Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayzata BD | Judge: Carly Wunderlich

1nc 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court
AND
should increase its Automatic Exchange of Information and Trade Transparency Units with Mexico.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc 2

Text: The United States federal government should
a) Sign the Biological Weapons Convention, UN Resolution 1540, and International Health Regulations, and actively adhere to and promote all components of the convention.
b) Substantially increase pre-commercial research and development for microbial forensics capabilities
c) Substantially strengthen its microbial forensics capacity, and support private sector efforts to develop international standards for genomics screening.
d) Enact necessary measures of the Select Agent Program and Biosafety Improvement Acts of 2008
e) Increase biosafety training for scientists and public health workers and ensure joint projects and research ventures.
The counterplan solves bioterrorism
Gronvall, 09 ~Gigi Kwik, a Senior Associate at the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC and an Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh member of the Council on Foreign Relations and also serves on the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility, "PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/bsp.2009.1003~~
The U.S. should carefully evaluate new laboratory security measures to preserve the
AND
these nations manage an outbreak—whether the outbreak occurs naturally or not.

1nc 3

"Economic" engagement is limited to trade, loans, and grants – including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas – our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include:
DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations
Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes
Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa
MILITARY CONTACTS
Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa
Arms transfers
Military aid and cooperation
Military exchange and training programs
Confidence and security-building measures
Intelligence sharing
ECONOMIC CONTACTS
Trade agreements and promotion
Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants
CULTURAL CONTACTS
Cultural treaties
Inauguration of travel and tourism links
Sport, artistic and academic exchanges (n25)
Engagement is an iterated process in which the sender and target state develop a relationship
AND
hope that this will precipitate political change from below within the target state.
This definition implies that three necessary conditions must hold for engagement to constitute an effective
AND
, and the near-total collapse of its national economy.(n28)
Third, the target state must perceive the engager and the international order it represents as a potential source of the material or prestige resources it desires. This means that autarkic, revolutionary and unlimited regimes which eschew the norms and institutions of the prevailing order, such as Stalin’s Soviet Union or Hitler’s Germany, will not be seduced by the potential benefits of engagement.
This reformulated conceptualization avoids the pitfalls of prevailing scholarly conceptions of engagement. It considers the policy as a set of means rather than ends, does not delimit the types of states that can either engage or be engaged, explicitly encompasses contacts in multiple issue-areas, allows for the existence of multiple objectives in any given instance of engagement and, as will be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Economic engagement and taxation are contextually distinct
SBS 13, (Said Business School, Oxford, 18 March 2013, chief international tax cooperation section, financing for development office, United Nations, "The United Nations and Source State Taxation," http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/centres/tax/conferences/Documents/Taxing20Multinationals20March202013/Michael_Lennard.pdf-http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/centres/tax/conferences/Documents/Taxing Multinationals March 2013/Michael_Lennard.pdf)
Article 5 (Permanent Establishment/"PE"):
- The level of economic engagement/footprint required to justify source country taxation of business profits under treaties.
- Generally lower/more readily met under UN Model.
Threshold for Allowing Source Country Taxation
• OECD Model – majority view says same rules for whether the level of economic engagement justifies more source country taxation in cases of services as in provision of goods.
• UN Model says the concept of what is sufficient economic engagement differs between goods and services.
– shouldn’t be obsessed in looking for offices, "bricks and mortar" etc in particular geographical parts of your country and examining the connections between those offices.
– if services are being provided over a reasonable period of time in your country –that should be enough.

Voting issue for limits and ground —- non-economic areas are huge, overstretch research burdens and require completely different strategies —- trade and finance allow sufficient flexibility but lock-in a core mechanism for preparation
Haass 2k – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6
Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
AND
a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

ADV 1

No escalation from friction to war
Jervis 11 (Robert, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425)
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Growth causes conflict and extinction
Chase-Dunn and Podobnik, 99 (Christoper, Director of the Institute for Research on World-Systems, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at University of California, and Bruce, Professor of Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College, "The Future of Global Conflict," pg. 43)
While the onset of a period of hegemonic rivalry is in itself disturbing, the
AND
steps should be taken to ensure that such collective suicide does not occur.

Collapse of society is inevitable
Mackenzie and Bar-Yam, 8 (Deborah, BBC Correspondent, Quotes Joe Tainter, archaeologist at the University of Utah, Yaneer, head of the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Are WE doomed," 4/5/08, Ebsco)
DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation. Literature and film abound with tales of plague
AND
stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable. 

Collapse of society and stable transition inevitable – solves extinction
Barry, 8 (Glen, President and Founder of Ecological Internet, Ph.D. in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin, "Economic Collapse And Global Ecology," 1/14/08, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm )
Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum — sufficient climate policies enjoy
AND
sabotage to hasten the day. It is more fragile than it looks. 

Growth collapses the environment – the impact is extinction
Barry, 12 (Glen, President and Founder of Ecological Internet, Ph.D. in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin, "Human Family’s Ecocidal Death Wish," 1/31/12, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry310112.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/barry310112.htm)
The ecological foundation of being is unraveling before our very eyes. Without ecosystems there
AND
make life possible are failing. We face an unprecedented planetary ecological emergency.

Violence down
Pinker, 11 (Steven, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, "Violence Vanquished," The Wall Street Journal, 9/24/11, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html)
With all its wars, murder and genocide, history might suggest that the taste
AND
a problem to be solved rather than as a contest to be won. 

They’ll crackdown, not lashout
Lundquist, 12 — lecturer of Western philosophy at Tsinghua University in Beijing (David, "Why China Won’t Collapse", The National Interest, 6/22/12, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/china-isnt-headed-collapse-7046?page=1, Deech)
The textbook example of a similar change might be Iran’s 1979 revolution, widely thought be propelled by a dramatic fall in global oil prices. But the Chinese economy is no oil-addicted dictatorship, and China has no Ayatollah Khomeini antagonizing it through sermons on scratchy cassette tapes. Contrary to the banal collapse theories, there are reasons to believe that a slowing Chinese economy will bring a chill of calm to the simmering cauldron of society.
China is a modern, complex polity with an adept, agile government. In
AND
participation, be it democratic or totalitarian (as in the Cultural Revolution).
By Huntington’s standards, the PRC is a quite modern polity, one he would deem "civic" because its institutions are developed beyond its level of political activity. In short, the system can withstand economic pressure.
Indeed, Beijing is well-prepared to confront, divert or grant concessions to popular discontent. With firm institutions established, a state is less susceptible to economic vagaries, something Chang’s argument doesn’t consider. By proactively heading off economic distress, the PRC might even stand to gain trust and legitimacy in the eyes of its citizens.
After all, as Western governments rushed to ease the liquidity crunch of 2008–2009, baffled and nervous citizens said nary a word of protest as unelected bureaucrats worked their money-printing and bailout magic. Only after the crisis, years later, did diverse Occupy Wall Street movements include this as a minor detail in their failed campaign against capitalist excesses.
A faltering economy does not necessarily cause disorder, even when effective institutionsare absent. A recent New York Times editorial opposing Western sanctions on Iran broaches this notion, arguing that the Iranian people might stand up to oppression once well-fed and prospering. The same very well could be true for China.
Reform in China
There are hundreds of thousands of conflicts between the Chinese people and the state every
AND
who in contrast have few material incentives to protest but much to lose.

— CCP resilient

Tanner 4 (Murray Scott, Senior Political Scientist – RAND Corporation, "China Rethinks Unrest", Washington Quarterly, 27(3), Summer, Lexis)

For those concerned about China’s internal stability, the raw numbers of protests are less
AND
savior for citizens plagued by lawless, predatory, local party officials. n6

— No impact to CCP collapse

Waldron 00 (Arthur, Lauder Professor of International Relations – University of Pennsylvania, Commentary, 11-1, Lexis)

To be sure, if China does deconstruct, one need not altogether give up
AND
and that could conceivably serve as the nuclei for a democratically reorganized China.

ADV 2

Dispersion fails and countermeasures solve
Mueller, 6 — Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Ohio State (John, "Overblown", pg. 20-22, 2006)
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
AND
know about biological warfare the easier he seems to think the task is."::

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata HB | Judge: Jeffrey Ding

1nc 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over substantially increasing economic engagement towards Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially increase economic engagement towards Cuba.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc 2

The Embargo has made Cuba the most Bio-diverse nation in the Caribbean-Lifting it will devastate this "Accidental Eden"

"Cuba: The Accidental Eden"- ’Can Cuba build a bridge to its environmental future? Produced- http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/the-causeway-to-cayo-coco/5808/-http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/the-causeway-to-cayo-coco/5808/  PBS 10/27/2010-Educational Broadcast Corporation 26 Public Broadcasting System
Cuba has been called the "Accidental Eden" for its exceptional biodiversity and unique
AND
some conservationists see Cuba’s position as an opportunity to set a constructive example.

Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction. Solves agriculture medicine and ecosystems

Mittermeier ’11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, ~23 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)

Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining" criterion to a genuine hotspot.

1nc 3

The affirmative must defend the implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government as better than the status quo or a competitive alternative

a) Resolved – reflects a legislative forum

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 98 (dictionary.com)
Resolved: 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

b) Substantially – it mandates reality and excludes imagination

Wollman 93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8^th Circuit, Kansas City Power 26 Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10 was not given in isolation, however. The district court’s
AND
such a demand notice. That determination is all that the contract required.

c) Should – indicates obligation or duty

Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 8 ("should", 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)
should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with ’that’ after a main clause describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with ’that’ expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.

