Tournament: Dowling | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All

1AC—Transition

CONTENTION 1 IS THE CUBAN TRANSITION:

Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key

Shifter et al 10/15 – Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. Matthew Aho is a consultant in the corporate practice group of Akerman Senterfitt in New York. Collin Laverty is the founder and president of Cuba Educational Travel. Kirby Jones is the president of Alamar Associates in Arizona. Carmelo Mesa-Lago is a professor emeritus of economics and Latin American studies at the University of Pittsburgh. Archibald Ritter is a distinguished research professor emeritus of economics and international affairs at Carleton University. (“Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy, 10/15/13, Latin America Adviser, pdf)
*This card is from pages 1,3, and 4 of the pdf.  Page two contains a wholly different article.  “Are Raúl Castro's Reforms Helping Cuba's Economy?” is published on pages 1, 3 and 4 of the PDF.  Our evidence is the entirety of the article.  We will provide you the PDF if you are curious*
In late September, Cuba's government¶ announced the legalization¶ of 18 new categories
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U.S.-Cuba relations¶ during the presidency of Barack Obama."

A total repeal of the embargo is critical to provide foreign capital and incentivize liberalization and democracy

CSG 13 – The Cuba Study Group is a non-profit and non-partisan organization studying Cuba. (“Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba”, February 2013, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032)
Beyond failing to advance its stated objectives, the most counterproductive aspect of Helms-
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S. policy in the hands of Cuban proponents of the status quo.

More moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba

Koenig 10 – Lance is a US Army Colonel. This is a paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College. (“Time for a New Cuba Policy”, March 11, 2010, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)
The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United States and Cuba, increase the soft power of the United States in the Latin American world, and pull the Cuban government towards a more representative form of governance. These conditions will contribute to the national security of the United States as well as to the western hemisphere. So with this in mind, what are our likely options? Options
• Path of least resistance, stay the course.
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that guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas. 

The impact is the Cuban health care sector—it depends upon a democratic and market-based transition

Ullmann 05 – Steven G. Ullmann is a Professor and Director, Programs in and Center for Health Sector Management and Policy at U of Miami. This article is part of the Cuba Transition Project, part of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at Miami. (“The Future of Health Care in a Post-Castro Cuba”, 2005, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/StevenUllman.pdf)
As a transition occurs, further deterioration of medical care services and, in turn
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in the country as well as in this active region of the world.

That model stops disease spread worldwide

Cooper et al 06 – Richard S. Cooper is in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology at Loyola University – Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. (“Health in Cuba”, International Journal of Epidemiology, May 4, 2006, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full.pdf+html)
Infectious diseases The combination of high levels of community participation, access to primary care
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the principles embedded in the Cuban attempts to improve the health of populations.

Global pandemics are coming and direct US intervention fails

Weber 06 – Steven Weber is a Professor of Political Science at UC-Berkeley and Director of the Institute of International Studies. (“How Globalization Went Bad”, Foreign Policy, December 27, 2006, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/12/27/how_globalization_went_bad?page=0,2)
The same is true for global public health. Globalization is turning the world into
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Southeast Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. America can't change that alone.

Zoonotic diseases specifically lead to extinction

Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. (“The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5)
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
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acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

1AC—Agriculture

CONTENTION 2 IS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:

Cuban agriculture sustainability is failing—foreign investment is key

King 12 – M. Dawn King is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown University’s Center for Environmental Studies. She earned her Ph.D. in Environmental Politics at Colorado State University and worked as a policy analyst for the U.S. Geological Survey – conducting research on environmental decision-making models and internal governance of watershed management councils. (“Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy”, March 21, 2012, http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf)
Cuba needed an alternative agricultural model when foreign oil imports were cut off significantly at
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goal of sustainable development to increase short-term capital and energy needs.

The plan provides foreign capital to Cuba and allows its model to be exported globally

Shkolnick 12 – JD Candidate, Drake University Law School. (“SIN EMBARGO: THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES”, 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol17No3-Shkolnick.pdf)
Cuba today is experiencing the most rapid shifts towards privatization and reform since the revolution
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presents a unique opportunity American business and agricultural enterprises cannot afford to overlook.

Access to the US market is critical to sustainability and emulation

Kost 04 – William is part of the Economic Research Service for the USDA. (“CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” 2004, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
MARKETS MAY BE CRITICAL FOR AN ORGANIC CUBA In addition to the above European markets
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and other inputs to support growth in other sectors of the Cuban economy.

Continued reliance on industrial mechanized ag results in catastrophic warming and biodiversity loss

Cummins 10 – Ronnie is the International Director of the Organic Consumers Association. (“Industrial Agriculture and Human Survival: The Road Beyond 10/10/10”, Organic Consumer’s Association, October 7, 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21747.cfm)
Although transportation, industry, and energy producers are obviously major fossil fuel users and
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oxide, which are responsible for at least 22 of global warming.

A move towards organic ag mitigates future emissions and prevents warming

Scialabba 10 – Nadia is from the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (“Organic agriculture and climate change”, February 2, 2010, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.2, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/275960/al185e.pdf)
Organic agricultural systems have an inherent potential to both reduce GHG emissions and to enhance
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are needed to better unlock its potential and application on a large scale.

Warming causes extinction and the threshold is soon

Roberts 13 – citing the World Bank Review’s compilation of climate studies - 4 degree projected warming, can’t adapt - heat wave related deaths, forest fires, crop production, water wars, ocean acidity, sea level rise, climate migrants, biodiversity loss. ("If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention", January 10, 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal)
We know we’ve raised global average temperatures around 0.8 degrees C so far
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, but a world that is inexorably more inhospitable with every passing decade.

Warming is real and anthropogenic

Prothero 12 – Donald R. Prothero is a Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology. (“How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused”, 3/1/2012, http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-02-08/)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
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going, and lobby Congress that global warming isn’t real and is not a threat.

1AC—Plan Text

The United States federal government should allow normal trade between the United States and Cuba.

1AC—No War

CONTENTION 3 IS NO WAR:

First, won’t happen—global institutions, interdependence, the internet, fiscal constraints and nuclear deterrence

Robb 2012 (Doug, Lieutenant in the US Navy, “Now Hear This - Why the Age of Great-Power War Is Over” http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over)
In Proceedings’ April “Now Hear This,” Navy Lieutenant Commander Rachel Gosnell
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such a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Second, nuclear taboo prevents use

Perkovich 2009 (George Perkovich served as a speechwriter and foreign policy adviser to Senator Joe Biden from 1989 to 1990. Perkovich is an adviser to the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations' Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Policy.  “EXTENDED DETERRENCE ON THE WAY TO A NUCLEAR-FREE WORLD” http://icnnd.org/Documents/Perkovich_Deterrence.pdf)
The reality today is that the taboo against using nuclear weapons has become so strong
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fight for Taiwanese independence if China has not committed aggression against Taiwan first.

Third, it doesn’t cause extinction

ROBOCK 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, “Nuclear Winter,” WIREs Climate Change, May/June, Wiley Online Library via University of Michigan Libraries)
While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is
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consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Finals | Opponent: Dexter MS | Judge: Kennedys, Jeff Buntin

1AC—Latin America

CONTENTION 2 IS LATIN AMERICA:

Nuclear terrorism is feasible and likely—kills the global economy

Brill and Luongo 12 – Kenneth C. Brill is a former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A. Kenneth N. Luongo is president of the Partnership for Global Security. Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization. (“Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger”, March 15, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/opinion/nuclear-terrorism-a-clear-danger.html?_r=0)
Terrorists exploit gaps in security. The current global regime for protecting the nuclear materials
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is no reason to wait for a catastrophe to build such a system.

Economic decline causes war

Royal 10 – Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Nuclear terrorism independently causes US-Russia nuclear war—only scenario for extinction—deterrence doesn’t check

Barrett et al 13 – Anthony has a PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, is a Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, and is the Director of Research at Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. Seth Baum has a PhD in Geography from Pennsylvania State University is a Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, and is the Executive Director of Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. Kelly Hostetler has a BS in Political Science from Columbia and is a Research Assistant at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. (“Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, Science and Global Security 21(2), June 28, 2013, http://sethbaum.com/ac/2013_NuclearWar.pdf)
Note: this version of the article is a little different from the one published in the actual journal; I cut this version from the link in the cite above.
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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circumvent nuclear weapon launch control safeguards or exploit holes in their security.14 

TWO INTERNAL LINKS:

First, the pink tide makes terrorism in Latin America uniquely likely

Ferkaluk 10 – Brian is in the Diplomacy Dept of Norwich University, writing in Global Security Studies—peer-reviewed. (“Latin America: Terrorist Actors on a Nuclear Stage”, Global Security Studies, Fall 2010, Volume 1, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Ferkaluk20Latin20America.pdf)
The policy implications for the United States are that of close surveillance and even closer
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more leftist Latin American regimes, spreading their militant ideologies across the region. 

Second, the growth of nuclear power and lack of effective security make Latin America key to trafficking and nuclear weapons access

Sanchez 10 – W. Alejandro “Alex” Sánchez Nieto is a Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) where he focuses on geopolitics and security issues. Sanchez holds a Master’s degree in International Peace and Conflict Resolution from the School of International Service at American University and has attended the Institute of World Politics, Johns Hopkins’ School of Advanced International Studies, as well as universities in Austria, Belgium and France. His analyses have appeared in journals including Small Wars and Insurgencies, Defence Studies, the Journal of Slavic Military Studies, European Security, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism and Cuban Affairs. (“Nuclear Security Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean Under the Radar”, January 11th, 2010, http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=11902)
Globally, nuclear power has become an increasingly important source of energy, accounting for
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for more nuclear energy plants and more nuclear waste passing through the Caribbean. 

THE PLAN SOLVES:

First, it fractures the pink tide and spills over to broader cooperation

White 13 – Robert is senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador. (“After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)
We don’t like ableist language
FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably
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cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.

This specifically spills over to cooperation on nuclear security and trafficking

Shifter 12 – Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. (“Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)
Cuba, too, poses a significant challenge for relations between the United States and
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south-south connections are crucial. Brazil could play a pivotal role. 

Second, Cuba is the critical litmus test for broader cooperation

Perez 10 ¬– David has a JD from Yale Law. (“America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)
Anti-Americanism has become the political chant de jour for leaders seeking long-
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throughout Latin America, and would go a long way toward creating goodwill.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Kim Pressling

1AC—Legitimacy

CONTENTION 2 IS LEGITIMACY:

The embargo damages legitimacy—unilateral removal solves

Parrilla 12 – Bruno Rodriguez is the Cuban Foreign Affairs Minister; this is a transcript of a speech to the UN. (“No legitimate or moral reason to maintain US blockade against Cuba”, November 9, 2012, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=20125C115C195Cstory_19-11-2012_pg7_15)
Mr President; I would like to reiterate the most heartfelt condolences of the people
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inscribe him in history as the eleventh president to repeat the same mistake.

It also makes leadership ineffective—the plan sends the signal that the US is willing to engage with non-democracies

Hinderdael 11 – Klaas is an M.A. candidate at the SAIS Bologna Center, concentrating in American Foreign Policy and Energy, Resources, and Environment. (“Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, June 11, 2011, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true)
The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine of
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truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.

That’s critical to legitimacy

Kupchan and Mount 09 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009,  http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf)
Many American strategists recognize the inevitability of a more level global playing field, but
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the principles around which the next order is most likely to take shape.

Cuba is uniquely symbolic

Naim 09 – Moises is a Senior Associate in the International Economics Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (“The Havana Obsession, Why all eyes are on a bankrupt island”, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/06/12/the-havana-obsession.html)
Bill Clinton and George W. Bush recently had a face-to-face
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of a superpower that punishes a small island while cozying to dictators elsewhere.

Legitimacy is critical to primacy—prevents blowback

Finnemore 9 – (Martha Finnemore, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1)
Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s ¶
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give up some of that power to secure ¶ legitimacy for their policies.

Legitimacy theory is true and key to foster cooperation

Gibler 08 – Douglas M Gibler, Department of Political Science University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. (“The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 52, No. 3, June, pp. 426-454)
More sophisticated treatments of the reputation logic have been produced by formal theorists, both
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agree; reputations provide valuable information when the costs of signaling are low.

Primacy fosters liberalization and stability—collapse causes great power war

Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
 Thus, the global distribution of power is shifting, and the inevitable result
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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

The world is on balance better because of hegemony

Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
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in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: David Herman
1AC

Welcome to late capitalism—since the end of World War 2 and coming to a head in the last 30 years, neoliberalism and economic deregulation have caused massive environmental destruction and inequality which undermines the sustainability of global capital

Makwana 06 – Rajesh Makwana is the executive director of Share The World's Resources, (STWR),  a London-based NGO campaigning for essential resources - such as land, energy, water and the atmosphere - to be shared internationally and sustainably in order to secure basic human needs. (“Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization”, November 23, 2006, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html)
After the Second World War, corporate enterprises helped to
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privatized essential services, increased inequality and caused environmental destruction.

This is specifically true in Mexico—the North American Free Trade Agreement has caused massive deregulation and privatization, resulting in unimaginable poverty, violence, and environmental destruction

Faux 03 – Jeff Faux is a distinguished fellow at the Economic Policy Institute, which he founded. (“How NAFTA Failed Mexico”, The American Prospect, June 16, 2003, http://prospect.org/article/how-nafta-failed-mexico)
NAFTA proponents, on the other hand, claimed that merely opening Mexico to
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In a deregulated world, there is always someone who will work for less.

While class is not the only vector of oppression, class is a necessary condition for oppression—including a materialist analysis is necessary for the success of revolutionary movements

McLaren et al 04 – Peter is a Professor in the Division of Urban Schooling, the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles (United States). He is the author and editor of forty-five books and hundreds of scholarly articles and chapters. His writings have been translated into 20 languages. He is known as one of the leading architects of critical pedagogy and for his scholarly writings on critical literacy, the sociology of education, cultural studies, critical ethnography, and Marxist theory. He has developed a reputation for his uncompromising political analysis influenced by a Marxist humanist philosophy and a unique literary style of expression. Dr. Valerie Scatamburlo-D’Annibale is an associate professor in the Department of Communication, Media and Film at the University of Windsor where she has taught for over ten years. Dr. Scatamburlo-D’Annibale holds a Combined Honours BA in Communication Studies and Sociology and an MA in Communication Studies from the University of Windsor. She earned her Ph.D. at York University in Toronto. (“Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’”, Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004, Ebsco)
An historical materialist approach understands that categories of ‘difference’ are social/political
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forms of social oppression function within an overarching capitalist system.

Thus, Chris and I advocate working transnationally between the United States’ and Mexico’s laborers. We refuse a politics of naïve solidarity and understand that we can only approach our advocacy from within our social location as white, economically privileged men. It is important that we understand the ways that resistance to transnational capital must happen differently between different populations but make it imperative for all members of society, no matter their social location. Our strategy is effective and provides the tools for resistance against capitalist globalization

Swift-Spong 11 – Katelyn is a second year Ph.D. student and NSF Graduate Research Fellow in the Computer Science Department at the University of Southern California. But this article was written for the AHS Capstone which is a long-term research project for the college. (“Strategies in Social Movements Surrounding Northern Mexican Maquiladoras”, Olin College, 4/1/2011, http://digitalcommons.olin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018andcontext=ahs_capstone_2011)
*we don’t endorse the ableist language in this card*
Because workers in both the U.S. and Mexico have been thrown into this global context with transnational
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those links when pushing for more rights, then they will ultimately be more successful.

