1ac - check their wiki 1nc - fed cp tpp manufacturing prices china da
GMNDC
6
Opponent: Niles West BB | Judge: Hancock
1ac - border 1nc - ti pic prices da china da environment da competitiveness k internal link turns on case
GMNDC
4
Opponent: ICW RW | Judge: Coleman
1ac - embargo 1nc - shunning oil da bit qpq cp nickel pic t g2g
IDCA JV State
1
Opponent: GBS AC | Judge: Dont know
1ac - embargo (transition ag) 1nc - shunning gov to gov canada cp adv cp oil da nickel da ukraine politics brain drain (on case) Block - nickel canada shunning ptx case 2nr - canada nickel case
IDCA JV State
4
Opponent: GBS CR | Judge: Dont know
1ac - same as GBS AC 1nc - gov-to-gov nickel da change definition cp shunning adv cp 2nr - change definition
IDCA JV State
5
Opponent: Maine East JK | Judge: Dont know
1ac - renewables (renwables heg) 1nc - biotech da clean tech trade-off da oil da adv cp t-tech assistance 2nr - adv cp trade-off case
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1NC rd 1 state
Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS AC | Judge: Dont know AFF Cuban Embargo: Advantage 1: Transition Advantage 2: Sustainable Agriculture
Block: Nickel DA, Canada CP, Shunning, Exports politics, case defense 2NR: Canada CP, Nickel DA, case defense
NEG 1NC- Round 1- JV State Opponent: GBS AC Aff Cuban Embargo: Advantage 1: Transition Advantage 2: Sustainable Agriculture 1NC: Shunning, T Gov to Gov, Canada CP, Advantage CP, Oil DA, Nickel DA, Ukraine Politics Block: Nickel DA, Canada CP, Shunning, Ukraine Politics, case defense 2NR: Canada CP, Nickel DA, case defense T Gov to Gov The aff is not topical- Engagement requires direct talks- key to precision Crocker 09 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, “Terms of Engagement”, New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0) Shunning Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening. Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 (“Human rights under abuse in Cuba,” Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html#storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun. Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) Canada CP Text: The Canadian Federal Government should substantially increase its investment in Cuban sustainable agriculture and healthcare. Canadian FDI solves --- it’s a norm and they see the business potential. Wicary, 13 ("A business-friendly Cuba gets a hand from Canada", Stephen, www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/a-business-friendly-cuba-gets-a-hand-from-canada/article14006239/?page=all)
The United States Treasury Department should -- expand permits the present license that permits restricted travel to Cuba by US scientists for the purpose of bilateral science cooperation
and
The United States federal government should -- pass the Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act of 2000 major development initiatives -- end subsides for industrial farms -- increase scientific grants for the purposes of organoponic research -- substantially increase support for adoption of Cuban urban agriculture including, but not limited to, sending experts to visit Cuban farms -- invest in and implement solar geoengineering including but not limited to cloud albedo technology in the efforts to offset global warming
Expanding permits to allow science cooperation solves disease- 1ac authors Pastrana and Clegg 08 – Sergio Jorge Pastrana is the Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Michael T. Clegg is the Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine. (“U.S.-Cuban Scientific Relations”, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5900/345.full, 10/17/2008, MCallahan)
Solves zoonosis Bowen 02(David C. Bowen, law clerk at clerk at United States District Court, and partnert at Wilcox andSavage 2002, The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health: Workshop Summary)
Eliminating subsidies is key to change the US ag sector- 1ac author Peters 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) Increasing research solves—companies will adopt- you guessed it another 1ac author Shkolnick, 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, “SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES” 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
Only solar radiation geoengineering solves – other warming reduction fails David G. Victor et al 9is a Professor at Stanford Law School, Director of Stanford's Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, and an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. M. Granger Morgan is Head of Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Engineering and Public Policy and Director of the Climate Decision Making Center. Jay Apt is Professor of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. John Steinbruner is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland. Katharine Ricke is a doctoral student at Carnegie Mellon University. March/April 2009 “The geoengineering option” http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22456/The_Geoengineering_Option.pdf
Politics DA
Legislation to fast-track natural exports will pass now because of the Ukraine crisis – the plan saps current political focus – this kills the bill Northey and Juliano 3/6/14 – EandE Daily (Hannah and Nick, “Ukraine crisis accelerates Capitol Hill push for more exports, sparks jockeying in key Senate race”, http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059995636)
US natural gas exports are critical to blunting Russian influence – exports give European countries leverage and prevent a resurgence of Russian hegemony Markay 3/3/14 – The Washington Free Beacon (Lachlan, “Experts See U.S. Energy Exports as Foil to Russian Aggression”, http://freebeacon.com/experts-see-u-s-energy-exports-as-foil-to-russian-aggression/)
Russia resurgence causes nuclear war Blank, 9 (Dr. Stephen, Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 2009, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?”, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Oil DA Oil Prices high—Ukraine crisis Heilprin 3-12-14 John, chief Associated Press correspondent in Switzerland, “Airlines hurt as Ukraine crisis lifts oil price,” Associated Press through the South Carolina based newspaper “The State,” March 12th, 2014, http://www.thestate.com/2014/03/12/3320565/airlines-lower-forecast-for-record.html Cuban production ensures US energy independence --- the embargo is the only barrier- results in a Saudi flood and collapses US oil trade Alhaiji 4 (Dr. A. F., Energy Economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics – Ohio Northern University, Terry L. Maris, Founding Executive Director – Center for Cuban Business Studies, Professor of Management – Ohio Northern University, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector”, Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105 Low prices cause Middle Eastern instability Hargreaves 13 (Steven, senior writer for CNN Money, CNN Money, July 18, 2013, CNN Money, http://www.money.cnn.com/2013/07/18/news/economy/opec-oil/index.html?iid=Lead) Global nuclear war Primakov 9 (Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Russian Federation, Member – Russian Academy of Science, “The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations”, Russia in Global Affairs, 3, July/September, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_13593)
Nickel DA