That’s a voting issue- Their interpretation undermines the equitable distribution of predictable ground and switch side debate

1. Unlimits the topic and makes it impossible to be neg because we can never predict nor clash with the aff – we can’t predict all the possible worlds the aff could imagine or all the possible role of the ballot that aren’t based on the consequences of plan passage

2. Clash education outweighs their education – we can’t truth-test the affirmative nor inculcate productive discussion without being prepared –

Impacts- 

1.) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg and Freeley 08 (Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side debate solves their offense

CAse

Our impacts come first – their moral theorizing fails in the political realm
Ignatieff, 7 (Michael, member of the independent international commission on Kosovo, chaired by Judge Richard Goldstone of South Africa, former fellow at King’s College, "Getting Iraq Wrong," New York Times, 8/5/07, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/magazine/05iraq-t.html?ei=509026en=cb304d04accc6df826ex=134396640026partner=rssuserland26emc=rss26pagewanted=all)
The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president. But
AND
. They must see Iraq — or anywhere else — as it is.

Consequentialism is good
Greene, 10 (Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, "The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings," Historical and Contemporary Readings, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.

Util is necessary even if the kritik is correct
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: ICW HK | Judge: Peter Nikolai

1nc 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over normalizing trade relations on Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10^th and 11^th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should normalize trade relations with Cuba.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc 2

Prices rising but balanced now —- most predictive evidence

MarketWatch 9-11 ("Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term", 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)

MADRID (MarketWatch) — Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC’s predictions for Syria supply.

Cuban production ensures US energy independence —- the embargo is the only barrier

Alhaiji 4 (Dr. A. F., Energy Economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics – Ohio Northern University, Terry L. Maris, Founding Executive Director – Center for Cuban Business Studies, Professor of Management – Ohio Northern University, "The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector", Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf~~23page=105~~

Introduction¶ The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy —- overwhelms resiliency

Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, "AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA", Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)

MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.

The impact is nuclear war

Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

1nc 3

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies

Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, "The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big", World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
say nothing of the Secret Service prostitution scandal that soon overshadowed the proceedings.
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
could not immediately pivot U.S. foreign policy to the region.
But as I noted two years ago, "There was insufficient follow-up to take advantage of the momentum generated by the Trinidad meeting." Just as candidate George W. Bush’s rhetoric about the importance of Latin America understandably evaporated after Sept. 11, the Obama administration, in continuing to react to a series of crises elsewhere in the world, has also put the Western Hemisphere on the back burner.
As a result, according to Sean Goforth, America’s relations with the region appear to be adrift. "Many countries want and deserve a serious partnership with Washington. But President Obama is an unconvincing partner. . . . He has stalled on trade treaties with Latin American countries that still want preferred access to the U.S. market, and he’s made it clear that his strategic priority is a ’pivot’ toward Asia."
Worse still, no senior official within the administration, starting with the president himself
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Part of the problem is that important U.S. domestic lobbies are opposed
AND
politician has emerged as a strong advocate for a Community of the Americas.
And while domestic politics are always going to be intertwined with foreign policy, U
AND
through the prism of domestic politics — in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism

McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, "The World Trade Constitution", Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis

It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=252a1e7e2d386b1ba6b40101866c799c26csvc=bl26cform=searchForm26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkAt26_md5=b30d2a13fac6d9fc0fda717f09e57ece

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures —- wrecks trade and the economy

Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, "Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade", Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to use the power of government to protect themselves from foreign competition. The practice of using domestic environmental or consumer safety regulation as a way to disguise protectionist policy has become a serious and growing problem in the United States. This regulatory protectionism harms the U.S. economy and violates our trade obligations.
A number of factors combine to explain the rise in regulatory protectionism. Economic globalization
AND
interests join forces to promote regulatory regimes that unfairly and unnecessarily restrict imports.
There is already a system of laws in place to prevent regulatory protectionism. The rules of the international trading system recognize that domestic laws can be just as protectionist as tariffs. Many of the disciplines of World Trade Organization (WTO) law are embedded in the rules U.S. administrative agencies follow when setting new regulations.
But the U.S. government must take its WTO obligations more seriously. Prior to implementing a new regulation, federal agencies should be required to evaluate the possibility that less trade-restrictive alternatives could meet regulatory goals as effectively as their preferred proposal. Also, the U.S. government should not dilute or bypass the multilateral rules of the WTO through bilateral or regional negotiations that accept managed protectionism.
This paper uses a number of recent examples of protectionist regulations to show that the enemies of regulatory protectionism are transparency and vigilance. Policymakers should be skeptical of regulatory proposals backed by the target domestic industry and of proposals that lack a plausible theory of market failure. These are red flags that the proposal is the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction

Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Transitions

Cuba won’t want to cooperate

Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
Regrettably, this outlook stems from a U.S.-centric vantage point extrapolated
AND
recent speech to Cuba’s National Assembly should put an end to that notion.

Economic relations won’t transform Cuba

Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
There is no evidence that tourism, trade, or investment had anything to ¶
AND
. The will to ¶ liberalize the economy does not exist in Cuba.

cuba won’t want relations with the US

Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Sucklicki, director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. 1/14/13. "Raúl Castro’s Cuba in 2013". Miami Herald. www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/14/3178528/raul-castros-cuba-in-2013.html)
After six years in power, Gen. Raúl Castro is unwilling to chart a
AND
of Fidel’s anti-American policies and military interventions in Africa and elsewhere.

Turn – plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence in the region

Suchlicki ’13 (Jaime, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? 2/26/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
Lifting the ban for U.S. tourists to travel to Cuba would be
AND
, and investments in Cuba would develop. Yet there are significant implications.

Can’t solve the Cuban economy – too many structural failures

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL
The challenges are many. First, there will be the tremendous task of economic
AND
. (Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

The Cuban military will block any genuine economic or political reform

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL
Economic and legal problems are not, however, the only challenges facing Cuba in
AND
especially if the government cannot come up with viable programs for retraining them.

Cuban economic decline impact is empirically denied—90s crash did not escalate

Sweeney 94 – Former Policy Analyst at The Heritage Foundation (John, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should Be Maintained," Heritage Foundation, 11/10/94, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade)
The Cuban Crisis¶ Cuba today is suffering its worst economic crisis since Fidel Castro
AND
metric tons for 1994 and 3.5 million metric tons for 1995.

====FDI in Cuba fails====
Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. April 2013. "What if…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? by Jaime Suchlicki". devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/12/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
All trade with Cuba is done with state owned businesses. Since Cuba has very
AND
Corruption is pervasive, undermining equity and respect for the rule of law.

1nc Latin American Relations

Cuba is not key to relations- too many alt causes
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)

Cuba is not an important issue in U.S.-Latin American relations.
AND
will flock to ¶ Cuba, to the detriment of the Caribbean economies.

Relations resilient
Duddy and Mora 13 – *U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University;  incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, Western Hemisphere (Patrick and Frank O., "Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?" Miami Herald, 5/1/13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html~~23storylink=cpy)//Bwang
As President Obama travels to Mexico and Costa Rica, it’s likely the pundits will
AND
S. nonimmigrant visas every year, including many thousands of Chávez loyalists.

Improving relations is impossible without reforming the entire foreign policy apparatus

Gvosdev, 12 - former editor of the National Interest, and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media. He is currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (Nikolas, "To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big," 4/20, World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community. 

Too many alt causes to Cuba relations
Hanson 26 Lee ’13
Stephanie Hanson and Brianna Lee, Council on Foreign Relations, "U.S.-Cuba Relations", 1/31/13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113
What are the issues preventing normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations? Experts
AND
alienating a strong voting bloc in an important swing state in presidential elections.

Latin America impacts are empirically denied

Hartzell 2k (Caroline A., 4/1/2000, Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies Latin American Essays, "Latin America’s civil wars: conflict resolution and institutional change." http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28765765_ITM)
Latin America has been the site of fourteen civil wars during the post-World
AND
are the factors that are responsible for shaping post-war institutional change?

C) Iraq 

OA 7 (Oxford Analytica, "Anti-American Sentiment Grows Worldwide", 8-23, http://www.mail-archive.com/sustainablelorgbiofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg70843.html)

Democracy promotion. The invasion of Iraq has undermined the credibility of U.S
AND
U.S. president and the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq.

— Democracy promotion fails – 3 reasons
 —Idealized American Model —Inattentiveness to Power —-Assumption of Orderly Progress

Alford 00 (William P., Professor East Asian Legal Studies – Harvard Law, 113 Harv. L. Rev. 1677, May, Lexis)

Carothers’s assessment of the core strategy underlying American democracy promotion programs is incisive, even
AND
that methodical sequencing would seem to prescribe (pp. 108-13).
— Cyber-terror fails, won’t cause meltdowns, and Cuba isn’t key

Alexander 3 (Steve, Staff – Star Tribune, "The Cyberterror Scare", Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), 2-13, Lexis)

For years, government Internet experts have warned a "cyberterrorism" attack could steal
AND
Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: MSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Okemos NR | Judge: Jake Justice
1nc 1
A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court
AND
and making semi-permanent the currency swap agreemen with Banco de Mexico.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1NC 2

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies

Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, "The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big", World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
say nothing of the Secret Service prostitution scandal that soon overshadowed the proceedings.
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
could not immediately pivot U.S. foreign policy to the region.
But as I noted two years ago, "There was insufficient follow-up to take advantage of the momentum generated by the Trinidad meeting." Just as candidate George W. Bush’s rhetoric about the importance of Latin America understandably evaporated after Sept. 11, the Obama administration, in continuing to react to a series of crises elsewhere in the world, has also put the Western Hemisphere on the back burner.
As a result, according to Sean Goforth, America’s relations with the region appear to be adrift. "Many countries want and deserve a serious partnership with Washington. But President Obama is an unconvincing partner. . . . He has stalled on trade treaties with Latin American countries that still want preferred access to the U.S. market, and he’s made it clear that his strategic priority is a ’pivot’ toward Asia."
Worse still, no senior official within the administration, starting with the president himself
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Part of the problem is that important U.S. domestic lobbies are opposed
AND
politician has emerged as a strong advocate for a Community of the Americas.
And while domestic politics are always going to be intertwined with foreign policy, U
AND
through the prism of domestic politics — in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Expanding Mexican trade causes a protectionist backlash