It is also a form of “globalization from below”—provides a framework for creating alliances and resisting capitalism

Carr 99 – Barry is a historian of twentieth century Latin America with a special interest in Mexico, Cuba and Central America, and in agrarian and labor history and the history of transnational social, radical and revolutionary movements in the Greater Circum- Caribbean. (“Globalization from below: labour internationalism under NAFTA”, 1999, International Social Science Journal 51.159, pdf/Wiley)
This sketch is not entirely inaccurate, but it is excessively simplisticAND  accepts responsibility for moving towards full employment and eliminating poverty. (ORIT, 1992, p. 2; ICFTU, 1996) 

Now specifically, globalization and convergence between markets make transnational resistance to capitalism possible and effective

Kenny 14 – Charles Kenny is a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. His current work covers topics including the post-2015 development agenda, the role of technology in quality of life improvements, and governance and anticorruption. He has Masters’ degrees in International Economics and Development Studies. (“Marx is Back”, Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2014, pp. 20-21)
The inscription on Karl Marx’s tombstone in London’s Highgate Cemetery reads, “Workers AND
 they have in common with each other than the uber-wealthy elites in their own countries.

Globalization from below in the context of Mexican labor is uniquely effective—changes the world economy from the bottom up

Otero 11 – Gerardo Otero is Professor of sociology and an Associate Member of the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University. (“Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico's Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty”, Journal of Poverty 15.4, 384-402, http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf)
Short of constituting a North American Union, the second alternative would focus on promoting
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that could alter dominant trends in the world economy from the bottom up.

The role of the ballot is to endorse the best strategy for combating oppression in this space. Vote affirmative to combat global capital through critical pedagogy—we should use debate to resist the neoliberal cooption of our minds

McLaren 05 – Peter is a Professor in the Division of Urban Schooling, the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles (United States). He is the author and editor of forty-five books and hundreds of scholarly articles and chapters. His writings have been translated into 20 languages. He is known as one of the leading architects of critical pedagogy and for his scholarly writings on critical literacy, the sociology of education, cultural studies, critical ethnography, and Marxist theory. He has developed a reputation for his uncompromising political analysis influenced by a Marxist humanist philosophy and a unique literary style of expression. (“Capitalists and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire”, 2005, pp. 56-58)
The struggle among what Marx called our “vital powers,” our dispositions, our
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social arrangements that transcend the false opposition between the market and the state.

Education is a unique space for resistance to capitalism

Hill 09 – Dave teaches at Middlesex University and is Visiting Professor of Critical Education Policy and Equality Studies at the University of Limerick, Ireland. (“Culturalist and Materialist Explanations of Class and "Race", Cultural Logic 2009, http://clogic.eserver.org/2009/Hill.pdf)
Classical Marxian scholarship with respect to education theorises the relationship between education and the inequality
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material linkages between educational inequality, exploitation, and capitalist inequalities in general.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge: Sternberg, Dheidt, Arsht

The United States federal government should substantially increase its financial development assistance toward Mexico

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

Relations Advantage

CONTENTION 1 IS RELATIONS:

TWO IMPACTS:

First, energy and environmental cooperation is critical to global sustainable development

Kammen 12 – Daniel is a Professor of Energy at UC Berkeley. This was written with Diego Ponce de Leon Barido, Doctoral student in the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley who has done research on Latin American water management and ecosystem services. (“Building Bridges to a Sustainable Energy Future”, December 5, 2012, http://energyblog.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/05/building-bridges-to-a-sustainable-energy-future/)
The Americas are undergoing a transition in the energy sector that will have global geopolitical
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S. to Overtake Saudi Arabia, Russia as World’s Top Energy Producer“).
Although Latin America and the Caribbean lag behind the United States and Canada in terms
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fostering lasting partnerships that can make ‘sustainability science’, well, sustainable.
International partnerships that lead to concrete action are often the clearest signs of innovation.  
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blueEnergy, which is discussed below and here, focused on community energy.
Just two years after its launch by President Obama in 2009, ECPA has moved
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industry, university, and civil-society groups in the New World.

Mexico’s key—spills over to cooperation with the rest of the hemisphere

Starr 09 – Pamela is an adjunct fellow specializing in Mexico at the Pacific Council on International Policy. (“Mexico and the United States: A Window of Opportunity?” April 2009, Pacific Council on International Policy, http://www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=35)
Mexican sentiment toward the United States matters. If Mexicans mistrust the United States,
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influence in the Latin American region can no longer be taken for granted. 

Ecosystem collapse causes extinction—sustainability is key

UNESCO 11 – UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (“Conserving biodiversity for life and sustainable development”, 7/11/2011, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/conserving_biodiversity_for_life_and_sustainable_development/#.UrnAh_RDvL8)
Biological diversity or ‘biodiversity’ – is defined as the diversity of all living forms
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to unsustainable use or by more profound causes linked to our development models.
Biodiversity is essential not only to the proper functioning of earth systems; it is
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of new innovations, pharmaceuticals and chemicals; climate regulation – among others.
Our cultural heritage, our knowledge and educational values are all rooted in our natural environment. Biodiversity has measurable economic value, but its value in terms of spiritual enrichment and aesthetic enjoyment is beyond measure.
The unsustainable use of our natural resources, combined with the needs of a growing
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all depend. Loss of biodiversity also leads to loss of cultural diversity.

Second, relations are key to effective democracy promotion—prevents backsliding

O’Neil 13 – Shannon K. O'Neil is senior fellow for Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. (Two Nations Indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the Road Ahead, April 2013, Council on Foreign Relations, pgs. 24-25)
Diplomatically, we also need to rethink the United States’ approach in light of Mexico’s
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all benefit from the strong links that already exist between our two nations.
Mexico, not the Middle East, should be the test case for solidifying market
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positive example of a newly consolidated democracy, offering lessons for others worldwide.
Nevertheless, it still faces considerable challenges. Many in fact worry that Mexico’s democratic
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the game-changing importance of political choices being made just next door.

Global democracy is fragile and backsliding now

Diamond 09 – Larry is a Professor of Political Science and Sociology at Stanford. (“The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Democracy”, April 22, 2009, Presented to the Presented to the SAIS-CGD Conference on “New Ideas in Development after the Financial Crisis”, search the article name in Google and you’ll find it)
Concern about the future of democracy is further warranted by the gathering signs of a democratic recession, even before the onset of the global economic recession.
During the past decade, the global expansion of democracy has essentially leveled off and hit an equilibrium
While freedom (political rights and civil liberties) continued to expand throughout the post
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the number of countries declining in freedom greatly outstripping the number that improved.
Two-thirds of all the breakdowns of democracy since the third wave began in
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a number of countries linger in a twilight zone between democracy and authoritarianism.
While normative support for democracy has grown around the world, it remains in many
AND
cannot rotate leaders out of power, skepticism and defection from democracy grow.
Of the roughly 80 new democracies that have emerged during the third wave and are
AND
and for the effective restoration of democracy in countries like Thailand and Nepal.

Democratic backsliding causes great power war and democratic growth solves it

Gat 11 – Azar is the Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security at Tel Aviv University. (“The Changing Character of War”, in The Changing Character of War, ed. Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers, pgs. 30-33, available online at http://books.google.com/books?id=yGtjeBABMKkCandprintsec=frontcoveranddq=the+changing+character+of+warandhl=enandsa=Xandei=oXGeUvGbNvP7yAH4nIDwAwandved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=fast20eroding20withandf=false)
Authoritarian capitalism may be more viable than people tend to assume. 8 The communist
AND
or two is likely to make it a true non-democratic superpower.
Although the return of capitalist non-democratic great powers does not necessarily imply open
AND
wealthier, its labour costs rise, and its current competitive edge diminishes.
With the possible exception of the sore Taiwan problem, China is likely to be
AND
, they may vary less than seemed likely only a short while ago.
One is obliged to refer, if only briefly, to the global economic crisis
AND
the global allure of state-driven and nationalist capitalist authoritarianism may grow.
We have seen that developed countries of the industrial—technological era have tended to
AND
and practical conditions, and is generally viewed as extremely abhorrent and undesirable.
The fruits of these deepening trends and sensibilities have been nothing short of miraculous.
AND
internal conflicts, while strong non-democratic countries prevent them through suppression.

Stability Advantage

CONTENTION 2 IS STABILITY:

THREE IMPACTS:

First, drug violence spills over—destabilizes Central America and the Caribbean

Shirk 11 – David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Dr. Shirk received his PhD in political science at the University of California, San Diego, and was a fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies from 1998 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2003.  In 2009-2010, Dr. Shirk was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC. He is currently the principal investigator for the Justice in Mexico project, a binational research initiative on criminal justice and the rule of law in Mexico. (“The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat”, March 2011, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/drug-war-mexico/p24262)
Third, Mexican stability serves as an important anchor for the region. With networks
AND
DTO operations and violence into the region would have a gravely destabilizing effect.

Caribbean instability causes bioterrorism attacks

Flynn and Bryan 01 – Stephen E. Flynn is the Founding Co-Director of the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security, Professor of Political Science at Northeastern University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. Anthony Bryan is the director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program. (“Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation”, October 21, 2001, http://www.cfr.org/border-and-port-security/terrorism-porous-borders-homeland-security-case-us-caribbean-cooperation/p4844)
Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
to strike at U.S. and European interests in Caribbean countries.
Security issues become even more critical when one considers the possible use of Caribbean countries
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Bioterrorism causes extinction

Mhyrvold 13 – Nathan Myhrvold founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation. During his 14 years at Microsoft, Nathan founded Microsoft Research and numerous technology groups. He has always been an avid inventor. To date, he has been awarded hundreds of patents and has hundreds of patents pending. Before joining Microsoft, Nathan was a postdoctoral fellow in the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at Cambridge University, and he worked with Professor Stephen Hawking.  He earned a doctorate in theoretical and mathematical physics and a master's degree in mathematical economics from Princeton University, and he also has a master's degree in geophysics and space physics and a bachelor's degree in mathematics from UCLA. (“Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action”, July 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290382)
Even more so than with nuclear weapons, the cost and technical difficulty of producing biological arms has dropped precipitously
AND
One approach is to look at how the scale of destruction they may cause compares with that of other calamities that the human race has faced.

Second, drug violence destabilizes PEMEX and causes catastrophic oil shocks

Martin and Longmire 11 – Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas. Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert and President, Longmire Consulting. (“The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War and Pemex”, March 22, 2011, http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/03/perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug.html)
As discussed previously, oil theft from Pemex pipelines, money laundering by way of service
AND
 simple resolutions and make the United States' need to count on Mexico greater than ever before.

Energy shocks cause nuclear war

Qasem 07 – Islam Yasin Qasem is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia. (“The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” July 9, 2007, online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm)
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high. 

The perception alone causes war

Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus on oil is hardly surprising, given the stakes. In the
AND
risk to prosperity and stability and simple survival than terrorism or even war.

Third, resolving drug violence is critical to the Mexican economy—overcomes alt causes

O’Neil 13 – Shannon is a senior fellow for Latin American Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. (“Mexico Makes It: A Transformed Society, Economy, and Government”, March/April 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/mexico-makes/p30098)
Even more pressing, Mexico must deal with its crime problem. Extortion, kidnapping
AND
, suggest that insecurity shaves more than one percent off Mexico's GDP annually.
Crippled by corruption and impunity, the state fails to provide basic safety for many
AND
this part of the constitution, but so far their efforts have failed.
Mexico City has taken some corrective steps in recent years, and levels of violence
AND
is necessary, throwing the full force of his administration behind these efforts.
If Mexico addresses these challenges, it will emerge as a powerful player on the
AND
help construct new international financial, trade, and climate-change accords.

Mexican growth is critical to the US economy

Wilson 12 – Christopher Wilson is an associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC, and the author of the 2011 Wilson Center report Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and Mexico. (“U.S. Competitiveness: The Mexican Connection”, Issues in Science and Technology, Volume 28, Issue 4, Summer 2012, http://www.issues.org/28.4/p_wilson.html, Accessed 05-14-2013)
Regional integration between the United States and Mexico is already vast and deep. As
AND
Mexico is the first or second most important export market for 21 states.
The United States and Mexico are also major investors in one another. In fact
AND
Avenue and the New York Times Company are supported by significant Mexican investment.
The massive volume of commerce and investment is important, but the depth of regional
AND
, the U.S. and Mexican manufacturing sectors are deeply integrated.
Demonstrating this integration is the fact that 40 of the value of U.
AND
does not have the same positive impact on U.S. manufacturers.
The regional auto industry is a good example of this production-sharing phenomenon.
AND
years, growing 51 and 72, respectively, between 2009 and 2011.
From competitors to partners
The United States and Mexico once worked relatively independently to manufacture goods and export them
AND
increase regional competitiveness vis-à-vis the rest of the world.

Economic decline leads to war

Royal 10 – Jedidiah is the Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Department of Defense. (“Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, chapter in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson’s
AND
the causes and connections between global economic conditions and security conditions remain unknown.
Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland's (1996. 2000) theory of
AND
on its own or because it triggers protectionist moves by interdependent states.4
Third, others have considered the link between economic decline and external armed conflict at
AND
which has the capacity to spill across borders and lead to external tensions.
Furthermore, crises generally reduce the popularity of a sitting government. "Diversionary theory
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

Solvency

CONTENTION 3 IS SOLVENCY:

THE PLAN SOLVES RELATIONS:

Pena Nieto wants to reset drug cooperation—that’s key to relations

Simon and Shirk 13 – Scott Simon is host for NPR. David Shirk is an associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego and recently finished his tenure as director of the Trans-Border Institute at USD. He is also the author of The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat. (“U.S.-Mexico Relations Complicated, Conditioned By Drug War”, May 4, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/05/04/181053775/u-s-mexico-relations-complicated-conditioned-by-drug-war)
In many ways, the relationship between the U.S. and Mexico is
AND
some ways, they blame Americans for being the market for those drugs. 

Only the plan ensures successful cooperation and spillover to broader relations

Wood 13 – Duncan is the director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. (“Security Cooperation in Mexico: Examining the Next Steps in the U.S.-Mexico Security Relationship”, June 18, 2013, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/senate_testimony_sec_cooperation.pdf)
The impact of the change in security strategy by the Peña Nieto administration on US
AND
process of “feeling each other out” is still very much underway.
However, we can point to a number of areas where we can expect fruitful
AND
. Again, the US has significant and important experience in this area. 

Effective security cooperation is critical to and spills over to broader relations—outweighs alt causes—specifically solves energy and the environment

Schaefer 13 – Agnes Bereben Schaefer is a senior political scientist at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corp. (“Schaefer: If U.S.-Mexico get security right, other good policy will follow”, May 28, 2013, http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Schaefer-If-U-S-Mexico-get-security-right-4554703.php)
When President Barack Obama traveled to Mexico recently, many rushed to conclude that security - the topic that has traditionally topped the U.S.-Mexico agenda - had been suddenly shoved aside by economic issues.
During their joint news conference, Obama and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto touted their
AND
will become the driving force behind future U.S.-Mexico relations.
Let's not get carried away. While security isn't the only topic confronting Washington and
AND
keep security issues as a high priority for the United States and Mexico.
Moreover, drug trafficking in Mexico continues to affect the U.S. Mexico is the largest supplier of heroin, marijuana and methamphetamines to the U.S., and Mexico is the shipment point for 95 percent of the cocaine brought into the U.S.
So over the past six years, the U.S. has embarked on
AND
Mexican security forces and U.S. access to Mexican security agencies.
But while security will remain central to the U.S.-Mexico relationship,
AND
intelligence collection and analysis, which is now conducted by many disparate agencies.
The most important unanswered question is how involved Peña Nieto and his Institutional Revolutionary Party
AND
U.S. assistance he will consider, and in what form.
Peña Nieto isn't the only one facing domestic pressures, of course. Obama could almost hear the heated debates in Congress on immigration reform and border security from Mexico City.
So the two leaders emphasized economic cooperation at their summit not because security issues have gone away, but because the new rules of the game in this nascent relationship between Obama and Peña Nieto are evolving.
Economic cooperation is of course also exceedingly important. The United States is still Mexico's
AND
security issues at the top of the U.S-Mexico agenda.
Because security issues are not going away, the two sides need to tackle them
AND
, they may find themselves with far more opportunities for broader cooperation tomorrow.

