill with relish once again.

Just war solves the dangers of both realist militarism and dangerous pacifism—academics should endorse the use of violence for the ends of justice

ELSHTAIN 2003 (Jean Bethke, Prof of Social and Political Ethics at U Chicago, Just War Against Terrorism, p. 55-57)
Parables like The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence illustrate the just war tradition’s nuanced recognition
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the just war tradition acknowledges that it may be better than the alternative.

Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Panel

The United States federal government should fully fund the construction of 250,000 synthetic trees designed for the capture of carbon dioxide following the design of Klaus Lackner and cease the distribution of subsidies to concentrated animal feeding operations and require persons owning concentrated animal feeding operations to pay substantial monetary penalties.

CAFOs is modeled and solves warming

TADY 2006 (Megan, The New Standard, dec 6, 2006)
The typical American diet adds significantly to pollution, water scarcity, land degradation and
AND
can "make a very significant contribution to reducing and reversing environmental damage."

Synthetic trees solve emissions

BBC ’3
~The BBC News. "Synthetic Trees could Purify Air" 21 Feb 03 GBS-JV~
BBC News 3 ~February 21, 2003, "Synthetic trees could purify air"~
A scientist has invented an artificial tree designed to do the job of plants.
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You can be a thousand times better than a living tree," he said

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Panel

Total environmental collapse is inevitable even if warming is solved – their focus on warming trade off with broader environmental protections

CRIST 2007 (Eileen is a professor in Department of Science and Technology in Society @ Virginia Tech, Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse, Telos 4 (Winter 2007): 29–55) 

While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
AND
to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Ignatius | Judge: John Lawson

Apocalyptic representations of climate change are an ineffective rhetorical strategy that produces a self-fulfilling prophecy

Hulme (Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, and Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research) 6
(Mike, Chaotic world of climate truth, 4 November, http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6115644.stm)

The language of catastrophe is not the language of science. It will not be
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in danger of tipping society onto a negative, depressive and reactionary trajectory.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Andres Gannon

War wars discourse locks in Northern security interests and trades off with addressing root causes of environmental degradation

Barnett (Senior Lecturer, School of Anthropology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, University of Melbourne; Ph.D., Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies) 2k
(Jon, "Destabilizing the Environment-Conflict Thesis," Review of International Studies 26(2): 271–288)

In the final  analysis, the more telling question about the linkages between environ  ment
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, and the justification for impending military and economic  defence of Northern  lifestyles.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Green Valley HB | Judge: Brian Rubaie

The only ethical demand available to modern politics is that of the Slave and the Savage, the demand for the end of America itself. This cry, born out of the belly of slave ships and the churning vertigo of constitutive genocide, exposes the grammar of the Affirmative’s calls to affirm Master morality – it’s grounded within White Settler and Slave Master civil society. This renders them unaccountable to the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness and thereby sets the stage for the various dramas of conflictual relationships i.e. class struggle, gender conflict, immigrants’ rights, etc. that are made possible by the antagonism between Settler and Savage, Master and Slave.
Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5~

WHEN I WAS a young student at Columbia University in New York there was
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foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows. 

1AC Newman indicates that they’re able to return power to the individual —- the only individual capable of having power is the Human, whereas the anti-Human can never affirm a contingency of all identities because they are always locked within one identity in the first place.

While the afterlife of slavery is far from an abstraction in the lived reality of blackness, recourse to the sociological empirics of suffering already codifies the category of "exploitation" as the base grammar of suffering, ignoring the gratuitousness of anti-black violence. This elides the way in which civil society is parasitic on The Middle Passage and thus how Humanity itself can only be constituted in opposition to the fundamentally anti-Human position of the slave. It is this libidinal economy of anti-blackness which exists as the condition of possibility for the violence of the world.
Wilderson 2010
~Frank B., again, dude straight up MURKED white supremacists like buk buk, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 10-11~

Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made
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occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer. 