Okezie, ’10
Okezie Chukwumerije, Professor of Law, Thurgood Marshall School of Law, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, 5/19/10, http://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Volume2016.1/Chukwumerije20MACRO.pdf-http://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Volume 16.1/Chukwumerije MACRO.pdf

217 De- spite the caveat about his opposition to the provision, Obama?
AND
of his party at a time when he needs their support for his economic
stimulus initiatives, as well as for passing his health care reform proposal. However
AND
to make trade liberalization an important part of its economic recovery program." 225 

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures —- wrecks trade and the economy

Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, "Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade", Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to use the power of government to protect themselves from foreign competition. The practice of using domestic environmental or consumer safety regulation as a way to disguise protectionist policy has become a serious and growing problem in the United States. This regulatory protectionism harms the U.S. economy and violates our trade obligations.
A number of factors combine to explain the rise in regulatory protectionism. Economic globalization
AND
interests join forces to promote regulatory regimes that unfairly and unnecessarily restrict imports.
There is already a system of laws in place to prevent regulatory protectionism. The rules of the international trading system recognize that domestic laws can be just as protectionist as tariffs. Many of the disciplines of World Trade Organization (WTO) law are embedded in the rules U.S. administrative agencies follow when setting new regulations.
But the U.S. government must take its WTO obligations more seriously. Prior to implementing a new regulation, federal agencies should be required to evaluate the possibility that less trade-restrictive alternatives could meet regulatory goals as effectively as their preferred proposal. Also, the U.S. government should not dilute or bypass the multilateral rules of the WTO through bilateral or regional negotiations that accept managed protectionism.
This paper uses a number of recent examples of protectionist regulations to show that the enemies of regulatory protectionism are transparency and vigilance. Policymakers should be skeptical of regulatory proposals backed by the target domestic industry and of proposals that lack a plausible theory of market failure. These are red flags that the proposal is the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction

Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.
1nc 3

A budget deal will pass now but patience and focus is thinning – every day is key to crafting a bill that can be voted on before Christmas break – the plan saps Congressional focus and results in billions of Pentagon budget cuts
Wasson 12/3/13 – writer for The Hill (Erik, "Budget panel blows first deadline",
http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week)
Congressional budget conferees on Monday failed to meet a deadline set by appropriators for a
AND
meaning much work would have to be done behind closed doors by staff.

That decimates military preparedness – recent budget cuts make the impact uniquely likely
Alexander 10/24/13 – writer for Reuters (David, "Automatic budget cuts could hit Pentagon harder this year", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025)
(Reuters) - Months after the U.S. military was hit with
AND
steady decline" in military preparedness and ultimately national security, he said.

Military readiness solves global nuclear war
Felzenberg, 11 (Alvin S., Lecturer – University of Pennsylvania and Yale University and Alexander B. Gray, Ph.D. Candidate in International Affairs – George Washington University, "The New Isolationism", The National Review, 1-3, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/256150/new-isolationism-alvin-s-felzenberg)
Anything Reps. Ron Paul (R., Tex.) and Barney Frank (D
AND
American military presence on land, at sea, and in the air.   
Case
Mexican Collapse empirically denied —- the 1994 Peso Crisis should have caused the impact

No impact to decline and the timeframe is 15 years

Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew Harris, Counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council, Jennifer Burrows, Member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis," The Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Deech)

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
the absence of economic outlets that would become narrower in an economic downturn. 

The most recent report proves the Peso is High Now

Bain 6/24 (Ben, "Mexico Peso Swings Rise to 18-Month High as Bets on Rally Fade"- Bloomberg; 6/24/13; http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-24/mexico-peso-swings-rise-to-18-month-high-as-bets-on-rally-fade.html)**
Mexican peso volatility climbed to the highest level in 18 months as futures traders’ bets
AND
per dollar, the weakest level on a closing basis since July 2012.

No tech adoption for warming- just because they can solve for technology doesn’t mean the tech will be used globally

Adaption solves

Mendelsohn 9 (Robert O., professor of forestry and environmental studies – Yale, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf) 

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Mexican economy booming and resilient —- it’s decoupled from the rest of the world

WSJ 13 (Wall Street Journal, "UPDATE: Fitch Lifts Mexico Rating on Economy, Reforms", 5-8, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130508-718436.html)
Fitch Ratings upgraded Mexico by a notch Wednesday, citing the country’s strong economic fundamentals
AND
pass structural reforms that had languished for many years, Fitch said Wednesday. 

Alt cause —- migration barriers

Littlefield 9 (Edward, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "As Mexico’s Problems Mount: The Impact of the Economic Recession on Migration Patterns from Mexico")

As migration from, and remittances to, Mexico have decreased as a result of
AND
intricately linked to matters of immigration, security, and Mexico’s very cohesion.

The internal link to warming is embarrassing -

Just because there is more capital doesn’t mean technology is actually financed

Technology can only decrease emissions not eliminate them so they can’t solve run away warming

Clean Tech not cost-competitive- investors don’t think it’s beneficial and that it’ll fail

James 3/1 (Adam, writes about climate change and clean/green technology and environmental reforms, "The Angels and Demons of Clean Tech Investment"- Climate Progress; 3/1/13; http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/03/01/1657981/obstacles-early-clean-tech-investing/)**
Decarbonizing electricity markets is a core task in the effort to tackle climate change.
AND
, in addition to accurately pricing carbon and correcting market failures like pollution.

Fed checks economic collapse

Eavis 12 (Peter, Financial Correspondent – New York Times, "Record High Close for Dow, Spurred by Fed and Profits", New York Times, 3-5, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/business/daily-stock-market-activity.html?hp)

But one essential government institution did things differently after the 2009 low point, and
AND
of recession, the odds are that you will have a bull market." 

Their evidence about economics and conflict is highly theoretical —- doesn’t avert war

Holmes 13 (James R., Defense Analyst – The Diplomat and Professor of Strategy – U.S. Naval War College, "Economic Interdependence = Less Conflict?", The Diplomat, 4-11, http://thediplomat.com/the-naval-diplomat/2013/04/11/economic-interdependence-less-conflict/)
*Note: edited to remove gendered language which we do not endorse
Angell stopped short of seconding Jordan’s estimate of the pacifying effects of economics. An
AND
put their trust in a strong navy. But you knew that already.

No warming —- newest data

Rose 12 — correspondent for the Daily Mail (David, "Global warming stopped 16 years ago, reveals Met Office report quietly released... and here is the chart to prove it", Daily Mail, 10/13/12, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-warming-stopped-16-years-ago-reveals-Met-Office-report-quietly-released—chart-prove-it.html)

The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new data released
AND
that the current decade would end up significantly warmer than the previous two. 

Economics don’t structurally affect the global order

Blackwill 9 (Robert, Former Associate Dean – Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Deputy Assistant to the President, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning, "The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution", RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf)

Finally, if not, why not? If the world is in the most severe international economic crisis since the 1930s, why is it not producing structural changes in the global order? A brief answer is that the transcendent geopolitical elements have not altered in substantial ways with regard to individual nations in the two years since the economic crisis began. What are those enduring geopolitical elements? For any given country, they include the following:
• Geographic location, topography, and climate. As Robert Kaplan puts it,
AND
In?uence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (1890). 31
• Demography—the size, birth rate, growth, density, ethnicity, literacy, religions, migration/emigration/assimilation/absorption, and industriousness of the population.
• The histories, foreign and defense policy tendencies, cultural determinants, and domestic politics of individual countries.
• The size and strength of the domestic economy.
• The quality and pace of technology.
• The presence of natural resources.
• The character, capabilities, and policies of neighboring states.
For the countries that matter most in the global order, perhaps unsurprisingly, none
AND
and Xerxes, who successively ruled a vast empire around 500 BC. 32

No impact to the economy —- it’s empirically denied by multiple past recessions like the 2008 recession —- best and most recent data proves

Drezner 12 (Daniel W., Professor of International Politics – Tufts University, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, Contributing Editor – Foreign Policy, Ph.D. – Stanford University, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked", October, http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf)

The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
disruptions of the Occupy movement fuel impressions of surge in global public disorder.
The aggregate data suggests otherwise, however. The Institute for Economics and Peace has
AND
surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."40
None of these data suggest that the global economy is operating swimmingly. Growth remains
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42

Nuclear outweighs and turns warming- if we win any of our DA’s we win on timeframe and a nuclear war would cause global warming

No extinction from climate change

NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, "Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC," online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html

In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
AND
to climate change (e.g. Huntingford et al., 2008)."
On the other hand, they indicate that some biologists and climatologists have pointed out
AND
through using the vast data resource that we can exploit in fossil records."
Going on to do just that, Willis et al. focus on "intervals
AND
very little evidence for broad-scale extinctions due to a warming world."
In concluding, the Norwegian, Swedish and UK researchers say that "based on such evidence we urge some caution in assuming broad-scale extinctions of species will occur due solely to climate changes of the magnitude and rate predicted for the next century," reiterating that "the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."
UTIL 1NC

1. Utilitarianism is inevitable
   A —- Rights Conflicts
   Tim Stelzig, "Deontology, Governmental Action, and the Distributive Exemption: How the Trolley Problem Shapes the Relationship Between Rights and Policy," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, March 1998, Vol. 146, Issue 3, Ebsco
   If the latter is true, no more need be said to show that deontological
   AND
   claim that deontology exhausts morality, for the reasons already discussed.(n108)

B —- Crisis conditions
SCARRE Lecturer – Philosophy – University of Durham 1996 Utilitarianism
Utilitarian thinking about killing seems then, most intuitively acceptable to many people during public
AND
they seem more necessary when the chips are down for the whole community.