THE PLAN SOLVES STABILITY:

The Merida Initiative has failed—recent rhetorical shifts aren’t sufficient

Carlsen 13 – Laura is the director of the Americas Program in Mexico City, a foreign policy think tank associated with the Center for International Policy. She holds an MA in Latin American Studies from Stanford and has written extensively on security policy and the drug war, the Merida Initiative, border militarization, and violence. (“Leahy Freeze on Mexico Drug War Funds Will Save Lives and Money”, August 6, 2013, http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/10223)
Likewise, although the State Department has changed the listed objectives every few years and
AND
that has backfired in every part of the world it has been applied.
Mexico's Drug War and Rising Violence
The Merida initiative is based on a military/police approach to counternarcotics operations,
AND
seize shipments has led to head-on confrontations and sparked gangland rivalries.
In Mexico, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) has greatly expanded operations,
AND
, at Fort Bragg, and in the infamous School of the Americas.
This strategy to conceive of Mexico’s crime problem as a perpetual war has, predictably
AND
many cases the evidence points to government security forces themselves as the culprits.

Only the plan shifts away from current militarization toward a bottom-up approach

Shirk 11 – David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Dr. Shirk received his PhD in political science at the University of California, San Diego, and was a fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies from 1998 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2003.  In 2009-2010, Dr. Shirk was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC. He is currently the principal investigator for the Justice in Mexico project, a binational research initiative on criminal justice and the rule of law in Mexico. (“The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat”, March 2011, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/drug-war-mexico/p24262)
In contrast, current U.S. priorities in Mexico remain focused on the
AND
in struggling communities, and greater professionalism and effectiveness in the judicial sector.

The focus on economic, societal, and institutional factors is critical to decrease drug violence—Nieto’s new strategy won’t be successful without the US

Felbab-Brown 13 – Vanda Felbab-Brown is a senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. She is an expert on international and internal conflicts and nontraditional security threats, including insurgency, organized crime, urban violence, and illicit economies. Her fieldwork and research have covered, among others, Afghanistan, South Asia, Burma, Indonesia, the Andean region, Mexico, Morocco, Somalia, and eastern Africa. (“Peña Nieto’s Piñata: The Promise and Pitfalls of Mexico’s New Security Policy Against Organized Crime”, Brookings, February 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/mexico20new20security20policy20felbabbrown/mexico20new20security20policy20felbabbrown.pdf)
Well-designed socioeconomic approaches to combating crime can help address some of the root
AND
some circumstances can even enhance intelligence provision by the population on the criminals.
Indeed, one of the most praise-worthy elements of Calderón’s strategy was to
AND
thus reduce crime. Robust local involvement in the overall planning is essential.
Generating legal alternative livelihoods in urban spaces, as in rural spaces, requires that
AND
those include persistent poverty, social underdevelopment, and poor access to justice.
President Peña Nieto has declared that he keenly wants to focus on improving socio-
AND
for what will happen with preexisting efforts, such as Todos Somos Juárez.
Directing socio-economic programs to strengthen the bonds between citizens and the state also
AND
the power of criminal groups while simultaneously enhancing human security and public safety.
Indeed, Mexico should embrace a multifaceted strategy for combating organized crime. Such a
AND
criminal groups, the United States can do much to help southern neighbor.
Efforts need to focus on ensuring that communities will obey laws, by increasing the
AND
the people and allow citizens to embrace their police forces and state presence.

Only the plan makes Nieto’s new strategy effective

Kolb 12 – Joseph J. Kolb is a regular contributor to Fox News Latino. (“Ciudad Juarez Mayor Says US Drug War Aid Package Failed His City”, May 24, 2012, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2012/05/24/ciudad-juarez-mayor-says-us-drug-war-aid-package-failed-his-city/)
Hector Murguía, the outspoken mayor of this border city besieged by a five-
AND
where we need the aid,” Murguía said. “Give us jobs.”

Plan Text

PLAN:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic, social, and institutional financial assistance toward Mexico.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Jack Caporal

1AC—Stability

CONTENTION 1 IS STABILITY:

The Merida Initiative has failed—recent rhetorical shifts aren’t sufficient

Carlsen 13 – Laura is the director of the Americas Program in Mexico City, a foreign policy think tank associated with the Center for International Policy. She holds an MA in Latin American Studies from Stanford and has written extensively on security policy and the drug war, the Merida Initiative, border militarization, and violence. (“Leahy Freeze on Mexico Drug War Funds Will Save Lives and Money”, August 6, 2013, http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/10223)
Likewise, although the State Department has changed the listed objectives every
AND
 in far too many cases the evidence points to government security forces themselves as the culprits.

Only the plan shifts away from current militarization toward a bottom-up approach

Shirk 11 – David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Dr. Shirk received his PhD in political science at the University of California, San Diego, and was a fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies from 1998 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2003.  In 2009-2010, Dr. Shirk was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC. He is currently the principal investigator for the Justice in Mexico project, a binational research initiative on criminal justice and the rule of law in Mexico. (“The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat”, March 2011, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/drug-war-mexico/p24262)
In contrast, current U.S. priorities in Mexico remain focused on the
AND
in struggling communities, and greater professionalism and effectiveness in the judicial sector.

The focus on economic, societal, and institutional factors is critical to decrease drug violence—Nieto’s new strategy won’t be successful without the US

Felbab-Brown 13 – Vanda Felbab-Brown is a senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. She is an expert on international and internal conflicts and nontraditional security threats, including insurgency, organized crime, urban violence, and illicit economies. Her fieldwork and research have covered, among others, Afghanistan, South Asia, Burma, Indonesia, the Andean region, Mexico, Morocco, Somalia, and eastern Africa. (“Peña Nieto’s Piñata: The Promise and Pitfalls of Mexico’s New Security Policy Against Organized Crime”, Brookings, February 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/mexico20new20security20policy20felbabbrown/mexico20new20security20policy20felbabbrown.pdf)
Well-designed socioeconomic approaches to combating crime can help address some of the root
AND
the people and allow citizens to embrace their police forces and state presence.

Only the plan makes Nieto’s new strategy effective

Kolb 12 – Joseph J. Kolb is a regular contributor to Fox News Latino. (“Ciudad Juarez Mayor Says US Drug War Aid Package Failed His City”, May 24, 2012, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2012/05/24/ciudad-juarez-mayor-says-us-drug-war-aid-package-failed-his-city/)
Hector Murguía, the outspoken mayor of this border city besieged by a five-
AND
where we need the aid,” Murguía said. “Give us jobs.”

TWO IMPACTS:

First, drug violence spills over—destabilizes Central America and the Caribbean

Shirk 11 – David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Dr. Shirk received his PhD in political science at the University of California, San Diego, and was a fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies from 1998 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2003.  In 2009-2010, Dr. Shirk was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC. He is currently the principal investigator for the Justice in Mexico project, a binational research initiative on criminal justice and the rule of law in Mexico. (“The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat”, March 2011, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/drug-war-mexico/p24262)
Third, Mexican stability serves as an important anchor for the region. With networks
AND
DTO operations and violence into the region would have a gravely destabilizing effect.

Caribbean instability causes bioterrorism attacks

Flynn and Bryan 01 – Stephen E. Flynn is the Founding Co-Director of the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security, Professor of Political Science at Northeastern University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. Anthony Bryan is the director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program. (“Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation”, October 21, 2001, http://www.cfr.org/border-and-port-security/terrorism-porous-borders-homeland-security-case-us-caribbean-cooperation/p4844)
Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Bioterrorism causes extinction

Mhyrvold 13 – Nathan Myhrvold founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation. During his 14 years at Microsoft, Nathan founded Microsoft Research and numerous technology groups. He has always been an avid inventor. To date, he has been awarded hundreds of patents and has hundreds of patents pending. Before joining Microsoft, Nathan was a postdoctoral fellow in the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at Cambridge University, and he worked with Professor Stephen Hawking.  He earned a doctorate in theoretical and mathematical physics and a master's degree in mathematical economics from Princeton University, and he also has a master's degree in geophysics and space physics and a bachelor's degree in mathematics from UCLA. (“Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action”, July 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290382)
Even more so than with nuclear weapons, the cost and technical difficulty of
AND
destruction they may cause compares with that of other calamities that the human race has faced.

Second, violence in Mexico causes catastrophic oil shocks

Moran 09 – Michael is an executive editor and policy analyst at the Council on Foreign Relations. (“Six Crises, 2009: A Half-Dozen Ways Geopolitics Could Upset Global Recovery,” 7/31/09, http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/six-crises-2009-a-half-dozen-ways-geopolitics-could-upset-global-recovery/)
Risk 2: Mexico Drug Violence:¶ At Stake: Oil prices, refugee flows
AND
to “renegotiate NAFTA,” a pledge he deftly sidestepped once in office.

Drug violence destabilizes PEMEX—makes oil shocks uniquely likely

Martin and Longmire 11 – Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas. Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert and President, Longmire Consulting. (“The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War and Pemex”, March 22, 2011, http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/03/perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug.html)
As discussed previously, oil theft from Pemex pipelines, money laundering by way of service stations, and
AND
resolutions and make the United States' need to count on Mexico greater than ever before.

Energy shocks cause nuclear war ====
Qasem 07 – Islam Yasin Qasem is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia. (“The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” July 9, 2007, online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm)
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high. 

1AC—Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic, social, and institutional financial assistance toward Mexico.

1AC—Relations

CONTENTION 2 IS RELATIONS:

Mexican President Pena Nieto wants to reset drug cooperation—that’s key to relations

Simon and Shirk 13 – Scott Simon is host for NPR. David Shirk is an associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego and recently finished his tenure as director of the Trans-Border Institute at USD. He is also the author of The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat. (“U.S.-Mexico Relations Complicated, Conditioned By Drug War”, May 4, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/05/04/181053775/u-s-mexico-relations-complicated-conditioned-by-drug-war)
In many ways, the relationship between the U.S. and Mexico is
AND
some ways, they blame Americans for being the market for those drugs. 

Only the plan ensures successful cooperation and spillover to broader relations

Wood 13 – Duncan is the director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. (“Security Cooperation in Mexico: Examining the Next Steps in the U.S.-Mexico Security Relationship”, June 18, 2013, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/senate_testimony_sec_cooperation.pdf)
The impact of the change in security strategy by the Peña Nieto administration on US
AND
. Again, the US has significant and important experience in this area. 

Effective security cooperation is critical to and spills over to broader relations—outweighs alt causes—specifically solves energy and the environment

Schaefer 13 – Agnes Bereben Schaefer is a senior political scientist at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corp. (“Schaefer: If U.S.-Mexico get security right, other good policy will follow”, May 28, 2013, http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Schaefer-If-U-S-Mexico-get-security-right-4554703.php)
When President Barack Obama traveled to Mexico recently, many rushed to
AND
 may find themselves with far more opportunities for broader cooperation tomorrow.

TWO IMPACTS:

First, energy and environmental cooperation is critical to global sustainable development

Kammen 12 – Daniel is a Professor of Energy at UC Berkeley. This was written with Diego Ponce de Leon Barido, Doctoral student in the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley who has done research on Latin American water management and ecosystem services. (“Building Bridges to a Sustainable Energy Future”, December 5, 2012, http://energyblog.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/05/building-bridges-to-a-sustainable-energy-future/)
The Americas are undergoing a transition in the energy sector that will have global geopolitical
AND
industry, university, and civil-society groups in the New World.

Mexico’s key—spills over to cooperation with the rest of the hemisphere

Starr 09 – Pamela is an adjunct fellow specializing in Mexico at the Pacific Council on International Policy. (“Mexico and the United States: A Window of Opportunity?” April 2009, Pacific Council on International Policy, http://www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=35)
Mexican sentiment toward the United States matters. If Mexicans mistrust the United States,
AND
influence in the Latin American region can no longer be taken for granted. 

Ecosystem collapse causes extinction—sustainability is key

UNESCO 11 – UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (“Conserving biodiversity for life and sustainable development”, 7/11/2011, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/conserving_biodiversity_for_life_and_sustainable_development/#.UrnAh_RDvL8)
Biological diversity or ‘biodiversity’ – is defined as the diversity of all living forms
AND
all depend. Loss of biodiversity also leads to loss of cultural diversity.

This is uniquely true now—ecological tipping points are coming and cause extinction—only sustainable development solves

Folke et al 09 – This was a report by Stockholm Resilience Centre produced for the Swedish Government’s Commission on Sustainable Development; it was written by Carl Folke, Thomas Hahn, Johan Rockström and Henrik Österblom, at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, and Brian Walker at CSIRO (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), with the editorial support by Fredrik Moberg, Albaeco. (“Resilience and Sustainable Development 2.0”, March 31, 2009, http://www.stockholmresilience.org/download/18.53ee94ff132ea99552880003257/Resilience_report_for_SCSD_31march2009.pdf)
Today we recognize that driving a fossil fueled car in Stockholm impacts on the long
AND
to avoid shifts into unpleasant situations (like a new global climate regime).

Second, cooperation over drug violence boosts United States’ institutional legitimacy

O’Neil 13 – Shannon K. O'Neil is senior fellow for Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. (Two Nations Indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the Road Ahead, April 2013, Council on Foreign Relations, pgs. 21-22)
Leveraging these benefits and broader U.S. ties, per capita income could
AND
manpower, and the U.S. national ethos would be enormous.

Latin America is uniquely key—critical to international support for the United States

Sabatini and Berger 12 – Christopher Sabatini is the editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas. (“Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America”, June 13, 2012, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/)
Speaking in Santiago, Chile, in March of last year, President Obama called
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.S. influence in the region and even on the world forum.

Pure unilateralism is unsustainable and causes escalation of every conflict—institutional legitimacy is the best middle ground

Quinn 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf¶
 Captain of a shrinking ship¶ As noted in the opening passages of this
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seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dexter MS | Judge: Casey Harrigan
Resources Advantage

CONTENTION 1 IS RESOURCES:

Peak oil

Alexander 14 – Dr Samuel Alexander is a lecturer with the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne. He is also research fellow with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute and co-director of the Simplicity Institute. ("The New Economics of Oil", MSSI Papers Series, March 2014, http://www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/files/mssi/MSSI-Issues-Paper_AlexanderS_1.pdf-http://www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/files/mssi/MSSI-Issues-Paper_AlexanderS_1.pdf)
But Monbiot is wrong about being wrong. For reasons outlined below, peak oil
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, suggesting that this is a subject we dismiss at our own peril.
This paper seeks to show that oil issues remain at the centre of global challenges facing humanity, despite recent claims of oil abundance, and that the challenges are only going to intensify in coming years as competition increases over the world’s most important source of fossil energy. The main issue, however, is not whether we will have enough oil, but whether we can afford to produce and burn the oil we have.
Is ’Peak Oil’ Dead or Alive?
Peak oil, of course, does not mean that the world is running out
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more difficult to increase the ’flow’ of oil out of the ground.
When the rate of crude oil production cannot be increased, that represents peak oil
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rise, making the consumption of oil an increasingly expensive and debilitating addiction.
So is this theory alive or dead? Well, it’s not a theory,
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period of high oil prices that is without parallel in oil market history’.
Geopolitical instability in oil-rich regions of the world also helps keep prices high
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supplies continues to intensify (see Hiscock, 2012; Klare, 2012).
The upward pressure on price over the last decade has changed the economics of several sources of unconventional oil, making them more financially viable to produce when once they were not. For example, the main reason shale oil was not produced historically was because the costs of getting it out of the ground and refining it were significantly more than the market price for oil (Heinberg, 2013).
Driven by high prices, this new production has meant that the total oil production (conventional plus unconventional oil) has been able to meet increasing global demand, even though conventional oil has shown almost no growth in recent years. Because total oil production has increased to meet demand, many commentators have declared that ’peak oil’ is dead. These declarations, however, are based on a misunderstanding.
The current oil production situation does not debunk but rather confirm the peak oil argument
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2013; Sorrell et al, 2012; Miller and Sorrell, 2014).

