Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

1NC Alloys

Airpower fails – can’t find targets – ground troops are comparatively more important

Press 01 (Daryl, Assistant Professor in the Government Department and a Research Fellow at the Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College, International Security, Fall)
Historians, military analysts, and policymakers have drawn the wrong lessons from the Gulf
AND
of U.S. and allied ground forces to overmatch the enemy.

Prefer our evidence – there ev only takes into account quantitative statistics not qualitative

Goodrich 2002 (David, professor of joint military operations at the Naval War College; a former US Air Force Tactical Fighter Wing command pilot, NPR, July 24)
Prof. GOODRICH: Oh, I donand#39;t think thereand#39;s any question about that.
AND
of no value, you may, in fact, be devaluing airpower.

No health impact to air pollution

Community pharmacy, may 2000 (Lexis)
Exposure to levels of ozone of about 120 parts per billion over one hour may
AND
effects are short-lived and repeated exposure leads to resistance to ozone.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Pipkin

1NC Manufacturing

Status quo definitively solves their aff

Esenaro 13 – Alberto, energy and automotive law for doing business in Mexico “MEXICO’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR BOOMING THANKS TO INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT” http://beforeyoudobusiness.com/archives/770 April 22
In a move that is exactly surprising to …. will be bound to regret it when it’s too late in the next few years.

Alt cause- debt crisis

MMS 13 Money Morning Staff, “Expert Warns Debt Crisis Will Spark An Economic Collapse Worse Than 2008 (TZA, FAZ, GLD, SLV, SDS, FAS)” http://etfdailynews.com/2013/01/23/expert-warns-debt-crisis-will-spark-an-economic-collapse-worse-than-2008-tza-faz-gld-slv-sds-fas/ Jan 23 2013BM
Money Morning Staff: Investors …. 500 companies to share much of their findings.

US economic recovery inevitable due to restructuring – empirics prove

Altman 13 (ROGER C. ALTMAN is Executive Chair of Evercore Partners. He was U.S. Deputy Treasury Secretary in 1993–94, “The Fall and Rise of the West,” January/February 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138463/roger-c-altman/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-west?page=show#) GANGEEZY
The 2008 financial crisis and the ….inducing major economic restructuring.

Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers

- Proves CIR turns the case
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring,)
It's not just the Chinese who are …. not made much progress on that front.

semiconductors and Obama policies

Fletcher 11 (Ian, Senior Economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America, a nationwide grass-roots organization dedicated to fixing America’s trade policies and comprising representatives from business, agriculture, and labor. He was previously Research Fellow at the U.S. Business and Industry Council, a Washington think tank founded in 1933 and before that, an economist in private practice serving mainly hedge funds and private equity firms. Educated at Columbia University and the University of Chicago, “American Manufacturing Slowly Rotting Away: How Industries Die,” The Huffington Post, February 20, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/american-manufacturing-sl_b_825733.html )
I wrote in a previous post about why …. largely responsible for this mess, the better.

No impact—statistics prove

Drezner 12 – Daniel is a professor in the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts. (“The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked”, October 2012, http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf)
The final outcome addresses a …. worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42

2NC – Manufacturing

Energy reform solves

OSG ‘14
The Offshore Group. “Mexico Manufacturing Information” http://offshoregroup.com/2014/01/01/energy-reform-in-mexico-to-benefit-us-business/ 1/1/14 GBS-JV
Negroponte said that while …. like this, both countries can expect to see returns. 

Aff may be necessary to bolster the manufacturing sector, but it is not sufficient to stave off collapse

Boushey 12 (Heather, Chief Economist at American Progress, where her research focuses on U.S. employment, social policy, and family economic well-being. She is also currently a visiting fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research in London, “Tax Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means,” July 19th, 2012, Center for American Progress Action Fund, http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/general/report/2012/07/19/11949/tax-reform-and-the-u-s-manufacturing-sector/)
Second, there are a variety of ways that ….vital to our nation’s economic competitiveness.”

Lack of skilled labor wrecks manufacturing

Stringfellow 12 (Angela, a PR and MarComm Consultant and Social Media Strategist offering full-circle marketing solutions to businesses., “Challenges Facing Today's Manufacturing Industry,” March 7th, 2012, Open Forum, https://www.openforum.com/articles/challenges-facing-todays-manufacturing-industry/ )

MARCH 07, 2012 The manufacturing industry …. reputations with the opportunities that still exist.

Debt, Food, energy and water are all going to implode- devastates the economy

MMS 13 Money Morning Staff, “Expert Warns Debt Crisis Will Spark An Economic Collapse Worse Than 2008 (TZA, FAZ, GLD, SLV, SDS, FAS)” http://etfdailynews.com/2013/01/23/expert-warns-debt-crisis-will-spark-an-economic-collapse-worse-than-2008-tza-faz-gld-slv-sds-fas/ Jan 23 2013BM
Click on the short video above to see a sample. to see charts, …., retirement savings, and personal finances before it’s too late.” says Fitz-Gerald. 

Countries turn inward – no fighting

DeMause 02 – Lloyd is the director of the Institute for Psychohistory. (“Nuclear War as an Anti-Sexual Group Fantasy”, Updated December 18th 02, http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/ja/nucsex.htm)
The nation "turns inward" …., arms expeditures decrease and peace treaties multiply

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

1NC Manufacturing

No impact to the economy

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Manufacturing industry solid, growing and strong now

DOC 12 Economics and Statistics Administration, the United States Department of Commerce “The Benefits of Manufacturing Jobs” 5/7/12 http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/benefits-manufacturing-jobscrk
The role of the manufacturing sector in the U.S. economy is more
AND
and to the economy through innovation that boosts our nation’s standard of living. 

Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers

Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)

Itand#39;s not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. Itand#39;s a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

They kill china’s chief export—that’s their Murray evidence—nuclear war

Plate 3-Professor at UCLA (Tom Plate, “Neo-cons a bigger risk to Bush than China,” The Straights Times, 6-28-2003)

But imagine a China disintegrating- on its own, without neo-conservative or
AND
economic growth – the very direction the White House now seems to prefer.

No escalation over Taiwan – China won’t use nuclear weapons

Pike 04 (John, Global Security, China’s Options in the Taiwan Confrontation, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/taiwan-prc.htm)
China would almost certainly not contemplate a nuclear strike against Taiwan, nor would Beijing
AND
to control escalation beyond and#34;demonstrativeand#34; detonations would cause utterly disproportionate destruction.

Alt causes – semiconductors and Obama policies

Fletcher 11 (Ian, Senior Economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America, a nationwide grass-roots organization dedicated to fixing America’s trade policies and comprising representatives from business, agriculture, and labor. He was previously Research Fellow at the U.S. Business and Industry Council, a Washington think tank founded in 1933 and before that, an economist in private practice serving mainly hedge funds and private equity firms. Educated at Columbia University and the University of Chicago, “American Manufacturing Slowly Rotting Away: How Industries Die,” The Huffington Post, February 20, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-fletcher/american-manufacturing-sl_b_825733.html EH)
I wrote in a previous post about why Americaand#39;s manufacturing sector, despite record output
AND
free trade, which is largely responsible for this mess, the better.

It’s incredible resilient

NBC 11-8-2012 (“Manufacturing companies thrive in America as industry faces and#39;renaissanceand#39;” http://rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/08/15001513-manufacturing-companies-thrive-in-america-as-industry-faces-renaissance?lite) BW
From coast to coast, manufacturers are making more products, but with fewer people
AND
and selling not only in the North American markets but around the world.”

Tournament: Various | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cuba Affs | Judge: Various
1NC – Multilat Defense

1. Multilateralism fails–structural problems and ideological differences guarantee institutions will never solve

Harvey, 4 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45) 

The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a ….
 virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.

3. The U.S. will never comply

Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMaking AmericaSafe.pdf)
Retying the Knots
The safeguarding of US authority …
 too high a price to bear. 49¶ 

4. Unilateralism is resilient–threats to credibility are overblown

Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File)
A perennial preoccupation of U.S. ….
 cases little incentive to actually do it. 

5. Multilat in Latin America fails – regional organizations lack formal structure

Malamud 13Andres Malamud Research Fellow, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon “Overlapping Regionalism, No Integration: Conceptual Issues
and the Latin American Experiences” http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/26336/RSCAS_2013_20.pdf?sequence=1//BMitch
In Latin America, regionalism has …
 integration, it is simply a rational decision.

6. Alt causes

Burgsdorff 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)
As a matter of fact, together …
 steps  towards effective multilateralism. 

7. The aff doesn’t solve a shift in focus – lifting the embargo isn’t enough

Cárdenas 11 – former assistant administrator for Latin America at the U.S. Agency for International Development (José R., “The U.S. is MIA in Latin America” , Foreign Policy, December 29 2011, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america)
An end-of-the-year assessment of U.S…
the sidelines, the chances they will succeed improve. 

2NC – Multilat Defense

Prolif makes multilat ineffective – unilat is comparatively better- empirics

Jenkin, 6 – University of New Hampshire, citing Frank Harvey, University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Clinton, “Book Review: Smoke and Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism and the Illusion of Multilateral Security,” Sage Journal, Spring 2006, http://icj.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/16/1/69.full.pdf+html)

Smoke and Mirrors, a runner-up for …
 course of action does not become correct because of widespread agreement.

More evidence - No alternative to interest-based competition

Miller, professor of IR – University of Haifa, ’10 (Benjamin, “Contrasting Explanations for Peace: Realism vs. Liberalism in Europe and the Middle East,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 31, Iss. 1)
In what follows, I initially differentiate among …
drastically declined.

More ev - Multilat fails - Domestic constrains on economic reconfiguration

Walter, 11 – Reader in International Relations at the London School of Economics, specializing in the political economy of international money and finance (“The Mismanagement of Global Imbalances: Why Did Multilateralism Fail?”, London School of Economics and Political Science, 12/7/2011, http://personal.lse.ac.uk/wyattwal/images/Mismanaging.pdf)

Multilateralism has failed …
 choices that this requires. 

The plan's single instance of multilateralism doesn't spillover

Fettweis 8 (Christopher – professor of political science at Tulane, Credibility and the War on Terror, Political Science Quarterly, Winter)
Since Vietnam, scholars …
 put to a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.40

No Chance we’ll step down

McDonough, 9 (David. S. McDonough, Fellow at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, “Beyond Primacy: Hegemony and ‘Security Addiction’ in U.S. Grand Strategy”, Winter 2009, Orbis, ScienceDirect)bs
The reason that the current debate is currently mired in second-order issues of multilateral versus unilateral legitimacy can be attributed to the post 9/11 security environment. A grand strategy is, after all, …
–for much of the Long War.

Tournament: Various | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cuba Affs | Judge: Various
1NC – Cuba Econ

Cuban economy is doomed – too many structural failures

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, “Getting Ready for Life after Castro”, 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL
The challenges are many. First, ….
 for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

Can’t solve – uncertainty and lack of reforms kills investor confidence

Suchlicki, 7 - Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, “Implications of Lifting the U.S. Embargo and Travel Ban of Cuba”, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, 12/11/07, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/website_documents/SenateTestimony.pdf)//TL
Investments
• Cuba has promoted investments in ….
 of the regime’s key constituencies. 