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: MSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Forest Hill Central LS | Judge: Jonas Placitis

1nc 1

US supports China’s export market now but wages, currency, and Chinese monetary policy have put it on the brink

Orlik and Kazer 13, ~Tom Orlik and William Kazer, 9/8/13, Market Watch, "China economy benefits from stronger US demand," http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-economy-benefits-from-stronger-us-demand-2013-09-08-http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-economy-benefits-from-stronger-us-demand-2013-09-08~~
BEIJING — China’s economy showed fresh signs of resilience in August, with key trade
AND
17.8 billion in July, marking its highest level since January.

International growth is zero sum – crowds out exporters like China and Japan

Palley 11, ~Thomas I. Palley, July 2011, New America Foundation, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute "The Rise and Fall of Export-led Growth," Lexis~
Though the new "openness" agenda swept academic economics, it was also always
AND
, disregard of workplace conditions, and weak regulation aimed at pleasing capital.

Exports key to China’s economy

Trading Economics 13, ~9/9/13, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/exports-http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/exports~~
Exports in China increased to 1906 USD Hundred Million in August of 2013 from 1859
AND
historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 

Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war

Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, "World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)", Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region. 

1nc 2

Text:  The government of Mexico should increase its investment in a multi-tracked high speed rail across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and substantially increase its investment in modernizing its port facilities.

The CP solves the case – ends container traffic

McClintock 07 (Michael C. McClintock (Professor of Law, Gonzaga University School of Law) 2007 "NAFTA’S 13TH YEAR: STEADILY INCREASING TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS, BUILDING A "DRY CANAL" ACROSS SOUTHERN MEXICO, AND MORE" 14 Sw. J.L. 26 Trade Am. 25, Lexis)
Transportation infrastructure is a significant portion of a nation’s wealth so long as efficient freight
AND
largest manufacturing area of northern Mexico along the U.S. border.

1nc 3

A budget deal will pass now but patience and focus is thinning – every day is key to crafting a bill that can be voted on before Christmas break – the plan saps Congressional focus and results in billions of Pentagon budget cuts
Wasson 12/3/13 – writer for The Hill (Erik, "Budget panel blows first deadline",
http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week)
Congressional budget conferees on Monday failed to meet a deadline set by appropriators for a
AND
meaning much work would have to be done behind closed doors by staff.

That decimates military preparedness – recent budget cuts make the impact uniquely likely
Alexander 10/24/13 – writer for Reuters (David, "Automatic budget cuts could hit Pentagon harder this year", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025)
(Reuters) - Months after the U.S. military was hit with
AND
steady decline" in military preparedness and ultimately national security, he said.

Military readiness solves global nuclear war
Felzenberg, 11 (Alvin S., Lecturer – University of Pennsylvania and Yale University and Alexander B. Gray, Ph.D. Candidate in International Affairs – George Washington University, "The New Isolationism", The National Review, 1-3, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/256150/new-isolationism-alvin-s-felzenberg)
Anything Reps. Ron Paul (R., Tex.) and Barney Frank (D
AND
American military presence on land, at sea, and in the air.   

Case

1nc manufacturing?

1. Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
   WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html~23articleTabs3Darticle)

Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation’s editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

2. No internal link—all trade doesn’t collapse, it’s just slightly less efficient—they haven’t read a profit margins impact—

3. Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, "US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring," http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring-http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)

It’s not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It’s a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

4. Competitiveness not key to deterrence
Reich 09 (Robert B., former U.S. Secretary of Labor, is professor of public policy at the University of California at Berkeley. His latest book is Supercapitalism, "Manufacturing Jobs Are Never Coming Back," May 28^th, 2009, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html-http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html EH)

Others argue we need more manufacturing assembly operations in the U.S. because
AND
taxpayers. I just don’t get how those costs could possibly be justified.

5. Heg doesn’t solve war – Better empirical analysis votes neg
Fettweis 10 – Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College (Chris, Georgetown University Press, "Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace" Google Books) 

Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
AND
worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.

1nc drug cartels

US can never solve drug trafficking in Central America – in a bind
Carpenter, 12 (Ted Galen Carpenter is senior fellow for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute. Dr. Carpenter served as Cato’s director of foreign policy studies from 1986 to 1995 and as vice president for defense and foreign policy studies from 1995 to 2011. He is the author of nine and the editor of 10 books on international affairs; 1/4/12; "Drug Mayhem Moves South"; http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/drug-mayhem-moves-south-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/drug-mayhem-moves-south) KD
The U.S. government is caught in a bind. Clearly, Washington
AND
exacerbated security problems in Central America, but they did not create them.

The War on Drugs is a massive waste of money —- hasn’t curtailed illegal drug trade
Boesler, 12 (Matthew, reporter for Business Insider’s markets desk, and Ashley Lutz, writer for Business Insider’s retail section, "32 Reasons Why We Need To End The War On Drugs," Business Insider, 7/12/12, http://www.businessinsider.com/32-reasons-why-we-need-to-end-the-war-on-drugs-2012-7?op=1, Tashma)
The ’war on drugs’ is insanely expensive In the past 40 years, The US
AND
door wide open for all kinds of unexpected harm caused and little accountability.

Ending illegal drug activity is impossible —- the necessary resources don’t exist
Kan, 9 (Paul R., Associate Professor of National Security Studies and the Henry L. Stimson Chair of Military Studies at the US Army War College,  Drugs and Contemporary Warfare, pg. 67-68, Potomac Books Inc., Tashma)
For example, there are not enough resources that could be dedicated to capture and
AND
i.e., oil and natural gas) are highly obstructable.5

Impossible to stop drug organizations —- their motives are unknown
Kan, 9 (Paul R., Associate Professor of National Security Studies and the Henry L. Stimson Chair of Military Studies at the US Army War College,  Drugs and Contemporary Warfare, pg. 69, Potomac Books Inc., Tashma)
Far from cohesive political movements, many groups are now more akin to armed business
AND
to defeat in combat or to be persuaded into good faith negotiations."’

State-based policies to combat drugs structurally fail
Freeman and Luis Sierra, 05 (*Laurie, Director for Yemen at the National
AND
of U.S. Policy", Rienner, Google Books, JKahn)
U.S. drug control policy toward the Caribbean has failed to achieve even
AND
has been the practice of the U.S. drug control bureaucracy.

1nc Solvency 

1. The government fails at implementing border infrastructure — coordination failures turn the case
   Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, "U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)

Bureaucracies on both sides of the border struggle to coordinate policies across and within various
AND
, roles, responsibilities, and which department should coordinate with what department.

2. Current investments in the border solve the aff — the 21st Century Border Initiative is sufficient
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, "U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013)

It is important to examine if the coordination mechanisms established by Presidents Obama and Calderón
AND
enhanced the development of coordinated border policies, the first component of governance. 

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Highland Park MN MR | Judge: Gregg Martinson

1nc 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court
AND
Mexico on the condition that Mexico accepts a National Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc 2

Critiquing American empire is dangerous whining. Embracing decreases hegemony
Kagan 1998 – PhD, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, adjunct history professor at Georgetown, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, Foreign Policy, "The benevolent empire")
Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.

Vote negative to endorse US hegemony – US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 (Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

1nc 3

Economic engagement includes assistance, trade, and investment — it is distinct from political engagement and diplomatic engagement.

Delury 12 — John Delury, Associate Director of the Asia Society’s Center on U.S.-China Relations and Director of the China Boom Project, Assistant Professor of Chinese Studies at Yonsei University, holds a Ph.D. in History from Yale University, 2012 ("Triple-Pronged Engagement: China’s Approach to North Korea," American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, Volume 34, Issue 2, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Taylor 26 Francis Online)
So what is revealed about China’s approach to Korea if Americans and South Koreans clear out a priori hopes and fears, and analytically privilege state behavior (how is Beijing actually approaching North Korea) over public discourse (how do the Chinese say they should approach North Korea)?
If we attend to Beijing’s conduct, a fairly consistent pattern comes into focus. The main feature of China’s approach to North Korea is neighborly engagement. Beijing’s engagement approach has three prongs: bilateral political ties, bilateral economic cooperation, and multilateral diplomatic engagement.
Bilateral political engagement is anchored in maintaining strong ties between the Communist Party of China
AND
apparent, effusively embracing the succession moves after Kim Jong-il’s death.
The political systems and ideologies of China and North Korea, as variations on the
AND
improved version of the status quo to "contingencies" like regime collapse.
The second key component of China’s approach (an "improved" version of the status quo) is reforming and strengthening the North Korean economy. Thus, the second prong of the pitchfork of Chinese engagement—bilateral economic engagement. This core feature of China’s approach to North Korea is pursued regardless of diplomatic vicissitudes.
Economic engagement includes state-backed assistance, market-based provincial trade, and long-term strategic investment. Assistance includes technical assistance, knowledge sharing and human capacity building—in effect, educating North Korean counterparts on the China model of market transition and authoritarian capitalism. What is hoped is that trade will stimulate growth in bordering Jilin and Liaoning provinces. Long-term investment is aimed at North Korean mineral resources and, perhaps, an East Sea port (at Rason).
North Korea’s lack of basic infrastructure frustrates China’s hopes for strategic development. The DPRK’s refusal to introduce basic market reforms, moreover, renders North Korea an inhospitable business environment for Chinese entrepreneurs and traders. Nevertheless, Beijing persists in encouraging North Korea to take steps on the road to authoritarian economic reform—both out of its own economic self-interest and its geopolitical interest in a more prosperous, and thus more stable, Communist neighbor.
The third prong of China’s engagement approach is multilateral diplomatic engagement (i.e., the Six Party Talks). Both the ends and means of the Six Party Talks appear acceptable as the endgame for the Korean Peninsula so far as Beijing is concerned. The North gives up its nukes but improves its security, perhaps at long last triggering economic reform and opening. The way to get there is lots and lots of dialogue hosted by Beijing.
The Six Party Talks, from their initiation in 2003, was a rare example of China taking a proactive, leadership role in global diplomacy. For the fleeting period when the Talks were making progress (from early 2007 until the fall of 2008), Beijing was justly proud of its diplomatic success, and North Korea had even leapt to the top of the list of positives in Sino–U.S. relations.
The Six Party Talks are structurally flawed, with multiple political factors responsible for their
AND
to make Pyongyang "behave" and prove its "seriousness of purpose."
Common in U.S. foreign policy discourse is talk of China as the
AND
, the demand to exercise influence by cutting off its source is illogical.
Even more ironic is that the most effective leverage Beijing could gain over Pyongyang would
AND
one broken prong of China’s three-fold engagement approach to North Korea.