The shale boom is unsustainable

Lijdsman 14 – Ryan, Canadian-based international business consultant. ("U.S. should get ready for higher oil prices" http://www.troymedia.com/2014/02/07/us-should-get-ready-for-higher-oil-prices/)
U.S. shale oil technology, they claim, has prevailed over peak
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be drilled by 2035. That is five times the current number of wells

Oil wars over increasingly tight supplies are coming and escalate

Jawan 12 – JA Jawan is a professor at UPM in Malaysia teaching Malaysian Politics and Government. ("’Resource Wars’ in the Post-Cold War Era: The Persian Gulf Oil, US, and the Iraq War", Arts and Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 2012, http://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2012/ASSJ-49_Vol2012.pdf)
This term, indeed, was a new term in the United States, and
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have caused many deadly struggles in some parts of the world ~1~.
From another perspective, some political analysts fundamentally believe that geographical elements are the most
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this area and launching wars such as the Iraq War in this region.
2. ’Resource Wars’ and Conflict for Oil
Natural resources have always played a key role in conflicts and wars taking place.
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of these resources in particular along the North-South axis ~4~.
Billon ~3~ believes that the natural resources have always been introduced as a
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the role of railways in control of resources are very important ~3~.
Oil is the most significant overseas resource, and Billon ~3~, showed the
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and then, several wars finally occurred between Arab and Israel ~10~.
Peters ~4~, however, in his work "Coercive Western Energy Security Strategies
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with a growth rate of 1.9 per year ~4~.
In this respect and according to an international group of petroleum specialists (Association for
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the result of the US coercive strategy in order to protect energy supplies. 

Global oil dependence makes US-China war inevitable

KLARE 2010 (Michael Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, "Tomgram: Michael Klare, China Shakes the World," September 19, 2010, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175297/tomgram3A_michael_klare2C_china_shakes_the_world)
Already, China’s efforts to bolster its ties with its foreign-oil providers have
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Whatever its choices, however, China’s energy decisions will shake the world.

US-China war over energy causes extinction

Wittner 11 (Dr. Lawrence Wittner is Professor of History emeritus at SUNY/Albany. His latest book is "Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement" (Stanford University Press), "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?" 11/30/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/nuclear-war-china_b_1116556.html) GANGEEZY
The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. Disturbed by
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modernizing" its nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities over the next decade.

Continued fossil fuel use causes catastrophic warming—biofuels are key to solve

Bessou et al 09 – Cecile is at the Cirad research center at the Agricultural Research for Development; she has a Ph.D. in Agronomy and Environmental Sciences and a MSc. in Sustainable Resource Management. ("Biofuels, greenhouse gases and climate change. A review", September 23, 2009, http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/93/05/59/PDF/hal-00930559.pdf)
Current global energy supplies are dominated by fossil fuels (81 in 2005),
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 of global emissions in CO2 equivalent (Baumert et al., 2005).
Transport is a major energy consumer ~27.6 of total ?nal energy
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to be produced from primary energy sources, involving possibly high CO2 emissions.
Biofuels can contribute to reducing the dependency on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions
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gas emissions and the potential of biofuels to contribute to climate change mitigation.

Only US leadership solves

Passell 12 – Peter, the economics editor of Democracy Lab, is a senior fellow at the Milken Institute. ("Two Worlds, One Climate", May 23, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate)
Climate change, we are often told, is everyone’s problem. And without a
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West’s efforts to co-opt the moral high ground any more convincing.)
This clash of wills is a bit more nuanced than that, but not much
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to hell in a plague of locusts (in some places, literally).
The carbon emissions stats by country are startling, and would be even more startling
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percent, Vietnam’s 563 percent (2121) and the Middle East’s by 171 percent.
If you have any doubts about where the emissions containment opportunities lie, consider this
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winter in emerging-market countries takes the chill off with central heating.
But those focused on social justice rather than efficiency point to yet another set of numbers. While most developing countries waste fossil fuel because their heating, cooking, lighting and motorized transportation depend on older, fuel-guzzling technologies, they are still too poor to consume enough in total to leave much of a carbon footprint.  Indeed, emissions per person in non-OECD countries are just 30 percent that of OECD countries.
Bolivians, for example, emitted 1,300 kilos of CO2 per person in 2009, compared to 16,900 kilos per person in the United States. Resident of tropical Nigeria emitted a mere 266 kilos each, compared to 9,000 each in tropical Singapore. All told, those living in poor- and middle-income countries do emit more than half of all carbon emissions — but only because there are so many of them.
There’s another element here that distinguishes developed from developing countries. If, as expected
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release of vast quantities of methane gas from now-frozen arctic tundra.
But the rich countries’ travails may well be poor countries’ damnation: the inundation of Pacific islands, catastrophic storm surges on the Bengal plain, the collapse of farm yields in semi-arid parts of Africa, and the spread of insect-vectored disease in the warmer, wetter parts. So, fair or not, poor countries have every reason to make emissions priority-one, right?
Maybe, and maybe not. The iconoclastic, Nobel Prize winning economist Tom Schelling
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for themselves, and 98 cents’ worth for the rest of the world.
If all this sounds like a recipe for righteous posturing and diplomatic delay, go to the head of the class. Environmental policymakers and pundits, who once expected to build on the foundation of the Kyoto Treaty to create a truly collective effort to contain emissions, are now thinking smaller. The European Union, for example, is going its own way, investing heavily in emissions reduction in hope that others will be shamed into following its lead.
The containment part is more or less working: European emissions declined by 12 percent
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the other big emerging market economies are planning to mend their emitting ways.
Must we then just accept the reality that the developing half of the global economy
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clear that such tariffs would meet the standards of the World Trade Organization.
A more plausible option — one that appeals in terms of both economic efficiency and
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lock up forest land that would otherwise give way to logging and grazing.
But the scale of such initiatives is probably limited by the inherent accounting ambiguities. How would you know, for example, that the forest wouldn’t be preserved, anyway? Even more to the point, how would one verify that a government, paid to build natural-gas-fired power plants rather than coal ones, would have gone that way without the incentive?
Arguably, the most promising approach to gaining the cooperation of emerging market countries lies in innovation. It wouldn’t take much persuasion to get developing countries to adopt technologies that are climate-friendlier if they are also cheaper than emissions-as-usual.  One could certainly imagine government-subsidized R26D that cut the cost of solar panels by 90 percent, or transformed the hydrogen-producing artificial leaf into a viable source of fuel.
The idea of a global grand bargain in which emerging market countries would join the west in an ambitious, cost-minimizing containment program is dead. The best hope, at least for now, is a pragmatic search for common ground, one that appeals to the angels but relies on self-interest.

It causes extinction—the threshold is soon

Roberts 13 – citing the World Bank Review’s compilation of climate studies - 4 degree projected warming, can’t adapt - heat wave related deaths, forest fires, crop production, water wars, ocean acidity, sea level rise, climate migrants, biodiversity loss. ("If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention", January 10, 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal-http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/~~)
We know we’ve raised global average temperatures around 0.8 degrees C so far
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, but a world that is inexorably more inhospitable with every passing decade.

First-generation biofuel use is also destroying effective land use—resolving the food-versus-fuel debate is critical to global food security

Stephens et al 14 – Evan is a professor of biofuels research at the University of Queensland (Australia), written with Rocky de Nys and Ian Ross and Ben Hankamer. ("Algae Fuels as an Alternative to Petroleum", The Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology Winter 2013/2014, Science Direct)
The scale of global fossil fuel consumption is massive. In 2011 almost 11,
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algal biomass at the low costs required for economically sustainable commodity fuel production.

Food insecurity causes nuclear war

CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor
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crisis and what we can do to avoid it," p. 26)
This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect all citizens
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widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples’ need to secure them.

Mexico Advantage

CONTENTION 2 IS PEMEX:

Mexican oil reserves are unsustainable—energy reforms don’t solve

Cobb 13 – Kurt Cobb is an author, speaker, and columnist who writes about energy, citing two petroleum geologists. ("If Mexico is the next Brazil in oil production, brace for disappointment", December 22, 2013, http://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-12-22/if-mexico-is-the-next-brazil-in-oil-production-brace-for-disappointment)
Mexico’s state-run oil monopoly, Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), has seen its
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get oil comes next, and well...it’s proving hard to get.
Will Mexico fare better than Brazil? Art Berman, a petroleum geologist and consultant who accurately forecast the bust for shale gas investors, offered this analysis in a recent email:
I have worked in Mexico since the early 1990s inside Pemex. There is a reason that no significant discoveries have been made since the 1970s—no reservoirs.
The Campeche Sound ~in the Bay of Campeche~ has reservoirs thanks to the biggest frack job ever, the Chicxulub meteor impact. The Golden Lane reef trend, discovered much earlier, has been fully explored with no new discoveries. Beyond that, almost nada.
The Eagle Ford Shale play ~in Texas~ extends into Mexico and, so
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The deep-water Gulf of Mexico has serious reservoir problems in Mexico.
Add it all up and we are left with the same sense that there should be huge remaining undiscovered reserves in Mexico that an awful lot of smart foreign companies (Amoco, BP, Chevron, Exxon, Shell, etc.) have been unable to discover working closely ~through service contracts~ with Pemex since the 1980s.
As far as the Citi ~Citigroup Inc.~ estimates go ~projecting a doubling of Mexican production which is mentioned and linked above~, mucho ruido, pocos nueces (much ado about nothing; literally, lots of noise, no nuts).
Jeffrey Brown, an independent petroleum geologist best known for his Export Land Model weighed in as well on Mexico’s oil future. Brown’s model, first released publicly in 2006, correctly forecast shrinking global net exports of oil in recent years. He believes that any effect of the Mexican reforms will be relatively small and delayed several years. He related his views in a recent email:
Regarding their ~Mexico’s~ offshore potential, it’s going to take a long time
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investment in Texas more attractive to major oil companies versus investment in Mexico~.
Brown, who manages a joint venture exploration program based in Ft. Worth,
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face of declining production—a sort of pincer movement on oil exports.
It’s possible that Mexico’s production may grow somewhat as a result of the country’s reforms. But, it is foolish to expect too much given what we’ve seen in Brazil to date. And, it is important to remember that production from currently producing Mexican wells is declining continuously making it necessary to drill a lot of wells just to maintain current production let alone increase it.

PEMEX is declining—destroys economic growth and causes drug violence

Wood 09 – Duncan Wood is professor and director of both the International Relations Program
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org/blog/cantarell-mexicos-economy-and-interdependence)
On Tuesday the 17th of November Mexican energy authorities announced that production from the Cantarell
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to over 272 billion pesos a year, or 2 of GDP.
The story of how Mexico reached this crisis point is by now well known.
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, and the crisis in oil production only serves to compound these problems.
What is less discussed is that the crisis caused by the fall in oil production
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are ever more likely to turn to the narcotics industry as an alternative.
These problems will impact upon the United States. First the dependable source of oil
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and common solutions must be sought to assuage the symptoms that arise.
Now more than ever it is imperative that Mexico’s development is seen as a North
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and political and economic insecurity in Mexico impacts negatively on US economic growth.
Cantarell is just one problem currently facing Mexico, to be sure. But it is symptomatic of a deeper malaise affecting the country and indicative of an even more gloomy future if nothing is done to address the situation. This can only be achieved effectively by joint action from Mexico and its neighbor to the north.

Economic decline leads to war

Royal 10 – Jedidiah is the Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Department of Defense. ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises", chapter in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson’s
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the causes and connections between global economic conditions and security conditions remain unknown.
Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland’s (1996. 2000) theory of
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on its own or because it triggers protectionist moves by interdependent states.4
Third, others have considered the link between economic decline and external armed conflict at
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which has the capacity to spill across borders and lead to external tensions.
Furthermore, crises generally reduce the popularity of a sitting government. "Diversionary theory
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popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

Drug violence spills over—destabilizes Central America and the Caribbean

Shirk 11 – David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Dr. Shirk received his PhD in political science at the University of California, San Diego, and was a fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies from 1998 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2003.  In 2009-2010, Dr. Shirk was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC. He is currently the principal investigator for the Justice in Mexico project, a binational research initiative on criminal justice and the rule of law in Mexico. ("The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat", March 2011, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/drug-war-mexico/p24262)
Third, Mexican stability serves as an important anchor for the region. With networks
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DTO operations and violence into the region would have a gravely destabilizing effect.

Caribbean instability causes bioterrorism attacks

Flynn and Bryan 01 – Stephen E. Flynn is the Founding Co-Director of the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security, Professor of Political Science at Northeastern University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. Anthony Bryan is the director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program. ("Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation", October 21, 2001, http://www.cfr.org/border-and-port-security/terrorism-porous-borders-homeland-security-case-us-caribbean-cooperation/p4844)
Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
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to strike at U.S. and European interests in Caribbean countries.
Security issues become even more critical when one considers the possible use of Caribbean countries
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else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Bioterrorism causes extinction

Mhyrvold 13 – Nathan Myhrvold founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation. During his 14 years at Microsoft, Nathan founded Microsoft Research and numerous technology groups. He has always been an avid inventor. To date, he has been awarded hundreds of patents and has hundreds of patents pending. Before joining Microsoft, Nathan was a postdoctoral fellow in the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at Cambridge University, and he worked with Professor Stephen Hawking.  He earned a doctorate in theoretical and mathematical physics and a master’s degree in mathematical economics from Princeton University, and he also has a master’s degree in geophysics and space physics and a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from UCLA. ("Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action", July 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290382)
Even more so than with nuclear weapons, the cost and technical difficulty of producing biological arms has dropped precipitously in recent decades with the boom in industrial molecular biology. A small team of people with the necessary technical training and some cheap equipment can create weapons far more terrible than any nuclear bomb. Indeed, even a single individual might do so.
Taken together, these trends utterly undermine the lethality-versus-cost curve that
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—or in a Pakistani suburb—can potentially have "the button."
Turning Life Against the Living
The first and simplest kinds of biological weapons are those that are not contagious and
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or missiles much like conventional explosive warheads. They can be highly deadly.
Anthrax is the most famous example. In several early- 20th-century outbreaks, it killed nearly 90 of those infected by inhaling bacterial spores into their lungs. Anthrax was used in the series of mail attacks in the United States in the fall of 2001. Even with advanced antibiotic treatment, 40 of those who contracted inhalational anthrax died during the 2001 attacks.1
That crime is believed to have been the work of a lone bioweapons scientist who
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, would elude the FBI for years. But that is what happened.
What if such an attack were made not by some vigilante trying to alert the
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of that science, could be a threat to the entire human race.
Indeed, the world has already experienced some true acts of biological terror. Aum
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been a bit more competent, things could have turned out far worse.
One 2003 study found that an airborne release of one kilogram of an anthrax-
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harder to detect—than is constructing a nuclear bomb of comparable lethality.
Anthrax, moreover, is rather benign as biological weapons go. The pathogen is reasonably well understood, having been studied in one form or another in biowarfare circles for more than 50 years. Natural strains of the bacterium are partially treatable with long courses of common antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin if the medication is taken sufficiently quickly, and vaccination soon after exposure seems to reduce mortality further.5
But bioengineered anthrax that is resistant to both antibiotics and vaccines is known to have been produced in both Soviet and American bioweapons laboratories. In 1997, a group of Russian scientists even openly published the recipe for one of these superlethal strains in a scientific journal.6
In addition, numerous other agents are similar to anthrax in that they are highly
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-defined target, and with luck, little collateral damage will result.
Unfortunately, many biological agents are communicable and so can spread beyond the people initially
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by its nature, such a pathogen may infect the entire human race.
Despite this rather severe drawback, both the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as Imperial Japan, investigated and produced contagious bioweapons. The logic was that their use in a military conflict would be limited to last-ditch, "scorched earth" campaigns, perhaps with a vaccine available only to one side.
Smallpox is the most famous example. It is highly contagious and spreads through casual contact. Smallpox was eradicated in the wild in 1977, but it still exists in both U.S. and Russian laboratories, according to official statements.7 Unofficial holdings are harder to track, but a number of countries, including North Korea, are believed to possess covert smallpox cultures.
Biological weapons were strictly regulated by international treaty in 1972. The United States and
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germs or the knowledge has spread since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Experts estimate that a large-scale, coordinated smallpox attack on the United States might kill 55,000 to 110,000 people, assuming that sufficient vaccine is available to contain the epidemic and that the vaccine works.8, 9 The death toll may be far higher if the smallpox strain has been engineered to be vaccine-resistant or to have enhanced virulence.
Moreover, a smallpox attack on the United States could easily broaden into a global
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could be contained, and containment would probably require many years of effort.
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
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era. Tomorrow’s terrorists will have vastly more deadly bugs to choose from.
Consider this sobering development: in 2001, Australian researchers working on mousepox, a
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possible that future tinkering with the virus will change that property, too.
Strong reasons exist to believe that the genetic modifications Buller made to mousepox would work
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and no one has yet replied that such a manipulation couldn’t be done.
This case is just one example. Many more are pouring out of scientific journals and conferences every year. Just last year, the journal Nature published a controversial study done at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in which virologists enumerated the changes one would need to make to a highly lethal strain of bird flu to make it easily transmitted from one mammal to another.14
Biotechnology is advancing so rapidly that it is hard to keep track of all the
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to spread to more people and thus makes the virus harder to stop.
This dynamic is perhaps best illustrated by HIV, which is very difficult to transmit
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are now living with this virus and facing a highly uncertain future.15
A virus genetically engineered to infect its host quickly, to generate symptoms slowly—say, only after weeks or months—and to spread easily through the air or by casual contact would be vastly more devastating than HIV . It could silently penetrate the population to unleash its deadly effects suddenly. This type of epidemic would be almost impossible to combat because most of the infections would occur before the epidemic became obvious.
A technologically sophisticated terrorist group could develop such a virus and kill a large part of humanity with it. Indeed, terrorists may not have to develop it themselves: some scientist may do so first and publish the details.
Given the rate at which biologists are making discoveries about viruses and the immune system, at some point in the near future, someone may create artificial pathogens that could drive the human race to extinction. Indeed, a detailed species-elimination plan of this nature was openly proposed in a scientific journal.
The ostensible purpose of that particular research was to suggest a way to extirpate the malaria mosquito, but similar techniques could be directed toward humans.16 When I’ve talked to molecular biologists about this method, they are quick to point out that it is slow and easily detectable and could be fought with biotech remedies. If you challenge them to come up with improvements to the suggested attack plan, however, they have plenty of ideas.
Modern biotechnology will soon be capable, if it is not already, of bringing
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be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.
The 9/11 attacks involved at least four pilots, each of whom had
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hundreds more in the United States accept students from all over the world.
Thus it seems likely that sometime in the near future a small band of terrorists
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cause compares with that of other calamities that the human race has faced.

Biofuel development in Mexico creates sustainable economic growth and maintains energy security—specifically checks PEMEX decline

Wood et al 12 – Duncan Wood is professor and director of both the International Relations Program and the Canadian Studies Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He leads the Renewable Energy Initiative at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, is a member of the Mexican National Research System (level 2), a member of the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica and has been an editorial advisor to Reforma newspaper. Professor Omar Romero-Hernandez spends most of his professional time lecturing, researching and doing consultancy at Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. He is a Chemical Engineer with graduate studies in Economic Policy and Government and a PhD in Process Economics and Environmental Impact from Imperial College, London, UK. After graduating with honors from Trinity College in Hartford, CT, Jason Koman worked as an analyst in former U.S. President Bill Clinton’s Climate Change Initiative (CCI). David Richey is a cleantech industry consultant and researcher at the Center for Environmental Public Policy. Professor Sergio Romero-Hernandez is a full time lecturer and researcher in the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM). ("Bioenergy Potential in Northern Mexico", May 2012, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Border_Biofuel_Romero_0.pdf)
Mexico has taken significant steps to promote a domestic biofuel industry. Although Mexico has only limited practical experience in implementation, the adoption of biofuels is perceived as an opportunity to develop alternatives to petroleum, to foster economic development and to reduce GHG emissions.27
An important step in fostering the development of a domestic biofuel industry at the federal
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is being designed by the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT).
On the whole, programs and activities related to biofuels in Mexico are very limited
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by the government as falling within the general framework of reducing GHG emissions.
However, most of these programs and plans are not mature, and very few
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availability and environmental advantages associated with utilizing MSW as the primary feedstock strea.
FINANCING AND INVESTMENT
A wave of investments and government plans in the past few years have emerged in
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in Mexico due to stable investment grades and considerable foreign direct investments annually.
Private Investment
The global picture for private investment in the cleantech industry remains strong. In 2010, total cleantech venture investment totaled 247.8 billion, up by 28 compared to 246.1 billion in 2009.36 As of the third quarter of 2011, cleantech venture investment totaled 246.63 billion.37 In 2011, numerous biofuel companies went forward with initial public offers (IPO).
Investment in commercial grade MSW to fuel facilities is beginning to happen outside of Mexico
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as well as direct investments, demonstrates that financing exists for competitive projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Roadways and Transportation
No country can have a first-rate economy without first-rate infrastructure. In July 2007, President Calderón launched the National Infrastructure Program (NIP) designed to increase the coverage, quality, and competitiveness of Mexico’s infrastructure. The projects include modernization and construction of new highways and rural roads along with a wide scope of projects across other sectors of the economy.
Few people in the United States realize how much progress Mexico has made in expanding
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in much of the world, especially in terms of petroleum supply logistics.
Additionally, this modernized interstate highway network will also facilitate a tighter integration of the
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advantage of underserved consumer bases in central and southern parts of the nation.
The Mexican government developed is National Infrastructure Program (NIP) in order to ensure
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the existing NAFTA Highway, along with two new east-west corridors.
Mexico’s federal government has made substantial progress in implementing its ambitious highway infrastructure plans —
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program appeared to be on track to be completed as scheduled by 2012.
Workforce
Job creation is important in driving emerging and developing countries to promote second-generation
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, however, will undoubtedly result in higher levels of local construction jobs.
Based on required investments estimated by the IEA (see Section 6.1)
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shown are job-year per average megawatt of power output (MWa).
Due to its highly developed oil, gas and petrochemical industries, Mexico possesses the means to produce highly skilled engineers. The nation can supply highly skilled labor through programs at top-level universities and agricultural and technological institutions.
Mexico’s national petrochemical company, Pemex, is going through a period of decline in
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provide a much more sustainable avenue for continued economic growth in the country.

Solvency

CONTENTION 3 IS SOLVENCY:

Algae biofuel from the Gulf of Mexico is key

Hendricks et al 11 – Robert Hendricks is a senior technologist and research engineer in the Research and Technology Directorate, and performs basic and applied research in fluid dynamics and heat transfer. ("Aviation Fueling: A Cleaner, Greener Approach", August 1, 2011, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100017410.pdf)
We are a society addicted to hydrocarbons. Our planet is gripped by our addiction to hydrocarbon energy generation sources.
Addiction is a terrible thing. It consumes and controls us, makes us deny important truths and blinds us to the consequences of our actions. (U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon)
We take pride in our clean, green identity as a nation and we are determined to take action to protect it. We appreciate that protecting the climate means behavior change by each and every one of us. (Prime Minister Helen Clark, New Zealand)
Both are valid convictions, yet will biomass fueling Reduce hydrocarbon addiction? Reduce CO2, NOX, and so forth, nanoparticulate, altitude H2O clouds, and emissions health and climate hazards? Reduce foreign control of our future? Require cooperative worldwide investments? Require a paradigm shift in source and use of energy?
The consequences of inaction are existential to humanity.
Economic growth, testing, and projections of biomass production must address several questions in
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arable land and to protect our food supply, health, and climate.
The real problems we face are how to make these fuel resources secure, sustainable, economically viable, sufficiently available, all while satisfying the ground rules.
The questions, issues, and problems addressed lead to the conclusion that we must
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long term. Also, we must employ telecommunication (tele-everything).
3. Biomass Resources
Today’s world food supply depends on four major crops: rice, corn (maize
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fuels, yet "cultivating salt-tolerant crops could solve both problems."
These realities engender the food or fuel issues and their detriments, benefits, and limitations. Gressel ~7~ argues for biomass diversity and that biomass production (e.g., switchgrass) does not defy uptake of essential nutrients such as water and nitrogen (Figure 1); freshwater demands are given in Table 2.
Gressel ~7~ proposes that the food-feed-fuel issue cannot be
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oil content, as is often the case for corn and soybean meals.
While freshwater is a renewable resource, and peakwater estimates are inaccurate, peak ecological water results from climatic anthropogenic changes ~16~.Many watersheds are running low, as is occurring in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, because of glacier melt and lack of snow mass and intensive Colorado River (southwestern United States) water demands, of whichmuch is used for crop irrigation. As a result of high demand and low water levels, many aquifers are slowly becoming saline.
Conservation of arable land and freshwater biodiverse regions along with the development of saline agriculture and aquiculture can provide proteins, oils, as well as renewable biomass resources for food, medicines, livestock feed, and fuel. Arguments and justification for use of world sea and brackish water along with arid and semiarid land and agriculture and human wastes as sustainable fuel and food resources have been presented previously ~18, 19~.
Adherence to conservation and selective cultivation practices establish "do no harm" ground rules
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6) life cycle carbon reduction, 50 fossil CO2 reduction.
4. Biomass Feedstock Potential Resources
Biomass feedstock sources include halophytes (micro- and macro-), algae, bacteria,
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currently given to this issue ~3, 5, 23–25~.
In an attempt to address economics and biomass production, Hendricks and Bushnell looked to
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waters comes from natural seepage and 33 from user spills ~13~.

Algae biofuel is market-adaptable, can replace oil, and is key to solve warming

Ziolkowska and Simon 14 – Jadwiga is a professor of agriculture at Cal Berkeley; Loe Simon is a professor resource economics at Berkeley. ("Recent developments and prospects for algae-based fuels in the US", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, Vol 29, 2014, ScienceDirect)
The algae-based fuel technology can be called a market innova- tion as it offers a unique opportunity to produce both biodiesel and ethanol successively in a two-step process. This is possible since algae contain both oil (in algae cells) and sugars (starch â€" the storage component and cellulose â€" the cell wall component). None of the other biofuels technologies currently available on the market offers similar advantages.
The most efficient algae strains for ethanol production are Sargassum, Glacilaria, Prymnesium parvum and Euglena gracilis as they have the highest carbohydrate content among algal strains. After extracting lipids from algae cells, the left-over cake com- posed of carbohydrates and proteins can be converted into sugars and finally ethanol in the fermentation process. Fermentation of the algae extract releases CO2 which can again be used to grow more algae ~5~.
2. Possibilities for and limitations of the algae technology
Algae deliver the highest lipid amount among all biofuels feed- stocks available on the
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depending on the algae strains, different regions might provide optimal growing conditions.
The process of producing algae-based fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and deriving algae-based products is complex and occurs in several stages (Fig. 1). Depending on the algae strain, applied technology, constituents and biological conversion pro- cesses, the cost of the �nal product (fuel and co-products) may differ.
According to Oligea ~5~, producing ethanol from algae is not problematic in terms
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development of the algae-based fuel market in the long-term.
3. Economic, environmental, social and policy perspective on algae-based fuels
Algal biomass has several characteristics that make it competitive with other biofuels feedstocks for biofuels production.
3.1. Environmental advantages
Algae require 2 g of CO2 for every g biomass generated ~10~. Thus
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meet the global demand for fuels in the long-term ~14~.
Moreover, the production of algae-based fuels can enhance positive external effects.
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be mitigated with algae production and create an additional welfare value ~15~.
In the US, the corn ethanol capacity amounts to 14 billion gallons and represents
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produce 1.6 billion gallons of renewable diesel or biodiesel ~15~.
In addition, algae production does not compete for water resources with the agricultural production. Algae can be grown with wastewater which indicates a high environmental sustainability of this feedstock (compare: ~1~).
3.2. Economic advantages
Algae have a wide range of applicability and it can provide both fuels and co-products for other sectors. Three components can be extracted from the algal biomass: lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Lipids and carbohydrates can be applied for fuel produc- tion (e.g., gasoline, biodiesel and jet fuel, renewable hydrocarbons, alcohols, biogas), while proteins can be used for other purposes (e.g., animal/fish feeds, fertilizers, industrial enzymes, bioplastics, surfactants) ~1~.
Two algae strains (Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas perigra- nulata) have a potential
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the oil productivity of other feedstocks is even more limited (Table 1).
Another economic benefit of algae-based biofuel production is that the algae strains can
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shore is considered, algae production does not require land resources at all.
Algae-based fuels can also have technological advantages in terms of their distribution and
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the case with other advanced biofuels, e.g., cellulosic ethanol.
Moreover, algae-based fuel has similar biochemical characteristics (energy density, number of carbon atoms per molecule) as traditional gasoline and, as recently proved by Solazyme ~22~ (an industrial biotechnology company), it can be used with factory-standard engines, without any modifications.
3.3. Social and policy advantages

Only algae solves

Demirbas and Demirbas 11 ~Ayhan and Faith, Profs of Engineering at Sirnak University; "Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel" Energy Conversion and Management, Vol 52. 2011. ScienceDirectGBS-JV~
Algae biomass cultivation has four important potentials than other sources. First, algae biomass
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completely replace petroleum as a source of hydrocarbon feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

Increased financial incentives are key to production and commercialization

Haase et al 13 ~Rachel, Prof of Science and Techonlogy at University of Minnesota, and Jeff Bielick and Jenny Kuzma, "Innovation in emerging energy technologies: A case study analysis to inform the path forward for algal biofuels" Energy Policy, Vol 61. 2013. ScienceDirectGBS-JV~
None of the numerous current federal biofuel policies specifi¶ cally incentivize algal biofuels.
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¶ vention could make a significant difference in the commercializa¶ tion process.