China is importing Cuban nickel now – lifting the embargo causes US importers to flood the market and crowd-out China Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/) Cuban nickel is vital for the Chinese manufacturing sector Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba's Economy". www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_ Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of Chinese economic growth AEI 13 (Asian Economy Institute. "The Decline of China's Manufacturing Sector". www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/57) Chinese economic collapse causes World War III Plate, 3 (Tom, Visiting Professor of Asian Politics @ UAE University, Bachelor’s in Political Science @ Amherst, Master’s in Public Policy @ Princeton, Straights Times, 6-28) Transition Status quo solves the internal link- no reason the US is key because it’s about funding so other countries solve Status quo solves Radu 99 (Michael Radu, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Co-Chairman of FPRI's Center on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism, and Homeland Security. . 1/26/99. "WHY WE MUST NOT LIFT THE CUBAN EMBARGO". Foreign Policy Research Institute. h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vxandlist=h-diploandmonth=9901andweek=dandmsg=r/bau86pMbczt6OBfSgRGQanduser=andpw=) Investments and Tourism can’t make Cuba democratic- if it can, the status quo solves Suchlicki 08 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. "Jaime Suchlicki interview - tough questions, same old answers". BBC Interveiw wiht Jaime Suchlicki by Tim Mansel. havanajournal.com/politics/entry/jaime-suchlicki-interview-tough-questions-same-old-answers/) The embargo is not the deciding factor in Cuban democracy, internal politics make change impossible Orenstein 9 Lifting the embargo would undermine health care in Cuba – causes massive brain drain Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)//EX
No extinction --- past pandemics like the Spanish flu weren’t sufficient --- limited lethality and medicine check Posner 4 (Richard, Judge – US Court of Appeals, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, p. 22-24)
Agriculture No internal link if it’s modeled then the status quo solves- it’s not like the US doesn’t know about Cuban agriculture Cuban sustainable ag is a myth Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington. Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State (“Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies” Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571) Empirics disprove the impact- the Cuban model has been around for decades and it hasn’t collapsed yet US won’t adopt Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, “Cuba-A Hope”, From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)
Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Maine East JK | Judge: Dont know T Interpretation: The aff must facilitate bilateral trade through an attempt to influence the political behavior of the target state Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco Violation: The aff is a supplement to existing investment in renewables—all the plan does is management and technical assistance COCEF, 1ac author, 2012 - La Comisión de Cooperación Ecológica Fronteriza (“Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Transportation: Project Opportunities in the U.S. – Mexico Border Region,” http://www.cocef.org/Eng/VLibrary/Publications/SpecialReports/BECC20WP2020Nov20201120index.pdf)//Holmes**TABLE 5 EXCLUDED
Clean Tech Tradeoff DA
Chinese alternative energy development is a zero sum game with the U.S. – solves Chinese soft power, warming, and CCP stability McMahon, 1/27/13 (Tamsin, Diploma in European Journalism from the Hogeschool van Utrecht, B.A. from Ryerson University, reporter for the National Post, “How China is going to save the world”, MacLean’s, January 27, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/, JKahn)
Chinese growth prevents lashout, and maintains relations, American primacy, and the economy Mead, 9 (Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8)
Impact is nuclear war Yee and Storey, 02 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality. 2002, Pg 5) Oil DA Oil Prices high—Ukraine crisis Heilprin 3-12-14 John, chief Associated Press correspondent in Switzerland, “Airlines hurt as Ukraine crisis lifts oil price,” Associated Press through the South Carolina based newspaper “The State,” March 12th, 2014, http://www.thestate.com/2014/03/12/3320565/airlines-lower-forecast-for-record.html The plan triggers an OPEC flood Kole 7 (William, Correspondent – AP, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets”, 9-8, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt) Low prices cause Middle Eastern instability Hargreaves 13 (Steven, senior writer for CNN Money, CNN Money, July 18, 2013, CNN Money, http://www.money.cnn.com/2013/07/18/news/economy/opec-oil/index.html?iid=Lead) Global nuclear war Primakov 9 (Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Russian Federation, Member – Russian Academy of Science, “The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations”, Russia in Global Affairs, 3, July/September, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_13593)
Adv cp
Text: The United States Department of Defense should substantially increase the procurement and use of alternative energy for all military installations. AND The United States federal government should execute a disarming strike utilizing low-yield airburst nuclear weapons on the Chinese nuclear arsenal, take initiatives to encourage the efficient transparent and fair operation of world oil and gas markets, urge governments to reduce subsidies and deregulate the prices of oil and gas, take the lead in revising agreements to include large economies, expand the International Energy Forum, and remove its tariff on ethanol, increase its funding given to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for Biomedical Research, reform the Rio Grande Treaty to give Mexico full access to water allocation and rights
Repealing the Rio Grande Treaty solves Mexican instability and waste water treatments Anspach 8 – Mark Anspach Employment History Vice President , Global Purchasing and Supplier Quality Allison Transmission , Inc. Director of Supply Chain Raytheon Director, Supply Chain Management Raytheon Director of Supply Chain Airborne Systems Manager, Integrated Supplier Strategy Teams ShoWorks Inc Education bachelor's degree San Jose State University master's degree , Procurement Golden Gate University master , business administration National University master's degree , Strategic Studies U.S. Army War College, (“KLEPSUDRA: HOW THE RIO GRANDE TREATY INCREASED INSTABILITY IN MEXICO”, May 9, 2008, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada486548)
The counterplan solves energy access Victor et al 6 - David Victor, Project Director of the Task Force, is Director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Science and Technology at the Council on Foreign Relations. His research focuses on the political economy of energy markets, especially markets for oil, gas, and electricity in developing countries. Frank Verrastro is a Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). He has also served government staff positions in the White House (Energy Policy and Planning Staff) and the Departments of Interior (Oil and Gas Office) and Energy (Domestic Policy and International Affairs Office), including as Director of the Office of Producing Nations and Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Energy Resources. James L. Sweeney is Director of the Precourt Institute for Energy Efficiency, Professor of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University, Senior Fellow of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. He is a Senior Fellow of the U.S. Association for Energy Economics, a Fellow of the California Council on Science and Technology, and a member of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Council of Economic Advisers, (“National Security Consequences of US Oil Dependency”, October 2006, http://www.cfr.org/oil/national-security-consequences-us-oil-dependency/p11683) First strike contains the impact to China war --- no disads Lieber and Press 7 – Keir Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl Press, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, July/August 2007, “Superiority Complex,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200707/china-nukes