Violation – the plan uses diplomatic means, that was cx

That’s a voter for extra-t, the aff may be topical but parts arean’t

Doubles aff grd because they  can attach any aff
Kills pre-round prep

Violence

The risk of extinction trumps all – it’ll be the end of all human aspirations – inevitability of individual human death doesn’t assume extinction
Schell, 82 (Jonathan, journalist, "Fate of the Earth," pg. 184, gender modified)
The death of our species resembles the death of an individual in its boundlessness,
AND
, Atlas-like, we must take the world on our shoulders.

Mexico will say no their evidience doesn’t assume the condition no one would want to be part of this progam

Our impacts come first – their moral theorizing fails in the political realm

Ignatieff, 7 (Michael, member of the independent international commission on Kosovo, chaired by Judge Richard Goldstone of South Africa, former fellow at King’s College, "Getting Iraq Wrong," New York Times, 8/5/07, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/magazine/05iraq-t.html?ei=509026en=cb304d04accc6df826ex=134396640026partner=rssuserland26emc=rss26pagewanted=all)====
The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president. But
AND
. They must see Iraq — or anywhere else — as it is.

Consequentialism is good
Greene, 10 (Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, "The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings," Historical and Contemporary Readings, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.

Util is necessary even if the kritik is correct
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Our impacts outweigh structural violence
Bostrom, 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, "We’re Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction," http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/-http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
that he expects to grow in number and potency over the next century.
Despite his concerns about the risks posed to humans by technological progress, Bostrom is
AND
, and about what we can do to make sure we outlast them.
Some have argued that we ought to be directing our resources toward humanity’s existing problems, rather than future existential risks, because many of the latter are highly improbable. You have responded by suggesting that existential risk mitigation may in fact be a dominant moral priority over the alleviation of present suffering. Can you explain why?
Bostrom: Well suppose you have a moral view that counts future people as being
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Structural violence is inevitable —- impossible to solve
Boulding, 77 (Kenneth E., economist, educator, peace activist, poet
AND
Research, Volume 14, Issue 1, pg. 75-86)
 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive
AND
it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitney Young AM | Judge:
If you want any cites, feel free to e-mail me at any time. I'll try to answer as soon as possible.
jason.2898.levin@gmail.com

Tournament: MSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: East Kentwood OR | Judge: David Zin

1nc

The affirmative must defend the implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government as better than the status quo or a competitive alternative

a) Resolved – reflects a legislative forum

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 98 (dictionary.com)
Resolved: 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

b) Substantially – it mandates reality and excludes imagination

Wollman 93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8^th Circuit, Kansas City Power 26 Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10 was not given in isolation, however. The district court’s
AND
such a demand notice. That determination is all that the contract required.

c) Should – indicates obligation or duty

Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 8 ("should", 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)
should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with ’that’ after a main clause describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with ’that’ expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.

That’s a voting issue- Their interpretation undermines the equitable distribution of predictable ground and switch side debate

1. Unlimits the topic and makes it impossible to be neg because we can never predict nor clash with the aff – we can’t predict all the possible worlds the aff could imagine or all the possible role of the ballot that aren’t based on the consequences of plan passage

2. Clash education outweighs their education – we can’t truth-test the affirmative nor inculcate productive discussion without being prepared –

Impacts- 

1.) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg and Freeley 08 (Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
AND
made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
AND
decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
AND
do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Dialogue Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor.
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion
Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331-http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going. 

Switch side debate and reading their arguments on the negative solves their education offense

1nc

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court
AND
S. territories should economically engage Mexico by opening the US-Mexican border

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison.
Federalism guards against tyranny – not just domestic but also in the international sphere
Nick Robinson, Yale Law School, J.D. 2006 and Currently Fox Fellow at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi ~40 Akron L. Rev. 647~ 2007
Second, federalism provides a check on the over-centralization of power. Federalism
AND
local and state level which encourages  ~*682~  citizen participation and empowerment. 

Crisis

Imperialism does more good than bad – preventing Nazism, ethnic cleansing, and freedom

Boot 03 (Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies, "U.S. Imperialism: A Force for Good" May 13, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/us-imperialism-force-good/p5959)
While the formal empire mostly disappeared after the Second World War, the United States
AND
despotic views on Iraq; we shouldn’t hesitate to impose our democratic views.

Protecting Rights is a D-rule

Petro 74 (Sylvester Petro, Wake Forest Professor, Toledo Law Review, 1974)
However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in
AND
every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

Colonialism is key for democracy in underdeveloped nations

Ishiyama ’11
~John T. Ishiyama, "6. Democratization and the Global Environment", Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization, April 20 2011, Wiley interscience~
An oft- cited additional " international " factor affecting democratic development, particularly in
AND
in a better situation to develop democracy later than non - British colonies.

Democracy creates world stability

Lagon 11 
~Mark P. Lagon =Adjunct Senior Fellow for Human Rights at the council for forging relations, "Promoting Democracy: The Whys and Hows for the United States and the International Community", February 2011 http://www.cfr.org/democratization/promoting-democracy-whys-hows-united-states-international-community/p24090-http://www.cfr.org/democratization/promoting-democracy-whys-hows-united-states-international-community/p24090~~
Furthering democracy is often dismissed as moralism distinct from U.S. interests or
AND
what is needed to stop violent extremism from wreaking havoc on the world.

American imperialism’s necessary to keep the global economy running

Boot 2006 (Max, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Weekly Standard, 4-10)
Mandelbaum also points to five economic benefits of American power. First, the United
AND
" and supplied loans to "governments in the throes of currency crises."
Fourth, the United States has pushed for the expansion of international trade by midwifing the World Trade Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and other instruments of liberalization. And fifth, by providing a ready market for goods exported by such countries as China and Japan, the United States "became the indispensable supplier of demand to the world."

Extinction

Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – AEI, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

Criticizing benevolent international action on the grounds of imperialism undermines liberation of oppressed peoples – an ethic of solidarity for all who are suffering, even if it means contributing to American power, is best

Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, 2002 ~Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm~~
It is worth asking how the politics of anti-imperialism distorts Western leftists’ responses
AND
subsuming all regional contradictions into the false synthesis of a new Western imperialism.

Even military intervention is legitimate in the face of genocide – their alt leaves people to die and doesn’t solve violence

Todd, 2003 (Nathan, Sergeant in U.S. Army, Austin American Statesman, 10-9)
I have heard and seen those in Austin who call for the United States to leave Iraq, accusing the Bush administration of an unjust invasion, illegal occupation and genocide. Such people don’t know what "genocide" means.
I cannot count the number of places I have stood where massacres were committed. In Bosnia, I was among the fortunate few whose duty it was to be aware of what had happened and to help create a plan to salvage the situation. Before and after my deployment, I was involved in analyses of similar situations in Rwanda and Kosovo.
In Afghanistan, I got a chance to participate in recovery and reconstruction efforts on the ground, to speak to those who had been survivors of such slaughters, as well as those who probably had been involved in committing them.
I had to become familiar with the massacres and attempted genocides that have shaped modern Iraq, the repression of the Kurds and Iraqi Shiites, the mass graves, gassings, the razing of villages and the attempted destruction of entire cultures and peoples.
There are places on Earth where "police" can arbitrarily arrest and torture whom they like, and ask for bribes not to do so. And some people in the United States, sheltered from such things, will tell you that American soldiers are no different from such fighters.
It is their right to think so. But the children know. The children of those tortured lands laugh and play with American soldiers, wave to them, speak a few American phrases, ask for candy and treats or simply give a shy smile. They crowd around us when we walk the streets, cluster around our bases and safe houses, run out into the streets to wave to passing convoys. They thank us.
They do not do the same for the other soldiers. They vanish when they see them about their business, hide when they sense the trouble coming, run before they can get chased away. They understand the difference, even if our pacifists do not.
I have spoken to children with scars from bullets on the backs of their heads
AND
a land that has for too long suffered the law of the gun.
Doing so won’t erase the suffering of those who died, nor will it contribute to aiding the people of the Congo, Liberia, Kashmir of Algeria. Yet it will do something, and create a chance for the children of Iraq to grow up without their fathers disappearing, their mothers being raped and killed before their eyes, the sisters taken for the casual use and disposal of by bored soldiers.
Yet there are those who would have us abandon those we liberated to fall back into the old ways until another strongman with better guns or more soldiers than his rivals rises to power. Given the chance to create in Iraq democratic rule by law and a military devoted to defending the populace, they would have us walk away.
After I returned from Bosnia, I visited the "museum" at Dachau.
AND
how long it took us to decide to stop the madness in Bosnia.
How no one even tried to stop the killings in Cambodia, Kurdish Iraq and the Sudan. How we walked away from Somalia after the tragic sacrifice of American soldiers fighting to build a better world. It occurred to me how much we have forgotten and how empty those brave words had become.
We cannot save the world by ourselves. We cannot stop all the genocides and massacres. We cannot make sure that "never again" becomes a fulfilled promise rather than a hope. But we can return a little meaning to those words, stop some killings and end some suffering. I hope we do, and I would be proud to serve again in Iraq to do so.
But I won’t expect those who call for "peace" to help me.

Hegemony is crucial to ending poverty and creating prosperity

Thayer 7 – Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota (Bradley A. American Empire: A Debate. Routledge Press: Taylor and Francis Group, NY, pg. 44)

Perhaps the greatest testament to the benefits of the American Empire comes from Deepak Lal
AND
the Third World during my professional career" caused this profound change.6’
Lal submits that the only way to bring relief to the desperately poor countries of
AND
in the Third World, so that they too may enjoy economic prosperity. 