US-Mexico cooperation solves

Wood et al 12 – Duncan Wood is professor and director of both the International Relations Program and the Canadian Studies Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He leads the Renewable Energy Initiative at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, is a member of the Mexican National Research System (level 2), a member of the editorial board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica and has been an editorial advisor to Reforma newspaper. Professor Omar Romero-Hernandez spends most of his professional time lecturing, researching and doing consultancy at Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. He is a Chemical Engineer with graduate studies in Economic Policy and Government and a PhD in Process Economics and Environmental Impact from Imperial College, London, UK. After graduating with honors from Trinity College in Hartford, CT, Jason Koman worked as an analyst in former U.S. President Bill Clinton’s Climate Change Initiative (CCI). David Richey is a cleantech industry consultant and researcher at the Center for Environmental Public Policy. Professor Sergio Romero-Hernandez is a full time lecturer and researcher in the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM). ("Bioenergy Potential in Northern Mexico", May 2012, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Border_Biofuel_Romero_0.pdf)
To date, there has been only minor cooperation between the United States and Mexico
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They also pointed out the potential for similar types of measures in Mexico.
The bulk of interest has come from a U.S. private sector that
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grown feedstocks, there are some very good examples of MSW energy generation.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its financial incentives for joint US-Mexican development of algae-based biofuels.

Tournament: NFL Qualifiers | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Nate Bennett

Neoliberalism

CONTENTION 1 IS NEOLIBERALISM:

NAFTA has failed—economic deregulation and privatization in Mexico has been catastrophic, causing structural violence and environmental destruction for the sake of the expansion of global capital

Faux 03 – Jeff Faux is a distinguished fellow at the Economic Policy Institute, which he founded. (“How NAFTA Failed Mexico”, The American Prospect, June 16, 2003, http://prospect.org/article/how-nafta-failed-mexico)
NAFTA proponents, on the other hand, claimed that merely opening Mexico to free
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deregulated world, there is always someone who will work for less.

Specifically, agriculture trade liberalization has allowed the US to dump cheap food exports on Mexico, which displaces Mexican farmers, causes mass poverty, and undermines food security

Gonzalez 07 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. (“Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens”, April 2007, Center for Progressive Reform, http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf)
On January 1, 1994, hundreds of indigenous Mexican peasants took part in the
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that they do not degrade the natural resource base necessary for food production.

This violent template has been spread to other countries—a new model for agriculture trade in Latin America is key

Gonzalez 11 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. (“An Environmental Justice Critique of Comparative Advantage: Indigenous Peoples, Trade Policy, and the Mexican Neoliberal Economic Reforms”, April 2011, U Pa J Int’l L 32:3, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=carmen_gonzalez)
The Zapatista uprising on January 1, 1994 drew international attention to the plight of
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early 2000s.5 An increasing proportion of Mexican migrants are indigenous.6
Notwithstanding the substantial scholarly literature on the relationship between globalization and migration,7 the
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of direct foreign investment, and enhanced protection of private property rights.11 

This violence is part and parcel of a system of neoliberal globalization that has masked and institutionalized structural violence and caused unending suffering—the aff’s understanding of violence is best

Hayden 07 – Patrick Hayden is Professor of Political Theory and International Relations at St Andrews, which he joined in 2006. His research and teaching interests focus broadly on the intersection of international (or global) politics and social and political theory. (“Superfluous Humanity: An Arendtian Perspective on the Political Evil of Global Poverty”, 2007, https://www.academia.edu/549855/Superfluous_Humanity_An_Arendtian_Perspective_on_the_Political_Evil_of_Global_Poverty)
The crucial feature of political evil in Arendt’s analysis is that it takes aim at
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person is able to see this world ‘from the other person’s standpoint’.

Plan

The United States federal government should offer to Mexico an agriculture-only trade agreement that allows Mexico to regulate Mexican agriculture trade.

Solvency

CONTENTION 2 IS SOLVENCY:

The aff changes the agriculture chapter of NAFTA—critical to alleviate poverty and revitalize farming in Mexico

Carlsen 03 – Laura is the director of the Americas Program in Mexico City, a foreign policy think tank associated with the Center for International Policy. She is also an associate of the Interhemispheric Resource Center's Americas Program and holds an MA in Latin American Studies from Stanford. (“The Mexican Farmers' Movement: Exposing the Myths of Free Trade”, March 8, 2003, Dissident Voice, http://dissidentvoice.org/Articles2/Carlsen_Mexico-MFM.htm)
3. The Myth of Free Trade as a Development Model é
 Since the "lost decade" of the eighties and the polarization of wealth
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thousand years of culture, domesticated agriculture, and biological and agricultural diversity.

Regulating and protecting agriculture trade is key—solutions based on further liberalization fail

Perez et al 08 – Mamerto Peréz is an independent researcher from Bolivia who has published extensively on rural development; Sergio Schlesinger is based in Brazil and consults with the Federation of Organizations for Social and Educational Assistance (FASE) and with Food and Water Watch; Timothy A. Wise is the Deputy Director of the Global Development and Environment Institute (GDAE) at Tufts University, Medford, Mass. (“The Promise and the Perils of Agricultural Trade Liberalization”, June 2008, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/AgricWGReportJuly08.pdf)
The studies in our project demonstrate that sustained rural development and poverty reduction in Latin
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to protect and promote economic activities that advance just and sustainable economic development.

The aff is a shift in the way US trade policy is conducted, which re-conceptualizes trade as a means to promote food security and biodiversity rather than an end in itself

Gonzalez 07 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. (“Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens”, April 2007, Center for Progressive Reform, http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf)
Reform of international trade policy must begin by re-conceptualizing trade as a means
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to target the concentrations of corporate power that can lead to monopolistic abuse.

Risk Calculus

CONTENTION 3 IS RISK CALCULUS:

Contemporary risk analysis should be rejected—it is driven by corporate interests who use one-percent logic and threat inflation to justify neoliberal expansion and violence

Krahmann 08 – Dr. Elke Krahmann is Senior Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics at the University of Bristol. She is has published widely on international foreign and security policy, including New Threats and New Actors in International Security (Palgrave, 2005) and Multilevel Networks in European Foreign Policy (Ashgate, 2003) and articles in numerous journals. Her forthcoming research monograph States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security examines the privatization of military force in Europe and North America, while her current research project analyses the theoretical and normative implications of the commodification of security. (“The Commodification of Security in the Risk Society”, January 1, 2008, http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/RES-000-22-1516/outputs/Read/d3e8b6e5-88a1-449d-9ebf-6158aaea905a)
With the perceived rise of global dangers such as transnational terrorism, nuclear proliferation,
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and individuals are monitored and managed through the goals of neo-liberalism.”

The impact is the militarization of US foreign policy—hypothetical extinction scenarios benefit interest groups and bureaucratic interests who maintain the fiction of danger

Cohen and Zenko 12 – Micah Zenko is a Fellow in the Center for Preventative Action at the Council on Foreign Relations. Michael Cohen is a Fellow at the Century Foundation. (“Clear and Present Safety”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety?page=show)
This reality is barely reflected in U.S. national security strategy or in
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to the overreactions that have defined its foreign policy for far too long.

This is also true of contemporary risk calculus in debate—the rush to extended internal link chains and nuclear war scenarios is bankrupt and ensures policy failure

Berube 2000 – David Berube is a professor of communication studies at the North Carolina State University. (“Debunking Mini-Max Reasoning: The Limits of Extended Causal Chains in Contest Debate”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate (CEDA), 2000, http://www.cedadebate.org/CAD/index.php/CAD/article/viewFile/248/232)
Outsiders to contest debating have remarked simply that too many policy debate arguments end in
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anticipated results, the product of their probabilities and values” (238). 

War won’t happen—a confluence of factors ensure great power peace

Deudney and Ikenberry 09 – Daniel is a professor of political science at Johns Hopkins. John is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. (“The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail”, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2009)
This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing
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-first century point to the renewed value of international integration and cooperation.

US first strike stops escalation

Lieber and Press 06 – Keir A. Lieber, the author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics Over Technology, is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Daryl G. Press, the author of Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats, is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. (“The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy”, March/April 2006, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61508/keir-a-lieber-and-daryl-g-press/the-rise-of-us-nuclear-primacy)
This debate may now seem like ancient history, but it is
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has been announcing the missile's imminent deployment for decades.

Even the creators of nuclear winter theory acknowledge that nuclear war could never wipe out everyone

ROBOCK 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, “Nuclear Winter,” WIREs Climate Change, May/June, Wiley Online Library via University of Michigan Libraries)
While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is
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consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: Dana Randall

Environment Advantage

CONTENTION ( ) IS THE MEXICAN ENVIRONMENT:

NAFTA has destroyed Mexican agriculture—cheap, subsidized ag from the US has flooded their market and displaced local producers

Gonzalez 07 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. ("Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens", April 2007, Center for Progressive Reform, http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf-http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf)
On January 1, 1994, hundreds of indigenous Mexican peasants took part in the
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livelihoods of Mexican corn farmers have confirmed the validity of these concerns.4
Trade liberalization under NAFTA has accelerated the trend toward large-scale, export-
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undermining the rural institutions upon which traditional maize-growing is based.12
The Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, is an example of fierce resistance by
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communities to preserve millions of acres of forest from conversion to pastureland.15
These grassroots struggles in developing countries over the ecological necessities of life (land,
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of adequate and equitable access to food, water, and living space.
Much of the literature on environmental justice struggles in the United States and in developing
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impede efforts to combat poverty, disease and hunger in the developing world.
Proponents of liberalized trade in agricultural products claim that removing agricultural trade barriers will alleviate
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265 billion, with nearly half of that gain accruing to developing countries.
Critics of trade liberalization emphasize that the real cause of hunger is poverty.34
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that they do not degrade the natural resource base necessary for food production.

Food poverty under NAFTA specifically causes massive deforestation and habitat destruction—Mexico is a critical biodiversity hotspot

Vaughan 04 – Scott Vaughan is a visiting scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, focusing on the WTO and NAFTA. He previously held positions with the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Environment Program, and the Royal Bank Financial Group (Canada). ("The Greenest Trade Agreement Ever? Measuring the Environmental Impacts of Agriculture Liberalization", Chapter in NAFTA’s Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere, 2004, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/nafta1.pdf)
My second conclusion is that NAFTA has accelerated the structural shift toward large-scale
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very wide margin, this structural shift has magni?ed water scarcity in Mexico.
My third conclusion is that commercially oriented farms have not delivered environmental bene?ts associated with
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18 percent in marginalized areas, as poor farmers respond to falling prices.
The environmental costs of deforestation and changes in land use in Mexico are staggering.
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geography of this biological diversity coincides exactly with Mexico’s geography of extreme poverty.
Trade theory scarcely hides the unhappy fact that there are winners and losers from trade
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in the farm sector that increasingly lock them out of commercially viable markets.
The most important environmental challenge arising from NAFTA is to build a bridge between aspects
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in Mexico’s agriculture has not been accompanied by an expansion in other sectors.
Economic shocks experienced during the adjustment period of liberalization often appear to be intractable.
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never been a lasting solution to broader, in situ biological diversity protection.

The plan’s key—allowing Mexico to protect its agriculture sector revitalizes smallholder ag and decreases food poverty

Wise 09 – Timothy Wise is Director of the Research and Policy Program at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University in Medford Massachusetts, where he leads the Institute’s Globalization and Sustainable Development Program. Prof. Wise’s research focus has been on trade policies and treaties, global food security and rural development. He has written extensively on the impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Mexico and what lessons the NAFTA experience offers regarding future U.S. trade agreements as well free trade impacts upon the global food crisis and commodity price speculation. Prior to joining the Institute in 1999, he was the Executive Director of the international aid agency Grassroots International. ("Reforming NAFTA’s Agricultural Provisions", November 2009, http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/PardeeNAFTACh3WiseAgricNov09.pdf)
NAFTA’s agricultural provisions have always been controversial, particularly for people in Mexico. Mexico’s
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be reformed to guarantee a more sustainable and equitable plan for agricultural integration.
I. THE NEED FOR REFORM
Corn is emblematic of NAFTA’s problems. In Mexico corn (maize) is produced
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the economy, many have added to the rising ?ow of migrant laborers.
The trade ?ow results of NAFTA’s agricultural provisions have been entirely predictable, if accelerated by Mexico’s unilateral liberalization of most crops:
Mexican producers increased exports of fruits and vegetables to the United States significantly. Exports
AND production systems, except for a rise in seasonal employment ?lled by migrant labor from other parts of Mexico.
U.S. producers saw some loss of market share in these sectors,
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(Impacts were limited in sugar due to a long-running dispute over the treatment of U.S. corn sweetener exports.)
U.S. producers saw significant increases in their exports of maize, soybeans, meats, and a variety of other staple goods.
Mexican producers of those same goods saw prices fall significantly (50 percent in real
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in Mexico such as tourist areas, or permanently to the United States.
Thus the principal need for reform of NAFTA’s agricultural provisions is rooted in the wide
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asymmetries between the staple-food sectors in Mexico and the United States.
It is critical to address these problems because job creation in Mexico has been disappointing
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chains while providing little market oversight to prevent anti-competitive business practices.
II. OVERARCHING PRINCIPLES AND GOALS FOR REFORM
The main goal for reforming NAFTA’s agricultural provisions is to address the continued asymmetries between
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a slow shrinking of the gaps between Mexico and its agricultural trading partners.

This form of protectionism is specifically key to mitigate environmental destruction from food poverty

Soto 12 – Gloria Soto Montes de Oca is lecturer at Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City. She studied a PhD in Environmental Sciences at UEA from 2000 to 2003. Gloria has a background in environmental valuation and economics of water resources. ("Environmental Impact of Agricultural Trade Liberalization under NAFTA", Politics 26 Policy, Volume 40, No. 3 (2012): 471-491, Wiley)
Based on the analysis of agriculture within the NAFTA framework, I observed that trade
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provided by forests and jungles, particularly in their function as carbon sinks.
Although NAFTA was at the forefront in terms of innovative schemes to prevent negative environmental
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about impacts that have a local impact, as the Kuznets Curve indicates.
The need for improved diagnosis regarding possible effects of trade agreements might provide inputs for better environmental national policy making to reduce environmental costs at local, regional, and also global levels. Consequently, an important policy conclusion is that interventions need to pay close attention to the relationship between trade, poverty, and the environment in developing countries.
Particularly, policies in developing countries must supply the appropriate compensatory income measures to reduce
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therefore, NAFTA produced a level of output with moderated degradation levels.