That solves heg Lovins, 05 (Amory, Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, has provided expert testimony in eight countries and more than 20 US states, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 29 books, March 1, Winning the Oil Endgame, pg. 84-85, 93) *Moore’s Law --- the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has increased exponentially, doubling approximately every two years (Wikipedia)
Biotech DA
The plan frees up resources for greater cellulose research McDonald, their author, 12 (Jeffrey E. McDonald, Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration degrees from Mississippi College School of Law, and is currently pursuing his Master of Laws at the American University Washington College of Law, 2012, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States", ILSP Law Journal, www.wcl.american.edu/journal/ilsp/v1/3/mcdonald.pdf)
Cellulose mandates biotechnology that causes synthetic biology expansion—risks easy-to-produce bioweapons Smolker and Tokar, 9 (Rachel Smolker, independent research scientist, Co-Director of BiofuelWatch, PhD in behavioral ecology, University of Michigan, former field biologist, Brian Tokar, Director of the Institute for Social Ecology, “Biofuels: Promise or Threat?” February 24, 2009, http://ww4report.com/node/6926)
This will result in hybrid pathogens that overwhelm status quo defenses ETC 07 (Action Group on Erosion Technology and Concentration, international civil society organization, “Extreme Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Synthetic Biology,” Agriculture Defense Coalition, January 2007,
Synthetic biology advances make bioterrorism an existential risk --- new pathogens won’t burn-out Sandberg et al. 8 – Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. ?irkovi?—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
heg trading with Mexico cannot increase technologyand operational readiness No modeling for renewable—no spillover claim No conceivable scenario for loss of leadership --- structural advantages ensure unipolarity and bandwagoning --- but only retrenchment makes leadership sustainable Haass 13 (Richard N., President – Council on Foreign Relations, “America Can Take a Breather. And It Should.”, New York Times, 6-22, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/opinion/sunday/america-can-take-a-breather-and-it-should.html) Hegemony doesn’t solve war--- generates instability Friedman 10 (Ben, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security – Cato Institute, Ph.D.Candidate in Political Science – MIT, “Military Restraint and Defense Savings”, 7-20, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html) No Chinese instability Kim 7 (Heungkyu, Professor – Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security, “On China’s Security”, 10-5, http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=4484) Won’t go nuclear PPG 4 (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania), 9-29, Lexis) Peak oil theory is nonsense --- no scientific or empirical basis Al-Nuaim 13 (Sami, B.S. in Petroleum Engineering – King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, M.S. in Petroleum Engineering – King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering – University of Texas-Austin, Member – Society of Petroleum Engineers, Member – International Association for Energy Economics, “The falsehood of ‘Peak Oil Theory’”, Saudi Gazette, 4-20, http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regconandcontentid=20130420162159, Deech) Disease burns out Morse 4 (Dr. Stephen is director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, and a faculty member in the epidemiology department , May, pg. http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html) Humans will adapt Gladwell 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, July 17, Excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, p. 29)
No extinction --- past pandemics like the Spanish flu weren’t sufficient --- limited lethality and medicine check Posner 4 (Richard, Judge – US Court of Appeals, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, p. 22-24) New technology solves blackouts Worth 11 (Katie, Examiner Staff Writer, "Solar flares threaten to disrupt devices as sun enters active phase," 8/19, http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/08/solar-flares-threaten-disrupt-devices-sun-enters-active-phase)
Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBS CR | Judge: Dont know T Gov to Gov The aff is not topical- Engagement requires direct talks- key to precision Crocker 09 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, “Terms of Engagement”, New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0)
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters some key terms and better manages the expectations they convey. Given the furor that will surround the news of America’s readiness to hold talks with Iran, he could start with “engagement” — one of the trickiest terms in the policy lexicon.¶The Obama administration has used this term to contrast its approach with its predecessor’s resistance to talking with adversaries and troublemakers. His critics show that they misunderstand the concept of engagement when they ridicule it as making nice with nasty or hostile regimes.¶Let’s get a few things straight. Engagement in statecraft is not about sweet talk. Nor is it based on the illusion that our problems with rogue regimes can be solved if only we would talk to them. Engagement is not normalization, and its goal is not improved relations. It is not akin to détente, working for rapprochement, or appeasement.¶So how do you define an engagement strategy? It does require direct talks. There is simply no better way to convey authoritative statements of position or to hear responses. But establishing talks is just a first step. The goal of engagement is to change the other country’s perception of its own interests and realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.¶ Shunning Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening. Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 (“Human rights under abuse in Cuba,” Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html#storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun. Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) ADV CP
The United States Treasury Department should -- expand permits the present license that permits restricted travel to Cuba by US scientists for the purpose of bilateral science cooperation
and
The United States federal government should -- pass the Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act of 2000 major development initiatives -- end subsides for industrial farms -- increase scientific grants for the purposes of organoponic research -- substantially increase support for adoption of Cuban urban agriculture including, but not limited to, sending experts to visit Cuban farms -- invest in and implement solar geoengineering including but not limited to cloud albedo technology in the efforts to offset global warming
Expanding permits to allow science cooperation solves disease- 1ac authors Pastrana and Clegg 08 – Sergio Jorge Pastrana is the Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Michael T. Clegg is the Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine. (“U.S.-Cuban Scientific Relations”, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5900/345.full, 10/17/2008, MCallahan) Solves zoonosis Bowen 02(David C. Bowen, law clerk at clerk at United States District Court, and partnert at Wilcox andSavage 2002, The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health: Workshop Summary)