Thus we should focus our energies and points of attention on an unflinching paradigmatic analysis that calls for the end of civil society
Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages ix-x~
STRANGE AS it might seem, this book project began in South Africa. During the last years of apartheid I worked for revolutionary change in both an underground and above-ground capacity, for the Charterist Movement in general and the ANC in particular. During this period, I began to see how essential an unflinching paradigmatic analysis is to a movement dedicated to the complete overthrow of an existing order. The neoliberal compromises that the radical elements of the Chartist Movement made with the moderate elements were due, in large part, to our inability or unwillingness to hold the moderates’ feet to the fire of a political agenda predicated on an unflinching paradigmatic analysis. Instead, we allowed our energies and points of attention to be displaced by and onto pragmatic considerations. Simply put, we abdicated the power to pose the question—and the power to pose the question is the greatest power of all. Elsewhere, I have written about this unfortunate turn of events (Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid), so I’ll not rehearse the details here. Suffice it to say, this book germinated in the many political and academic discussions and debates that I was fortunate enough to be a part of at a historic moment and in a place where the word revolution was spoken in earnest, free of qualifiers and irony. For their past and ongoing ideas and interventions, I extend solidarity and appreciation to comrades Amanda Alexander, Franco Barchiesi, Teresa Barnes, Patrick Bond, Ashwin Desai, Nigel Gibson, Steven Greenberg, Allan Horowitz, Bushy Kelebonye (deceased), Tefu Kelebonye, Ulrike Kistner, Kamogelo Lekubu, Andile Mngxitama, Prishani Naidoo, John Shai, and S’bu Zulu

Vote neg – freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society, we must burn the 1AC to the ground
Farley 5 – Boston College (Anthony, "Perfecting Slavery", http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=102826context=lsfp-http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=102826context=lsfp)