Independently, NAFTA has destroyed Mexican crop genetic diversity—climate change means sustaining Mexican diversity is key to prevent global corn collapse and food insecurity

Canby 10 – Peter Canby is a senior editor at The New Yorker and the author of The Heart of the Sky: Travels Among the Maya; this article was published in The Nation. ("Retreat to Subsistence", July 5, 2010, http://www.thenation.com/article/36330/retreat-subsistence)
After harvest in the United States, genetically modified and non–genetically modified corn
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in areas deemed not to be "centers of origin" of corn.)
Scientists with reservations about genetically engineered crops maintain that the ways in which transgenes—
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of plant science at the University of California, Davis, told me.
A larger concern with genetically modified crops is spelled out in Environmental Effects of Transgenic
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that there was no reason to believe transgenic plants would behave any differently.
These concerns had special resonance in Mexico. Corn cultivation here differs radically from that
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modified genes, those genes could be passed through seeds to subsequent generations.
In the United States, moreover, there are virtually no wild relatives of corn
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only would they not be removable but they could lead to their extinction.
In the late 1990s Zapotec farmers in Oaxaca began to notice what they thought were unusual numbers of mutant plants in their fields. Already inflamed by the government’s agricultural policies, the Zapotecs were deeply suspicious of genetically modified corn and approached two scientists then working in the area, Ignacio Chapela and David Quist of the University of California, Berkeley, and asked them to test the plants for evidence of transgenes.
In their lab, Chapela and Quist found not only evidence of transgenes but also
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that genetically modified genes were unstable within the genomes of their host plants.
Under tremendous pressure, Nature published an unprecedented statement criticizing the evidence for this assertion
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firm hired by Monsanto, the world’s leading producer of genetically engineered seeds.
Chapela and Quist’s paper nevertheless generated further studies—some confirmed transgressed genes, but
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a study of the implications of the genetically-modified-corn problem.
The CEC’s report, Maize and Biodiversity: The Effects of Transgenic Maize in Mexico
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Maize and Biodiversity is "the best study of gene flow to date."
The CEC report argued that because the ecology of a traditional Mexican cornfield is so
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that "existing data on transgenic maize will not address the question sufficiently."
The report held that "the introgression of a few individual transgenes is unlikely to
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catastrophe" that could gravely reduce the genetic diversity of the world’s corn.
In the end, the authors of the CEC study unanimously agreed that until the
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principle had once been used to bar US corn from the European Union.
The reaction in Washington was furious. Judith Ayres, a Bush appointee and the
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org/page.asp?PageID=92426ContentID=2796.)
The underlying worry of scientists concerned about Mexico’s landraces is the narrowness of the genetic
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of the crop nationwide, and it caused 241 billion in damage.
I asked one of the CEC authors, Major Goodman, a professor of crop
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I’m 99 percent certain that not a hybrid on the market has resistance."
The genetic material that the corn industry would use to breed in resistance to such
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rampant plant disease, would be to grow them out seed by seed."

Mexico is critical to global crop genetic diversity

Canby 10 – Peter Canby is a senior editor at The New Yorker and the author of The Heart of the Sky: Travels Among the Maya; this article was published in The Nation. ("Retreat to Subsistence", July 5, 2010, http://www.thenation.com/article/36330/retreat-subsistence)
Mexico’s landrace corn is consumed locally, but because it benefits from 9,000
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to maize and other crops as crop pests evolve and climatic conditions change."
Landrace preservation, moreover, reflects a larger issue. Mexico has long been recognized
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of origin" of crops, one of the few in the world.
What’s particularly notable about Mexican cornfields are the "weeds" that coexist with more
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represent a rich genetic resource on which selection towards domestication may take place."

Mexican crop genetic diversity solves extinction

Johnson 11 – Tim Johnson is a writer for McClatchy Newspapers based in Washington, DC. ("Mexico, cradle of corn, finds its noble grain under assault", February 2, 2011, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/02/02/107954/mexico-cradle-of-corn-finds-its.html)
GUELATAO, Mexico — Yank the husks off ears of corn grown in the mountains
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they know is that the dining room table must have tortillas on it."

Food insecurity causes nuclear war

CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor
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crisis and what we can do to avoid it," p. 26)
This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect all citizens
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widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples’ need to secure them.

Biodiversity collapse causes extinction

UNESCO 11 – UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. ("Conserving biodiversity for life and sustainable development", 7/11/2011, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/conserving_biodiversity_for_life_and_sustainable_development/~~23.UrnAh_RDvL8)
Biological diversity or ’biodiversity’ – is defined as the diversity of all living forms at different levels of complexity: genes, species, ecosystems and even landscapes and seascapes. Biodiversity can be greatly enhanced by human activities; however, it can also be adversely impacted by such activities due to unsustainable use or by more profound causes linked to our development models.
Biodiversity is essential not only to the proper functioning of earth systems; it is also key to the delivery of those ecosystem services that are crucial to human dignity and well-being. These biodiversity-dependent ecosystem services include the provision of potable water, food and ?bers; soil fertility; maintenance of the ’genetic library of biodiversity’ – an irreplaceable source of new innovations, pharmaceuticals and chemicals; climate regulation – among others.
Our cultural heritage, our knowledge and educational values are all rooted in our natural environment. Biodiversity has measurable economic value, but its value in terms of spiritual enrichment and aesthetic enjoyment is beyond measure.
The unsustainable use of our natural resources, combined with the needs of a growing
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all depend. Loss of biodiversity also leads to loss of cultural diversity.

Tournament: IHSA State | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Friend, Vinson, Tang

Corn Advantage

CONTENTION 1 IS CORN:

NAFTA has destroyed Mexican agriculture—cheap, subsidized ag from the US has flooded their market and displaced local producers

Gonzalez 07 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. (“Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens”, April 2007, Center for Progressive Reform, http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf)
On January 1, 1994, hundreds of indigenous Mexican peasants took part in the
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in order to ensure that they do not degrade the natural resource base necessary for food production.

The plan’s key—allowing Mexico to protect its agriculture sector revitalizes smallholder ag and maintains food security

Wise 09 – Timothy Wise is Director of the Research and Policy Program at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University in Medford Massachusetts, where he leads the Institute’s Globalization and Sustainable Development Program. Prof. Wise’s research focus has been on trade policies and treaties, global food security and rural development. He has written extensively on the impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Mexico and what lessons the NAFTA experience offers regarding future U.S. trade agreements as well free trade impacts upon the global food crisis and commodity price speculation. Prior to joining the Institute in 1999, he was the Executive Director of the international aid agency Grassroots International. (“Reforming NAFTA’s Agricultural Provisions”, November 2009, http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/PardeeNAFTACh3WiseAgricNov09.pdf)
NAFTA’s agricultural provisions have always been controversial, particularly for people in Mexico.
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agricultural trade, and a slow shrinking of the gaps between Mexico and its agricultural trading partners.

Allowing protectionism is key—incentivizes investment in sustainable agriculture and sustains food security

Gonzalez 07 – Carmen G. Gonzalez is a Professor of Law at Seattle University School of Law. Professor Gonzalez has taught in the areas of Environmental Law, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Regulation, Torts, Administrative Law, International Trade Law, and International Environmental Law. While in academia, Professor Gonzalez has advised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on international environmental justice matters by serving as member and vice-chair of the International Subcommittee of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Professor Gonzalez has published widely on the environmental and social justice implications of trade liberalization. (“Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens”, April 2007, Center for Progressive Reform, http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Gonzalez_702.pdf)
Reform of international trade policy must begin by re-conceptualizing trade as a means
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to target the concentrations of corporate power that can lead to monopolistic abuse.

Small-scale corn production is key to stop drug violence—Nieto’s recent farm reforms aren’t sufficient

Godoy 14 – Emilio Godoy is a Mexico-based correspondent who covers the environment, human rights and sustainable development. He has been a journalist since 1996 and has written for various media outlets in Mexico, Central America and Spain. (“Drugs Displace Maize on Mexico’s Small Farms”, January 22, 2014, http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/01/drugs-displace-maize-mexicos-small-farms/)
As the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passes its 20-year
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percentage points in the probability of a drug cartel appearing in a municipality.

Drug violence destabilizes PEMEX and causes catastrophic oil shocks

Martin and Longmire 11 – Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas. Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert and President, Longmire Consulting. (“The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War and Pemex”, March 22, 2011, http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/03/perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug.html)
As discussed previously, oil theft from Pemex pipelines, money laundering by way of
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make the United States' need to count on Mexico greater than ever before.

Energy shocks cause nuclear war

Qasem 07 – Islam Yasin Qasem is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia. (“The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” July 9, 2007, online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm)
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
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the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high.
 

Independently, revitalizing the corn sector is key to Mexican biodiversity—it’s a critical hotspot

Vaughan 04 – Scott Vaughan is a visiting scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, focusing on the WTO and NAFTA. He previously held positions with the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Environment Program, and the Royal Bank Financial Group (Canada). (“The Greenest Trade Agreement Ever? Measuring the Environmental Impacts of Agriculture Liberalization”, Chapter in NAFTA’s Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere, 2004, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/nafta1.pdf)
My second conclusion is that NAFTA has accelerated the structural shift toward large-scale
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never been a lasting solution to broader, in situ biological diversity protection.

Biodiversity collapse causes extinction

UNESCO 11 – UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (“Conserving biodiversity for life and sustainable development”, 7/11/2011, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/conserving_biodiversity_for_life_and_sustainable_development/#.UrnAh_RDvL8)
Biological diversity or ‘biodiversity’ – is defined as the diversity of all living forms
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all depend. Loss of biodiversity also leads to loss of cultural diversity.

This is uniquely true now—tipping points destroy resiliency

Folke et al 09 – This was a report by Stockholm Resilience Centre produced for the Swedish Government’s Commission on Sustainable Development; it was written by Carl Folke, Thomas Hahn, Johan Rockström and Henrik Österblom, at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, and Brian Walker at CSIRO (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), with the editorial support by Fredrik Moberg, Albaeco. (“Resilience and Sustainable Development 2.0”, March 31, 2009, http://www.stockholmresilience.org/download/18.53ee94ff132ea99552880003257/Resilience_report_for_SCSD_31march2009.pdf)
Today we recognize that driving a fossil fueled car in Stockholm impacts on the long
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to avoid shifts into unpleasant situations (like a new global climate regime).

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should offer to Mexico an agriculture trade agreement that allows Mexico to protect Mexican agriculture.

Trade Advantage

CONTENTION 2 IS TRADE:

The Bali deal was insufficient to ensure the future of global trade—resolving agriculture disputes is key

Gantz 14 – David is Samuel M. Fegtly Professor of Law and Director of the International Trade and Business Law Program at the University of Arizona, Rogers College of Law. (“Liberalizing International Trade After Doha: January 2014 Update”, January 2014, http://www.law.arizona.edu/tradelaw/documents/LITDJanuary2014update.pdf)

1. New WTO Agreements. The December 2013 Bali Ministerial meeting showcased the dogged
   AND
   agricultural subsidies can be addressed at the same time remains to be seen.

Conflicts over agriculture trade will cause tit-for-tat retaliation and devolution to regional trade—collapses the multilateral trading system

Bureau 13 – Jean-Christophe Bureau is Professor of economics at AgroParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology. He is also Director of a research unit in public economics (UMR INRA 210), Research Associate at the Institute for International Integration Studies at Trinity College Dublin. His fields of research include: agricultural policy, international trade and trade negotiations in agriculture. He holds a PHD from University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. (“International Agricultural Trade and Negotiations: Coping with a New Landscape”, FOODSECURE working paper #8, March 2013, http://www3.lei.wur.nl/FoodSecurePublications/08_Bureau20Jean_Ag20Trade20and20Negotiations.pdf)
Multilateral negotiations have stalled. Part of the explanation lies in the gap between the
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the multiplication of second best solutions is leading to a fragmented world trade.

NAFTA’s failure has given critical ammunition to anti-trade constituencies—the plan is a critical signal—specifically gets Latin America on board

Smith and Lindblad 03 – Geri L. Smith is BusinessWeek's Mexico City bureau manager, a position she assumed in September, 1992. She is responsible for covering Latin America. Before joining BusinessWeek in 1992, Smith reported from Brazil, Argentina, and Chile for United Press International and covered the region as a freelance journalist for a variety of U.S. publications. She was a contributing editor to the Americas magazine, published by the Organization of American States. Smith holds a bachelor's in journalism from Northwestern University and a master's in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. She received the Columbia University Maria Moors Cabot Prize for her coverage of Latin America. (“Mexico: Was NAFTA Worth It?” December 21, 2003, Bloomberg Businessweek, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-12-21/mexico-was-nafta-worth-it)
Impressive milestones -- and seemingly ample proof that free trade delivers the goods. But
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that has been a hard relationship to endure. Mexico's economy will grow by 1.5 at best this year, a poor showing for a developing country.

The aff spills over—creates a new model for trade that takes developing-country needs into account

King 06 – Amanda is writing for The Congressional Hunger Center, a non-profit anti-hunger leadership training organization located in Washington, DC. (“Ten Years with NAFTA: A Review of the Literature and an Analysis of Farmer Responses in Sonora and Veracruz, Mexico”, 2006, http://ibsa.mx:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10883/1051/89073.PDF?sequence=4)
6. Increase government flexibility within trade agreements. Some view the failings of international
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and to support countries that seek to develop socially-conscious national policy.

Concessions from developed countries on agriculture creates momentum and overcomes other obstacles to multilateral trade

Karmakar 13 – Suparna is an independent research professional on trade policy and economic regulations, and is currently working at Bruegel as a Marie Curie Visiting Fellow. (“Life After Bali: Renewing the World Trade Negotiating Agenda”, Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue 2013/17, December 2013, http://www.irpa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Life-after-Bali_-renewing-the-world-trade-negotiating-agenda-English.pdf)
If the several identified causes for the intractability of the Doha Round, the western
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in exchange for tough concessions from developing countries and the countries in accession.

Multilateral trade collapse causes escalatory protectionism and ineffective trade blocs—US leadership in multilateral trade independently solves extinction

Panitchpakdi 04 – Supachai Panitchpakdi is the secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development. (“American Leadership and the World Trade Organization”, 2/26/2004, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)
The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider
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free trade, free democracies, the free exchange of ideas — was essential to peace and prosperity, a more just world. 

Runaway protectionism causes nuclear war

Panzner 08 – Michael is faculty at the New York Institute of Finance and a 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase. (“Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Independently, WTO cohesion key to cooperative global governance

Baracuhy 12 – Braz Baracuhy is a diplomat and specialist in geopolitics. He joined the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations (Itamaraty) in 2001 and has built a solid experience in economic diplomacy, geoeconomics, and international negotiations. He currently works at the Itamaraty's policy planning unit. He served as Counsellor at the Brazilian Embassy to China, following China's international economic relations. He was trade negotiator and G-20 coordinator at the World Trade Organization (WTO), working in this capacity both at the Brazilian Mission to the WTO in Geneva (2007-2011) and at the Itamaraty in Brasilia (2005-2006), where he initially dealt with energy affairs (2003-05). His academic background is in Politics and International Relations. He studied at the London School of Economics, the Geneva Institute of Advanced International Studies, the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), the Instituto Rio Branco (Brazilian Diplomatic Academy), and Harvard University. His main focus is on diplomacy, grand strategy, geopolitical risk analysis and scenarios, geo-economics and the geopolitics of the global economy. (“Running into a Brick Wall: The WTO Doha Round, Governance Gap and Geopolitical Risks”, Global Policy Volume 3, Issue 1, pages 108–110, February 2012, Wiley)
Writing from Geneva in October 2010, the deadlock in the Doha Round of multilateral
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Changes necessarily operate in these two dimensions, though not always in synchrony.

Cooperative global governance is key to solve extinction

Kupchan 12 *Charles Kupchan is a professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn, book
For the West to speak out against political repression and overt violations of the rule
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if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 7 | Opponent: Westminster HL | Judge: Sheila Peterson

1AC—Transition

CONTENTION 1 IS THE CUBAN TRANSITION:

Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key

Shifter et al 10/15 – Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. Matthew Aho is a consultant in the corporate practice group of Akerman Senterfitt in New York. Collin Laverty is the founder and president of Cuba Educational Travel. Kirby Jones is the president of Alamar Associates in Arizona. Carmelo Mesa-Lago is a professor emeritus of economics and Latin American studies at the University of Pittsburgh. Archibald Ritter is a distinguished research professor emeritus of economics and international affairs at Carleton University. (“Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy, 10/15/13, Latin America Adviser, pdf)
*This card is from pages 1,3, and 4 of the pdf.  Page two contains a wholly different article.  “Are Raúl Castro's Reforms Helping Cuba's Economy?” is published on pages 1, 3 and 4 of the PDF.  Our evidence is the entirety of the article.  We will provide you the PDF if you are curious*
In late September, Cuba's government¶ announced the legalization¶ of 18 new categories
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U.S.-Cuba relations¶ during the presidency of Barack Obama."