Eliminating subsidies is key to change the US ag sector- 1ac author Peters 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)\ Increasing research solves—companies will adopt- you guessed it another 1ac author Shkolnick, 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, “SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES” 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
Only solar radiation geoengineering solves – other warming reduction fails David G. Victor et al 9is a Professor at Stanford Law School, Director of Stanford's Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, and an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. M. Granger Morgan is Head of Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Engineering and Public Policy and Director of the Climate Decision Making Center. Jay Apt is Professor of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. John Steinbruner is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland. Katharine Ricke is a doctoral student at Carnegie Mellon University. March/April 2009 “The geoengineering option” http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22456/The_Geoengineering_Option.pdf Nickel DA
China is importing Cuban nickel now – lifting the embargo causes US importers to flood the market and crowd-out China Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/) Cuban nickel is vital for the Chinese manufacturing sector Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba's Economy".www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_news/t/china-gives-boost-cubas-economy/#.UfBiRI1QEn4) Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of Chinese economic growth AEI 13 (Asian Economy Institute. "The Decline of China's Manufacturing Sector".www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/57) Chinese economic collapse causes World War III Plate, 3 (Tom, Visiting Professor of Asian Politics @ UAE University, Bachelor’s in Political Science @ Amherst, Master’s in Public Policy @ Princeton, Straights Times, 6-28) Change Definition Text – The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.
Current language Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA §6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government (a) Requirements For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that- (1) has legalized all political activity; (2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations; (3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and (4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government- (A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power; (B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and (C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;
(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts; (6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) establishing an independent judiciary; (B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation; (C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;
(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and (8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.
(b) Additional factors In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government- (1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy; (2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba; (B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba; (C) assuring the right to private property; and (D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property; (3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and (4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors. (Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Language post-counterplan Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA §6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government (a) Requirements For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that is- (1) has legalized all political activity; (2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations; (3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and (4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government- (A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power; (B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and (C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;
(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts; (6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) establishing an independent judiciary; (B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation; (C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;
(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and (8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.
(b) Additional factors In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government- (1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy; (2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba; (B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba; (C) assuring the right to private property; and (D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property; (3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and (4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors. (Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, 1999 (David, “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis) Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, 2008 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
The current embargo holds Cuba responsible for compensation for property taken during the Castro revolution – lifting the embargo and normalizing relations makes the US legally responsible for that compensation under the Takings Clause – that causes lawsuits against the federal government that collapses an effective transition and turns every Cuba advantage Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, 1995 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
It also overloads the court -~-- undermining prosecution of terrorism Taylor 99 (Stuart Jr., “Irrational Excesses, Barbaric Penalties and Political Opportunism”, National Journal, 2-27, Lexis)
Judicial prosecution is vital to prevent a wave of terror attacks Shapiro 3 (Jeremy, Associate Director and Research Associate – Brookings Institute, “French Lessons: The Importance of the Judicial System in Fighting Terrorism”, March, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/ shapiro2003032 5.htm)\
Extinction Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand – Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July) A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers Agriculture Cuban sustainable ag is a myth Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington. Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State (“Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies” Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571)