Solution

American imperialism is beneficial proven through panama and Puerto Rico and the US doesn’t destroy cultures
Miller 11 (Harrison,  head writer and research for The Miller Monitor, "Justifying Imperialism" December 21, 2011, https://sites.google.com/a/ncps-k12.org/amhnews-h-miller-2011/intellectual/justifying-imperialism)

United States imperialism began in the late 1800s and since its inception Americans have been
AND
spread their culture to other countries today, justifying the validity of imperialism.

There is no such thing as cultural imperialism – American culture is taking over the world because it’s awesome, not because we force it on anyone

Whittle 2002 (Bill, Writer, December 27, http://www.ejectejecteject.com/archives/000017.html)
We are widely criticized among Europeans for what they call our cultural and economic hegemony. They decry our pop culture as vulgar and commercial, and in fact, it often is. McDonald’s are now everywhere on the European continent, and we are reminded what horrible, fattening food it is. Agreed.
What doesn’t seem to get through their anti-populist, anti-American blinders
AND
a greater hold over the imaginations of their own people than theirs does. 

Cultural imperialism is a myth – their ev assumes other imperialist nations

Thayer 7 – Bradley, Professor of Political Science @ Baylor, Former Research Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center, American Empire: A Debate, pages 31.
Key to the success of the American Empire is that people want many of its
AND
the potency of America’s ideas and popular culture should never be underestimated.41

1. Utilitarianism is inevitable
   A —- Rights Conflicts
   Tim Stelzig, "Deontology, Governmental Action, and the Distributive Exemption: How the Trolley Problem Shapes the Relationship Between Rights and Policy," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, March 1998, Vol. 146, Issue 3, Ebsco
   If the latter is true, no more need be said to show that deontological
   AND
   claim that deontology exhausts morality, for the reasons already discussed.(n108)

B —- Crisis conditions
SCARRE Lecturer – Philosophy – University of Durham 1996 Utilitarianism
Utilitarian thinking about killing seems then, most intuitively acceptable to many people during public
AND
they seem more necessary when the chips are down for the whole community.

2. The survival of the body politic’s a prerequisite for ethical ends
STENSLI Commander Norwegian Naval Forces 2003 Pacem n.1
http://www.pacem.no/2003/1/debatt/stensli/-http://www.pacem.no/2003/1/debatt/stensli/
Political realism is certainly not incompatible with democracy, toleration, and the defence of
AND
study of the relations between states, state institutions and democratisation.(17)-http://www.pacem.no/2003/1/debatt/stensli/

3. Governments must act to preserve the survival of their populations – nothing they do can change this fact – it is the basis of all political institutions  
KENNAN Director of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff, Ambassador to the USSR and Yugoslavia, Professor at the Institute of Advanced Studies 1986
Foreign Affairs Winter 85-86
Certain distinctions should be made before one wanders farther into this thicket of problems.
First of all, the conduct of diplomacy is the responsibility of governments. For purely practical reasons, this is unavoidable and inalterable. This responsibility is not diminished by the fact that government, in formulating foreign policy, may choose to be influenced by private opinion. What we are talking about, therefore, when we attempt to relate moral considerations to foreign policy, is the behavior of governments, not of individuals or entire peoples.
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
attempt to insert itself into the consciences of those whose interests it represents.
Let me explain. The interests of the national society for which government has to
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Blaine BG | Judge: Stephanie Garrett

1nc 1

The affirmative must defend the implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government as better than the status quo or a competitive alternative

a) Resolved – reflects a legislative forum

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 98 (dictionary.com)
Resolved: 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

b) Substantially – it mandates reality and excludes imagination

Wollman 93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8^th Circuit, Kansas City Power 26 Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10 was not given in isolation, however. The district court’s
AND
such a demand notice. That determination is all that the contract required.

c) Should – indicates obligation or duty

Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 8 ("should", 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)
should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with ’that’ after a main clause describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with ’that’ expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.

That’s a voting issue- Their interpretation undermines the equitable distribution of predictable ground and switch side debate

1. Unlimits the topic and makes it impossible to be neg because we can never predict nor clash with the aff – we can’t predict all the possible worlds the aff could imagine or all the possible role of the ballot that aren’t based on the consequences of plan passage

2. Clash education outweighs their education – we can’t truth-test the affirmative nor inculcate productive discussion without being prepared –

Impacts- 

1.) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg and Freeley 08 (Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
AND
made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
AND
decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
AND
do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Dialogue Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor.
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion
Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331-http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going. 

Switch side debate and reading their arguments on the negative solves their education offense

1nc 2

Critiquing American empire is dangerous whining. Embracing decreases hegemony
Kagan 1998 – PhD, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, adjunct history professor at Georgetown, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, Foreign Policy, "The benevolent empire")
Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.

Vote negative to endorse US hegemony – US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 (Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Case

Our knowledge is good enough to act upon —- they set the bar too high
Kratochwil, 8 (Friedrich, professor of international relations at the European University Institute, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213)
Firstly, a pragmatic approach does not begin with objects or "things" (
AND
"observer" – or relying on optimal strategies – is somewhat heroic.

Their fears of epistemological bias are unfounded and exaggerated – our claims may not be perfect, but are likely accurate – wholesale rejection is the worst approach
Martin, 1 (Ron, Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge, "Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda," Progress in Human Geography, Volume 25, Issue 2, pg. 189-210)
A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge
AND
geography’ and ’place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse.

Epistemology focus is unnecessary and creates endless paradigm wars
Wendt, 98 (Alexander, professor of international security at Ohio State University, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association)
As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
debate’ between Realists and Idealists, not second-order issues of method.
Unfortunately, it is no longer a simple matter for IR scholars to ’just
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

A focus on epistemology is useless and precludes the ability to solve real world problems
Cochran, 2k (Molly, Associate Professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology, "Normative Theory in International Relations: A Pragmatic Approach" Cambridge University Press, pg. 177-178)
Dewey’s work contains a strong attack on the will to fixity or absolutes; that
AND
writes, a ’species of confirmed intellectual lockjaw’ ~{1931; Sin~.
Dewey sees that- and the formalism it encourages, are evidence of philosophy’s withdrawal
AND
of understanding and rectifying specific social ills. (Dewey 1948: 124)
Dewey had a clear idea of the task that remained for philosophy and the role
AND
method of inquiry and critically evaluate its application and the judgements that result.

The affirmatives use of the word "fuck" engages in a culture of violence—vote negative to rethink language and its relation to violence  
Schwyzer 9—community college history and gender studies professor.  DPhil, Berkley (Hugo,  "Penetrate" v. "Engulf" and the multiple meanings of the "f" word: a note on feminist language, 4 November 2009, http://hugoschwyzer.net/2009/11/04/penetrate-v-engulf-and-the-multiple-meanings-of-the-f-word-a-note-on-feminist-language/)
In every women’s studies class I’ve taught here at PCC, and in many guest
AND
part of building a more pleasurable, safe, just and egalitarian world.
The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: SPC BL | Judge: Crunkilton
1NC

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies

Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, "The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big", World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
say nothing of the Secret Service prostitution scandal that soon overshadowed the proceedings.
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
could not immediately pivot U.S. foreign policy to the region.
But as I noted two years ago, "There was insufficient follow-up to take advantage of the momentum generated by the Trinidad meeting." Just as candidate George W. Bush’s rhetoric about the importance of Latin America understandably evaporated after Sept. 11, the Obama administration, in continuing to react to a series of crises elsewhere in the world, has also put the Western Hemisphere on the back burner.
As a result, according to Sean Goforth, America’s relations with the region appear to be adrift. "Many countries want and deserve a serious partnership with Washington. But President Obama is an unconvincing partner. . . . He has stalled on trade treaties with Latin American countries that still want preferred access to the U.S. market, and he’s made it clear that his strategic priority is a ’pivot’ toward Asia."
Worse still, no senior official within the administration, starting with the president himself
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Part of the problem is that important U.S. domestic lobbies are opposed
AND
politician has emerged as a strong advocate for a Community of the Americas.
And while domestic politics are always going to be intertwined with foreign policy, U
AND
through the prism of domestic politics — in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism

McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, "The World Trade Constitution", Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis

It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=252a1e7e2d386b1ba6b40101866c799c26csvc=bl26cform=searchForm26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkAt26_md5=b30d2a13fac6d9fc0fda717f09e57ece

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures —- wrecks trade and the economy

Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, "Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade", Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to use the power of government to protect themselves from foreign competition. The practice of using domestic environmental or consumer safety regulation as a way to disguise protectionist policy has become a serious and growing problem in the United States. This regulatory protectionism harms the U.S. economy and violates our trade obligations.
A number of factors combine to explain the rise in regulatory protectionism. Economic globalization
AND
interests join forces to promote regulatory regimes that unfairly and unnecessarily restrict imports.
There is already a system of laws in place to prevent regulatory protectionism. The rules of the international trading system recognize that domestic laws can be just as protectionist as tariffs. Many of the disciplines of World Trade Organization (WTO) law are embedded in the rules U.S. administrative agencies follow when setting new regulations.
But the U.S. government must take its WTO obligations more seriously. Prior to implementing a new regulation, federal agencies should be required to evaluate the possibility that less trade-restrictive alternatives could meet regulatory goals as effectively as their preferred proposal. Also, the U.S. government should not dilute or bypass the multilateral rules of the WTO through bilateral or regional negotiations that accept managed protectionism.
This paper uses a number of recent examples of protectionist regulations to show that the enemies of regulatory protectionism are transparency and vigilance. Policymakers should be skeptical of regulatory proposals backed by the target domestic industry and of proposals that lack a plausible theory of market failure. These are red flags that the proposal is the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction

Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.
1nc Lopez CP
A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over  normalizing economic relations with Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should normalize ewconomic relations with Cuba_.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

HR

Alt causes to human rights – China, Gitmo, Africa, Middle East

1. Utilitarianism is inevitable
   A —- Rights Conflicts
   Tim Stelzig, "Deontology, Governmental Action, and the Distributive Exemption: How the Trolley Problem Shapes the Relationship Between Rights and Policy," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, March 1998, Vol. 146, Issue 3, Ebsco
   If the latter is true, no more need be said to show that deontological
   AND
   claim that deontology exhausts morality, for the reasons already discussed.(n108)

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.
Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Imperialism

Doesn’t cause war

Edwards 10 – Professor of International Economics @ UCLA
(Sebastian, "Left Behind: Latin America and the False Promise of Populism," p. 46)BB
In the end, however, what really matters is that Latin Americans’ griev-
AND
of the regions mediocre economic performance should be looked for inside Latin America.