A total repeal of the embargo is critical to provide foreign capital and incentivize liberalization and democracy

CSG 13 – The Cuba Study Group is a non-profit and non-partisan organization studying Cuba. (“Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba”, February 2013, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032)
Beyond failing to advance its stated objectives, the most counterproductive aspect of Helms-
AND
S. policy in the hands of Cuban proponents of the status quo.

More moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba

Koenig 10 – Lance is a US Army Colonel. This is a paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College. (“Time for a New Cuba Policy”, March 11, 2010, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)
The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations
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guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas. 

The impact is the Cuban health care sector—it depends upon a democratic and market-based transition

Ullmann 05 – Steven G. Ullmann is a Professor and Director, Programs in and Center for Health Sector Management and Policy at U of Miami. This article is part of the Cuba Transition Project, part of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at Miami. (“The Future of Health Care in a Post-Castro Cuba”, 2005, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/StevenUllman.pdf)
As a transition occurs, further deterioration of medical care services and, in turn
AND
in the country as well as in this active region of the world.

That model stops disease spread worldwide

Cooper et al 06 – Richard S. Cooper is in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology at Loyola University – Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. (“Health in Cuba”, International Journal of Epidemiology, May 4, 2006, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full.pdf+html)
Infectious diseases The combination of high levels of community participation, access to primary care
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the principles embedded in the Cuban attempts to improve the health of populations.

Global pandemics are coming and direct US intervention fails

Weber 06 – Steven Weber is a Professor of Political Science at UC-Berkeley and Director of the Institute of International Studies. (“How Globalization Went Bad”, Foreign Policy, December 27, 2006, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/12/27/how_globalization_went_bad?page=0,2)
The same is true for global public health. Globalization is turning the world into
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Southeast Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. America can't change that alone.

Zoonotic diseases specifically lead to extinction

Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. (“The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5)
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
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acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

1AC—No War

CONTENTION 3 IS NO WAR:

First, won’t happen—global institutions, interdependence, the internet, fiscal constraints and nuclear deterrence

Robb 2012 (Doug, Lieutenant in the US Navy, “Now Hear This - Why the Age of Great-Power War Is Over” http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over)
In Proceedings’ April “Now Hear This,” Navy Lieutenant Commander
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equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Second, nuclear taboo prevents use

Perkovich 2009 (George Perkovich served as a speechwriter and foreign policy adviser to Senator Joe Biden from 1989 to 1990. Perkovich is an adviser to the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations' Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Policy.  “EXTENDED DETERRENCE ON THE WAY TO A NUCLEAR-FREE WORLD” http://icnnd.org/Documents/Perkovich_Deterrence.pdf)
The reality today is that the taboo against using nuclear weapons has become so strong
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fight for Taiwanese independence if China has not committed aggression against Taiwan first.

Third, it doesn’t cause extinction

ROBOCK 2010 (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, “Nuclear Winter,” WIREs Climate Change, May/June, Wiley Online Library via University of Michigan Libraries)
While it is important to point out the consequences of nuclear winter, it is
AND
consequences of nuclear winter are extreme enough without these additional effects, however.

Tournament: Niles North | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitney Young BM | Judge: Dave Weston

1AC—Transition Advantage

CONTENTION 1 IS THE CUBAN TRANSITION:

A confluence of structural factors makes Cuban economic collapse uniquely likely

Lopez-Levy 11 – Arturo Lopez Levy is lecturer and PhD Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver. He a Research Associate of the Institute for the Study of Israel in the Middle East (ISIME) and teaches Latin American Politics, and Comparative Politics at the University of Denver and the Colorado School of Mines. (“Change In Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for U.S. Policy”, May 2011, New America Foundation, http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/naf_all_cuba_reform_final.pdf)
Cuba's Three Crises The VI Party Congress and the reform processes it is ushering in
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, the one completely untenable choice would be to maintain the status quo.

Most recent evidence proves reforms are failing to stabilize the economy

Morales 8/31 – Emilio presented this at a conference of the ASCE; translated by Joseph Scarpaci of the Havana Consulting Group. (“Cuban reforms: the ultimate utopia?” last updated 8/31/13, http://thehavanaconsultinggroups.com/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=3483Acuban-reforms-the-ultimate-utopiaandcatid=473Aeconomyandlang=en)
*Tables left out*
When Cuban President Raúl Castro began the reforms
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mortgage credit for the sale of homes will be absolutely essential.

Failure of economic reform causes civil war

Lopez-Levy 11 – Arturo Lopez Levy is lecturer and PhD Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver. He a Research Associate of the Institute for the Study of Israel in the Middle East (ISIME) and teaches Latin American Politics, and Comparative Politics at the University of Denver and the Colorado School of Mines. (“Change In Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for U.S. Policy”, May 2011, New America Foundation, http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/naf_all_cuba_reform_final.pdf)
Indeed, if Cuba’s economic reform fails and local revolts ensue, the most likely
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of political liberalization that welcomes the growth of nonpartisan Cuban civil society organizations.

A total repeal of the embargo is critical to provide foreign capital and incentivize liberalization and democracy

CSG 13 – The Cuba Study Group is a non-profit and non-partisan organization studying Cuba. (“Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba”, February 2013, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032)
Beyond failing to advance its stated objectives, the most counterproductive aspect of Helms-
AND
S. policy in the hands of Cuban proponents of the status quo.

More moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba

Koenig 10 – Lance is a US Army Colonel. This is a paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College. (“Time for a New Cuba Policy”, March 11, 2010, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130)
The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United States and
AND
but must take this opportunity to create an inflection point for Cuba that guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas. 

Cuban collapse distracts focus from Asia and makes resolving the Taiwan crisis impossible

Gorrell 05 – Tim is a Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army. This paper is a strategy research project. (“Cuba: The Next Unanticipated Strategic Crisis?” March 18, 2005, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

US support for Taiwan is critical to preventing war

Roy 12 – Dr. Denny Roy is a senior research fellow in Asian security issues with the East-West Center in Honolulu. (“Why the U.S. shouldn't abandon Taiwan”, December 6, 2012, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/06/why-the-u-s-shouldnt-abandon-taiwan/)
China is the next superpower, the United States is in decline, and America
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destroy the political system and political identity chosen by Taiwan’s people is real.

Taiwan crisis is the most likely scenario for nuclear war

Lowther 3/16 – William is a staff writer for the Taipei Times, citing a CSIS report. (“Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report”, 3/16/2013, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211)
Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
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arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.”

1AC—Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

1AC—Agriculture Advantage

CONTENTION 2 IS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:

Cuban agriculture sustainability is failing—foreign investment is key

King 12 – M. Dawn King is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown University’s Center for Environmental Studies. She earned her Ph.D. in Environmental Politics at Colorado State University and worked as a policy analyst for the U.S. Geological Survey – conducting research on environmental decision-making models and internal governance of watershed management councils. (“Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy”, March 21, 2012, http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf)
Cuba needed an alternative agricultural model when foreign oil imports were cut off significantly at
AND
goal of sustainable development to increase short-term capital and energy needs.

The plan provides foreign capital to Cuba and allows its model to be exported globally

Shkolnick 12 – JD Candidate, Drake University Law School. (“SIN EMBARGO: THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES”, 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol17No3-Shkolnick.pdf)
Cuba today is experiencing the most rapid shifts towards privatization and reform since the revolution
AND
presents a unique opportunity American business and agricultural enterprises cannot afford to overlook.

Access to the US market is critical to sustainability and emulation

Kost 04 – William is part of the Economic Research Service for the USDA. (“CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” 2004, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
MARKETS MAY BE CRITICAL FOR AN ORGANIC CUBA In addition to the above European markets
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and other inputs to support growth in other sectors of the Cuban economy.

Continued reliance on industrial mechanized ag results in catastrophic warming and biodiversity loss

Cummins 10 – Ronnie is the International Director of the Organic Consumers Association. (“Industrial Agriculture and Human Survival: The Road Beyond 10/10/10”, Organic Consumer’s Association, October 7, 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21747.cfm)
Although transportation, industry, and energy producers are obviously major fossil fuel users and
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oxide, which are responsible for at least 22 of global warming.

Status quo food production is failing—a shift to urban agriculture is key to sustainable food systems and biodiversity preservation

Peters 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law. (“Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution”, Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
URBAN AGRICULTURE Urban agriculture is a system that ensures food security by providing access to
AND
without concern for its impact on society and the environment is not sustainable. 

Ecosystem collapse causes extinction

WATSON 2006 (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, has a show on Animal Planet, Last Mod 9-17, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)
The facts are clear. More plant and animal species will go through extinction within
AND
and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction.

A move towards organic ag mitigates future emissions and prevents warming

Scialabba 10 – Nadia is from the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (“Organic agriculture and climate change”, February 2, 2010, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.2, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/275960/al185e.pdf)
Organic agricultural systems have an inherent potential to both reduce GHG emissions and to enhance
AND
are needed to better unlock its potential and application on a large scale.

Warming leads to extinction, feedbacks are positive, and now is key

Morgan 09 – Professor of Current Affairs @ Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea (Dennis Ray, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race”, Futures, Volume 41, Issue 10, December 2009, Pages 683-693, ScienceDirect)
As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
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Russian roulette while time increasingly stacks the cards against our chances of survival?

Warming is real and anthropogenic—reject skeptics

Prothero 12 – Donald R. Prothero is a Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology. (“How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused”, 3/1/2012, http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-02-08/)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused?
AND
Muller is a shining example of a scientist whose integrity and honesty came first, and did not sell out to the highest bidder.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

1AR - Shah Pushes Plan

Shah solves link

Morales 13 – John Alliage Morales covers the Americas, focusing on the world's top donor hub, Washington, and its aid community – from Capitol Hill to Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom to the downtown headquarters of USAID, the World Bank and Millennium Challenge Corp. (“USAID chief defends budget in Congress”, April 25, 2013, https://www.devex.com/en/news/usaid-chief-defends-budget-in-congress/80790)
These were a few of the hardline questions American lawmakers posed to USAID Administrator Rajiv
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committee, discussions boil down to whether USAID Forward is receiving enough funds.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - Apoc K

Images of specific catastrophes cause an empathic shift to common humanity and create the condition for empathetic relationships

Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to
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 that we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes.  

Perm do both solves best-~--refusal to recognize the empathic consequences of disaster consumption is epistemic colonialism-~--there needs to be space for both using and eschewing catastrophe

Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Yet many more engage in precisely these types of activities each time a disaster strikes
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morally appropriate, emotionally resonant, or in extreme cases, ethically repugnant.  

Representations of nuclear war are key to understand and prevent nuclear war

Martin 2 (Brian, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, Australia, “Activism after nuclear war?,” 9/3/02, Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/02tff.html)

In the event of nuclear war, as well as death and destruction there will
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to be prepared for the aftermath. That means preparing organisationally and psychologically.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - a/t: violence down

The violence that matters is up

Jones 13 – Nathan Jones is the Alfred C. Glassell III Postdoctoral Fellow in Drug Policy at the Baker Institute. His areas of interest include U.S.-Mexico security issues, illicit networks and cross-border flows. (“Mexico must address violence and profitability”, October 25, 2013, http://blog.chron.com/bakerblog/2013/10/mexico-must-address-violence-and-profitability/)
One year into the presidency, Peña Nieto’s administration claims
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 subject to extortion demands from local mafias as they diversify their criminal activities.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - Nieto DA

Nieto’s cred is destroyed

Wood 14 – Duncan Wood is the director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. (“Mexico in 2014: Can Peña Nieto consolidate reform?” 1/3/14, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/01/03/mexico-in-2014-can-pena-nieto-consolidate-reform/)
However, although the Mexican government retains its positive image
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that it must dedicate both resources and political capital to their implementation.

Improving the security situation solves credibility

Rathbone 13 – John Paul Rathbone is the Financial Times's Latin American editor. (“Enrique Peña Nieto yet to deliver reforms for Mexico”, 12/5/2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/05b68c24-5da6-11e3-95bd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2pDW6tJvN)
Then there is security in a country that has suffered more than 60,000 murders
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 and political stagecraft; low marks for delivery; a potentially transformative work still in progress.”

There is no terror threat – the threat is inflated and the leadership has been destroyed

Zenko and Cohen 12 *Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety)
NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major challenges
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the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - T QPQ

Counterinterpretation—engagement must be unconditional

Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/484.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
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change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - TPA DA

Aid to Egypt triggers the DA

Rogin 1-13 Joshua, Politics for the Daily Beast; “Congress to Give Egypt $1.5 Billion in Aid” 1/13/14 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/13/congress-to-give-egypt-1-5-billion-in-aid.html GBS-JV
New legislation dropping on Monday will free the Obama administration to send money to Cairo
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said Michele Dunne, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Political capital fails—too much opposition

Parnes 1-21 Adam. Politics for the Hill. “Obama: Give me fast track trade” 1/21/14 The Hill lnGBS-JV
The White House is making a major push to convince Congress to give the president
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White House carries the weight on this,” one senior House aide said.

Shah pushes the plan—solves backlash

Cadei 13 – Emily is a staffer for Roll Call. (“USAID's Shah Forges Unlikely Relationships With Conservative Republican Members”, January 21, 2013, http://www.rollcall.com/news/usaids_shah_forges_unlikely_relationships_with_conservative_republican-220971-1.html)
That Inhofe, the new ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, and
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myself having to, wanting to ... communicate the value that we generate.”

No risk of protectionism

Kim 13 Soo Yeon Kim, of the National University of Singapore, associate professor of music at Nazareth College of Rochester, New York, Fellow of the Transatlantic Academy, based at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, The Monkey Cage, January 30, 2013, " Protectionism During Recessions: Is This Time Different?", http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2013/01/30/protectionism-during-recessions-is-this-time-different/
The Great Recession of 2008: Who Resisted Protectionism? There is widespread agreement regarding
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firms from pushing for more protection remains an important question for further research.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Batterman, Boroditsky, Pipkin

2AC - States CP

States fail—don’t create investment and cause massive confusion

Fenton 93 – Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University. Professor Fenton graduated from the University of Texas School of Law in 1975, where he was a member of the Law Review. Upon graduation, Professor Fenton entered practice in Washington, D.C., specializing in the practice of federal legislative and regulatory law. He joined the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1979, where he served as director of the Compliance Policy Division for the Office of Antiboycott Compliance. (“Fallacy of Federalism in Foreign Affairs: State and Local Foreign Policy Trade Restrictions, The”, Spring 1993, http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1368andcontext=njilb)
State and local foreign trade restrictions represent the convergence of two main threads of the
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relief, and the importance of a definitive judicial statement of their status.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All

So we thought full text would be beneficial and good for the activity and community, but it turned out to just incentivize laziness and detract from original research. Because of this, we decided to just start posting 1AC cites. Everything new we read will be posted from the 1AC. If you need anything more specific or from the 2AC just email me. 

If you have concerns about content that I've posted, please email me directly at c (dot) callahan45 at gmail (dot)) com. Thanks! ====

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Dan Lingel

The plan solves Latin American relations

White 13 – Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)
FOR most of our history, the United States assumed
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common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.

Key to the economy and solve extinction

Shifter 12 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf
There are compelling reasons for the United States
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urgent attention—both from the United States and from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Tournament: Greenhil | Round: 2 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Dan Lingel

The United States federal government should substantially normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 6 | Opponent: ICW MY | Judge: Hanna Nasser

The United States federal government should allow normal trade between the United States and Cuba.