Urban agriculture isn’t sustainable and won’t be adopted- default to the newest evidence studies are coming out now Main 13 (Douglas Main, science and environmental journalist who regularly contributes to TakePart, has M.A. in journalism from New York University, 9/19/13, TakePart, “The Toxic Reason Urban Agriculture a Bigger Trend,” http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/09/19/reasons-why-urban-agriculture-isnt-bigger) The Embargo has made Cuba the most Bio-diverse nation in the Caribbean-Lifting it will devastate this “Accidental Eden” “Cuba: The Accidental Eden”- ‘Can Cuba build a bridge to its environmental future? Produced- http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/the-causeway-to-cayo-coco/5808/PBS 10/27/2010-Educational Broadcast Corporation and Public Broadcasting System Biodiversity collapse is the largest impact Foster 00 (Gregory Foster, civilian professor at the National Defense University, September 2000, http://www.aepi.army.mil/internet/china-environmental-dragon.pdf No warming -~-- newest data Rose 12 — correspondent for the Daily Mail (David, “Global warming stopped 16 years ago, reveals Met Office report quietly released... and here is the chart to prove it”, Daily Mail, 10/13/12, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-warming-stopped-16-years-ago-reveals-Met-Office-report-quietly-released~-~-chart-prove-it.html) . Transition Status quo solves Radu 99 (Michael Radu, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Co-Chairman of FPRI's Center on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism, and Homeland Security. . 1/26/99. "WHY WE MUST NOT LIFT THE CUBAN EMBARGO". Foreign Policy Research Institute. h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vxandlist=h-diploandmonth=9901andweek=dandmsg=r/bau86pMbczt6OBfSgRGQanduser=andpw=) Investments and Tourism can’t make Cuba democratic- if it can, the status quo solves Suchlicki 08 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. "Jaime Suchlicki interview - tough questions, same old answers". BBC Interveiw wiht Jaime Suchlicki by Tim Mansel.havanajournal.com/politics/entry/jaime-suchlicki-interview-tough-questions-same-old-answers/) There is a willingness on No extinction -~-- past pandemics like the Spanish flu weren’t sufficient -~-- limited lethality and medicine check Posner 4 (Richard, Judge – US Court of Appeals, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, p. 22-24) No War Nuclear war is one of the greatest risks to humanity- 1AC Author Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. (“The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5) Default to specifics - our qualified authors write evidence specific to our nuclear war scenarios and say they are likely while their evidence is generic and not contextualized Nuclear war is increasingly more likely and dangerous -litany of reasons- prefer the most recent evidence Centre for Research on Globalization- 2/20/14 (2/20/14 “The Impending Dangers of Nuclear War: America’s W88 Thermonuclear Warhead is 30 Times a Hiroshima Bomb,” Global Research Centre for Research on Globalization, (http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-impending-dangers-of-nuclear-war-americas-w-88-thermonuclear-warhead-is-30-times-a-hiroshima-bomb/5369731?utm_source=rssandutm_medium=rssandutm_campaign=the-impending-dangers-of-nuclear-war-americas-w-88-thermonuclear-warhead-is-30-times-a-hiroshima-bomb))
The United States Federal Reserve should expand and make semi-permanent the currency swap agreement with the Banco de México.
The President of the United States should substantially increase lobbying and persuasion efforts, using available political resources, for Congressional approval of Trade Promotion Authority legislation.
1. Federal Reserve should do the plan- 1AC evidence
Olson et al 09 (Eric, senior advisor to the Security Initiative of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and has held senior positions at the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and the Washington Office on Latin America, "The United States And Mexico: Towards a Strategic Partnership" A report of four working groups on U.S.-Mexico Relations, January 2009, www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)=
2. Obama’s political capital is key to TPP passage- that solves the economy, Japanese relations, trade, and IPR Green and Goodman 4/1 (Michael Green, senior vice president for Asia at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, professor at Georgetown University, served on the National Security Council staff during Bush administration, Matthew P. Goodman, former member of the NSC staff for Obama administration, chair in political economy at CSIS, 4/1/14, CNN, "Why Obama and Abe should take lead on TPP," http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/04/01/why-obama-and-abe-should-take-lead-on-tpp/)
3. The plan circumvents Congress and angers both parties- costs Obama PC and turns solvency Broz 2005 (associate professor of political science at UC San Diego, (J. Lawrence, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 49, No. 3, July 2005, Pp. 479–496, http://weber.ucsd.edu/~~jlbroz/pdf_folder/broz_ajps_bailouts.pdf)
2. Renewables spike prices —- we have a graph Brook 13 – Barry, ARC Future Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia, Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change, Director of Climate Science at the Environment Institute and co-runs the Global Ecology Lab."Renewable Energy’s Hidden Costs?, March 23, 2013 http://theenergycollective.com/barrybrook/201991/counting-hidden-costs-energy)//a-berg Table 1 omitted, Figure 1 included
3. Low electricity prices key to chemical industry Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America’s Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html)
4. Chemical industry solves multiple scenarios for extinction. Baker, ’99 - Shenda, Associate professor of chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, MILLENNIUM SPECIAL REPORT December 6, 1999 Volume 77, Number 49 CENEAR 77 49 p.48 Musings page 1, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html
Manufacturing DA
1. Mexico manufacturing is high now – increasing value of peso collapses it
3. Manufacturing industry is key to agricultural technology advances and precision farming Lind and Freeman 12 (Michael Lind, policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation, Joshua Freedman, program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program, "Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future," New America Foundation, April 2012, http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
Second —- efficient and precise farming solves extinction Lugar 2k (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
China DA
Chinese alternative energy development is a zero sum game with the U.S. – solves Chinese soft power, warming, and CCP stability McMahon, 1/27/13 (Tamsin, Diploma in European Journalism from the Hogeschool van Utrecht, B.A. from Ryerson University, reporter for the National Post, "How China is going to save the world", MacLean’s, January 27, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/, JKahn) 2. Chinese growth prevents lashout, and maintains relations, American primacy, and the economy Mead, 9 (Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Only Makes You Stronger," The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8)
3. Impact is nuclear war Yee and Storey, 02 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality. 2002, Pg 5)
1NC- Solvency
Empirically denied- the 1994 Peso collapse should’ve triggered the impact
2. Alt cause- drug violence
Villarreal ’10 ~9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. "The Mexican Economy After the Global Financial Crisis," Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf~~
3. Currency exchanges are self correcting- a decrease in peso value will result in an increase in trade because Mexican goods will be comparatively cheaper which in turn boosts back the peso’s value because countries need to trade in Mexican currency
4. No risk of a global crisis, other developing markets are more important than Mexico, European debt is more concerning, and mechanisms check collapse- this card takes out the aff their 1AC Author Johnson 9/5 Simon, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management. NYTimes Economix Blog http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/the-next-emerging-market-crisis/?hp26_r=0.)