Imperialism empirically doesn’t escalate, the US always wins – Iraq proves

Lifting restrictions and normalization is appeasement

Boone 99 — Douglas A. Boone, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, 1999 ("U.S.-Cuba Policy for the Next Millennium," Strategy Research Project at the U.S. Army War College, March 15^th, Available Online via DTIC at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA364110, Accessed 06-30-2013, p. 10)
U.S.-Cuba Policy for the Future The next president can take U
AND
a hybrid of the three. A summary of each policy option follows.

that sparks North Korean lash out

Grey, 10— CFO and co-founder of CapLinked-http://www.caplinked.com/, founder of Crestridge Investments and Third Wave Partners, and managing director of Emigrant Bank (Christopher, "BLAME APPEASEMENT FOR NORTH KOREA’S ANTICS", WND Commentary, 11/29, http://www.wnd.com/2010/11/234213/)//RG
The appeasement policy of the Obama administration, including his endless apologies for America and
AND
to daunting job at hand. Potentially millions of lives depend on it.

Extinction

CHOL 2002 (Kim Myong, Director Center for Korean American Peace, 10-24, http://nautilus.org/fora/security/0212A_Chol.html)
Any military strike initiated against North Korea will promptly explode into a thermonuclear exchange between
AND
would end up finding themselves reduced to a second-class nuclear power.

Imperialism does more good than bad – preventing Nazism, ethnic cleansing, and more

Boot 03 (Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies, "U.S. Imperialism: A Force for Good" May 13, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/us-imperialism-force-good/p5959)
While the formal empire mostly disappeared after the Second World War, the United States
AND
despotic views on Iraq; we shouldn’t hesitate to impose our democratic views.

Even military intervention is legitimate in the face of genocide – their alt leaves people to die and doesn’t solve violence

Todd, 2003 (Nathan, Sergeant in U.S. Army, Austin American Statesman, 10-9)
I have heard and seen those in Austin who call for the United States to leave Iraq, accusing the Bush administration of an unjust invasion, illegal occupation and genocide. Such people don’t know what "genocide" means.
I cannot count the number of places I have stood where massacres were committed. In Bosnia, I was among the fortunate few whose duty it was to be aware of what had happened and to help create a plan to salvage the situation. Before and after my deployment, I was involved in analyses of similar situations in Rwanda and Kosovo.
In Afghanistan, I got a chance to participate in recovery and reconstruction efforts on the ground, to speak to those who had been survivors of such slaughters, as well as those who probably had been involved in committing them.
I had to become familiar with the massacres and attempted genocides that have shaped modern Iraq, the repression of the Kurds and Iraqi Shiites, the mass graves, gassings, the razing of villages and the attempted destruction of entire cultures and peoples.
There are places on Earth where "police" can arbitrarily arrest and torture whom they like, and ask for bribes not to do so. And some people in the United States, sheltered from such things, will tell you that American soldiers are no different from such fighters.
It is their right to think so. But the children know. The children of those tortured lands laugh and play with American soldiers, wave to them, speak a few American phrases, ask for candy and treats or simply give a shy smile. They crowd around us when we walk the streets, cluster around our bases and safe houses, run out into the streets to wave to passing convoys. They thank us.
They do not do the same for the other soldiers. They vanish when they see them about their business, hide when they sense the trouble coming, run before they can get chased away. They understand the difference, even if our pacifists do not.
I have spoken to children with scars from bullets on the backs of their heads
AND
a land that has for too long suffered the law of the gun.
Doing so won’t erase the suffering of those who died, nor will it contribute to aiding the people of the Congo, Liberia, Kashmir of Algeria. Yet it will do something, and create a chance for the children of Iraq to grow up without their fathers disappearing, their mothers being raped and killed before their eyes, the sisters taken for the casual use and disposal of by bored soldiers.
Yet there are those who would have us abandon those we liberated to fall back into the old ways until another strongman with better guns or more soldiers than his rivals rises to power. Given the chance to create in Iraq democratic rule by law and a military devoted to defending the populace, they would have us walk away.
After I returned from Bosnia, I visited the "museum" at Dachau.
AND
how long it took us to decide to stop the madness in Bosnia.
How no one even tried to stop the killings in Cambodia, Kurdish Iraq and the Sudan. How we walked away from Somalia after the tragic sacrifice of American soldiers fighting to build a better world. It occurred to me how much we have forgotten and how empty those brave words had become.
We cannot save the world by ourselves. We cannot stop all the genocides and massacres. We cannot make sure that "never again" becomes a fulfilled promise rather than a hope. But we can return a little meaning to those words, stop some killings and end some suffering. I hope we do, and I would be proud to serve again in Iraq to do so.
But I won’t expect those who call for "peace" to help me.

US imperialism’s necessary to prevent war and genocide – their criticism thwarts the more important task of humanizing the imperial order from within

David Rieff, Volume XVI, No2, SUMMER 1999, A New Age of Liberal Imperialism?
But the implications of not doing anything are equally clear. Those who fear American
AND
and even, for all its failings, in the operation in Somalia.
Is this proposal tantamount to calling for a recolonization of part of the world?
AND
the best we are going to do in these callous and sentimental times.
Indeed, the real task for people who reject both realism and the utopian nihilism
AND
to paraphrase Che Guevara, one, two, three, many Kosovos. 

Criticizing benevolent international action on the grounds of imperialism undermines liberation of oppressed peoples – an ethic of solidarity for all who are suffering, even if it means contributing to American power, is best

Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, 2002 ~Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm~~
It is worth asking how the politics of anti-imperialism distorts Western leftists’ responses
AND
subsuming all regional contradictions into the false synthesis of a new Western imperialism.

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: MSU | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Traverse City Central CT | Judge: P Gannon, Caporal, mudson

1nc 1

Domestic agriculture is high now but remains volatile

White House 13 (3/13/13. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. AGRICULTURE". www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_8.pdf)
U.S. agriculture fared better during the Great Recession than many ¶ other
AND
are expected to have generally detrimental ¶ effects on most crops and livestock. 

Plan wrecks US agriculture

Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in
Cuba.
Cuba would export to the U.S. most of its products, cigars
AND
become an important client like China, Russia, ¶ or even Vietnam. 

U.S. agriculture solves global instability that escalates into great power war — independently resolves famine which results in extinction

Klare, 12 (professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College (Michael T., "Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future", 8/8/12, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/, Deech)

This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history
AND
continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.¶ 

1nc 2

A budget deal will pass now but patience and focus is thinning – every day is key to crafting a bill that can be voted on before Christmas break – the plan saps Congressional focus and results in billions of Pentagon budget cuts
Wasson 12/3/13 – writer for The Hill (Erik, "Budget panel blows first deadline",
http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/191845-budget-panel-blows-first-deadline-of-pivotal-week)
Congressional budget conferees on Monday failed to meet a deadline set by appropriators for a
AND
meaning much work would have to be done behind closed doors by staff.

That decimates military preparedness – recent budget cuts make the impact uniquely likely
Alexander 10/24/13 – writer for Reuters (David, "Automatic budget cuts could hit Pentagon harder this year", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/25/us-usa-defense-spending-idUSBRE99O01B20131025)
(Reuters) - Months after the U.S. military was hit with
AND
steady decline" in military preparedness and ultimately national security, he said.

Military readiness solves global nuclear war
Felzenberg, 11 (Alvin S., Lecturer – University of Pennsylvania and Yale University and Alexander B. Gray, Ph.D. Candidate in International Affairs – George Washington University, "The New Isolationism", The National Review, 1-3, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/256150/new-isolationism-alvin-s-felzenberg)
Anything Reps. Ron Paul (R., Tex.) and Barney Frank (D
AND
American military presence on land, at sea, and in the air.   

1nc 3

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba by lifting provisions of the economic embargo of Cuba which prevent trade in organic agricultural products.
commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cub by lifting provisions of the economic embargo of Cuba which prevent trade in organic agricultural products.
.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc agriculture

Cuban urban agriculture isn’t sustainable – economic growth makes labor too expensive

Kost 04  (agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research, Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, "CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?" http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf-http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)**
Even without an organic approach to food production, is Cuba’s urban gardening system viable
AND
-term role in providing a substantial portion of urban consumers’ food needs.

No internal link If it’s modeled then the status quo solves- it’s not like the US doesn’t know about Cuban agriculture

Cuban sustainable ag is a myth

Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington.  Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State ("Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies" Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571-http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571)**
The Cubans told the world they had heroically learned to feed themselves without fuel or
AND
helps to have a nearby neighbor with a million or so industrial farmers." 

Zero chance the US adopts the Cuban model

Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, "Cuba-A Hope", From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html-http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)**
Resistance to Cuban-style agricultural reform would be particularly stiff in the United States
AND
to turn a profit is effectively drowned out by the overproduction of agribusiness.

Global warming is not real or anthropogenic- and if it was it would be good for the environment- all of your studies are flawed

Deming 11 –geophysicist and associate professor at the University of Oklahoma (David, "Why I deny Global Warming", 10/19/11; http://www.lewrockwell.com/2011/10/david-deming/why-i-deny-global-warming/)//Beddow
I’m a denier for several reasons. There is no substantive evidence that the planet
AND
a scientist, and therefore I must happily confess to being a denier.