What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in Haiti rose up, they, of necessity, burned everything: They burned San Domingo flat so that at the end of the war it was a charred desert. Why do you burn everything? asked a French officer of a prisoner. We have a right to burn what we cultivate because a man has a right to dispose of his own labour, was the reply of this unknown anarchist. 48 The slaves burned everything because everything was against them. Everything was against the slaves, the entire order that it was their lot to follow, the entire order in which they were positioned as worse than senseless things, every plantation, everything. 49 "Leave nothing white behind you," said Toussaint to those dedicated to the end of white-over black. 50 "God gave Noah the rainbow sign. No more water, the fire next time." 51 The slaves burned everything, yes, but, unfortunately, they only burned everything in Haiti. 52 Theirs was the greatest and most successful revolution in the history of the world but the failure of their fire to cross the waters was the great tragedy of the nineteenth century. 53 At the dawn of the twentieth century, W.E.B. Du Bois wrote, "The colorline belts the world." 54 Du Bois said that the problem of the twentieth century was the problem of the colorline. 55 The problem, now, at the dawn of the twenty-first century is the problem of the colorline. The colorline continues to belt the world. Indeed, the slave power that is the United States now threatens an entire world with the death that it has become and so the slaves of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, those with nothing but their chains to lose, must, if they would be free, if they would escape slavery, win the entire world. VIII. TRAINING We begin as children. We are called and we become our response to the call. Slaves are not called. What becomes of them? What becomes of the broken-hearted? The slaves are divided souls, they are brokenhearted, the slaves are split asunder by what they are called upon to become. The slaves are called upon to become objects but objecthood is not a calling. The slave, then, during its loneliest loneliness, is divided from itself. This is schizophrenia. The slaves are not called, or, rather, the slaves are called to not be. The slaves are called unfree but this the living can never be and so the slaves burst apart and die. The slaves begin as death, not as children, and death is not a beginning but an end. There is no progress and no exit from the undiscovered country of the slave, or so it seems. We are trained to think through a progress narrative, a grand narrative, the grandest narrative, that takes us up from slavery. There is no up from slavery. The progress from slavery to the end of history is the progress from white-over-black to white-over-black to white-over black. The progress of slavery runs in the opposite direction of the past present-future timeline. The slave only becomes the perfect slave at the end of the timeline, only under conditions of total juridical freedom. It is only under conditions of freedom, of bourgeois legality, that the slave can perfect itself as a slave by freely choosing to bow down before its master. The slave perfects itself as a slave by offering a prayer for equal rights. The system of marks is a plantation. The system of property is a plantation. The system of law is a plantation. These plantations, all part of the same system, hierarchy, produce white-over black, white-over-black only, and that continually. The slave perfects itself as a slave through its prayers for equal rights. The plantation system will not commit suicide and the slave, as stated above, has knowing non-knowledge of this fact. The slave finds its way back from the undiscovered country only by burning down every plantation. When the slave prays for equal rights it makes the free choice to be dead, and it makes the free choice to not be. Education is the call. We are called to be and then we become something. We become that which we make of ourselves. We follow the call, we pursue a calling. Freedom is the only calling—it alone contains all possible directions, all of the choices that may later blossom into the fullness of our lives. We can only be free. Slavery is death. How do slaves die? Slaves are not born, they are made. The slave must be trained to be that which the living cannot be. The only thing that the living are not free to be is dead. The slave must be trained to follow the call that is not a call. The slave must be trained to pursue the calling that is not a calling. The slave must be trained to objecthood. The slave must become death. Slavery is white-over-black. White-over-black is death. White-over-black, death, then, is what the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling. IX. WE WISH YOU MANY HAPPY RETURNS We can be trained in many things. White-over-black requires training. It is with education that we begin. Judge Waring of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina, Charleston Division, penned an instructive dissenting opinion in which he referred to expert witness testimony regarding training and white over-black and training in white-over-black: These witnesses testified as to their study and researches and their actual tests with children of varying ages and showed that the humiliation and disgrace of being set aside and segregated as unfit to associate with others of a different color had an evil and ineradicable effect upon the mental processes of our young which would remain with them and deform their view of life until and throughout their maturity . . . And from their testimony as well as from common experience and knowledge and from our own reasoning, we must unavoidably come to the conclusion that racial prejudice is something that is acquired and that acquiring is in early childhood. 56 The case, Briggs v. Elliot, was one of four cases consolidated and decided by the United States Supreme Court under the heading Brown v. Board of Education. 57 Judge Waring, over half a century ago, asked and answered a question that vexes us still: When do we get our first ideas of religion, nationality and other basic ideologies? The vast number of individuals follow religious and political groups because of their childhood training. . . . Let the little child’s mind be poisoned by prejudice of this kind and it is practically impossible to ever remove these impressions however many years he may have of teaching by philosophers, religious leaders or patriotic citizens. 58 We can be trained in many things, even death, or so it seems. We can be trained because we have a capacity for pleasure, because we have a faculty of desire, because we can imagine our pleasures and orient ourselves by our desires in ways that close the gaps, resolve the conflicts, and clarify the ambiguities of life. The slave can be trained in its calling that is not a calling. The slave becomes a slave when it chooses to pursue its calling that is not a calling. The slave’s calling is perverse. The pleasures of mastery and slavery are masochistic and sadistic. Judge Waring wrote of this sadomasochism: We see the results of all this warped thinking in the poor underprivileged and frightened attitude of so many of the Negroes in the southern states; and in the sadistic insistence of the ’white supremacists’ in declaring that their will must be imposed irrespective of rights of other citizens. 59====

Refuse the aff’s coalitional strategy – white civil society is founded on the decimation of Black bodies. In opposition to the assimiliationist move of Masters making common cause with Slaves, vote negative for a radical act of refusal

Hartman and Wilderson ’3 ~Saidiya, professor of English and comparative literature and women’s and gender studies at Columbia University, and Frank, Associate Professor of African American Studies, Drama at UC Irvine, "THE POSITION OF THE UNTHOUGHT", Qui Parle, Vol. 13, No. 2 Spring/Summer 2003, JSTOR~
S.V.H. — Once again, trying to fit into the
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specificity. And masters and slaves, even today, are never allies.