5. Trade with Mexico isn’t key to the economy — it’s a small percentage of the GDP and their authors conflate correlation with causation
Villarreal 12 — M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (M. Angeles Villarreal, Congressional Research Service, 08-09-2012, "U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications", http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
1NC- Scenario 1
Other countries fund Afghani drugs no reason Mexico is key
2. They can’t solve for cartels- their Gonzalez evidence says opening up new jobs in places like the agriculture industry are key to fight instability because they offer an alternative to growing drugs, the plan obviously doesn’t solve for that
3. They can’t solve for instability- the 1AC Rubin evidence says US regional troop presence is the reason for instability and escalation
5. Empirically denied —- litany of past crises disprove —- nuclear standoff in 1989, Mumbai attacks and Indian Parliament bombings where Pakistan got blamed
7. No reverse-causal evidence that peso will definitely collapse—the 1990’s peso collapse means their impacts are empirically denied
1NC- Scenario 2
1. No internal link-they only access a Mexican decline and Mexico makes up a small fraction of international growth
2. It’s a drop in the bucket- the peso isn’t so far down it is sucking down the entire Mexican economy no reversal causal evidence in the 1AC
3. Empirically denied- the 2008 collapse should’ve triggered the impact
4. No impact to collapse, disincentives saber-rattling and conflict- their author
Royal 10 — director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
5. Economics don’t structurally affect the global order
Blackwill 9 (Robert, Former Associate Dean – Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Deputy Assistant to the President, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning, "The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution", RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf)
6. Global economic governance institutions guarantee resiliency
1. Nuclear outweighs warming- if we win any of our DA’s we win on timeframe and a nuclear war destroys life and collapses the international order which accesses the reasons warming is bad
2. The internal link to warming is incoherent -
Just because there is more capital doesn’t mean technology is actually financed
Technology can only slightly decrease emissions and takes awhile to be adopted means they can’t solve in time or no timeframe to their impact
1. Their authors conflate correlation with causation —- hegemony doesn’t solve conflict —- best empirical analysis votes neg
Fettweis 10 – Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College (Chris, Georgetown University Press, "Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace" Google Books)
2. No conceivable scenario for loss of leadership —- structural advantages ensure unipolarity and bandwagoning —- but only retrenchment makes leadership sustainable
Preble and Logan 6 (Christopher, Director of Foreign Policy Studies – Cato Institute and Founding Member – Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy, and Justin, Foreign Policy Analyst – Cato Institute, "Failed States and Flawed Logic: The Case Against a Standing Nation-Building Office, 1-11, http://cato-institute.com/pubs/pas/ pa560.pdf)
4. The internal link is about military primacy that’s what Zhang and Shi are talking about- the aff does nothing to promote that type of hard power
5. Heg doesn’t prevent war
Monteiro 12 (Nuno P., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40)
Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
T
The aff is not topical they only take unilateral action- engagement requires direct talks- key to precision
Crocker 09 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, "Terms of Engagement", New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0)
Voting issue —-
Limits —- requiring direct talks between governments places a functional limit on the topic because few Affs can defend the process. Specific import cases can’t beat the PIC out of talks, controlling the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- talks are a stable mechanism for DA links and competition for counterplans
Change Definition CP
Text – The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.
Current language Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA §6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government (a) Requirements For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that- (1) has legalized all political activity; (2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations; (3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and (4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government- (A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power; (B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and (C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;
(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts; (6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) establishing an independent judiciary; (B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation; (C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;
(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and (8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.
(b) Additional factors In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government- (1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy; (2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba; (B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba; (C) assuring the right to private property; and (D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property; (3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and (4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors. (Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Language post-counterplan Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA §6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government (a) Requirements For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that is- (1) has legalized all political activity; (2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations; (3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and (4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government- (A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power; (B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and (C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;
(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts; (6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) establishing an independent judiciary; (B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation; (C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;
(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and (8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.
(b) Additional factors In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government- (1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy; (2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in- (A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba; (B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba; (C) assuring the right to private property; and (D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property; (3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and (4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors. (Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, 1999 (David, "Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity" Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 229, lexis)
Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, 2008 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, "Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property" Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
The current embargo holds Cuba responsible for compensation for property taken during the Castro revolution – lifting the embargo and normalizing relations makes the US legally responsible for that compensation under the Takings Clause – that causes lawsuits against the federal government that collapses an effective transition and turns every Cuba advantage Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, 1995 (John, Fall, "Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate" North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int’l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
Judicial prosecution is vital to prevent a wave of terror attacks Shapiro 3 (Jeremy, Associate Director and Research Associate – Brookings Institute, "French Lessons: The Importance of the Judicial System in Fighting Terrorism", March, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/ shapiro2003032 5.htm)
Extinction Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand – Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July) A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
Nickel PIC
Text: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with Cuba with the exception of Nickel exports and imports.