Food wars are a myth

Salehyann 07  (Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas (Idean, "The New Myth About Climate Change", Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922)
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
AND
there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters. 

Water scarcity spurs cooperation – not conflict

Deen 7 (Thalif, Staff – IPS, "Water Wars A Myth", Inter Press Service, 8-25, Lexis)
"Despite the potential problem, history has demonstrated that cooperation, rather than conflict
AND
authored by Aaron Wolf, Annika Kramer, Alexander Carius and Geoffrey Dabelko.

Soil erosion empirically denied by centuries of natural erosion

Jackson, founder and president of the Land Institute, 2001 ~Wes, "Natural Systems Agricultural: A Radical Alternative", 4/17, Agricultural, Ecosystems, and Environment~
Not all erosion is human made of course. There was erosion during the last
AND
millennium BC and continue through virtually every historical era to the present day.
No China war
Brzezinski 13 (Zbigniew, Former National Security Adviser, "Giants, but Not Hegemons", New York Times, 2-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/opinion/giants-but-not-hegemons.html)
WASHINGTON — Today, many fear that the emerging American-Chinese duopoly must inevitably
AND
least, neither the United States nor China is driven by hostile ideologies. 

CCP resilient

Tanner 4 (Murray Scott, Senior Political Scientist – RAND Corporation, "China Rethinks Unrest", Washington Quarterly, 27(3), Summer, Lexis)

For those concerned about China’s internal stability, the raw numbers of protests are less
AND
savior for citizens plagued by lawless, predatory, local party officials. n6

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
AND
shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.

Tournament: Contact info | Round: 1 | Opponent: none | Judge: none
Any questions, complaints, cite requests, etc just e-mail: jason2898levin@gmail.com

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: ICW SW | Judge: Peterson

1nc 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over normalizing trade relations on Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10^th and 11^th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should normalize trade relations with Cuba.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, ~46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015~ 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ~23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317~ 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Rebalancing American Federalism," The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc 2

Prices rising but balanced now —- most predictive evidence

MarketWatch 9-11 ("Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term", 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)

MADRID (MarketWatch) — Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC’s predictions for Syria supply.

Cuban production ensures US energy independence —- the embargo is the only barrier

Alhaiji 4 (Dr. A. F., Energy Economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics – Ohio Northern University, Terry L. Maris, Founding Executive Director – Center for Cuban Business Studies, Professor of Management – Ohio Northern University, "The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector", Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf~~23page=105~~

Introduction¶ The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy —- overwhelms resiliency

Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, "AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA", Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)

MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.

The impact is nuclear war

Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

1nc 3

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies

Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, "The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big", World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
say nothing of the Secret Service prostitution scandal that soon overshadowed the proceedings.
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
could not immediately pivot U.S. foreign policy to the region.
But as I noted two years ago, "There was insufficient follow-up to take advantage of the momentum generated by the Trinidad meeting." Just as candidate George W. Bush’s rhetoric about the importance of Latin America understandably evaporated after Sept. 11, the Obama administration, in continuing to react to a series of crises elsewhere in the world, has also put the Western Hemisphere on the back burner.
As a result, according to Sean Goforth, America’s relations with the region appear to be adrift. "Many countries want and deserve a serious partnership with Washington. But President Obama is an unconvincing partner. . . . He has stalled on trade treaties with Latin American countries that still want preferred access to the U.S. market, and he’s made it clear that his strategic priority is a ’pivot’ toward Asia."
Worse still, no senior official within the administration, starting with the president himself
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Part of the problem is that important U.S. domestic lobbies are opposed
AND
politician has emerged as a strong advocate for a Community of the Americas.
And while domestic politics are always going to be intertwined with foreign policy, U
AND
through the prism of domestic politics — in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism

McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, "The World Trade Constitution", Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis

It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=252a1e7e2d386b1ba6b40101866c799c26csvc=bl26cform=searchForm26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkAt26_md5=b30d2a13fac6d9fc0fda717f09e57ece

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures —- wrecks trade and the economy

Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, "Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade", Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to use the power of government to protect themselves from foreign competition. The practice of using domestic environmental or consumer safety regulation as a way to disguise protectionist policy has become a serious and growing problem in the United States. This regulatory protectionism harms the U.S. economy and violates our trade obligations.
A number of factors combine to explain the rise in regulatory protectionism. Economic globalization
AND
interests join forces to promote regulatory regimes that unfairly and unnecessarily restrict imports.
There is already a system of laws in place to prevent regulatory protectionism. The rules of the international trading system recognize that domestic laws can be just as protectionist as tariffs. Many of the disciplines of World Trade Organization (WTO) law are embedded in the rules U.S. administrative agencies follow when setting new regulations.
But the U.S. government must take its WTO obligations more seriously. Prior to implementing a new regulation, federal agencies should be required to evaluate the possibility that less trade-restrictive alternatives could meet regulatory goals as effectively as their preferred proposal. Also, the U.S. government should not dilute or bypass the multilateral rules of the WTO through bilateral or regional negotiations that accept managed protectionism.
This paper uses a number of recent examples of protectionist regulations to show that the enemies of regulatory protectionism are transparency and vigilance. Policymakers should be skeptical of regulatory proposals backed by the target domestic industry and of proposals that lack a plausible theory of market failure. These are red flags that the proposal is the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction

Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Transitions

Cuba won’t want to cooperate

Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
Regrettably, this outlook stems from a U.S.-centric vantage point extrapolated
AND
recent speech to Cuba’s National Assembly should put an end to that notion.

Economic relations won’t transform Cuba

Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
There is no evidence that tourism, trade, or investment had anything to ¶
AND
. The will to ¶ liberalize the economy does not exist in Cuba.

cuba won’t want relations with the US

Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Sucklicki, director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. 1/14/13. "Raúl Castro’s Cuba in 2013". Miami Herald. www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/14/3178528/raul-castros-cuba-in-2013.html)
After six years in power, Gen. Raúl Castro is unwilling to chart a
AND
of Fidel’s anti-American policies and military interventions in Africa and elsewhere.

Turn – plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence in the region

Suchlicki ’13 (Jaime, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? 2/26/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
Lifting the ban for U.S. tourists to travel to Cuba would be
AND
, and investments in Cuba would develop. Yet there are significant implications.

Can’t solve the Cuban economy – too many structural failures

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL
The challenges are many. First, there will be the tremendous task of economic
AND
. (Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

The Cuban military will block any genuine economic or political reform

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL
Economic and legal problems are not, however, the only challenges facing Cuba in
AND
especially if the government cannot come up with viable programs for retraining them.

Cuban economic decline impact is empirically denied—90s crash did not escalate

Sweeney 94 – Former Policy Analyst at The Heritage Foundation (John, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should Be Maintained," Heritage Foundation, 11/10/94, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade)
The Cuban Crisis¶ Cuba today is suffering its worst economic crisis since Fidel Castro
AND
metric tons for 1994 and 3.5 million metric tons for 1995.

====FDI in Cuba fails====
Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. April 2013. "What if…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? by Jaime Suchlicki". devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/12/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
All trade with Cuba is done with state owned businesses. Since Cuba has very
AND
Corruption is pervasive, undermining equity and respect for the rule of law.

1nc Latin American Relations

Cuba is not key to relations- too many alt causes
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)

Cuba is not an important issue in U.S.-Latin American relations.
AND
will flock to ¶ Cuba, to the detriment of the Caribbean economies.

Relations resilient
Duddy and Mora 13 – *U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University;  incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, Western Hemisphere (Patrick and Frank O., "Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?" Miami Herald, 5/1/13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html~~23storylink=cpy)//Bwang
As President Obama travels to Mexico and Costa Rica, it’s likely the pundits will
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S. nonimmigrant visas every year, including many thousands of Chávez loyalists.

Improving relations is impossible without reforming the entire foreign policy apparatus

Gvosdev, 12 - former editor of the National Interest, and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media. He is currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (Nikolas, "To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big," 4/20, World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
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and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community. 

Too many alt causes to Cuba relations
Hanson 26 Lee ’13
Stephanie Hanson and Brianna Lee, Council on Foreign Relations, "U.S.-Cuba Relations", 1/31/13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113
What are the issues preventing normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations? Experts
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alienating a strong voting bloc in an important swing state in presidential elections.

Latin America impacts are empirically denied

Hartzell 2k (Caroline A., 4/1/2000, Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies Latin American Essays, "Latin America’s civil wars: conflict resolution and institutional change." http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28765765_ITM)
Latin America has been the site of fourteen civil wars during the post-World
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are the factors that are responsible for shaping post-war institutional change?

C) Iraq 

OA 7 (Oxford Analytica, "Anti-American Sentiment Grows Worldwide", 8-23, http://www.mail-archive.com/sustainablelorgbiofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg70843.html)

Democracy promotion. The invasion of Iraq has undermined the credibility of U.S
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U.S. president and the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq.

— Democracy promotion fails – 3 reasons
 —Idealized American Model —Inattentiveness to Power —-Assumption of Orderly Progress

Alford 00 (William P., Professor East Asian Legal Studies – Harvard Law, 113 Harv. L. Rev. 1677, May, Lexis)

Carothers’s assessment of the core strategy underlying American democracy promotion programs is incisive, even
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that methodical sequencing would seem to prescribe (pp. 108-13).
— Cyber-terror fails, won’t cause meltdowns, and Cuba isn’t key

Alexander 3 (Steve, Staff – Star Tribune, "The Cyberterror Scare", Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), 2-13, Lexis)

For years, government Internet experts have warned a "cyberterrorism" attack could steal
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Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates

The threat increases dramatically with the nesting ¶ of criminal/terrorist groups within governments
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shipping lanes and areas of vital commercial importance ¶ for the United States.