Laundry list of alt causes to economic collapse

Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy”, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)//eek

There are game-changing ….
 flows from Caracas to Havana.

Compensation disputes block all US foreign investment

Perales et al., 10 -  senior program associate of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow  Wilson International Center for Scholars. (Jose Raul, “The United States and Cuba:  Implications of an Economic  Relationship,” Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, August 2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf)//TL
The legal ramifications of doing ….
 Cuba needs to address these issues.

2NC – Cuba Econ 

These outweigh – the embargo has had a minimal effect on Cuba’s economy

Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy”, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)//eek
Today, the principal peril that ….
 through advanced education.

Demographics

Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy”, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)//eek

Cuba’s demographic crunch …. generating government income to pay for them.

no chance of investment - lack of a viable labor force or a consumer market

Perales et al., 10 -  senior program associate of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow  Wilson International Center for Scholars. (Jose Raul, “The United States and Cuba:  Implications of an Economic  Relationship,” Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, August 2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf)//TL
Regardless of the U.S. government’s actions, a  ….  goods elsewhere and export them to Cuba.

Current Cuban economic model prohibits FDI

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Despite these advances, the Cuban ….
 Cuba’s scant economic offerings.

Tournament: Niles North | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marquette CV | Judge: Carly Watson

Tax credits expand foreign aid and avoid corruption and bureaucracy – turns solvency

 Muzinich and Werker, 7  (Justin Muzinich works for a hedge fund in Connecticut. Eric Werker is an assistant professor at Harvard Business School. 10/20,  “A Global Tax Credit” http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/opinion/20werker.html
BARACK OBAMA has proposed that the United .... effort into one that brings the fruits of globalization to poor countries.

Counter-bureaucracy wrecks solvency – USAID program standards destroys the substance of aid programs for the process

Natsios 10 Andrew, is an American public servant who has served in a number of Massachusetts and high level federal government positions. “The Clash of the Counter-bureaucracy and Development” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424271_file_Natsios_Counterbureaucracy.pdf July   
The Counter-bureaucracy One of the .... governments—and my former professor—James Q. Wilson.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Pipkin

1NC China CP

Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase its infrastructure investment toward Mexico and transfer ownership to the United States federal government.

CP solves the whole case

Darrell M. West et all, 11 (vice president and director of Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. R i c k K i m b a l l i s managing di rector of Gol dman Sachs Group, Inc. and a trustee at the Brookings Institution. Raffiq Nathoo is senior managing director of the Blackstone Group.¶ D¶ a¶ n¶ i¶ e¶ l¶ Z¶ w¶ i¶ r¶ n¶ is managing member of Zwirn Family Interests and a trustee at the¶ Brookings Institution.¶ V¶ i¶ j¶ a¶ y¶ a¶ R¶ a¶ m¶ a¶ c¶ h¶ a¶ n¶ d¶ r¶ a¶ n¶ i s a seni or f el l ow at t he Cent er f or Gl obal D ev el opm ent .¶ G¶ o¶ r¶ d¶ o¶ n¶ M¶ .¶ G¶ o¶ l¶ d¶ s¶ t¶ e¶ i¶ n¶ is senior vice president of Silver Lake.¶ J¶ o¶ e¶ l¶ H¶ .¶ M¶ o¶ s¶ e¶ r¶ is a partner at Bingham McCutchen LLP, “Rebuilding America: The Role of Foreign Capital and Global Public Investors”, http://www.bingham.com/Publications/Files/2011/03/Rebuilding-America-The-Role-of-Foreign-Capital-and-Global-Public-Investors

Global Public Investors are increasingly central to aspects of the U.S. economic
AND
th¶ e potential of this capital would serve the¶ country well.

CP avoids politics and China would give up control over the infrastructure

Darrell M. West et all, 11 (vice president and director of Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. R i c k K i m b a l l i s managing di rector of Gol dman Sachs Group, Inc. and a trustee at the Brookings Institution. Raffiq Nathoo is senior managing director of the Blackstone Group.¶ D¶ a¶ n¶ i¶ e¶ l¶ Z¶ w¶ i¶ r¶ n¶ is managing member of Zwirn Family Interests and a trustee at the¶ Brookings Institution.¶ V¶ i¶ j¶ a¶ y¶ a¶ R¶ a¶ m¶ a¶ c¶ h¶ a¶ n¶ d¶ r¶ a¶ n¶ i s a seni or f el l ow at t he Cent er f or Gl obal D ev el opm ent .¶ G¶ o¶ r¶ d¶ o¶ n¶ M¶ .¶ G¶ o¶ l¶ d¶ s¶ t¶ e¶ i¶ n¶ is senior vice president of Silver Lake.¶ J¶ o¶ e¶ l¶ H¶ .¶ M¶ o¶ s¶ e¶ r¶ is a partner at Bingham McCutchen LLP, “Rebuilding America: The Role of Foreign Capital and Global Public Investors”, http://www.bingham.com/Publications/Files/2011/03/Rebuilding-America-The-Role-of-Foreign-Capital-and-Global-Public-Investors

Our research dispels a number of myths and misperceptions about foreign capital¶ practices and
AND
institutions and private¶ businesses to minority status and eschew direct management

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles North MY | Judge: Kenny McCaffrey

1NC CP

CP Text: The United States federal government should establish normal trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if Cuba agrees to tourism restrictions and joint marine environmental projects with the United States. The United States federal government should renounce previous conditions for lifting the embargo.

CP solves—embargo removal absent environmental cooperation wrecks bio-diversity

Conell 09 -Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, 6/12/2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)
Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo, the
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction. Key to ag, medicine, and ecosystems

Mittermeier ‘11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)

Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Donnenfeld

1NC CP

Text: the United States federal government should substantially increase its geospatial referencing assistance through the North American Development Bank toward Mexico. The United States federal government should share any data related to cross-border congestion and efficiency with Mexico. We’ll clarify.

The counterplan solves the case – reduces transportation congestion via monitoring without building new infrastructure

Paska ‘9
Eva. PhD of Geodetic Science from Ohio State. “State of the Art Remote Sensing Geospatial Technologies in Support of Transportation Monitoring and Management” 2009, ProQuest Dissertation Database GBS-JV
Federal and local government transportation management services monitor and¶ control the traffic over the
AND
. The trend of switching toward imaging¶ technologies is expected to increase.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Maine East AL | Judge: S Kennedy, Caminer, Nasser

The CP

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should establish a sufficient incentive modeled after the Green Community Tax Credit Program for Mexico’s state governments, local governments, and individual land owners that agree to renewable energy development on land over which they have jurisdiction. We’ll clarify.

They’d say yes.  Solves the aff and doesn’t link to politics

Rule ‘11
Troy. Prof Law at the University of Missouri, PhD University of Chicago. “Renewable Energy and the Neighbors” University of Utah Law Review, N4. December 2011. SocialScienceResearchNetworkGBS-JV
C. Additional Advantages of a Tax Credit Approach A Green Community Tax Credit program
AND
less likely to actively oppose a neighbor’s proposed wind turbine or solar panel.

The internal net benefit’s localism – an innovative and local approach to renewable energy development is key to sustainable development – incorporation of the affirmative’s “one size fits all” approach sparks backlash and turns the case

Rule ‘11
Troy. Prof Law at the University of Missouri, PhD University of Chicago. “Renewable Energy and the Neighbors” University of Utah Law Review, N4. December 2011. SocialScienceResearchNetworkGBS-JV
D. Green LULUs: Homevoter-Feared Sustainability A third set of sustainable land
AND
jurisdictions that regulate sustainable land use in ways that mirror their individual preferences.

Local food movement is key to small farms

NEW YORK TIMES 2012 (“Small Farmers Creating a New Business Model as Agriculture Goes Local,” July 1, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/02/us/small-scale-farmers-creating-a-new-profit-model.html)
But beyond the familiar mantras about nutrition or reduced fossil fuel use, the movement
AND
get financed, and who gets dirt under their fingernails doing the work.

Small farms are key to biodiversity

ROSSETT 1999 (Peter, Executive Director of Food First, “On the Benefits of Small Farms,” Feb 8, http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/policybs/pb4.html)
For more than a century, pundits have confidently predicted the demise of the small
AND
of small, family farm agriculture is a crucial step we must take.

Biodiversity loss causes extinction

Young 10 – PhD coastal marine ecology, Ruth, “Biodiversity: what it is and why it’s important”, February 9th, http://www.talkingnature.com/2010/02/biodiversity/biodiversity-what-and-why/
Different species within ecosystems fill particular roles, they all have a function, they
AND
on this planet possible and that our protection of biodiversity maintains this service.

Tournament: NU RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Hammond and Oddo

The United States federal government should:

- announce that domestic renewable energy subsidies constitute prohibited World Trade Organization subsidies and end said subsidies,

- cooperate with Mexico over geothermal, wind, and solar energy integration and development,

- and repeal the Renewable Fuel Standard.

The first plank solves trade cred – 1AC author

• • BEETZ 2012 (Becky, “China retaliates, finds US in violation of free-trade rules”, May 25, 2012, http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/china-retaliates~-~-finds-us-in-violation-of-free-trade-rules_100006951/#ixzz2jHsf1LAx)
    Citing a statement released on the ministry’s website yesterday, May 24, Bloomberg reports
    AND
    -market economies (NMEs). That could make the … decision moot."

geothermal, wind, and solar energy solves relations and the Mexican economy

DONNELLY 2010 (Robert Donnelly, Program associate with the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center., June 28 2010, U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda)
Could joint green-energy development help improve relations between the United States and Mexico
AND
points for a broader U.S.-Mexico dialogue, she remarked.

And we’ll reread your corn advantage internal link – it’s about why the Renewable Fuel Standard makes food shortages inevitable – repealing the RFS solves – we’re the only ones reading the entire article

MEAD 13 (Walter Mead, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College, co-founder of the New American Foundation, Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, former Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Ethanol Still a Boondoggle,” July 17, 2013, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/07/17/ethanol-still-a-boondoggle/)
The US has a law on the books, the Renewable Fuel Standard, that
AND
For once, the US should follow Europe’s lead on green energy policy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: McCarty, Sanchez, Taylor

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase financing for non-corn biofuels in Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

NADBank solves financing

NAPCO 13 – NAPCO meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona “An overview of the North American ¶ Development Bank and its involvement in ¶ the Renewable Energy sector” http://www.rmgfinancial.com/core/files/rmgfinancial/uploads/files/Ramirez_NADB_January_17_201320(for20posting).pdf
¶ NADB’s advantages for the financing of renewable energy projects include:¶ ? Loan terms
AND
. These models allow the Bank to analyze the expected cash flows.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

1NC CP

Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving nickel from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.

the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.

Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorneyand#39;s Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Intand#39;l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect
AND
produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. n353

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

1NC CP

The United States federal government should:

-grant an income tax deduction to property owners who donate qualified real property interests to urban gardening projects

-implement an Urban Agricultural Lease Credit

-exercise eminent domain authority for the promotion of urban agriculture as per our Peters evidence

-create a Sustainable Agriculture Educational Tax Credit

-expand the definition of “charitable purpose” as applied to section 170 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code to explicitly include urban agricultural programs

All as per our Peters evidence
We’ll clarify

Solves the aff – jumpstarts urban ag

PETERS 10 Kathryn, LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law. “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf

1. Cultivation Easements Currently, section 170 of the U.S. Internal
   AND
   should be allowed “above the line”253 to encourage maximum participation.

Tournament: NU RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster ZW | Judge: Conklin and McCarty

The United States federal government should lift all restrictions on sales to and transactions with Cuba involving telecommunications hardware and services, as described in our Piccone evidence.

Solves the aff

Piccone et al 10 – Theodore J. Piccone is a Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution; he served eight years as a senior policy advisor on Latin America in the Clinton Administration. Christopher Sabatini is Senior Director of Policy for the Americas Society/Council of the Americas and Editor-in-Chief of Americas Quarterly. Carlos Saladrigas is Co-Chairman of the Board of the Cuba Study Group, a nonprofit, non-partisan organization comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and prosperous Cuba. (“Bridging Cuba’s Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help”, July 2010, Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf)
On April 13, 2009, President Obama took the first step in what many
AND
in ecommerce, thus helping to lessen individual citizens’ dependency on the state.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

1NC Appeasement

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence

Brooks ‘9
Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB
In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

The signal of appeasement ignites a host of conflicts

Cohen 3-19
Eliot. Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins. “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 lnGBS-JV
In Mr. Obama's second term the limits of such withdrawal from conventional military commitments
AND
must, and those with an option hurry up and get nuclear weapons. 

Spratly island conflict goes nuclear

Doble 11 John, has an M.A. in International Affairs from American University and a B.A. in Political Science and History from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Maritime Disputes a Likely Source of Future Conflict” http://www.policymic.com/articles/2279/maritime-disputes-a-likely-source-of-future-conflict DecemberBM
Yesterday, the U.S. and China were involved in a nuclear exchange
AND
East Asia is equally untenable. Do we have a plan in place?

Russian meddling causes nuclear war

Mcdermott 11 - specializes in Russian and Central Asian defense and security issues and is a Senior Fellow in Eurasian Military Studies, The Jamestown Foundation, Washington DC, Senior International Research Fellow for the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Affiliated Senior Analyst, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. McDermott is on the editorial board of Central Asia and the Caucasus and the scientific board of the Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies. He recently wrote The Reform of Russia’s Conventional Armed Forces: Problems, Challenges and Policy Implications (Roger, “General Makarov Highlights the “Risk” of Nuclear Conflict”, 12/6/11, The Jamestown Foundation, http://www.jamestown.org/details/?tx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi15BshowUid5D=140andtx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi15BbackPid5D=60andno_cache=1)
In the current election season the Russian media has speculated
AND
than the old dogs of the Cold War would wish to chew on.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence

Brooks ‘9
Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB
In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

That spills over– destroys alliances and kills heg

Krauthammer 10 – American Pulitzer Prize-winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, Harvard graduate (Charles, “The fruits of weakness”, May 21 of 2010, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052003885.html)
But the deeper meaning of the uranium-export stunt is the brazenness with which
AND
and declaring its decline, and inviting rising powers to fill the vacuum.

Nuclear war

Zhang and Shi 11  - 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
Thus, the global distribution of power is shifting, and the inevitable result will
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

1NC Politics

Budget compromise coming now but time is key and focus trades off

Hughes and Hook 9/20 – Siobhan and Janet, writers for WSJ. (“House Passes Funding Bill Tied to Health Law”, 9/20/2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323308504579087032642057334.html)
WASHINGTON—The House of Representatives, voting
AND
"There could be some more back and forth."

That's specifically true for lifting the embargo

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Shutdown causes cyberattacks

Sideman, 2-23-2011 Alysha, Federal Computer Week Contributor, “Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown” http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1
With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Great power escalation.

Fritz, 2009 Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament: NU RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Hammond and Oddo

Biofuel trade with Mexico results in cellulosic ethanol funding – also causes US shift to cellulose because of land surpluses – 1AC author

McDonald, 12 (Jeffrey E. McDonald, Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration degrees from Mississippi College School of Law, and is currently pursuing his Master of Laws at the American University Washington College of Law, 2012, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States", ILSP Law Journal, www.wcl.american.edu/journal/ilsp/v1/3/mcdonald.pdf)
Current subsidization policies undermine environmental goals. Artificially controlled prices inflate demand and reduce investment
AND
-based ethanol to production of ethanol from biomass or cellulosic materials.155 

Cellulosic ethanol development will destroy global biomass supplies – the impact is extinction

Tad W. PATZEK, professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at U.C. Berkeley, 2008, Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, Chapter 2:  Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand?, p. 37 - , Online via Springerlink.
Therefore, in order to export biomass (mostly water, but also carbon,
AND
be a continental-scale ecologic and economic disaster of biblical proportions.24

Tournament: Emory | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Pipkin

1NC FDI DA

Foreign direct investment’s expanding in Mexico

Murphy ‘13
Maxwell. Investment Reporter for the WSJ. “Putting Down Roots in Mexico” The Wall Street Journal, 5/28/13 lnGBS-JV
Foreign direct investment in Mexico is expected to surge this year, and for years
AND
than-expected total for 2012 to about $13.4 billion.

The targeted economic engagement of the 1AC crowds out foreign direct investment

Sunesen and Selaya ‘8
Eva Sunesen and Pablo Selaya. Profs Econ at Copehagan. “Does Foreign Aid Increase Foreign Direct Investment?” Discussion Paper #08-04, August 2008 http://www.econ.ku.dk/english/research/publications/wp/2008/0804.pdf GBS-JV
Due to its potential to transfer knowledge and technology, create jobs, boost overall
AND
experiencing a drop¶ in domestic investments or a flight of foreign capital. 

That’s key to the global FDI regime – the alternative tanks growth and leadership

Meunier ‘12
Sophie. Scholar of Intl Affairs at Princeton. “Economic patriotism: Dealing with Chinese direct investment in the United States” Columbia FDI Perspectives, Vol 68. 5/14/12 http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/content/economic-patriotism-dealing-chinese-direct-investment-united-states#_ftn1 GBS-JV
Even though hosting Chinese FDI in the US is not free from risk, we
AND
the US could alternatively be directed to competitors or even the US’s enemies.

Foreign direct investment is a better remedy to the harms of the 1ac

Hormats ‘10
Robert. Undersec of Economic, Energy and Ag Affairs at the US Dept of State. “New Patterns of Investment in the Global Economy: Implications for US Leadership” Peterson Institute for Intl Economics, 10/6/10 http://www.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/2010/149187.htm//GBS-JV
It is a great pleasure for me to be here at the Peterson Institute today
AND
the global recession, it has begun to pick up again this year.¶

It is also a controlling impact – key to international stability

Aliu ‘12
Armando. Strategist at the Institute for Political Sciences at Hiedelberg Univ. “The BRICs Hegemony in a Post-American World Era – Analysis” Eurasia Review, 3/5/12 http://www.eurasiareview.com/05032012-the-brics-hegemony-in-a-post-american-world-era-analysis/
The Grand Strategy of the United States has been shaped between of Isolationism / Parochialism
AND
likely to live with because the world order will remain without being changed.¶

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

U.S. demand for fertilizer is set to rise- drives up prices

BLS.gov 13 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, Growing demand for fertilizer keeps prices high on the Internet athttp://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2013/ted_20130524.htm
Steadily growing global demand for grain crops has generated higher crop prices and increased demand
AND
a principle factor that led to the record fertilizer prices reached in 2008.

Low fertilizer prices kills African production

EILITTÄ 2006 (Marjatta, International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development, “Achieving an African Green Revolution: A Vision for Sustainable Agricultural Growth in Africa” http://www.africafertilizersummit.org/Background_Papers/0120Eilitta~-~-Achieving20an20African20Green20Revolution.pdf)
Fertilizer supply in sub-Saharan Africa is commonly
AND
importers mar- gins and dealer costs and mar- gins, among others.

Fertilizer is key to solve war, famine, poverty, and disease

EILITTÄ 2006 (Marjatta, International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development, “Achieving an African Green Revolution: A Vision for Sustainable Agricultural Growth in Africa” http://www.africafertilizersummit.org/Background_Papers/0120Eilitta~-~-Achieving20an20African20Green20Revolution.pdf)
Continued soil nutrient mining results in lower yields and thereby food insecurity. It forces
AND
and eventually become  a viable part of the global agri-  cultural community.

Nuke war

DEUTSCH 2002  (Jeffrey, Political Risk Consultant and Ph.D in Economics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18, http://list.webengr.com/pipermail/picoipo/2002-November/000208.html)
The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in
AND
an ocean of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Sara Sanchez

High food prices will keep the Ukranian economy strong now—agriculture is key to overwhelm losses by other industries

HUGH 2008 (Edward, economist, “Ukraine Inflation April 2008,” Ukraine Economy Watch, May 12, http://ukraineeconomy.blogspot.com/2008/05/ukraine-inflation-april-2008.html)
In the short term the agricultural situation may be about to improve, since
AND
disappointing in January as it reported a rather moderate 14 yoy increase.

Ukrainian economic strength is key to prevent nationalism and collapse—the impact is U.S.-Russian nuclear war

ROMANENKO 12-1-2008 (Yuriy, Ukranian political scientist, “Ukraine is heading for a civil war,” December 1, http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/article/view/30081/)
Economic crisis will cause that new forces with leftist and nationalist orientation enter
AND
threat of an attack arise, Ukraine may blackmail Russia as well as Europe.

Tournament: IHSA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West AB | Judge: Pipken, Brzny

1NC

Local food movement increasing now

PR WEB 2012 (Local Food Movement on the Rise Throughout the Country, July 25, http://news.yahoo.com/local-food-movement-rise-throughout-country-070315898.html)
Los Angeles, CA (PRWEB) July 25, 2012 The ….Angeles based weight loss surgeon.

High shipping costs are key to that

NEW YORK TIMES 2008 (Shipping Costs Start to Crimp Globalization, August 3, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/business/worldbusiness/03global.html?pagewanted=all)
Soaring transportation costs also….a long time for all this to settle down.”

Local food movement solves famine worldwide

GOODWIN 2011 (Craig, Presbyterian pastor and author of a book on food production, “How the local-food movement is helping solve the problem of world hunger,” Seattle Times, 11-31, http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2016658397_guest01goodwin.html)
AS Congress gears up to debate the issue of … world. And perhaps locavores will lead the way.

Nuke war

CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor of several newspapers and books. His published work includes over 7,000 newspaper articles, 1,000 broadcasts, and three books and has received 32 awards for science, medical, agricultural and business journalism. He was Director, National Awareness, for Australia's science agency, CSIRO, foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators, and originated the CGIAR's Future Harvest strategy. He has worked as a newspaper editor, science editor for "The Australian "and head of public affairs for CSIRO. He runs his own science communication consultancy, “The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26)
This is the most likely means by which …. widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.

2NC

Local food is key to economic recovery and sustainable growth – larger multiplier effect

WP 2009 (Washington Post, “Can local food jump-start the economy?” http://voices.washingtonpost.com/all-we-can-eat/sustainable-food/can-local-food-jumpstart-the-economy.html) BW
Gourmands have long embraced local food because….of economic growth, providing a model for other kinds of entrepreneurs.

NAFTA crushes small farms

Wise 09 – Timothy Wise is Director of the Research and Policy Program at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University in Medford Massachusetts, where he leads the Institute’s Globalization and Sustainable Development Program. Prof. Wise’s research focus has been on trade policies and treaties, global food security and rural development. He has written extensively on the impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Mexico and what lessons the NAFTA experience offers regarding future U.S. trade agreements as well free trade impacts upon the global food crisis and commodity price speculation. Prior to joining the Institute in 1999, he was the Executive Director of the international aid agency Grassroots International. (“Reforming NAFTA’s Agricultural Provisions”, November 2009, http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/PardeeNAFTACh3WiseAgricNov09.pdf)
NAFTA’s agricultural provisions have always been ….gaps between Mexico and its agricultural trading partners.

Small farms are key to solve soil erosion, and ag diversity

ROSSETT 1999 (Peter, Executive Director of Food First, “On the Benefits of Small Farms,” Feb 8, http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/policybs/pb4.html)
For more than a century, pundits have confidently predicted the demise …of small, family farm agriculture is a crucial step we must take.

Agricultural diversity solves extinction and provides resiliency to the affs advantages

Mulvany 2001—senior policy adviser at Practical Action. Chair of the UK Food Group. Has been a trustee of Oxfam, Action Aid and CIIR and adviser to many other international NGOs. He was a founder editorial board member of Development in Practice journal. Masters degree from Oxford University and is a chartered member of the Institute of Biology—AND—Rachel Berger—climate change Policy Advisor with Practical Action (Patrick, Agricultural Biodiversity: Farmers Sustaining the Web of Life, http://practicalaction.org/docs/advocacy/fwn_bio-div_briefing.pdf,  )
Agricultural biodiversity embraces the living matter …useful in confronting future challenges.

Soil erosion causes extinction

Globe and Mail 2007 - John Allemang, feature writer, 12 May 2007, “Planet Earth has a dirty little secret,” Journal: Globe and Mail, pg. F4
Dirt is disappearing, and when it goes, … observes, "are one of the few places on the planet that can produce agricultural surpluses and feed the world."

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Andres Gannon

Cuba trades off with the Middle East

Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105
The current economic, political, and .... countries, especially in the Middle East.

That causes Saudi Arabia to flood the oil market and collapse prices

MORSE AND RICHARDS 2002 (Edward L. Morse is Executive Adviser at Hess Energy Trading Company and was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Energy Policy in 1979-81. James Richard is a portfolio manager at Firebird Management, an investment fund active in eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, Foreign Affairs, March/April)
A simple fact explains this conclusion: .... preceding four years, mainly to non-OPEC countries.

That crushes the Russian economy and undermines support for the regime

KRAMER 12 – New York Times writer and editor (ANDREW E. “Higher Oil Prices to Pay for Campaign Promises” New York Times March 16, 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/business/global/vladimir-putins-big-promises-need-fueling-by-high-oil-prices.html?_r=2?pagewanted=print Putin Needs)
MOSCOW — In American presidential politics, .... part of the plan, though, was never part of Mr. Putin’s stump speech.

Nuclear war

FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health .... Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Donnenfeld

1NC Steel DA

Steel glut now

Trefis ‘13
Trefis. Stock Market Investment Firm. “U.S. Steel Expected To Report Soft Earnings On Lower Demand And Prices” 4/26/13 http://www.trefis.com/stock/x/articles/182951/u-s-steel-expected-to-report-soft-earnings-on-lower-demand-and-prices/2013-04-26 GBS-JV
U.S. Steel (NYSE:X) will announce its first quarter
AND
is down by 7 from the previous year’s levels. 2

Infrastructure projects require massive quantities of steel – reverses the glut

Corpac ‘13
Corpac Steel. “ Infrastructure Projects Worldwide Depend on Steel Manufacture and Delivery “  4/24/13 http://corpacsteel.blogspot.com/2013/04/infrastructure-projects-worldwide.html GBS-JV
Rail and highway infrastructure projects require massive quantities of steel, and often these products
AND
the product be right, the delivery has to be right as well.

Key to robust shipbuilding

SSN 11-7
The Sino Ship News. “Depression in steel industry will stimulate shipbuilding industry – Mr Wang” SSN, 11/7/13 http://logistic.steelguru.com/global/517/depression_in_steel_industry_will_stimulate_shipbuilding_industry_mr_wang GBS-JV
The depression in the steel industry still continues, Mr Wang Yingsheng, Director of
AND
, however, the low steel prices will greatly stimulate the shipbuilding industry.

Vital internal link to naval power – steel affects every sector

NLUS ‘12
(Navy League of the United States, Since 1902, the NLUS has sought to provide a stronger sea voice to Congress and to the American people, “America’s Maritime Industry: the foundation of American seapower.”, May 2012 http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf)  
The American Maritime Industry also contributes to our national defense by sustaining the shipbuilding and
AND
shipyard labor are key elements in maintaining U.S. maritime superiority. 

Existential threat

England et al. ‘11
(Gordon England is a former secretary of the Navy. General James Jones is a former commandant of the Marine Corps. Admiral Vern Clark is a former chief of naval operations; “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power,” July 11, http://gcaptain.com/necessity-u-s-naval-power?27784)
The future security environment underscores two broad security trends. First, international political realities
AND
is exactly what we will need to meet the challenges of the future.

2NC

Transportation infrastructure requires huge quantities of steel

AISI 12
(American Iron and Steel Institute, ("AISI Public Policy Priorities – Promoting a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda," February 2, www.steel.org/Public20Policy//media/Files/AISI/Public20Policy/Agenda/AISI2012PublicPolicyAgenda20_20Final20020212.ashx)
A globally competitive economy depends .... estimated ¶ $24 billion over the next 10 years.

Steel prices are driven by infrastructure demands

Kuepper 13
(Justin, "Investing In Steel: The Definitive Guide," 2-16, commodityhq.com/2013/investing-in-steel-the-definitive-guide/)
Infrastructure and Transportation Demand: .... push steel demand sharply higher.

No new infrastructure spending coming now – the house will block it

Robertson 11-8
Campbell. Politics for the New York Times. “Obama, Under Health Law Cloud, Hits Road to Push New Public Works” The NYT, 11/8/13 lnGBS-JV
 Mr. Obama tied all the topics to .... projects, leveraged with private money, have gone nowhere. 

Steel prices are the determining factor for the steel industry – material costs matter most and it’s the only variable they can’t get around

HeeWon ‘10
Duck. Masters Science MIT, BS Management Studies Seoul National University. “A Study of Korean Shipbuilders’ Strategy for Sustainable Growth” June 2010 MIT Sloan School of Management, SSRN GBS-JV
The main portion of shipbuilding .... Manufactured of Korean shipbuilders in 2004)

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

1NC TPP DA

TPP deal will happen now – concessions

The Hill 8-16, (and#34;TPP doable this year: New Zealand ambassador,and#34; 2013, thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/317455-tpp-doable-this-year-new-zealand-ambassador)
The giant Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement that the Obama
AND
to paper over the political pain of ending tariff protections for sensitive industries.

Sanctions are re-appropriated

Hirsch 8, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Moshe, and#34;Rules of Origin as Instruments of Foreign and Domestic Policies,and#34; Paper submitted to the Conference on “The Politics ofInternational Economic Law: TheNext Four Years”, The American Society ofInternational Law: InterestGroup on International Economic Law,November 13?15, 2008 www.asil.org/files/ielconferencepapers/hirsch.pdf)
RoOs = Rules of Origin (another mechanism for protectionism) 

Increasing legal restrictions on the application of other trade barriers: Domestic ¶ and external
AND
restrictive RoOs are increasingly needed as a substitute for ¶ traditional trade barriers.

US concessions on TPP key to trade credibility

Lewis 11 -  Meredith Kolsky Lewis received her BA from Northwestern University and her J.D. and MSFS degrees from  Georgetown University.  Prior to entering academia she praacticed international trade and litigation in the Washington, DC and Tokyo offices of Shearman and Sterling LLP. Lewis’s research focuses on international economic law, with a particular emphasis on international trade law and the World Trade Organization. She teaches public and private international law subjects, including International Trade Law and International Business Transactions. She is also Director of the Canada-United States Legal Studies Centre, (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership: New Paradigm or Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing?”, 1-1-2011, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1264andcontext=iclr) 

The Obama administration is wise to negotiate for a Trans-Pacific  Partnership. Such
AND
strategic objectives—and instead take the necessary steps to achieve those goals.

US Trade leadership is critical to stability, growth, hegemony and solving every global problem

PANITCHPAKDI 4, former Director General, (Supachai, and#34;American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?,and#34; Feb 26, WTO https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm) 

I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States,
AND
medicines for poor countries, in which the US played a pivotal role.

Tournament: Blake | Round: Octas | Opponent: New Trier PW | Judge: Ehrlich, Shakoor, Pappas

Affirmative teams should instrumentally defend topical action—the role of the ballot is to determine if an example of the resolution is good or bad

Failure to do so is a voting issue –

Clash – they crush the limit on the topic – there are an infinite number of reasons the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative – these obviate the predictable strategies – they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates – the resolution is the only stasis point for fair debate –A limited topic that provides for ground for discussion is key to productive decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-¶
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a  
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Only our framework teaches debaters how to speak in the language of experts-~--that solves cession of science and politics to ideological elites who dominate the argumentative frame

Hoppe 99 Robert Hoppe is Professor of Policy and knowledge in the Faculty of Management and Governance at Twente University, the Netherlands. "Argumentative Turn" Science and Public Policy, volume 26, number 3, June 1999, pages 201–210 works.bepress.com
ACCORDING TO LASSWELL (1971), policy science is about the production and application of
AND
and to a broader audience of an ideologically disoriented and politically disenchanted citizenry.

their lack of stasis and adherence to the resolution destroys Switch side debate – that’s key to prevent authoritarian discourse and dogmatism

Hanghoj 8 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor. http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf Herm
One of the key elements of dialogical pedagogy, and consequently a dialogical game pedagogy
AND
can be supported by the interplay of different voices in a classroom setting. 

Dialogue solves – Roleplaying fosters tolerance

Muir ‘93
Star. Prof Comm @ George Mason. Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol 26 No 4 1993 JSTORGBS-JV
Values clarification, Stewart is correct in pointing out, does not mean that no
AND
of competition), effectively renders the value structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic.

Independently, examining policy in the context of trade in Latin America is uniquely beneficial

Giordano and Li 12 – *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

Note: Brent sucks at the wiki so I (Callahan) do cite stuff…this may not be all of the defensive cards he read (but it’s definitely all the offense) – ask him if you want to make sure if there weren’t more.

Middle East war would be short and small-scale

FERGUSON 2006 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)
Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over Lebanon produce World War III? That's
AND
, at any rate, is clearly the assumption being made in Washington.

No escalation

A) Arab states won’t escalate

COOK et al 2007 (Steven A., fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; Ray Takeyh (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in
AND
its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

B) No economic damage and no great power intervention

KELLEY 2002 (Jack, national security writer for the Post-Gazette and The Blade of Toledo Pittsburgh Post Gazette, April 7)
During the Cold War, there was reason to suppose an Arab-Israeli war
AND
would harm Arabs more than the loss of their oil would harm us.

Middle East war solves warming

CETRON AND DAVIES SEPTEMBER 1 2007 (Marvin, president of Forecasting International Ltd.; Owen, former senior editor at Omni magazine and freelance writer, The Futurist)
Coal gasification. In an effort to wean the United States off foreign oil,
AND
solar, wind, and other renewable power technologies already have proven useful.

B) Extinction

Tickell 8 Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Guardian, 8-11, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Continuing instability in the Middle East will guarantee strong Ukrainian arms exports

UKRAINIAN TIMES 2011 (“Ukraines Export Potential On World Arms Market Estimated At $8 Billion,” April 6, lexis)

Recently, 120 Ukrainian design bureaus, research institutes and plants participated in the arms
AND
potential on the world arms market is estimated at some $8 billion.

B) That’s key to Ukrainian economic recovery

STACK 3-17-2010 (Business New Europe, “Ukraine’s defence sector apprehensive over pro-Russian foreign policy,” http://grahamstack.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/ukraines-defence-sector-apprehensive-over-pro-russian-foreign-policy/)

Ukraine’s annus horibilis of 2009 did not extend to its defence sector. In fact
AND
implemented, leaving Ukraine’s defence sector reliant on exports for the foreseeable future.

C) Nuke war

ROMANENKO 2008 (Yuriy, Ukranian political scientist, “Ukraine is heading for a civil war,” December 1, http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/article/view/30081/)

Economic crisis will cause that new forces with leftist and nationalist
AND
Should the threat of an attack arise, Ukraine may blackmail Russia as well as Europe.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles North WO | Judge: Ross Garrett

1NC Global Governance

Regional organizations are rising as a result of OAS decline – the aff reverses that

Ellsworth 12 – Latin American Correspondent for Reuters (Brian, “Despite Obama charm, Americas summit boosts U.S. isolation,” 4/16/12, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/us-americas-summit-obama-idUSBRE83F0UD20120416)
(Reuters) - President Barack Obama sat patiently through diatribes, interruptions and even
AND
said Geoff Thale, program director at the Washington Office on Latin America.

These informal institutions solve global governance

Grant and Valasek 11 Charles Grant has been director of the Centre for European Reform since its foundation in 1998. He is the author of many CER publications, including, most re c e n t l y, ‘European choices for Gord o n B rown’ (July 2007) and ‘Euro p e ’s blurred boundaries: re t h i n k i n g e n l a rgementandneighbourhoodpolicy’(October2006).He pre v i o u s l y worked at TheEconomist,writing abouttheCity,the EUanddefence. Tomas Valasek is director of foreign policy and defence atthe Centre for European Reform. He has written extensively on transatlantic relations,European foreign and security policy, and defence industrial issues. He previously worked as policy director and head of the security and defence policy divisionat the Slovak Ministry ofDefence. “Preparing for the multipolar world European foreign and security policy in 2020
By 2020 the world will need new institutions, both formal and informal, to
AND
power – the bene?ts of international co-operation, institutions and rules.

Cooperative global governance is key to solve multiple scenarios for extinction

Kupchan 12 *Charles Kupchan is a professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn, book
For the West to speak out against political repression and overt violations of the rule
AND
notion of legitimacy if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.

1NC Venezuela Prolif

Regional organizations are rising as a result of OAS decline – the aff reverses that

Ellsworth 12 – Latin American Correspondent for Reuters (Brian, “Despite Obama charm, Americas summit boosts U.S. isolation,” 4/16/12, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/us-americas-summit-obama-idUSBRE83F0UD20120416)
(Reuters) - President Barack Obama sat patiently through diatribes, interruptions and even
AND
said Geoff Thale, program director at the Washington Office on Latin America.

Also key to latin American proliferation

NTI No Date The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) “Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)” http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/community-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-celac/
At the time of inauguration of CELAC, on 3 December 2011, the Heads
AND
) decision to recognize the Quadripartite Agreement as an alternative to Additional Protocols.

Venezuelan prolif causes extinction

Zulauga ‘5
Felipe. President of Visions of Latin America at the Univ of Pitt. “Venezuela…A Good Neighbor?” 2005, http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/publications/Visions_vol1_issue1.pdf
Although Chavez indicates that the development of nuclear power is to be for peaceful purposes
AND
it is probable that other countries with previous intentions to develop military nuclear capacity

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles West KP | Judge: Chris Birzer

1NC

Heg causes war and prolif-recalcitrant power balancing takes out the benefits of heg

Monteiro 11 *Nuno P. Monteiro is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064, “Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is not Peaceful”
A unipole carrying out a defensive-dominance strategy will seek to preserve all three
AND
shifted toward a strategy of offensive dominance, to which I turn next. 

Prolif causes extinction

Asal and Beardsley 09 (Victor, Department of Political Science, State University of New York, Albany, and Kyle, Department of Political Science, Emory University, Winning with the Bomb, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Beardsley-Asal_Winning_with_the_Bomb.pdf)
Conclusion Why do states proliferate? Nuclear weapons and the programs necessary to create them
AND
necessarily mean that the weapons are a net benefit for peace and stability.

Heg can’t control international outcomes

Carranza 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A and M (Mario E., "Reality Check: America's Continuing Pursuit of Regional Hegemony," Contemporary Security Policy, 31: 3, 406-440)
International hegemony is both a structural matter and a matter of choice. After the
AND
ignored by the scholarly debates on unipolarity and American primacy after 11 September. 

1NR

Heg collapse frees the world from oil dependence and cause alternative energy investment – solves the other advantage

Fettweis 10 *Christopher  Professor of Political Science at Tulane University Dangerous Times? The International Politics of Great Power Peace, p. 171-172
The second reason the United States should reduce its presence in the Persian Gulf is
AND
. As Cortez discovered, sometimes brazen acts are necessary to inspire progress.

Liberalism is inevitable – hegemony isn’t key

Ikenberry, 11 – (May/June issue of Foreign Affairs, G. John, PhD, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, “The Future of the Liberal World Order,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/
articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order?page=show)
For all these reasons, many observers have concluded
AND
 prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.

Multipolarity solves war- lack of great power aggressiveness makes war unthinkable, empirical examples fail this system will be different

Schweller 10 *Randall Schweller is a Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010
Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without balancing or power-seeking behaviour
AND
beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005). 

The Kagans hyperbolize everything

Macdonald and Parent 11 * Paul-Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami November/ December 2011, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136510/joseph-m-parent-and-paul-k-macdonald/the-wisdom-of-retrenchment
Despite the erosion of U.S. military and economic dominance, many observers
AND
politics, where balancing coalitions are notably absent and ideological disputes remarkably mild. 

We’ll internal link turn all of their military power arguments-eminent military power makes all of our threats non-credible and prevents peaceful resolution to crises-a world of parity is the only way to access credible threats and military power

Monteiro 10 *Nuno P. Monteiro is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University. His research and teach¬ing focuses on international relations theory and security studies. He is currently writing a book on the causes of conflict in a unipolar world. Professor Monteiro received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2009 http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/105216monteiro.pdf, Spring Summer 2010, “Why U.S. Does Not Deter Challenges”
Well into the Obama presidency, the broadest foreign policy challenge facing the United States
AND
no surprise. It follows from the unparalleled power of the United States. 

Empirically declining powers don’t lashout

MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment”.  International Security Spring 2011, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 7-44.)
With regard to militarized disputes, declining great powers demonstrate more caution and restraint in
AND
of retreating to a more defensible—and credible—set of commitments.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Pipkin

1NC Borders K

What does it mean to build border infrastructure? Even though it’s painted as increasing mobility, this is instead a solidification of the frontier -~-- we are forced to become passive in the face of the State, as more checkpoints and fences are built.

DEVADAS AND MUMMERY 2008 - Vijay Devadas and Jane Mummery, University of Otago and University of Ballarat, “Protean Borders and Unsettled Interstices”, borderlands, VOLUME 7 NUMBER 1
The frontier is a wake-up call … At the frontier our liberty is
AND
1999; de Sousa Santos 2002) (Shamir, 2005: 198).

The alternative is to demand infrastructure without borders. This utopian demand problematizes the social constructions that we put up in response to the Other. Borders are the root cause of the violent hierarchies that cause oppression and war.

FERNÁNDEZ ET AL 2006, Carlos Fernández is Doctor in Sociology and works as a precarious researcher at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Meredith Gill is a PhD candidate in the Program in Comparative Studies in Discourse and Society at the University of Minnesota, and Jessica Whyte is a PhD candidate in the Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies at Monash University, Australia. “Erasing the Line, or, the Politics of the Border”, 2006 ephemera 6(4): 466-483
In ‘The Politics of Utopia’, Fredric Jameson highlights the continuing practical-political
AND
be seen as an attack on the very heart of the capitalist machine.

Tournament: NU RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster ZW | Judge: Conklin and McCarty

1NC

Linear predictions fail and cause serial policy failure

Sa, 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, (“CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL,”  International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)
In many cases, a small choice might lead to overwhelming results that generate either
AND
states, the same environments, and governed by the same causal relationships.

The impact is extinction – embracing complexity is necessary to solve sustainability

Gell-Mann, 97 – Murray, Nobel Laureate in Physics and professor at the Santa Fe Institute and co-chairman of the Science Board (“Chapter 1: The Simple and the Complex,” Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, ed. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_Complexity_Global.pdf)

At this conference, issues of global politics and security will be addressed, including
AND
politics as parts of a very general set of questions about the future.

The alternative to engage in policy analysis of complexity- key to have preferable political results in a chaotic world

Rosenau, 97 – professor emeritus of international affairs at George Washington (James, “Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs”, Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, http://www.dodccrp.org/html4/bibliography/comch04.html)
In short, there are strict limits within which theorizing based on the premises of
AND
a guide both to comprehending a fragmegrated world and theorizing within its limits.

1NR Impact

Causes crisis instability – makes war inevitable and turns the aff

Saperstein, 97 – professor of physics at Wayne State (Alvin, “Complexity, Chaos, and National Security Policy: Metaphors or Tools?, Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, http://www.dodccrp.org/html4/bibliography/comch05.html)
Analogously, if it were reasonable to mathematically model the world system of nations,
AND
as has been previously suggested, it may significantly aid the military educator.

1NR Framework

The K is a prior question – fundamental unpredictability means policy formulation strategy always precedes the policy solutions themselves

Saperstein 96 Alvin, professor of physics at Wayne State, “The Prediction of Unpredictability: Applications of the New Paradigm of Chaos in Dynamical Systems to the Old Problem of the Stability of a System of Hostile Nations,” in Chaos Theory in the Social Sciences, supra, at 139, 152.
One of the peculiar challenges of Complexity for the public policymaker – as opposed to
AND
turn, there is no control, what do we have policymakers for?

The more specific the education, the shorter its shelf-life –focus on framing questions is key

ECHEVARR 2005 (Dr. Antulio J. Echevarria II is the Director of Research and Director of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, US ArmyWar College, Parameters, Summer)
Accordingly, history faces stiff competition for curriculum space from other disciplines—the political
AND
history has much to offer. But not in the way traditionally thought.

Predictions Fail

Linear, causal predictions fail – the probability of the link causing the impact is functionally zero because of the reduction of probability within every causal chain true – vote neg on presumption

Yudkowsky 7 - Eliezer, Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, “Burdensome Details”, 9/20,http://lesswrong.com/lw/jk/burdensome_details/
¶  "Merely corroborative detail, intended to give artistic verisimilitude to an otherwise bald
AND
. There is no straw that lacks the power to break your back.

Empirics/Models

Empirics fail – they ignore too many factors

Chapman, 04 – Jake, renowned systems thinker and former professor of energy systems at the Open University (“Preface to the second edition,” System failure Why governments must learn to think differently, Second edition, First Published 2002, second edition 2004, Demos, http://www.demos.co.uk/files/systemfailure2.pdf)
In System Failure I argue that the dominant approach to policymaking was based on mechanistic
AND
link policy and interventions unambiguously because too many other variables are also changing.

An infinite number of variables that can all alter the outcome of an event make predictions impossible.

Suteanu 5 Cristian, associate professor at St. Mary’s University, “Complexity, Science and the Public : The Geography of a New Interpretation” Theory Culture Society 2005 22: 113
Events that are unique are not supposed to teach us anything and therefore their relevance
AND
problematic, as shown by theoretical studies (Suteanu et al., 1997).

Economic Rationality

economic rationality doesn’t work – if one actor deviates, it creates a chain reaction that collapses the system – linear, causal predictions are impossible

Arthur, 95 – W. Brian, Morrison Professor of Economics and Population Studies, Stanford University (“Complexity in Economic and Financial Markets,” Complexity, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1995, https://www.google.com/search?num=100andhl=enandq=E2809CComplexity+in+Economic+and+Financial+MarketsE2809Dandoq=E2809CComplexity+in+Economic+and+Financial+MarketsE2809Dandaq=fandaqi=g-K2g-mK1andaql=andgs_l=serp.3..0i30l2j0i5i30.286168.287687.0.288309.2.2.0.0.0.0.135.258.0j2.2.0...0.0.cIhmcawH2B4)
One way to look at the economy, the standard way in fact, is
AND
. On the contrary, it pervades all of economics and game theory.

Banking specific

The alt solves the case—a systems-level analysis in the only way to make the banking system sustainable and effective

Haber 13 – Stephen Haber is A.A. and Jeanne Welch Milligan Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University and Peter and Helen Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. Charles W. Calomiris is Henry Kaufman Professor of Financial Institutions at Columbia Business School and a Visiting Scholar in the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. They are the authors of the forthcoming book Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit. (“Why Banking Systems Succeed -- And Fail: The Politics Behind Banking Institutions”, November/December 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140162/charles-w-calomiris-and-stephen-h-haber/why-banking-systems-succeed-and-fail)
Perhaps no pair of countries more clearly demonstrates the way politics determines banking stability
AND
in a democracy depends on informed and stubborn unreasonableness.

Perm

The perm fails – a fundamental reorientation of methodology is necessary

Hosseinie and Mahzoon, 11 – *Radmarz,  Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, and Mojtaba, Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University (“Irreducibility and emergence in complex systems and the quest for alternative insights,” Complexity, vol. 17, is. 2, November/December 2011, article first published 6/23/11, Wiley)RK
THE QUEST FOR ALTERNATIVE INSIGHTS IN FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE The obscure status of contemporary science
AND
, phenomena of other sciences would be emergent according to this isolated science!

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Michael Greenstein

1NC K

Movements aligned against Western modernity are succeeding now in Latin America, but it’s tenuous. The plan reverses the trend, causes ecological destruction, and exacerbates the harms of the 1AC. The alternative is to vote neg - rejecting their method is a prior question.

Escobar ‘10
Arturo. Prof Anthropology at UNC-Chapel Hill. “Latin America at a Crossroads: Alternative Modernizations, Post-Liberalism, or Post-Development?” Cultural Studies, Vol 24 N1. 2010. EbscoGBS-JV
Deeply enmeshed in the history of Western modernity since the Conquest, the¶ region
AND
life and to¶ reconnect with the stream of life in the planet.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: CE Byrd DN | Judge: Morgan Titcher

K

The 1AC has made the claim that certain forms of action are unknowable and irrational—their Fernando evidence specifically gives the example of the suicide bomber—that closes off the possibility of economic investigation to explain and respond to terrorism’s legitimate political grievances-~--only economics resolves presumptions of irrationality that cause violent political responses

Harrison 6 Mark Harrison is a professor of economics at the University of Warwick and a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University and#34;An Economist Looks at Suicide Terrorismand#34; World Economics 7:4 (2006), pp. 1-15 Sept 13 2006 www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/academic/harrison/public/we06postprint.pdf
Suicide terrorism has an economic aspect. The organisation of a suicide
AND
implications for countering suicide terrorist threats, but no magic solution will present itself.

The impact is global wars

Mouffe 7 Chantal Mouffe, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, 2007, “Carl Schmitt’s warning on the dangers of a unipolar world,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, Edited by: Odysseos and Petito, p. 152
I submit that it is high time to acknowledge
AND
despite its intentions, the universalist discourse is, in fact, contributing.

Only economic investigation breaks the cycle of violence-~--political grievances like the Israeli-Palestine dispute can be resolved but only if actors understand suicide and suicide terrorism as a product of explicit political choices

Foldvary 4 Fred E. Foldvary is a lecturer in economics at Santa Clara University, California, and a research fellow at The Independent Institute and#34;The Economics of Suicide Bombingand#34; www.progress.org/2004/fold353.htm
Can we apply economic theory to suicide bombers?
AND
we gain a better understanding of how to change bad outcomes.

All humans are rational, even if it doesn’t at first seem that way or there are actions that aren’t perfectly rational on face

Foldvary 13 lecturer in economics at Santa Clara University – California, research fellow at The Independent Institute, commentator and senior editor for The Progress Report, and associate editor of Econ Journal Watch (Fred E. Foldvary, 21 January 2013, “Economic Rationality,” The Progress Report, http://www.progress.org/2013/fold804.htm)
The concept of rational action is a frontier of economic
AND
inconsistent with the desire of most to live peaceful, prosperous, happy lives.

Images of catastrophes and death that their butterfield evidence criticizes are good and create a shift to common humanity

Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan and#34;CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTERand#34; gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes.  

Deviation from economic decision-making ensures wars and mass violence

DANIEL M. HAUSMAN 2006 Prof @ University of Wisconsin MICHAEL S. McPHERSON @ The Spencer Foundation, Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy, accessed online p279
There are many mundane detailed issues in economic
AND
alternative possible indices depends on both economics and ethics.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Maine East AL | Judge: S Kennedy, Caminer, Nasser

The K

1NC

The aff’s framing of energy policy as a question of impacts to avoid obscures the affirmative question of what kind of society we want to build—they cement the hegemony of technological thought and undermine democratic decision making

WINNER 1989 (Prof of Poli Sci at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Whale and the Reactor)
In recent times the idea of recognizing limits upon the growth of certain technologies
AND
in that stuffy Trojan horse too long, even soldiers of virtue eventually suffocate.

This primacy of technique turns the case and causes extinction

WILKINSON 1964 (John, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, forward to The Technological Society by Jacques Ellul)
It should not be imagined, however, that the universal concentration camp which Ellus
AND
the continued well-being of society, if by well-being we understand social equilibrium. 

The alternative is to reject the 1AC- only this iconoclastic rejection of the ‘technique’ opens up a space for truly reasonable debate

KOWALSKI AND HALUZA-DE LAY 2011 (Nathan, St. Joseph’s College; Randolph, King’s University College, “Homo Energeticus: An Ellulian Analysis of the Alberta Tar Sands,” Dec 17, http://www.academia.edu/1216875/Homo_energeticus_Jacques_Ellul_on_the_Alberta_Oilsands)
Kevin Garrison summarizes thus: modern techno-logic is “a continual move toward
AND
can truly reasonable debate take place as to how their development might proceed.

Framework

The way in which we describe policies should be evaluated prior to the results– this does not mean they can’t weigh impacts, rather that our kritik is a prior question– this is the most logical and is vital for policymaking

Neta Crawford, 2002. PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Professor of Political Science @ Brown. Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 19-21.
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling.” Hence framing is a meta-argument.

The more specific the education, the shorter its shelf-life –focus on framing questions

ECHEVARR 2005 (Dr. Antulio J. Echevarria II is the Director of Research and Director of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, US ArmyWar College, Parameters, Summer)
Accordingly, history faces stiff competition for curriculum space from other disciplines—the political
AND
history has much to offer. But not in the way traditionally thought.

Policy education from debate is unrealistic – therefore unpredictable and useless

CLAUDE 1988 (Inis, Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs, University of Virginia, States and the Global System, pages 18-20)
This view of the state as an institutional monolith is fostered by the notion of
AND
and discipline that theory attributes to them–and that they sometimes claim.

Identifying with the state scapegoats it for violence which allows evil to continue

Shaffer 2007 Butler teaches at the Southwestern University School of Law. B.S., Law, 1958, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; B.A., Political Science, 1959, and J.D., 1961, University of Chicago; Member, Colorado and Nebraska State Bars. “Identifying With the State” June 29th 2007. http://www.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html
One of the deadliest practices we engage in is that of identifying ourselves with a
AND
conflict – to a centered, self-directed integrity in our lives.

A2:: Energy good

There’s no such thing as “good technology” without first determining what constitutes the good—we don’t reject energy – we think their framing of the energy debate is a flawed starting point – beginning with critique doesn’t preclude intervention

WINNER 1989 (Prof of Poli Sci at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Whale and the Reactor)
For anyone who had followed the rise ofthe appropriate technology movement during the middle 1970s
AND
it persuade those already committed to orthodox forms of technical and economic practice?

Adapting humans to technology results in inequality, dehumanization, and the eclipse of culture

ELLUL 1989 (Jacques, French sociologist and philosopher but not like totally mainstream like the other ones, What I Believe, Trans. Bromiley, http://www.jesusradicals.com/wp-content/uploads/what.pdf)
Thus one of the great themes today is technological culture. We are supposedly
AND
we repudiate. The relevance of this aspect of what I believe is by no means negligible.

A2:: Case outweighs

Their “case outweighs” argument frames impacts in terms of risk which benefits conservative interests and maintains the social hegemony of technique

WINNER 1989 (Prof of Poli Sci at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Whale and the Reactor)
But from the point of view I've described here, the risk debate is one
AND
the concept to play an important role in their positions on public issues.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Batterman, Abelkop, Donnenfeld

1NC K

The affirmative’s transportation planning is based on masculine notions of autonomy and progress

Bauhardt 2004 (Christine, Technical University of Berlin Institute of Urban and Regional Planning, Urban Development and Transportation Infrastructures: Insights from the Ruhr Region, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CFkQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fwww.ifz.tugraz.at2FMedia2FDateien2FDownloads-IFZ2FSummer-Academy2FProceedings-20042FUrban-Development-and-Transportation-Infrastructures-Insights-from-the-Ruhr-Regionandei=1bjxT4TdK4is8QS1u4X3DAandusg=AFQjCNETXWV2Zg7c7C1sVijFo3CcG7tCkA JGC )
My first thesis is that the acceleration of these tendencies and their equation with economic
AND
transportation conditions and thereby also guarantee the free movement of all urban inhabitants.

These so-called objective discourses create both overt nuclear destruction and structural violence – vote negative to adapt the position of a feminist separatist – only divorcing from the dominant culture can reflect back social change

Weedon 1999 (Chris, the Chair of the Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory at Cardiff University, Feminism, theory, and the politics of difference, p. 90-93)
In the order of reason which has governed Western thought since the rise of Ancient
AND
nor their language can exist. (1994: 106; original 1989)

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Cam Colella

1NC K

the Aff’s focus on seemingly foreign warmaking erases ongoing domestic warfare making racist structural violence inevitable

LOYD 11 (Jenna M. Loyd Syracuse University, American Exceptionalism, Abolition and the Possibilities of Nonkilling Futures, Nonkilling Geography, p. 103-124)

While a good deal of critical attention has analyzed how racialized geopolitical imaginations inform and
AND
, fundamental to undermining the legal categorizations that create race and structure grievability.

These representations of suffering bodies recreate the violence of the carceral aparatus despite their best intentions

Spade et al 2011
(Morgan Bassichias, Alexander Lee, and Dean Spade, Building an Abolitionist Trans and Queer Movement in Captive Genders, AK Press pg. 33)

A lot of oppressed people are hyper-sexualized in dominant culture as a way
AND
low-income transgender people and transgender people of color and our organizations. 

Their attempt to change the conditions of detained bodies in Guantanamo creates silence around the American carceral regime and obscures it as the heart of America itself

Whitmer 6
(BENJAMIN WHITMER University of Colorado, Boulder, "Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms": What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us about the American Carceral System, The New Centennial Review, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 171-194 (Article))

It is not only legislation and institutional reprisal that create the silence of American prisons
AND
entire symbolic order depends on the sexual psychopathology that creates our Abu Ghraibs.

Reject their representations of suffering Guantanimo bay -- those culminate in extinction – the imprisonment logic is fundamentally unsustainable and consumes populations

Gordon 6 (Avery Gordon is professor in sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the author, most recently, of Keeping Good Time: reflections on knowledge, power, and people, “Abu Ghraib: imprisonment and the war on terror” Race Class 2006 48: 42)

War and peace Being or becoming the enemy returns us to the complicated imbrication of
AND
yet it is inconceivable without the abolition of its adjunct, mass imprisonment.

Links

3. Their focus on Guantanamo as the exception and the unique example of violence as per the 1AC and 2AC crossex are a link—guantanamo is not uniquely sanitized and the argument that it IS erases violence at home

Veeren 12
(Elspeth Van Veeren is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in International Relations at the University of Sussex, 'Clean War, Invisible War, Liberal War: The Clean and Dirty Politics of Guantánamo', Chapter in Democracies at War, http://academia.edu/1990191/Clean_War_Invisible_War_Liberal_War)

In that sense, Guanta?namo, defined as exceptional, also helped to erase and
AND
to be a scene of so much (often invisible) violence.37

AT Gitmo Exceptional

The prison industrial complex is both covered up and created by neoliberalism

Dillon (PhD in American Studies at Minnesota, now an Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College) 13
(Stephen, Fugitive Life:   Race, Gender, and the Rise of the Neoliberal-Carceral State, A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/153053/1/Dillon_umn_0130E_13833.pdf)

Goldwater made a similar argument, “Telling people again and again that the federal
AND
in hand with the marketization of social, cultural, and political life. 

The Supermax is what makes Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo possible

Whitmer 6 (BENJAMIN WHITMER University of Colorado, Boulder, "Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms": What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us about the American Carceral System, The New Centennial Review, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 171-194 (Article))

What the media response to Abu Ghraib works to cover is twofold. First,
AND
very direct sense that has never been misunderstood by the American prison writer.

Suffering Reps

The reliance on gruesome narratives of suffering kills abolition movements

Jackson and Meiners (graduate student in American Studies at State University of New York; professor of education and women’s studies at Northeastern Illinois University) 11
(Jessi Lee and Erica R., Fear and Loathing: Public Feelings in Antiprison Work, WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly 39: 1 and 2 (Spring/Summer 2011))

In this analysis of political feelings and the PIC, we are careful to note   
AND
disgust, defensiveness, or pity;   and to subsequently reshape organizing efforts. 

Alt

The alternative is key—rejecting their representations allows us to take a more broad abolitionist pedagogy—solves the aff and is key

Rodri?guez 10 (Dylan,  The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position,  Radical Teacher 88 (Summer 2010): 7-19,80.)

The (Pedagogical) Necessity of the Impossible A compulsory deferral of abolitionist pedagogical possibilities
AND
at least momentarily) to become intimate and familiar with the allegedly impossible.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: Finals | Opponent: Minneapolis South OT | Judge: Birzer, Hamburger, Duff

1NC

Critiquing American empire is dangerous whining. Embracing decreases hegemony

Kagan 1998 – PhD, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, adjunct history professor at Georgetown, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, Foreign Policy, “The benevolent empire”)

Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.

Vote them down because their speech-act jeopardizes the lives of our soldiers. Complaining undermines vital resolve which is key to winning

EYAGO 05 Political Commentary – Sound Politics Reporter 7/8, http://www.soundpolitics.com/archives/004721.html, Sound Commentary on Current Events in Seattle, Puget Sound and Washington State
Finally, I am angry at those who undermine our efforts to conduct this war
AND
our public leaders. What they do for political gain is completely unconscionable.

Vote negative to endorse US hegemony – Retreat from primacy magnifies every international problem and escalates conflict

Thayer 2006 – PhD, professor of security studies at Missouri State, Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard (Bradley, The National Interest, “In defense of primacy”)
THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been great benefits of an era where
AND
, for the United States humanitarian missions are the equivalent of a blitzkrieg.

1NR

Statistics

Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ 

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon. 

The squo is structurally improving

Goklany 9 —Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?”  2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf)
Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900.
AND
per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b). 

No endless interventions

Mandelbaum 11 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy,” Jan 2011) http://www.cfr.org/publication/23828/cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on_renewing_america.html?cid=rss-fullfeed-cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on-011811andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed:+cfr_main+(CFR.org+-+Main+Site+Feed
MANDELBAUM: I think it is, Richard. And I think that this period
AND
as a single unit. And that unit has come to an end.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: McClintock BO | Judge: Bryant Yang

Capitalism coopts rebellion and difference – the Affirmative should be read as a manifesto for revolution – challenges to the status quo have become the new model for capitalism. Their rejection of hierarchy and logocentrism become marketing slogans

Frank, 1997 – prof of American History at Univ of Chicago Thomas The Business of Culture in the new Gilded Age Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler ed. By Frank and Weiland; “Why Johnny Can’t Dissent”; Pages 31-32)
CAPITALISM IS CHANGING, obviously and drastically. From the moneyed pages of the Wall
AND
not yet landed an endorsement contract from a soda pop or automobile manufacturer.

The avant-garde is the sacrifice capitalism makes against itself to keep the system vital and growing – Affirmative “revolutionary” acts are always already part of system that they rebel against.

Mann 91 Paul, Philosopher, “The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde,” Book, 1991, page 45-46, 7/20/12
 The very term "avant-garde" is a cause and product of
AND
, to be more precise, in the way its history is told. 

that reduces everything to mere economic value – creates a precondition for genocide

INTERNATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE 2000 (“Capitalism and Genocide”, Issue #36, Spring 2000, http://www.geocities.com/wageslavex/capandgen.html)
The real domination of capital is characterized by the penetration of the law of value
AND
, has become a vital part of the state apparatus of late capitalism.  

The alternative is to reject the call to action and the affirmative manifesto of change. Disappearance provides the secrecy and anonymity that avoids giving opportunities to be coopted

Mann 91 Paul, Philosopher, “The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde,” Book, 1991, page 144-5, 7/20/12
One could say that this image is hardly original, that the history of the
AND
of our discourse, a space beyond which we can have no interest.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Sara Sanchez

1NC K

the affirmative’s insistence on US led economic cooperation and integration reifies neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp in Latin America – the impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged - that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction – the alternative is to vote negative – de-linking from latin America allows resistance movements to manifest themselves
HARRIS 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi¬nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American
AND
uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Edgemont JN | Judge: Miranda Ehrlich

The attempt to bring about equality through focus on sex and gender binaries brings focus to a locus point—focus on a static female identity. This approach deprioritizes racism, homophobia, and classism while ensuring they can never solve

ROGUE 2012 (J., intersectional anarchist-communist who has been organizing in anarchist, feminist and radical queer movements for 10+ years, “Dessentializing Anarchist Feminism: Lessons from the Transfeminist Movement” from Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire, pdf online)
Out of the conversations between Marxist feminism and radical feminism another approach emerged called “
AND
anti-classist” politics, but not necessarily anti-capitalist.1

Using feminism in conjunction with contemporary debate practices marginalizes other forms of oppression and recreates exclusion

Crenshaw, PhD, 2
Carrie, PhD, Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from CAD, Scholar
 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

Independently, their engagement of sexual and gender distinctions flips hierarchies and means oppression and exclusion is inevitable

VOLCANO 2012 (Abbey, a member of the Workers Solidarity Alliance and Queers without Borders, author, speaker, and more, “Police at the Borders”, from Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire, pdf online)
Anarchism as a social movement, as an idea, as a practice, is
AND
being more authentically “queer”—does, indeed, have radical implications.

Visibility link – females with disabilities are hypervisible and that’s the problem, the notion of being seen is exactly why they are never listened to, never seen as fully human.

Inckle 13 – Kay Inckle  a School of Government and Society, Plymouth University,¶ Plymouth, UK.¶ (Published online: 02 Sep 2013.A lame argument: profoundly disabled¶ embodiment as critical gender politics ebsco) 

The first aspect of Butler’s paradox of (in)visibility illustrates how subjectivity,¶
AND
in relation to sexuality, sexual abuse and the case of Ashley X.
Sexuality is figured as the domain of the (hetero)normatively embodied (Shildrick
AND
contraception and sexual¶ health services or are forcibly sterilised (Wilkerson 2002).
¶ Moreover, where ‘heterosexuality becomes the sphere of the adult, or normal’
AND
lesbian (or GBTQ) and disabled, how does lesbian culture fare?

rage link – anger has infantalized people with disbalities -- it is seen as inappropriate deviant behavior. Rage and anger will be suppressed by the care takers, doctors and people around those with disabilities as a way to keep status quo behavior

Boyle 8 - Geraldine Boyle (2008) Controlling behaviour using neuroleptic drugs: the role
of the Mental capacity act 2005 in protecting the liberty of people with dementia, Disability and
Society, 23:7, 759-771, DOI: 10.1080/09687590802469255
However, application of the biomedical model to the behaviour of people with dementia¶
AND
social model neglects any¶ consideration of the rights of people with dementia.

The alternative is to affirm Queer anarchy to call for an end to all hierarchies – the aff’s rape-centric approach will always throw everyone else under the bus.

ROGUE 2012 (J., intersectional anarchist-communist who has been organizing in anarchist, feminist and radical queer movements for 10+ years, “Dessentializing Anarchist Feminism: Lessons from the Transfeminist Movement” from Queering Anarchism: Essays on Gender, Power, and Desire, pdf online)
The concepts espoused by transfeminism help us understand gender, but there is a need
AND
rooted in the working class requires a real and integrated understanding of transfeminism.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Ben Crossan

1NC Settlerism K

Our first link is Conscientization

Their front-loading of critical consciousness building actively prevents decolonization and material change

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)
Fanon told us in 1963 that decolonizing the mind is the first step, not
AND
“free your mind, the rest (your ass) will follow.”

The Aff’s strategy of consciousness raising is part of a flawed strategy of liberal anti-racism that reproduces settler colonialism that is the major cause of anti-Asian oppression

Journal of Asian Liberation 12
(SUNDAY, DECEMBER 16, Asians Against White Supremacy, On the origins of anti-Asian racism and how we have fought back by the Editors of JALAN Journal of Asian Liberation, http://illethegal.tumblr.com/post/38096140723/asians-against-white-supremacy-by-jalan-journal-of)

That’s why liberal strategies of “anti-racism” will not liberate us.
AND
it enforced the fiction of a white Western civilization reforming Asian barbarism.

Second is Settler Privilege and Complicity

Discussions of immigrant struggles in America like the 1AC must begin from a starting point of complicity in colonialism. Failure to recognize our own role in the colonial process reinforces the settler mentality

Kahina 13
(Indigenous Settler? Decolonization and the Politics of Exile, Nuunja Kahina • May 28, 2013 https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-settler-decolonization-and-the-politics-of-exile/)
Settlers of color, like their white counterparts, engage in the oppression of Indigenous
AND
and react to the demands of Indigenous liberation movements like Idle No More.

The focus on the difference of the Asian experience from the White body of the 1AC literally erases the ground on which we stand – this is a move to innocence that short circuit the radical potential of the 1AC. Settlerism must be a fundamental starting point

Patel (PhD candidate in Sociology and Equity Studies in Education and Women and Gender Studies at the University of Toronto) 13
(Shaista, Where are the Settlers of Colour?, March 11, 2013, https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/tag/settlers-of-color/)

The narrow moral distance that Milley discusses in her article has made me ask myself
AND
more critical of how we are working for Indigenous sovereignty in our organizing.

Our Third link is Progress

Every solvency claim the 1AC makes is a representative of – “racial progress" under the current situation is a marker of indigenous disappearance

Smith 12
(Andrea) – premier female black feminist – writes about the constructions of white supremecy

Of course, what is not questioned in this analysis is the idea that "
AND
of anti-indigenous racism (as well as other forms of racism).

Our interpretation is that the judge should have overwhelming negative presumption. History accumulates destruction, rather than unfolding in change. Presumption must go against claims to specificity unless they have an alternate description of how time and history operate.

Dillon (PhD in American Studies at Minnesota, now an Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College) 13
(Stephen, Fugitive Life:   Race, Gender, and the Rise of the Neoliberal-Carceral State, A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/153053/1/Dillon_umn_0130E_13833.pdf)

In Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of
AND
what the future will be. The future will be what was before.

The metric for your decision should be who best refuses settler moves to innocence. Their performance fails to confront either their own embodiment of settlerism and is a move to innocence that allows them to deny their own complicity while living, breathing and debating on stolen ground

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

There is a long and bumbled history of non-Indigenous peoples making moves to
AND
to innocence enacted differently by white people and by brown and Black people.

Failure to challenge settlerism makes persistent structural violence, ecocide and social death inevitable

Pugliese (an Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney) 13
(Joseph, State Violence and the Execution of Law, pg. 53-4)

Another report quotes the following: a ‘Seal then shot bin Laden in the
AND
and the various corporations that conduct their ecocidal operations on their land.85

Our alternative is to refuse settler moves to innocence. Our bodies are always already guilty on colonialism and we must maintain that guilt as a process of refusing complicity in further acts of genocide—particularly Brent and I are material beneficiaries of an unethical world that is predicated on the dispossession of indigenous peoples and beginning from a recognition of this subject position is crucial

You should adopt an ethic of incommensurability – a refusal of any combination of the settler mentality, white, Korean, black or other, with decolonization. This is a rubric and role of the ballot for evaluating the rhetorical frames offered in the debate.

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

An ethic of incommensurability, which guides moves that unsettle innocence, stands in contrast
AND
Decolonization is not an “and”. It is an elsewhere.

AND Debates like this should not include the artificial debate structure called permutation. A debate about competing methodologies makes these debates non-sense and tanks any hope of effective engagement with an Aff literature base. The community is beginning to transition to new standards of stasis and affirmation rather than sole topic focus which is awesome but the only way to ensure that we have debates that are both high quality and fair in

Furthermore, this kind appeal to flexibility and combination is the essence of the Settler mentality, always ready to mutate. The desire to reconcile is a settler desire to be made innocent

Tuck and Yang (State University of New York at New Paltz; University of California, San Diego) 12
(Eve and K. Wayne, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

Everything within a settler colonial society strains to destroy or assimilate the Native in order
AND
is unimplicated in the subordination of other women” (p. 335).

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge: Anushka Panday

State attempts at inclusion are deeply gendered---it creates communities of ‘invited’ populations and defines the political by devaluing alternative epistemologies by labeling them feminine

Miraftab 4—Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning PhD, University of California, Berkeley (Faranak, Invited and Invented Spaces of Participation: Neoliberal Citizenshipand Feminists’ Expanded Notion of Politics, appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewFile/378/719)

This  short  conceptual  piece  calls  for  a  careful  ….where citizenship can be practiced. 

Recognizing and engaging with the Native reinscribes the power relations that created their impacts – scripting responses ignores the fact that we cannot truly represent the perspectives of the Indigenous

TRAPANI 2002 (William, Asst. Professor in Department of Communication Studies (Rhetorical Theory and Criticism, Critical and Cultural Theory, and the Rhetoric of Visual Culture) @ Wayne State University, Winter, “RE/COGNIZING NATIVE AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY IN AN AGE OF MANIFEST MANNERS,” The Journal of Law in Society, Lexis)
Far from resolving these questions, the …. Americans would come to define themselves.

The alternative to reject the discourse of development—discourse frames how we view the world and enact policies—the alt is key to open up a space to resist state-centric hegemonic thought and action

Escobar 95 Arturo Escobar, Professor of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1995 “Conclusion: Imagining a Postdevelopment Era,” Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Published by the Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691034095, p. 216-217
Imaging the end of development as a ….communities it always was) a social reality.

Tournament: Blake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: University Prep DK | Judge: McGrath, Oddo, Rubaie

1nc state k

There should be no conception of “rules” about what the affirmative should or should not be allowed to do. Debate should be about competing methodologies, not fairness, education and so forth.  Our argument is that activist strategies should make demands on the state as an unethical institution of white supremacy. Failure to organize our demands around state action only means that this institution continues to operate unchecked and we do not develop the skills to confront it.

KRAUSE AND WILLIAMS 1997
(Keith and Michael, Critical Security Studies, p. xvi)
First, to stand too far …. actor in contemporary world politics.

A focus on state policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this is a form of spectatorship that makes it impossible to actually reform institutions

McClean ‘1
(David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/)
Or we might take Foucault who, at best, ….. snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Ethical demands are not roleplaying. If you saw a murder in progress and said “you should not kill that person,” you would not be identifying with the murderer. An ethical demand for the federal government to act otherwise is an acknowledgment that whatever it’s doing now is wrong, not an identification with the power structure.

BRANHAM 1995
(Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)
Norfolk had a fine library of several thousand volumes and prisoners ….. of people with M.A.s and Ph.D.s to teach them," he explains.

Academia is autopoetic – critique only recreates the harms of the 1AC – only a demand on the state can create change

Bryant ‘12
Levi. Prof Philosophy at Collin College. “We’ll Never do better than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity” 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/ GBS-JV
In the language of my machine-oriented…..I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.

Our alternative is to make ethical demands for change in state policy. The institutions of oppression exist with narrowly focused logics that we must disrupt. Developing a debate culture that can contest state action on its own grounds is a necessary step towards deliberation

STANNARD 2006
(Matt, Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Wyoming, Spring 2006 Faculty Senate Speaker Series Speech, April 18, http://theunderview.blogspot.com/2006/04/deliberation-democracy-and-debate.html)
If it is indeed true that debate inevitably ….. have a positively subversive effect.

that solves cession of science and politics to ideological elites who dominate the argumentative frame

Hoppe 99 Robert Hoppe is Professor of Policy and knowledge in the Faculty of Management and Governance at Twente University, the Netherlands. "Argumentative Turn" Science and Public Policy, volume 26, number 3, June 1999, pages 201–210 works.bepress.com
ACCORDING TO LASSWELL (1971), policy science….disoriented and politically disenchanted citizenry.

Their critiques of the state miss the mark—ethical demands on the state are radically different than accepting it – all of their state bad arguments rest in the assumption that discussions are doomed from the start which is inherently false- they’re self-correcting

Talisse ‘5
(Robert, Prof Philosophy at Vanderbilt Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31.4, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges”) *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young
These two serious activist challenges may be …. and that further discourse cannot remedy these distortions.

Demands on the state teach us how the state functions – that’s necessary to reform it

Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations……to contextualize and act on information.14

Talking about the state doesn’t enslave us to it

Risse 2k
Thomas, Professor of Political Science, Free University of Berlin , International Organization, “Lets Argue: Communicative Action in World Politics” p10-11
Habermas posits that our communicative …..equal rights concerning making an argument or challenging a validity claim.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Lingel, Ogbuli, Tang

1NC T

Engagement must be unconditional—it’s distinct from conditional policies. QPQ plans are not topical.

Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/484.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy
another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.