It’s competitive "normal economic relations" means lift the entire embargo- especially true because that is what all of their solvency advocates say
Werry 08 (Kevin G. Werry, Captain, United States Army B.A., University of North Texas, 2002. March 2008. "U.S. POLICY TOWARDS CUBA AS A TWO LEVEL GAME OR: DEFENDING EXECUTIVE POLICY DISCRETION IN THE FACE OF DOMESTIC PRESSURE". Naval Postgraduate School. www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479988.pdf)
China is importing Cuban nickel now – lifting the embargo causes US importers to flood the market and crowd-out China
Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/)
Cuban nickel is vital for the Chinese manufacturing sector
Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba’s Economy". www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_news/t/china-gives-boost-cubas-economy/~#.UfBiRI1QEn4)
Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of Chinese economic growth
AEI 13 (Asian Economy Institute. "The Decline of China’s Manufacturing Sector". www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/57)
Chinese economic collapse causes World War III
Plate, 3 (Tom, Visiting Professor of Asian Politics @ UAE University, Bachelor’s in Political Science @ Amherst, Master’s in Public Policy @ Princeton, Straights Times, 6-28)
Cuban production ensures US energy independence —- the embargo is the only barrier- results in a Saudi flood and collapses US oil trade
oponents. In the case of the normative logic, liberal democracies do not AND , there are still good reasons to expect them to go to war.
Democracy increasing now
Mead 5 — Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy (Walter Russell, LA Times, 1/30/2005)
Cyber-war won’t cause military conflict
Barnett 13 (Thomas P.M., special assistant for strategic futures in the U.S. Defense Department’s Office of Force Transformation from 2001 to 2003, is chief analyst for Wikistrat, March/April 2013, "Think Again: The Pentagon," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/04/the_pentagon?page=full)
Chinese alternative energy development is a zero sum game with the U.S. – that’s key to their economy McMahon, 1/27/13 (Tamsin, Diploma in European Journalism from the Hogeschool van Utrecht, B.A. from Ryerson University, reporter for the National Post, "How China is going to save the world", MacLean’s, January 27, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/, JKahn)
Mexican economic growth crowds outs Chinese growth Palley 2, ~Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute, Economic integration, regionalism, and globalization, "Export-Led Growth: Evidence of Developing Country Crowding-out"~
China’s economic rise is good —- they’re on the brink of collapse —- causes CCP instability and lashout —- also tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Offshoring key to trade- doesn’t collapse the economy or competitivenes
Chapman 12 (Steve Chapman, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune. 7/19/12. "What Politicians Don’t Know About Outsourcing". reason.com/archives/2012/07/19/what-politicians-dont-know-about-outsour
Extinction Pazner, 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) 1NC- K
The ideology of economic competitiveness makes environmental and economic collapse inevitable
Bristow 10 (School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University) (Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167)
And the quest for economic competitiveness makes fascism and war inevitable
Kienle 10 (Lecturer in Middle East Politics at University of London and Chair of its Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies)
Our alternative is to reject the Aff’s endorsement of economic competition
Rejecting competition is an act of economic imagination that can create real alternatives within the existing economy
White and Williams 12 (senior lecturer of economic geography at Sheffield Hallam University; professor of public policy in the Management School at the University of Sheffield) (Richard J. and Cohn C., Escaping Capitalist Hegemony: Rereading Western Economies in The Accumulation of Freedom, pg. 131-32) 1NC- DA The aff is capacity expansion – this internal link turns solvency and accesses an independent environment impact VTPI 10 (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems, "Comprehensive Transport Planning," Transportation Demand Management Encyclopedia, November 12, 2010, http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm76.htm)*note —- TDM projects refers to "Transportation Demand Management" strategies that avoid new infrastructure construction or "capacity expansion"
The aff crushes environment-based projects – overstretches the institution Kourous 2k (George Kourous (directs the IRC’s BIOC program, Writer, Editor 26 Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 "The Great NADBank Debate" ProQuest)
Extinction – each instance is key Diner 94 (David Diner, Ph.D., Planetary Science and Geology, "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?," Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161) 1NC- CP
The United States federal government should:
-expand the Voluntary Trusted Traveler and Shipping and SENTRI programs
-facilitate interoperability between Customs and Border Protection agents and Mexican local and federal authorities
-substantially increase staffing and training of Customs and Border Protection officers
-Establish a common tariff among similar products
-expand traffic data distribution to businesses engaging in cross-border trade -designate previously existing border transportation infrastructure for trucks carrying manufacturing products -authorize the North American Development Bank to more environmental and clean tech projects, including but not limited to projects outline in the Espinosa evidence
Solves the case – this is from their 1AC solvency advocate
Lee and Wilson 12 (Erik, Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies at ASU, and Christopher E., Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ("The State of Trade, Competitiveness and Economic Well-being in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, June 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf)
Renewables spike prices —- we have a graph Brook 13 – Barry, ARC Future Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia, Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change, Director of Climate Science at the Environment Institute and co-runs the Global Ecology Lab."Renewable Energy’s Hidden Costs?, March 23, 2013 http://theenergycollective.com/barrybrook/201991/counting-hidden-costs-energy)//a-berg
Low electricity prices key to chemical industry Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America’s Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html) Chemical industry solves multiple scenarios for extinction. Baker, ’99 - Shenda, Associate professor of chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, MILLENNIUM SPECIAL REPORT December 6, 1999 Volume 77, Number 49 CENEAR 77 49 p.48 Musings page 1, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html 1nc – relations
Hellooo this advantage just logically makes no sense—the plan increases road usage and thus increases pollution
Engagement now – non-uniques their da’s
Xinhua 2/20/14—the official press agency and largest news agency in China (Xinhua, 2/20/2014, "Cuban biotech industry expected to double in five years: officials", Global Times, www.globaltimes.cn/content/843708.shtml)
Construction DA – the plan causes short-term economic decline
VTPI 10 (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems, "Comprehensive Transport Planning," Transportation Demand Management Encyclopedia, November 12, 2010, http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm76.htm)
Generated traffic DA – this increases costs and congestion hurts the economy
VTPI 10 (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems, "Comprehensive Transport Planning," Transportation Demand Management Encyclopedia, November 12, 2010, http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm76.htm)
Underpricing DA – the plan causes too much demand too fast– turns the case collapses the economy
VTPI 10 (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems, "Comprehensive Transport Planning," Transportation Demand Management Encyclopedia, November 12, 2010, http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm76.htm)
only security first creates a sustainable partnership –not border issues Schaefer 13 (Agnes Bereben, Senior Political Scientist – RAND Corporation, Professor – Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. in Political Science – Syracuse University, M.A. in Political Science – Florida International University, B.A. in International Relations / Environmental Studies – Florida International University, "If U.S.-Mexico Get Security Right, Other Good Policy Will Follow", RAND Corporation, 5-29, http://www.rand.org/blog/2013/05/if-us-mexico-get-security-right-other-good-policy.html)
Lomberg 10 (Bjorn, PhD in political science, "Earth Day: Smile, don’t shudder," USA Today, 4/21/10, Lexis)
Now the impact debate—their only impact in the 1ac is biodiversity—that means the next few cards apply to environment flow as well
No extinction —- tech solves the environment
Science Daily 10 (Science Daily, reprinted from materials provided by American Institute of Biological Sciences, September 1, 2010, "Human Well-Being Is Improving Even as Ecosystem Services Decline: Why?", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901072908.htm)
The plan is a drop in the bucket—it can’t access global biodiversity impacts bc it’s only engagement between Mexico and US
Ecosystem strong and improving —- their authors lie
Too late —- environmental collapse inevitable because of past pollution
Myers 97 (Norman, Visiting Fellow of Green College – Oxford University and Senior Fellow – World Wildlife Fund, Biodiversity II, Ed. Reaka-Kudla and Wilson, p. 135-136)
No impact to biodiversity —- species theory flawed and redundancy checks —- it’s increasing now
Sagoff 97 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, Lexis)
Can’t solve —- loss inevitable
Smith 96 (Fraser, Department of Biological Sciences – Stanford University, "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM STABILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT", Working Paper GEC 94-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, U.K. Economic and Social Research Council, October, http://prototype2010.cserge.webapp3.uea.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gec_1994_10.pdf)
A biodiversity constraint could not conserve all remaining species on the planet. Many species AND venture; rather, it is an ideal for people to strive towards.
Empirically denied —- there have been six mass extinctions including the dinosaurs —- didn’t wipe out all life or kill the ecosystem
Biodiversity is inevitable —- genetic engineering solves
Sagoff 8 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy @ School of Public Policy @ U. Maryland, Environmental Values, "On the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services", 17:2, 239-257, EBSCO)
The gene bank in Norway solves —- it was created to head off a global biodiversity crisis
Species adapt —- gene diversity
Thompson 9 (Ian et al., Canadian Forest Service, Brendan Mackey, The Australian National University, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Steven McNulty, USDA Forest Service, Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest Service, 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity "Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change" Convention on Biological Diversity)
Concerns have been expressed that predicted cli- mate changes (IPCC 2007) AND which were characterized by relatively rapid climate change (Huntley and Webb 1988).
Empirically denied and there are a litany of alt causes
PGE 9 (Princeton Guide to Ecology, "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning", Princeton University Press, Credo Reference)
Every species isn’t key —- keystone species don’t exist
Sarkar 5 (Sahotra, Prof. Philosophy and Integrative Biology – UT Austin, "Biodiversity and Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction", p. 13-15, Google Print)
Species model of biodiversity is wrong
Haber 8 (Wolfgang, Professor Emeritus of Ecology – Technische Universität München (Munich University of Technology), 2008, "Biological Diversity – a Concept Going Astray?," GAIA 17/S1(2008): 91– 96, IngentaConnect)
The species approach to biodiversity hits upon several fundamental obstacles. About two thirds of AND and erroneous argumentation for biodiversity continues in spite of serious warnings of scientists21 1NC- Environment
The government fails at implementing border infrastructure — coordination failures turn the case
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, "U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
Decline disincentives saber-rattling- their author
Royal 10 — director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
IMF checks- their author
Lagarde 13 (Christine, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, speech in front of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, "The Interconnected Gklobal Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States—and the World", Sept 19 2013, www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2013/091913.htm
Economics don’t structurally affect the global order
Blackwill 9 (Robert, Former Associate Dean – Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Deputy Assistant to the President, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning, "The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution", RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf)