Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
Text: The United States federal government should
--substantially increase its development and usage of artificial trees as outlined in the Bland evidence below.
--substantially increase its development of biochar technologies
--pass legislation that mandates national increase in the creation and usage of biochar
--pass and enforce the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
--provide conditional or unconditional transfers of food, cash or vouchers; school meals complemented by health and nutrition interventions; cash- or food-for-work programmes that create roads, dams or irrigation; general or targeted food subsidies; and weather-based index insurance.  

The CP solves climate change – absorbs CO2
Bland 09 (Eric Bland, journalist of science, technology, and biotechnology for Discovery News, interned at CERN, “Engineers design fake 'trees' to pull in CO2,” MSNBC News, April 16, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30251856/)
A new kind of tree could cool the planet by removing a major greenhouse gas
AND
feet of resin, will harvest about one ton of CO2 each day.

The CP solves warming in the short-term and long-term
Streeter 08 (A.K. Streeter, correspondent, Windpower Monthly magazine, editor for Sustainable Industries magazine, correspondent of Tomorrow magazine, “Betting on Biochar to Solve Our Super CO2 Imbalance,” December 7, 2008, http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/betting-on-biochar-to-solve-our-super-co2-imbalance.html)
But as usual, sometimes the news comes not in the climate-talk chambers
AND
couldn't emit CO2) we could offset the world's fossil fuel CO2 emissions.

The CP is an effective stop to air pollution -~-- that’s the impact to oil dependence in the 1AC
Marrapodi 11 (Eric staff writer for CNN “EPA proposes new mercury standards for power plants” http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/03/16/us.epa.mercury/index.html)
The Environmental Protection Agency proposed new national guidelines on Wednesday for mercury and air toxics
AND
to companies and consumers she said would be far outweighed by the benefits. 

The counterplan solves for famine and food wars
Brinkman and Hendrix, 11 – Chief, Policy, Planning and Application in the Peacebuilding Support Office of the United Nations, AND, Assistant Professor, University of North Texas, and Fellow, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, University of Texas at Austin (Henk-Jan and Cullen S., “Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Addressing the Challenges”, World Food Program, July 2011, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp238358.pdf)
Attempts at stabilizing prices are rarely completely successful because they need to be combined with
AND
undermine the organizing principles of insurgent or terrorist organizations (Berman, 2009).

2NC Solvency -- Food

Food-for-work programs solve their internal link – empirics prove
Brinkman and Hendrix, 11 – Chief, Policy, Planning and Application in the Peacebuilding Support Office of the United Nations, AND, Assistant Professor, University of North Texas, and Fellow, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, University of Texas at Austin (Henk-Jan and Cullen S., “Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Addressing the Challenges”, World Food Program, July 2011, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp238358.pdf)
Cash- or food-for-work programmes are more difficult to implement whnen
AND
work activities that rehabilitate roads, drainage systems, and other community assets.

2NC Solvency -- Biochar

Solves warming in a multitude of ways
Ansari 09 (3/30, Azadeh Ansari, CNNTech, “Can ‘Biochar’ Save the Planet?” http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-30/tech/biochar.warming.energy_1_carbon-co2-organic?_s=PM:TECH)
Biochar is considered by many scientists to be the "black gold" for agriculture
AND
plants to safely store CO2 they pull out of the air during photosynthesis.

The impact is immediate
McDermott 09 (Mat McDermott, Masters, New York University’s Center for Global Affairs, environmental and energy policy, editor, business and energy, TreeHugger, cites James Lovelock, originator of the Gaia hypothesis, PhD, “James Lovelock's One Last Chance to Save Humanity From Climate Change: Burying Large Amounts of Charcoal in the Ground,” January 23, 2009, http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/james-lovelockatms-one-last-chance-to-save-humanity-from-climate-change-burying-large-amounts-of-charcoal-in-the-ground.html)
Bury Massive Amounts of Charcoal to Sequester Carbon There is one way we could save
AND
that will make a difference, but I bet they won't do it.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
1NC CP

The United States federal government should substantially increase its purchasing of Brazilian sugarcane for the purpose of sugarcane ethanol usage.  The United States federal government should end domestic corn subsidies for ethanol producers.

Brazil says yes and the CP is sufficient and necessary to satisfy demand
Barbosa 13 (Daniel Coelho Barbosa, writer for Ethanol Producer Magazine. 1/16/13. "Are US, Brazil Ethanol Industries Ready to Dance?" Ethanol Producer Magazine. www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/9470/are-us-brazil-ethanol-industries-ready-to-dance)
For many years, the U.S. ethanol industry saw Brazil primarily as
AND
role in the profitable transition from the oil-based economy to bioenergy.

2NC Solvency

Brazil solves and says yes
Almeida 07 (Carla Ameida, writer for Scie Dev Net. 6/12/07. "Sugarcane Ethanol: Brazil's Biofuel Success". Sci Dev Net. www.scidev.net/global/policy/feature/sugarcane-ethanol-brazils-biofuel-success.html)
Brazil's successful sugarcane ethanol industry owes much to massive investment in infrastructure and research,
AND
consolidate a stable market for ethanol and to expand it in the future." 

Brazil’s sugarcane ethanol solves- assumes their demand arguments and current production climate
Valdes 11 (Constanza Valdes, Agricultural Economist for the USDA.12/01/11. "Can Brazil Meet the World's Growing Need for Ethanol".  USDA Economic Research Service. www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2011-december/can-brazil-meet-the-world’s-growing-need-for-ethanol.aspx#.UjKMuMZQGvw)
Worldwide production and use of ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuel has increased dramatically
AND
capacity by 2020, according to UNICA (the Brazilian sugarcane industry association).

2NC AT: Brazil Environment

a.—WORLD BANK PROJECTS
Rhett A BUTLER (degree is economics/management science) 2007
“Deforestation in the Amazon” online @ http://www.mongabay.com/brazil.html ,logh
In many tropical countries, the majority of deforestation results from the actions of poor
AND
by local people would neglect the most important forces behind deforestation in Brazil.

b.—land taxes
Andrew PEASE (Colby College) 1997
“What are the historical causes of deforestation in Brazil and what needs to be done to change these trends?” online @ http://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/defor-brazil.html  ,logh
Brazilian land taxes lead to increased rates of deforestation. Brazil's land tax system is
AND
that encourage unsustainable forest use, but overall these taxes were relatively benign.

c.—cattle ranching
Rhett A BUTLER (degree is economics/management science) 2007
“Deforestation in the Amazon” online @ http://www.mongabay.com/brazil.html ,logh
Cattle ranching is the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. This has
AND
80 percent of which was in the Amazon—was largely export driven."

soy demand
AP 8/30/2008
“Brazil admits Amazon deforestation on the rise” online @ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26472726/  ,logh
RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil - Amazon deforestation jumped 69 percent in the past 12
AND
for Space Research, or INPE, which monitors destruction of the Amazon.

steel mills
INTER PRESS SERVICE - February 9, 2008
Mario Osava (2008). Pantanal Indians Threatened by Deforestation. Online @ http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0211-pantanal.html ,logh
A steel mill in Corumbá, in the heart of Brazil's Pantanal wetland, is
AND
temporary judicial order while the fate of the indigenous territories is being determined.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC CP

A. Text – The United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that United States Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Asset Control rulemaking, specifically normalizing rice trade with Cuba, constitutes a violation of Article I of the United States Constitution. The United States Congress should normalize rice trade with Cuba. Congress should consult all necessary and relevant agencies.  All actors should default to the mandates of the counterplan. We will clarify. 

B. Competition – The Affirmative plan is done by an agency while the CP is done through legislation; these two are different modes of policymaking
David Epstein, Department of Political Science and Stanford Graduate School of Business, Columbia and Stanford University and Sharyn O'Halloran, Department of Political Science and the School of Internationaland Public Affairs and Hoover Institution, Columbia and Stanford University, 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 947 1999
Our institutional analysis begins with the observation that there are two alternative modes for specifying
AND
that one is used more, the other will perforce be used less.

C. Solvency – The CP solves the case better – Congress is quicker and more efficient
Taylor, Director, Natural Resource Studies, the CATO Institute, 9/12/96
Congress could achieve the public purposes that it now pursues through delegation in far less
AND
put back upon the shoulders of the Congress" responsibility for controversial choices.

D. Net Benefits – 

1. Democracy – 

A. Delegation crushes democracy and allows for the worst violence
David Schoenbrod, prof of law NY law school and Jerry Taylor, Director of Natural Resource Studies CATO, 2001
http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb107/hb107-8.pdf
The concern over congressional delegation of power is not simply theoretical and abstract, for
AND
cranny of American life in a way that was simply impossible before.’’

B. Democracy solves everything including extinction
Diamond 1995 -
Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of
AND
with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty, and openness. 

2. Separation of Powers –

Delegation violates SOP – it has massively increased the power of the judiciary and slain congressional power
Patrick M. Garry, Associate Professor, University of South Dakota School of Law; J.D., Ph.D. University of Minnesota 57 Ala. L. Rev. 689 2006
"Challenges to the validity of agency decisions have mushroomed in the past 25 years
AND
the actions of those agencies and to demand more evidence of agency rationality.

B. SOP is critical to protect liberty and guard against tyranny
Redish,  Louis and Harriet Ancel Professor of Law and Public Policy, Northwestern University and Cisar, Law Clerk to Chief Judge William Bauer, 41 Duke L.J. 449 1991
In any event, the political history of which the Framers were aware tends to
AND
power and the creation of interbranch checking play important roles toward that end.

2NC Democracy Good – War

Extinction
Muravchik, 01 (Josh, PhD, fellow at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, July 11-14, 2001, “http:npolicy.org/userfiles/file/Model20Weapons20Syllabus/Democracy20and20Nuclear20Peace.pdf)
The greatest impetus for world peace -- and perforce of nuclear peace -- is the
AND
accommodate those interests except when the other party's behavior seems threatening or outrageous.

Spread of democracy solves war – empirics and statistics
Easterbrook, 05 (Gregg, former fellow at the Brookings Institute, senior editor of The New Republic, May 30, 2005, “The End of War?,” http://www.tnr.com/article/the-end-war)
The spread of democracy has made another significant contribution to the decline of war.
AND
less war can be expected, which is exactly what is being observed.

2NC Democracy Good – Environment
Democracy solves environmental collapse
Matthews and Mock, 3 (Emily and Gregory, World Resources Institute, July 2003, “More Democracy, Better Environment?,” http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?fid=45andtheme=10)
The assertion that greater democratic rights can, in the right circumstances, result in
AND
protect their environmental interests (Petkova and Veit 2000:3–5).

2NC Democracy Good – Famine

Democracies solve famines
Lynn-Jones, 98 (Sean M., Editor, International Security, Belfer Center at Harvard University, citing Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize-winning economist, March 1998, “Why the United States Should Spread Democracy,” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2830/why_the_united_states_should_spread_democracy.html)
Fourth, the United States should spread democracy because the citizens of democracies do not
AND
, and panic made it harder for those in need to obtain food.  

Famine risks WMD conflict and extinction
Lugar, 4 (Richard G., former U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, “Plant Power”, Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest FJ | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
The United States Federal Government should enter into binding negotiation, offering that it will make Cuban nationals eligible to play organized baseball in the United States if Major League Baseball agrees to a 2.5 tax on contracts of Cuban baseball players for an MLB fund supporting Cuban baseball infrastructure. We’ll clarify.

Solves – federal leverage gets MLB on board
Porse 6 (Erik, Adjunct Professor – School of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, "MLB and Lobbying: A Perennial Favorite”, www.bizofbaseball.com/docs/MLBandLobbying_Porse.pdf)
Sometimes, a reverse lobbying situation has evolved between Congress and MLB. Attempting to
AND
influence MLB decisions concerning their constituencies by wielding the antitrust exemption as leverage.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC CP

The government of the State of Texas should increase subsidies to rice growers in Texas and provide all necessary resources to increase rice acreage in Texas.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC CP

Text: The United States federal government should
--develop and deploy land-sea capabilities in East Asia including but not limited to land forces with maritime-strike capabilities and allied disposal forces
--publicly denounce its previous China containment strategies and substantially expand unconditional military-to-military exchanges and joint operations on missions that contribute to international public good with China
--phase out all domestic cotton subsidies to the point of elimination
--provide compensation to the World Trade Organization for past zeroing violations and fully comply with rules for zeroing in antidumping investigations
--lift all H1B visa restrictions
--substantially lower the corporate income tax rate.

Land-sea capabilities deter Chinese aggression and reassure allies – that solves the impact
Yoshihara and Holmes 12 (Toshi Yoshihara, John A. van Beuren Chair of Asia-Pacific Studies, affiliate member of the China Maritime Studies Institute, U.S. Naval War College, James R. Holmes, PhD, Associate Professor of Strategy and Policy, Naval War College, “Asymmetric Warfare, American Style,” US Naval Institute, Proceedings Magazine, April 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-04/asymmetric-warfare-american-style)
In short, land forces with maritime-strike capability would deliver major strategic benefits
AND
.-led status quo—a status quo that serves the region well.

The CP bolsters trust and prevents escalation – solves conflict
Haenle 11 (Paul Haenle, director of the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center in Beijing, China, Director of the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, M.A. Harvard University, white house representative to the U.S. negotiating team at the Six-Party Talks, former director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolian Affairs on the National Security Council staffs of Bush and Obama, “Overcoming Mistrust in U.S.-China Relations,” January 19, 2011, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=42331)
These concerns could be alleviated through two steps. First, the United States and
AND
and can help China and the United States better understand the other’s intentions.

The CP restores US trade leadership and global trade
Hall et al. 08 (Scott Beaulier and Joshua Hall, professors of Economics and Management at Beloit University, and Madeline Helling, student at Beloit University, “High Cotton: Why the United States should No Longer Provide Agricultural Subsidies to Cotton Farmers,” Institute of Economic Affairs, 2008, http://joshua.c.hall.googlepages.com/HighCotton.pdf)
More important than saving Americans a few dollars on their tax returns, however,
AND
outweigh the potential losses to a well-entrenched minority of cotton producers.

The CP is key to resurrect US trade leadership and free trade
Markheim 08 (Daniella Markheim, Senior Trade Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics, Heritage Foundation, December 28, 2008, “Time to End ‘Zeroing’ in Trade Dumping Calculations,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/tradeandeconomicfreedom/wm2180.cfm)
*zeroing is the tactic of zeroing out dumping calculations when a producer in another country charges a higher price in the U.S. market than in its home market or above its production costs
When the WTO finds in favor of a U.S. position in a
AND
the world and end the practice of zeroing in anti-dumping investigations.

The CP solves the economy – lack of foreign talent is devastating our competiveness and growth
Shapiro 09 (Gary Shapiro, President and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, American Brain Drain: Why We Need H1B Visa Immigration Reform, 5-4-09, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gary-shapiro/american-brain-drain-why_b_195627.html)
The economic crisis has led many Americans, including some lawmakers, to turn inward
AND
led by immigrants whose successful companies today employ hundreds of thousands of Americans.

That solves the economy – drives up competitiveness and business flow of growth
Kadlec 11 (Charles Kadlec, contributor, Forbes, Founder of the Community of Liberty, author, “Restoring America’s Economic Future,” Forbes, February 1, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/charleskadlec/2011/02/01/restoring-americas-economic-future/)
Reduce the Corporate Income Tax Rate. The United States now has one of the
AND
are in actuality a form of government spending on politically favored corporate activities.

2NC AT: Asia Pivot

The status quo solves – dominant presence in asia and high trade relations now with the Asian-Pacific – only a risk that the aff causes Chinese aggression
Innocent 12 –Malou Innocent is an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute. She is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and her primary research interests include Middle East and Persian Gulf security issues and U.S. foreign policy toward Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. She has appeared as a guest analyst on CNN, BBC News, Fox News Channel, Al Jazeera, Voice of America, CNBC Asia, and Reuters. Innocent has published reviews and articles on national security and international affairs in journals such as Survival, Congressional Quarterly, and Harvard International Review. She has also written for Foreign Policy, Wall Street Journal Asia, Christian Science Monitor, Armed Forces Journal, the Guardian, Huffington Post, the Washington Times, and other outlets both in the United States and overseas. She earned dual Bachelor of Arts degrees in Mass Communications and Political Science from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master of Arts degree in International Relations from the University of Chicago, (“Textile Protectionism in the Trans-Pacific Partnership”, July 23, 2012, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/textile-protectionism-trans-pacific-partnership)//
The greatest misperception surrounding Washington’s “pivot” to Asia is that America’s dominant presence
AND
Asia ever sold was the intimation that we do not already have it.

Pivot doesn’t solve anything
Friedberg 12 – Aaron L. Friedberg 12, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. From 2003 to 2005, he served as a Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs in the Office of the Vice President, “Bucking Beijing”, Foreign Affairs, September / October
The problem with the pivot is that to date it has lacked serious substance.
AND
more candid about the nature of the challenge posed by China's growing strength.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC CP

Text: The United States federal government should
--encourage private sector manufacturing research and development by updating tax policy including a permanent research and development tax credit, expanding programs for government procurement, and by offering training programs for advanced manufacturing jobs,
-- develop and deploy land-sea capabilities in East Asia including but not limited to land forces with maritime-strike capabilities and allied disposal forces,
---substantially increase its investment in the aerospace industry by increasing research and development tax breaks, industrial base investment, and engineering training programs.  We’ll clarify.

The CP jumpstarts the manufacturing industry
Lind and Freeman 12 (Michael Lind, policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation, Joshua Freedman, program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program, “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” New America Foundation, April 2012, http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
To remain competitive, the U.S. needs a strategy to … skills among government, employers and individuals.

2NC AT: Latin American Stability Add-On

No Latin American instability --- political institutions check
Coll 12 (Alberto R., Professor of International Law – DePaul College of Law, Former Chairman of the Strategic Research Department – U.S. Naval War College, Former Dean – Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Former Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, “The Real Latin American Revolution”, Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 5-17, http://2012summits.org/commentaries/detail/coll_2, Deech)
With the G8 gathering in Camp David and … between 1975 and 1985. In the past decade there was only one (in Honduras).

Momentum is neg --- growth is decreasing instability
PR Newswire 13 (“Latin American Political Instability Decreasing due to Regional Growth”, 6-18, http://ir.fticonsulting.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=82634andp=irol-newsArticleandid=1830674, Deech)
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., June 18, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- FTI Consulting, Inc. (NYSE: FCN), the global business advisory firm dedicated to helping … in public insecurity in most Latin American countries."

Alt cause to instability --- inequality
CT 12 (Christian Today, “Inequality threatens stability in Latin America”, 4-24, http://www.christiantoday.com/article/inequality.threatens.stability.in.latin.america/29726.htm, Deech)
Violence and political instability in Latin America will … political and social instability across the region.

No escalation --- protests are contained
Boz 11 (Writer and Consultant on Latin American Politics, “Could instability spread to Latin America?”, 2-1, http://www.bloggingsbyboz.com/2011/02/could-instability-spread-to-latin.html, Deech)
Fourth, how would regional instability interact with … than in some other regions of the world.

2NC AT: Cyberwar Add-On

Security cooperation is at an all-time high
Ordonez, 12 (Franco, former Latin America correspondent for the New York Times and Boston Globe, Master of Science, Journalism from Columbia University, Mexican, “U.S. relations improve in fighting against drugs, trafficking”, September 17, 2012, McClatchy Newsgroup, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/09/17/168769/mexican-us-relations-improve-in.html#.UdQygvnFVsk#storylink=cpy)
Despite ongoing violence south of the border, … increases on both sides of the border,” Poire said.

DOD solves cyberattacks
Prince 10 (8/25/2010, Brian, Energy Week IT Security and Network Security News, “Defense Department Confirms Critical Cyber-attack”, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Defense-Department-Confirms-Critical-Cyber-Attack-551206/)
In addition to details on the attack, Lynn discusses the Department … United States' national security and its economic security." 

Cyberattacks are all hype
Rid 13 (Thomas, Reader in War Studies – King's College London, “The Great Cyberscare”, Foreign Policy, 3-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/13/the_great_cyberscare)
A reminder is in order: The world has yet to witness a … anonymous sources in the security establishment.

No impact uq - Quintero’s release will reignite tensions – U.S. perception is that of Mexican neglect in the drug war
Weissenstein, 8/10/13 (Michael, AP Correspondent in the Mexico bureau, “Rafael Caro Quintero Released: U.S. Angry Mexico Sets Free Drug Lord Who Killed DEA Agent”, Associated Press/Huffington Post, 8/10/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/10/rafael-caro-quintero-released_n_3736511.html)
MEXICO CITY -- Defense attorneys believe freedom is imminent for a … he would get involved in the case but offered no specifics.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC CP

The United States federal government should expand the reporting requirement for assault weapons, incorporate strategies to reduce existing illegal firearms into U.S.-Brazil dialogue on defense and security, pass the Baseball Diplomacy Act, exclude firearms and ammunition products from the Export Control Reform Initiative, encourage Cuba to participate within the Organization of American States, better integrate public diplomacy officers into U.S. embassies, boost academic and cultural exchange programs, pass comprehensive immigration reform, participate in the UNESCO and land mine ban treaties, apply the "sporting test" standards of the 1968 Gun Control Act, end subsides for industrial farms, increase scientific grants for the purposes of organoponic research, and substantially increase support for adoption of Cuban urban agriculture including, but not limited to, sending experts to visit Cuban farms.

Solves U.S. influence in Latin America --- reforming gun policy sends a credible signal of commitment that reverses anti-American sentiment throughout the region
Sweig, 13 (Julia E., Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, “A Strategy to Reduce Gun Trafficking and Violence in the Americas,” Council on Foreign Relations, July 2013, http://www.cfr.org/arms-industries-and-trade/strategy-reduce-gun-trafficking-violence-americas/p31155)
The flow of high-powered weaponry from the United States to Latin America and
AND
President George W. Bush and has not been reestablished under President Obama.

Allowing Cuba into the OAS solves legitimacy
Perez, 10 (David A., J.D. 2010, Yale Law School, “ARTICLE: America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department,” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring 2010, lexis)
The U.S. must reinvigorate global and regional institutions in order to serve
AND
policy objectives, and by facilitating burden sharing, consultation, and diplomacy.

Eliminating subsidies is key to change the US ag sector
Their author, Peters 10 –  LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
The U.S. agricultural system is becoming increasingly more concentrated, specialized,
AND
supplement its food supply with fruits and vegetables imported from other countries.15

Increasing research solves—companies will adopt --- their author
Shkolnick, 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, “SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES” 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis)
Many of the urban farms in Cuba, including the Vivero Alamar, make use
AND
may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.

The multifaceted approach of the counterplan solves soft power --- allow other nations to take some leadership is necessary to solve
Kurlantzick, 6 (Joshua, visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment, Current History contributing editor and special correspondent for The New Republic, “The Decline of American Soft Power,” Current History, December 2005, pg. 419-424, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kurlantzick.pdf)
THE WAY BACK The game is not lost. As Nye himself notes, the
AND
even Australia might refuse to send its troops to fight alongside American soldiers.

2NC AT: North Korea Add-On

Great powers contain escalation
Fisher 13 (Max, Foreign Affairs Writer – Washington Post, Former International Editor – The Atlantic, “Why North Korea loves to threaten World War III (but probably won’t follow through)”, The Washington Post, 3-12)
The big problem is that North Korea’s threats and provocations, however empty, significantly
AND
tantrum, it’s a power dynamic that oddly favors the weak and misbehaving.

No war --- Domestic instability
AP 13 (Associated Press, “North Korea watchers divided over prospect of war; answer may be hidden in young leader's mind”, 4-16, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/16/north-korea-watchers-divided-over-prospect-war-answer-may-be-hidden-in-young/)
Some see the North's sustained outburst as part of a long-established pattern meant
AND
played louder, but that is the only real change," Lankov wrote.

2NC AT: HR Credibility Add-On

Prisoner abuse is an alt cause
Gamage 11 — US bureau chief of the Asian Tribune (Daya, “Obama rejects probe on Bush-era torture: ‘Need to look forward not backwards’”, Asian Tribune, 7/22/2011, http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/07/21/obama-rejects-probe-bush-era-torture-E2809Cneed-look-forward-not-backwardsE2809D, Deech)
Human Rights Watch said that the US government's failure to investigate US officials for the
AND
the harm done to the US reputation abroad by its use of torture."

2NC AT: LNG Add-On

Biodetector technology advances solve bioweapons
Milanovich 11 (B.S. in physics from the United States Air Force Academy in 1967 and a Ph.D. in applied physics from the University of California at Davis in 1974, program manager for the Chemical/Biological Nonproliferation Program within the Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and International Security Directorate at the Laboratory, Fred, “Reducing the Threat of Biological Weapons,” https://www.llnl.gov/str/Milan.html)
A key factor limiting the nation's ability to protect against a biological attack has been
AND
their laboratory-scale cousins, while maintaining the highest level of sensitivity.

No accidents --- Double hulls
Quoddy 8 (Bay LLC, “Safety and Security”, http://www.quoddylng.com/safety.html)
The ships will employ both double containment of their contents and double hulls, ensuring
AND
the event of a collision or grounding, as well as separate ballast.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC CP

Text: The United States federal government should:
--substantially increase its development and usage of artificial trees as outlined in the Bland evidence below,
--substantially increase its development of biochar technologies,
--pass legislation that mandates national increase in the creation and usage of biochar,
--encourage private sector manufacturing research and development by updating tax policy including a permanent research and development tax credit, expanding programs for government procurement, and by offering training programs for advanced manufacturing jobs, and
--repeal the International Traffic in Arms Regulations.

The CP solves climate change – absorbs CO2
Bland 09 (Eric Bland, journalist of science, technology, and biotechnology for Discovery News, interned at CERN, “Engineers design fake 'trees' to pull in CO2,” MSNBC News, April 16, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30251856/)
A new kind of tree could cool the planet by removing a major greenhouse gas
AND
feet of resin, will harvest about one ton of CO2 each day.

The CP jumpstarts the manufacturing industry
Lind and Freeman 12 (Michael Lind, policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation, Joshua Freedman, program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program, “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” New America Foundation, April 2012, http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
To remain competitive, the U.S. needs a strategy to ensure that
AND
allocates responsibility for learning and upgrading skills among government, employers and individuals.

2NC Solvency

The CP solves warming in the short-term and long-term
Streeter 08 (A.K. Streeter, correspondent, Windpower Monthly magazine, editor for Sustainable Industries magazine, correspondent of Tomorrow magazine, “Betting on Biochar to Solve Our Super CO2 Imbalance,” December 7, 2008, http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/betting-on-biochar-to-solve-our-super-co2-imbalance.html)
But as usual, sometimes the news comes not in the climate-talk chambers
AND
couldn't emit CO2) we could offset the world's fossil fuel CO2 emissions.

ITAR kills aerospace competitiveness
Abbey and Lane 9 (George, Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Space Policy at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University and Neil, Malcolm Gillis University Professor at Rice University 2009, “United States Space Policy: Challenges and Opportunities Gone Astray,” http://amacad.org/publications/spaceUS.pdf)
In 2005 we emphasized that the success of the U.S. space science
AND
to place a high priority on changing this policy and doing so quickly.

2NC – New Environment Plank

Text: The United States federal government should ratify the International Convention on Biological Diversity.

That sends a signal and facilitates international cooperation on protecting the environment
Kormos, 9 “When it comes to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the U.S. stands with…Somalia and Andorra? Maybe it’s time we join the 192 other countries.”, August 27th, Cyril,  VP, The Wild Foundation, the only international organization dedicated to protecting biodiversity, http://www.wild.org/blog/when-it-comes-to-the-convention-on-biological-diversity-the-us-stands-withE280A6somalia-and-andorra-maybe-itE28099s-time-we-join-the-192-other-countries/
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the flagship international convention for protecting
AND
resources. The US, Somalia and Andorra is an exclusive club – but

2NC AT: Water Wars Add-On

No water wars
Conca 12 (Ken, professor at American University's School of International Service, where he directs the Global Environmental Politics Program, "Decoupling Water and Violent Conflict," Fall, Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 29 Issue 1, Academic Search Premier)
The good news is that although countries may sometimes use bellicose rhetoric when discussing water
AND
a long way toward managing shared rivers in a fair and peaceful manner.

No water wars --- zero empirical or theoretical support and their authors have self-reinforcing incentives to exaggerate risk
Katz 11 (David, Director of the Akirov Institute for Business and Environment at Tel Aviv University and Adjunct Lecturer at Tel Aviv University’s Recanati School of Management and Porter School of Environmental Studies, February 2011, “Hydro-Political Hyperbole: Examining Incentives for Overemphasizing the Risks of Water Wars,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 12-33)
Reference to linkages between natural resource scarcity and the potential for violent conflict is now
AND
likely relevant to much of the discourse in the field of environmental security.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC CP

Text: The Federal Government of Mexico should facilitate improved efficiency and reduced congestion at ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Mexico can do it – US aid empirically not necessary
Rama and Gardner 12 (Anahi Rama and Simon Gardner, writters for Reuters. 7/03/12. "Mexico's president-elect may double security spending: aide". Chicago Tribune. articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-03/news/sns-rt-us-mexico-election-securitybre86301s-20120703_1_enrique-pena-nieto-drug-violence-fight-drug)
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Mexico's President-elect Enrique … security and promote economic development, Lozoya said.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC CP

The United States federal government should enter into negotiations with Canada and Mexico, seeking the following:
-a North American Plan for Infrastructure and Transportation
-the elimination of rules of origin and the establishment of a common external tariff
-the establishment of a North American Commission on Regulatory Convergence
-the establishment of a fund for North American research centers
-the repeal and removal of all Trans Pacific Partnership agreements

The CP solves the aff better and will capture every benefit of the TPP – but sequencing matters.  The CP creates a stronger North American negotiating position for future trade deals
Pastor 8 – professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University (Robert A, “North America or Asia? The 21st Century Choice for the United States,” 1/23/12, http://www.canambusco.org/resources/UofMiamiPerspectives-Pastor-NA_or_Asia-FINAL.pdf)//SJF
Introduction While the debate on the costs and benefits of globalization continues, the world
AND
fears and erroneous information and to build interest in a North American community. 

2NC Solvency

The CP establishes a North American negotiating bloc that makes subsequent trade deals negotiable on more favorable economic terms – solves every aff advantage better than the TPP
Pastor 13 – Professor and Founding Director of the Center for North American Studies, American University (Robert A, “Shortcut to U.S. Economic Competitiveness: A Seamless North American Market,” Policy Innovation Memorandum No. 29, http://www.cfr.org/north-america/shortcut-us-economic-competitiveness-seamless-north-american-market/p30132)//SJF
In looking abroad to promote economic growth, the United States need go no further
AND
in the 1990s, world trade talks were stalemated until NAFTA was signed.

The NAIF will expand trade with Asia and get China on board – it provides a better model for global trade than the plan
Pastor 12 – professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University (Robert A, “North America or Asia? The 21st Century Choice for the United States,” 1/23/12, http://www.canambusco.org/resources/UofMiamiPerspectives-Pastor-NA_or_Asia-FINAL.pdf)//SJF
A North American Strategy to Asia The best path to freer trade in China and
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but provide us leverage in Asia and a model for a better world.

2NC AT: Manufacturing Add-on

The TPP will hollow out the US manufacturing industry
Olen 13 – John Olen is a writer for Economy in Crisis, (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Will Cause Continued Harm To U.S. Economy, Manufacturing”, June 17, 2013, http://economyincrisis.org/content/the-trans-pacific-partnership-tpp-will-cause-continued-harm-to-u-s-economy-manufacturing)//
Perhaps one of the most alarming measures that the TPP will implement will be the
AND
and other 1-ers who stand to benefit financially from the TPP.

The TPP would devastate US manufacturing
Nash-Hoff – Michele Nash-Hoff, Founder and President at ElectroFab Sales, (“Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership would Hurt American Manufacturers”, 05/02/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/why-the-trans-pacific-par_b_3186557.html)//
The Obama Administration has continued negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement behind doors
AND
time to get final congressional approval for the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC CP

The United States federal government should enter into negotiations with Canada and Mexico, seeking the following:
-a North American Plan for Infrastructure and Transportation
-the elimination of rules of origin and the establishment of a common external tariff
-the establishment of a North American Commission on Regulatory Convergence
-the establishment of a fund for North American research centers
-the repeal and removal of all Trans Pacific Partnership agreements

The CP solves the aff better and will capture every benefit of the TPP – but sequencing matters.  The CP creates a stronger North American negotiating position for future trade deals
Pastor 8 – professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University (Robert A, “North America or Asia? The 21st Century Choice for the United States,” 1/23/12, http://www.canambusco.org/resources/UofMiamiPerspectives-Pastor-NA_or_Asia-FINAL.pdf)//SJF
Introduction While the debate on the costs and benefits of globalization continues, the world
AND
fears and erroneous information and to build interest in a North American community.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC CP

The United States federal government should:
--expand the Voluntary Trusted Traveler and Shipping and SENTRI programs
--facilitate interoperability between Customs and Border Protection agents and Mexican local and federal authorities
--substantially increase staffing and training of Customs and Border Protection officers
--establish a common tariff among similar products.

Solves the case – this is from their solvency advocate
Lee and Wilson 12 (Erik, Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies at ASU, and Christopher E., Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (“The State of Trade, Competitiveness and Economic Well-being in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, June 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf)
Many Office of Field Operations (OFO) officers have several years of experience,
AND
legislative support and could open significant opportunities for investment despite tough budgetary times.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC Rice

The US cannot compete with other rice – Latin America markets prefer foreign product
Burgess, 13 ("Rice farmers face challenges in global market", July 7, Richard is the bureau chief theadvocate.com/news/6357825-123/rice-farmers-face-challenges-in)
While farmers cater to changing consumer demands, the rice industry is also working to
AND
the standard for quality. We are no longer there,” he said.

Their 1AC evidence concludes alt causes to food insecurity
Smith, 98 (“FOOD SECURITY AND POLITICAL STABILITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION” Paul is a Research Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 9/11, http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Report_Food_Security_98.html)
The third session of the seminar looked toward the future. Presenters were asked to
AND
in greater poverty and has, in many areas, undermined food security.

The only internal link to food security is open markets – but their 1AC evidence concludes that protectionist policies inhibit free trade
ERS, 11 (“Price Spikes in Global Rice Markets Benefit US Growers”, 2/18, Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, http://www.thecropsite.com/articles/762/price-spikes-in-global-rice-markets-benefit-us-growers#sthash.wDIzUbCj.dpuf)
High yields, ample acreage, consistent high quality, and year-round stocks
AND
political crises and adverse weather, making food security an important public goal. 

No impact food insecurity and it’s inevitable
OECD, 11 ("Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses", Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Collaborative report undertaken by the FAO, IFAD, IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Bank, WTO, IFPRI and UN HLTF, June, www.oecd.org/trade/agricultural-trade/48152638.pdf)
Most agricultural commodity markets are characterized by a high degree of volatility. Three major
AND
from rapidly growing, industrializing economies may also be contributing to increased volatility.

No East Asia war -~-- interdependence and democracy
Vannarith 10 — Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, PhD in Asia Pacific Studies from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Cheang, “Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism”, 2010, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP20Policy20brief/CICP20Policy20brief20No203.pdf)
Some people look to China for economic and strategic interests while others still stick to
AND
the region and those elements are present and being improved in this region.

1NC Texas

Alternative causes to decline in Texas rice farming – drought and lack of funding
Henry, 12 ("After Water is Cut Off, Texas Rice Farmers Say They Still Have a Future", Terrence, March 2, stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/03/02/how-rice-farming-in-texas-could-still-have-a-future/)
As the clock struck midnight Thursday, many rice farmers across southeast Texas had to
AND
. The rice farmers are looking to the Department of Agriculture for help.

Double bind either –

Status quo wetland restoration solves
Associated Press, 11 ("Texas wetland restoration could be model for Gulf", 7/1, usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-07-01-texas-wetland-restoration_n.htm)
BAYTOWN, Texas (AP) — Brown pelicans, long-necked egrets,
AND
and strengthen the resiliency of the communities of the Gulf," Sherman said. 

Or alternative causes make the plan insufficient
NABCI, 13 (North American Bird Conservation Initiative, "Wetlands", The State of the Birds 2013 Report on Private Lands, www.stateofthebirds.org/habitats/wetlands-1)
Wetlands habitat is vital for breeding, migrating, and wintering birds. More than
AND
of programs is needed to encourage and support private landowners who conserve wetlands.

The plan doesn’t solve migratory birds – global warming, disease and travel patterns are all more important than rice farming
Grant, 13 ("Report: Climate Change Threatens Migratory Birds with Shifting Skies", Miles is the National Wildlife Federations senior communications manager, https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/Media-Center/News-by-Topic/Global-Warming/2013/06-18-13-Climate-Change-Threatens-Migratory-Birds-with-Shifting-Skies.aspx)
Climate change is altering and destroying important habitats that America’s migratory birds depend on and
AND
factory." Many ducks such as mallards and pintails face disappearing breeding habitat.

Wind turbines make migratory bird collapse inevitable
Seasholes 12 – Adjunct Scholar, Competitive Enterprise Institute (Brian, September 4, 2012, “Wind power takes precedence over protecting endangered cranes,” Houston Chronicle, http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Wind-power-takes-precedence-over-protecting-3839441.php)
Why is the U.S. government funding and promoting a plan to allow
AND
existence, especially from the very government that is supposed to protect it.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
1NC Solvency

Cuba won’t want to cooperate
Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
Regrettably, this outlook stems from a U.S.-centric vantage point extrapolated
AND
recent speech to Cuba’s National Assembly should put an end to that notion.

1NC Aquifier

Tons of alt causes to food
Myers 8 — former journalist, editor and general manager of Rural Press Limited (Paul, “Going Hungry in the 21st Century”, Sydney Morning Herald, 12/5/2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/going-hungry-in-the-21st-century/2008/12/05/1228257318407.html)
As world leaders grapple with the global financial crisis, another equally threatening international disaster
AND
in key disciplines, and hefty cuts to developed countries' agricultural aid budgets.

Market reactions solve -~-- production will increase to meet demand
Khosla 7 (Vinod, Founder – Sun Microsystems and Khosla Ventures, “Food versus Fuel” or the “Salve for Africa”?, http://www.khoslaventures.com/presentations/FOODvFUEL.pdf)
Markets have already reacted to the higher-corn demand with increases supply, which
AND
8 billion gallons of ethanol or a big proportion of 2007 production!).12

2NC Famine Defense

No famine -~-- the poorest are insulated from global markets
Paarlberg 8 (Robert, Professor of Political Science – Wellesley College, “It's Not the Price that Causes Hunger”, The International Herald Tribune, 4-23, Lexis)
International prices of rice, wheat and corn have risen sharply, setting off violent
AND
of Asia, and her average income is only $1 a day.

Lack of infrastructure and distribution networks cause famine -~-- not high prices
Khosla 7 (Vinod, Founder – Sun Microsystems and Khosla Ventures, “Food versus Fuel” or the “Salve for Africa”?, http://www.khoslaventures.com/presentations/FOODvFUEL.pdf)
Despite its misplaced pessimism about corn-ethanol, the excerpted section does note that
AND
to grow and hence reducing corn subsidies, is actually helping the poor. 

Market reactions solve -~-- production will increase to meet demand
Khosla 7 (Vinod, Founder – Sun Microsystems and Khosla Ventures, “Food versus Fuel” or the “Salve for Africa”?, http://www.khoslaventures.com/presentations/FOODvFUEL.pdf)
Markets have already reacted to the higher-corn demand with increases supply, which
AND
8 billion gallons of ethanol or a big proportion of 2007 production!).12

Billions won’t die -~-- their data is wrong
Khosla 7 (Vinod, Founder – Sun Microsystems and Khosla Ventures, “Food versus Fuel” or the “Salve for Africa”?, http://www.khoslaventures.com/presentations/FOODvFUEL.pdf)
Stopping bad policy is a worthwhile goal, but we should not abandon all biofuels
AND
!)”. Irrational, fear-mongering extrapolation of data leads to irrational results.

1NC Warming

No warming impact -~-- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)
All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.

Warming inevitable even if we stop all emissions
Gillett, Director of the Canadian Center for Climate Modeling, 10 (director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Nathan, “Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions”, Nature Geoscience)
Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is
AND
several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.

No impact to biodiversity -~-- species theory flawed and redundancy checks -~-- it’s increasing now
Sagoff 97 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, Lexis)
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
-rich all the time largely as a result of human action. n354 

Can’t solve -~-- loss inevitable
Smith 96 (Fraser, Department of Biological Sciences – Stanford University, “BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM STABILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT”, Working Paper GEC 94-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, U.K. Economic and Social Research Council, October,  http://prototype2010.cserge.webapp3.uea.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gec_1994_10.pdf)
A biodiversity constraint could not conserve all remaining species on the planet. Many species
AND
venture; rather, it is an ideal for people to strive towards.

All environmental factors are improving
Lomberg 10 (Bjorn, PhD in political science, “Earth Day: Smile, don't shudder,” USA Today, 4/21/10, Lexis)
Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise,
AND
the data showed us that many key environmental measures were indeed getting better.

2NC Warming Defense

Warming is fake -~-- cooling overwhelms -~-- prefer the newest ev
Ferrara 13 (Peter, Contributor – Forbes Magazine, “As The Economy Recesses, Obama's Global Warming Delusions Are Truly Cruel”, Forbes, 2-22, http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2013/02/22/as-the-economy-recesses-obamas-global-warming-delusions-are-truly-cruel/)
That global temperature record has been flat lining for 16 years now. As the
AND
like the climate, where actual observations are the only way to go.” 

No scientific support for global warming hypothesis
Armstong, Professor at Penn, 11 (J. Scott Armstrong, Professor of Marketing specializing in forecasting technology, 3-31-2011, “Climate Change Policy Issues,” CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis)
Global warming alarmists have used improper procedures and, most importantly, have violated the
AND
product of advocacy, rather than of the scientific testing of multiple hypotheses.

Evaporation, water vapor, and clouds are all negative feedbacks that prevent warming -~-- if I win any one of these, that disproves the entirety of warming theory
Evans, Ph.D. from Stanford, 12 – consultant of the Australian Greenhouse Office/Department of Climate Change, main modeler of carbon in Australia’s biosphere 1999-2005, mathematician, engineer with 6 university degrees, Ph.D. from Stanford in electrical engineering (David. M. W., “The Skeptic’s Case”, 2/24/12, https://mises.org/daily/5892/The-Skeptics-Case)
The serious skeptical scientists have always agreed with the government climate scientists about the direct
AND
a factor of three. The skeptical view is compatible with the data.

Warming isn’t real or bad
Allegre 12 (Claude Allegre, former director of the Institute for the Study of the Earth at the University of Paris, J. Scott Armstrong, cofounder of the Journal of Forecasting and the International Journal of Forecasting, Jan Breslow, head of the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism at Rockefeller University, Roger Cohen, fellow with the American Physical Society, Edward David, member of the National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Sciences, William Happer, professor of physics at Princeton, Michael Kelly, professor of technology at the University of Cambridge, William Kininmonth, former head of climate research at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Richard Lindzen, professor of atmospheric sciences at MIT, James McGrath, professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, Rodney Nichols, former president of the New York Academy of Sciences, Burt Rutan, aerospace engineer who designed Voyager and SpaceShipOne, Harrison H. Schmitt, Apollo 17 astronaut and former U.S. senator, Nir Shaviv, professor of astrophysics at Hebrew University, Henk Tennekes, former director of the Royal Dutch Meteorological Service, and Antonio Zichichi, president of the World Federation of Scientists, “No Need to Panic About Global Warming”, Wall Street Journal, 1/26/2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html)
A candidate for public office in any contemporary democracy may have to consider what,
AND
and are based on alarming but untenable claims of "incontrovertible" evidence.

No warming -~-- satellites prove we’re in a cooling cycle
Easterbrook, Professor of Geology, 10 — geology professor specializing in climate effects  (Don, geology professor emeritus at Western Washington University, http://myweb.wwu.edu/dbunny/research/global/easterbrook_climate-cycle-evidence.pdf, EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING AND COOLING: RECURRING GLOBAL, DECADAL, CLIMATE CYCLES RECORDED BY GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS, ICE CORES, OCEAN TEMPERATURES, HISTORIC MEASUREMENTS AND SOLAR VARIATIONS)
‘Global warming’ (the term used for warming from 1977 to 1998) is
AND
, but also assure that cool temperatures will continue for several more decades.

Natural variability explains warming trends
Idso 12 (Craig, Sherwood, and Keith, director of envt science – Peabody Energy, PhD Geography – ASU, Idso, professor – Maricopa County Community College, and Idso, PhD botany – ASU, “Northern Scandinavian Temperatures: It's a Whole New Ball Game,” CO2 Science Vol. 15, No. 30, July)
In a game-changing paper published in the online version of Nature Climate Change
AND
oscillations of orbital configurations" cited by Esper et al. (2012).

Especially solar system dynamics
Scafetta 10 (Nicola, professor of physics – Duke, works at the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Lab – Coronado, CA, “Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations and its implications,” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Vol. 72, No. 13, p. 951–970)
On secular, millenarian and larger time scales astronomical oscillations and solar changes drive climate
AND
Kerr, 2001; Eichler et al., 2009; Scafetta, 2010.

Nitrogen checks -~-- their models don’t assume this
Carter 10 –  Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, Indur Goklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, Madhav Khandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) (October 6th 2010, “The Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Soil Respiration” http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2010/oct/06oct2010a4.html)
Janssens et al. (2010) write that "atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen
AND
it is included, it will contribute much to "climate change mitigation."

No warming -~-- newest data
Rose 12 — correspondent for the Daily Mail (David, “Global warming stopped 16 years ago, reveals Met Office report quietly released... and here is the chart to prove it”, Daily Mail, 10/13/12, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-warming-stopped-16-years-ago-reveals-Met-Office-report-quietly-released~-~-chart-prove-it.html)
The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new data released
AND
that the current decade would end up significantly warmer than the previous two. 

2NC Environment Defense

No extinction -~-- tech solves the environment
Science Daily 10 (Science Daily, reprinted from materials provided by American Institute of Biological Sciences, September 1, 2010, "Human Well-Being Is Improving Even as Ecosystem Services Decline: Why?", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901072908.htm)
Global degradation of ecosystems is widely believed to threaten human welfare, yet accepted measures
AND
lag after ecosystem service degradation before human well-being will be affected.

1NC Framing

Scenario planning explores causal chains to make choices – uncertainty isn’t unknowability and imperfect knowledge can be good
Han 10 (Dong-ho Han, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, January 26, 2010, “Scenario Construction and Implications for IR Research: Connecting Theory to a Real World of Policy Making,” online: http://www.allacademic.com/one/isa/isa10/index.phpcmd=Download+Documentandkey=unpublished_manuscriptandfile_in dex=1andpop_up=trueandno_click_key=trueandattachment_style=attachmentandPHPSESSID=3e890fb5925
7a0ca9bad2e2327d8a24f)
How do we assess future possibilities with existing data and information? Do we have
AND
a handful of scenarios that explore different manifestations of those driving forces.”21

Yes War-~--

Prefer the newest evidence -~-- recent studies indict their authors and show war is still highly likely
Contreras, 2/1/12 (Dominic, fellow at Harvard Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, citing Monica Duffy Toft, associate professor of public policy at the Kennedy School of Political Science at Harvard and director of the Belfer Center’s Initiative on Religion in International Affairs, citing Stephen M. Walt, the Robert and Renee Belfer professor of international affairs and faculty chair of the Belfer Center’s International Security Program, February 1, 2012, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, “Winning the War on War?," http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21707/winning_the_war_on_war.html?breadcrumb=2Fproject2F522Fintrastate_conflict_program)
Toft, an associate professor of public policy at the Kennedy School and director of
AND
through democratic processes and has chosen warfare as a rational and preferred option.

Plus, a litany of other warrants support this -~-- we’ll outcard them here -~-- 

A) Nationalism, economics, and security
Mearsheimer, 99 -~-- professor of political science at the University of Chicago (John J., 1999, http://www.ciaonet.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/conf/cfr10/cfr10.html)
Now I think the central claim that’s on the table is wrong-~--headed,
AND
great powers have good reasons to go to war against other great powers.

B) Deterrence failure
Krieger, 9 – professor of politics (David, “Still loving the Bomb After All these Years”, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 9/4/2009, https://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2009/09/04_krieger_newsweek_response.php?krieger)
Tepperman builds upon Waltz’s logic, and concludes “that all states are rational,”
AND
Jong-~--Il and his successors are more rational than Mr. Tepperman?

C) Experts
Mearsheimer, 99 -~-- professor of political science at the University of Chicago (John J., 1999, http://www.ciaonet.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/conf/cfr10/cfr10.html)
My third and final point here is, the fact of the matter is,
AND
Germans and the Russians-~--there’ll be a real competition to fill that.

Nuclear wars cause extinction – studies and scientists agree – 

A) Famine and biodiversity
Sagan, 83 – B.A., B.S., and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, former professor of biology and genetics at Stanford, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Harvard, former Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell, two-time winner of the NASA Medal for Scientific Achievement, Peabody Award recipient, and Pulitzer prize winning author (Carl, 1983, http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sagan_nuclear_winter.html)
But what if nuclear wars can be contained, and much less than 5000 megatons
AND
seems to be a real possibility of the extinction of the human species. 

B) Ozone
Ikle, 98 – Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (Fred C., “Worldwide Effects of a Nuclear War: Some Perspectives”, June 1998, http://www.worldwideschool.org)
More worrisome is the possible effect of nuclear explosions on ozone in the stratosphere.
AND
, could pose a serious additional threat to the recovery of postwar society.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC Hegemony

Even with renewed credibility, the OAS fails
AP 6/4 (Associated Press, “John Kerry seeks changes to OAS,” 6/4/13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/john-kerry-latin-america-oas-changes-92245.html)//SJF
Secretary of State John Kerry is demanding reforms in the 35-nation Organization of
AND
, Hugo Chavez, reveled in tweaking Washington until his death last year.

No one listens to Obama
London 9 — professor emeritus of NYU (Herbert, president of the Hudson Institute, 3/19, http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.2787/pub_detail.asp)
Does President Obama actually believe that “soft power,” namely his persuasive arguments,
AND
belief over reality or the naïve notion that hope and truth are interchangeable. 

No Asia war --- interdependence and democracy
Vannarith 10 — Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, PhD in Asia Pacific Studies from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Cheang, “Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism”, 2010, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP20Policy20brief/CICP20Policy20brief20No203.pdf)
Some people look to China for economic and strategic interests while others still stick to
AND
the region and those elements are present and being improved in this region.

Multilateralism theory is bankrupt --- conflates grand strategy and policy
Afrasiabi 7 – Ph.D. and author on Iran (Kaveh, “The illusion of American 'smart power'”, Asia Times, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IK13Ak02.html)
Over the years, Nye has been anything but shy about claiming credit for his
AND
vicious policy circle, bound to reintroduce failed US policies under new guises.

US Multilateralism Impossible
Kaye, 13 (By David Kaye Professor at the University of California, Irvine, School of Law, Sept/Oct 2013 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139649/david-kaye/stealth-multilateralism)
The U.S. Senate rejects multilateral treaties as if it were sport.
AND
group of senators can block any given treaty, they essentially control ratification.

LA multilat inevitably fails --- 5 reasons
Feinberg, 10 (Richard, Professor of IR @ UC, San Diego and former member of the U.S. National Security Council, “Recent tendencies in Latin American multilateralism: Implications for the inter-American system and the Organization of American States,” part of “Latin American Multilateralism: New Directions,” September, Canadian Foundation for the Americas, Online)
Notwithstanding such achievements, over the decades most Latin American regional and subregional arrangements have
AND
American behemoths are starkly separate, impeding mutual understanding and co-operation.

No transition wars --- empirics
Goldstein 11 (Joshua S., Professor Emeritus of International Relations – American University, “Think Again: War”, Foreign Policy, September / October, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war)
Nor do shifts in the global balance of power doom us to a future of
AND
for a century until its breakdown and the bloodbath of World War I. 

Structural factors outweigh their internal link to hegemony
Maher 11 (Richard Maher, Ph.D. in Political Science – Brown University, “The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”, Winter, Orbis, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 53-68)
The United States will continue to be the ‘‘default power’’ (to use Josef
AND
laboratories; continued dominance in global mass culture, and labor market flexibility.

1NC Agriculture

Cuban urban agriculture isn’t sustainable – economic growth makes labor too expensive
Kost 04 (agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research, Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, “CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
Even without an organic approach to food production, is Cuba’s urban gardening system viable
AND
-term role in providing a substantial portion of urban consumers’ food needs.

Cuban sustainable ag is a myth
Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington.  Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State (“Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies” Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571)
The Cubans told the world they had heroically learned to feed themselves without fuel or
AND
helps to have a nearby neighbor with a million or so industrial farmers.” 

Zero chance the US adopts the Cuban model
Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, “Cuba-A Hope”, From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)
Resistance to Cuban-style agricultural reform would be particularly stiff in the United States
AND
to turn a profit is effectively drowned out by the overproduction of agribusiness.

Tons of alt causes to food
Myers 8 — former journalist, editor and general manager of Rural Press Limited (Paul, “Going Hungry in the 21st Century”, Sydney Morning Herald, 12/5/2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/going-hungry-in-the-21st-century/2008/12/05/1228257318407.html)
As world leaders grapple with the global financial crisis, another equally threatening international disaster
AND
in key disciplines, and hefty cuts to developed countries' agricultural aid budgets.

No extinction --- tech solves the environment
Science Daily 10 (Science Daily, reprinted from materials provided by American Institute of Biological Sciences, September 1, 2010, "Human Well-Being Is Improving Even as Ecosystem Services Decline: Why?", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901072908.htm)
Global degradation of ecosystems is widely believed to threaten human welfare, yet accepted measures
AND
lag after ecosystem service degradation before human well-being will be affected.

Long time-frame
Kay 1 (Jane, “Study Takes Historical Peek at Plight of Ocean Ecosystems”, San Francisco Chronicle, 7-26, Lexis)
The collapse of ecosystems often occur over a long period. In one example,
AND
otters for food because there are fewer seals and sea lions to eat.

Soil Erosion --- SQ solves or it’s empirically denied
Rey 3 (MARK REY, UNDER SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, FEDERAL NEWS SERVICE, 5/15/03)
Farmers and ranchers have reduced soil erosion on cropland and pasture by 1.2
AND
hunting and recreation benefits estimated at more than $700 million per year.

No resource wars
Allouche 11 – Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex (Jeremy,. "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade" Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Science Direct)
Water/food resources, war and conflict The question of resource scarcity has led
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008). 

Dead zones inevitable and have no impact
Avery 5 (Dennis, Director of the Center for Global Food Issues – Hudson Institute, “It’s Time To Tell The World How High-Yield Farming Saves Nature”, 2-9, http://www.cgfi.org/tag/farm-productivity/)
3. Myth: Fertilizer from the Midwest Threatens the Gulf of Mexico During the
AND
algal bloom in the Gulf of Mexico when he invaded Mexico in 1520.

Multiple alt causes to water pollution
Lenntech 8 (Water Treatment, “Sources of Water Pollution”, http://www.lenntech.com/groundwater/pollution-sources.htm)
Saltwater encroachment associated with over drafting of aquifers or natural leaching from natural occurring deposits
AND
deicing, acid rain, improper well construction and maintenance, road salt).

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC Economy
Trade with Mexico isn’t key to the economy — it’s a small percentage of the GDP and their authors conflate correlation with causation
Villarreal 12 — M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (M. Angeles Villarreal, Congressional Research Service, 08-09-2012, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
Effects on the U.S. Economy
The overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy … investment decisions and the demand for goods. 

No impact to the economy --- it’s empirically denied by multiple past recessions like the 2008 recession --- best and most recent data proves
Drezner 12 (Daniel W., Professor of International Politics – Tufts University, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, Contributing Editor – Foreign Policy, Ph.D. – Stanford University, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked”, October, http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf)
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: … War II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42

Fed checks the impact
Eavis 12 (Peter, Financial Correspondent – New York Times, “Record High Close for Dow, Spurred by Fed and Profits”, New York Times, 3-5, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/business/daily-stock-market-activity.html?hp)
But one essential government institution did things … odds are that you will have a bull market.” 

Their ev about economics and conflict is highly theoretical --- doesn’t avert war
Holmes 13 (James R., Defense Analyst – The Diplomat and Professor of Strategy – U.S. Naval War College, “Economic Interdependence = Less Conflict?”, The Diplomat, 4-11, http://thediplomat.com/the-naval-diplomat/2013/04/11/economic-interdependence-less-conflict/)
*Note: edited to remove gendered language which we do not endorse
Angell stopped short of seconding Jordan's estimate … their trust in a strong navy. But you knew that already.

Multiple alt causes to competitiveness
Bordoff et al. 9 – Director of the Hamilton Project, an econ policy initiative at Brookings (Jason, Lael Brainard is Vice President and Director of Brookings Global Economy and Development, and the holder of the Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in International Economics, Carola McGiffert, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Isaac Sorkin is a Research Assistant in the Global Economy and Development program at Brookings, “STRENGTHENING AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS: REGAINING OUR COMPETITIVE EDGE FOUR PRIORITIES AND 20 NEW IDEAS”, Feb, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/02_american_competitiveness_brainard/02_american_competitiveness_brainard.pdf)
A new agenda for action begins with a presidential vision … area need to be consistent with meeting our climate objectives. 

Economic competitiveness inevitable
Samuelson 13 — columnist for The Washington Post (Robert, “Is America In Decline May Be Wrong Question”, RealClearMarkets, 1/28/13, http://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2013/01/28/is_america_in_decline_may_be_wrong_question_100114.html)
In a report to clients, analysts at Goldman Sachs … top 50, according to one British ranking). 

1NC Manufacturing

Double bind ---
A) US manufacturing growth inevitable --- structural factors
Foroohar 13 (Rana, Assistant Managing Editor – Time, Former Deputy Editor for International Business and Economics – Newsweek, Winner – Peter R. Weitz Prize for Transatlantic Reporting, B.A. – Columbia University, “Is the U.S. Manufacturing Renaissance Real?”, Time Magazine, 3-28, http://business.time.com/2013/03/28/is-the-u-s-manufacturing-renaissance-real/, Deech)
U.S. manufacturing is back. That’s been the … the next quarters and years. I think that will happen.”

B) Or --- cyclical declines overwhelm --- makes the impact inevitable
New York Times 13 (“U.S. Manufacturing Gauge Falls to June 2009 Level”, 6-3, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/business/us-manufacturing-gauge-falls-to-june-2009-level.html, Deech)
WASHINGTON — A measure of United States manufacturing … in areas like equipment and computer software.
Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might … medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

Manufacturing decline inevitable and no impact --- the economy is changing not offshoring
Worstall 12 (Tim, Fellow – Adam Smith Institute in London, Business and Technology Writer – Forbes, "What Is It With This Nostalgia For Manufacturing Jobs?", 7-13, www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/07/13/what-is-it-with-this-nostalgia-for-manufacturing-jobs/)
I have to admit that I just don’t get it. Why is it that so many … employment is just never coming back: get used to the idea.

No conceivable scenario for loss of leadership --- structural advantages ensure unipolarity and bandwagoning --- but only retrenchment makes leadership sustainable
Haass 13 (Richard N., President – Council on Foreign Relations, “America Can Take a Breather. And It Should.”, New York Times, 6-22, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/opinion/sunday/america-can-take-a-breather-and-it-should.html)
Today, there are threats, but they tend to be regional, years … more interested in integration than in revolution.

Hegemony doesn’t solve war --- generates instability
Friedman 10 (Ben, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security – Cato Institute, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science – MIT, “Military Restraint and Defense Savings”, 7-20, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html)
Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military … to drag us into wars, while providing no obvious benefit. 

Structural factors outweigh their internal link to hegemony
Maher 11 (Richard Maher, Ph.D. in Political Science – Brown University, “The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”, Winter, Orbis, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 53-68)
The United States will continue to be the ‘‘default … in global mass culture, and labor market flexibility.

No impact to deterrence --- not credible
Gormley 9 – Dennis Gormley, Senior Fellow in the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute for International Studies, Fall 2009, “The Path to Deep Nuclear Reductions: Dealing with American Conventional Superiority,” online: http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/PP29_Gormley.pdf
Of course, the decided advantage that precision conventional weapons … he had ruled out a nuclear response in that war.23

Readiness dead now --- no chance of recovery
Eaglen 12 (February,14th.,  Mackenzie Eaglen is a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. YES: We face a readiness crisis, http://www.sentinelsource.com/opinion/columnists/guest/yes-we-face-a-readiness-crisis/article_78af6eef-e380-524e-bb8d-84e6aa84bb04.html)
WASHINGTON — None of America’s armed forces can meet … coming in the areas of personnel, acquisition, and force structure.”

Readiness collapse inevitable --- equipment shortfalls
Perry and Flournoy 6 (William and Michael, “The US Military: Under Strain and at Risk”, National Defense Magazine, May, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2006/may/TheU.S.MilitaryUnder.htm)
The Army and the Army National Guard also have experienced …-out rate of all categories of equipment for ground forces. 

No Asia war --- interdependence and democracy
Vannarith 10 — Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, PhD in Asia Pacific Studies from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Cheang, “Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism”, 2010, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP20Policy20brief/CICP20Policy20brief20No203.pdf)
Some people look to China for economic and strategic … elements are present and being improved in this region.

Reshoring now
Plumer 5/1 (Brad, reporter, former editor at the New Republic, cites Jay Parker, the president of Lenovo’s operations in North America, cites statistics from the Reshoring Initiative, an industry-led effort to bring jobs to the US, founded by Harry Moser, who sits on the board of the National Institute of Metalworking Skills, BS in Mechanical Engineering and MS from MIT, and an MBA from the University of Chicago, cites Scott Paul of the Alliance for American Manufacturing, The Washington Post, May 1, 2013, “Is U.S. manufacturing making a comeback — or is it just hype?,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/05/01/is-u-s-manufacturing-set-for-a-comeback-or-is-it-all-hype/,)
It’s hardly news when a U.S. firm moves its manufacturing … let the company hire new “second-tier” workers at lower wages.

No tradeoff between the manufacturing that goes on in Mexico and what we offshore – structurally different economies
Peters, Hearn, and Shaiken 13 (Enrique Dussel, Adrian H., Harley, member of the economic faculty at la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, division of postgraduate studies, AND ARC future fellow, convenor if IR at the University of Sydney China Studies Center, PhD, AND professor of education and geography at Berkeley, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Miami, May 1, 2013, “China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations,” http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=clas_publications, alp)
Many in the U.S. Congress and media accuse China … of stakeholders, and enforce intellectual property rights.13

Innovation in the manufacturing sector is resilient and inevitable
Engler 09 (John, the former three-term governor of Michigan, is president of the National Association of Manufacturers, the nation’s largest industrial trade association. “Forging A Second American Century,” Forbes, May 28th, 2009, http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/27/john-engler-manufacturing-business-america.html)
The 20th Century is often called the American Century, … to accept–or expect–a second-rate status.

Double bind --- structural factors mean tech leadership is highly resilient or collapse inevitable --- they aren’t sufficient to solve
Hummell 12 (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,  Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges”, http://www.synesisjournal.com/vol3_g/Hummel_2012_G14-39.pdf)
Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the … dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society.

2NC Solvency – SQ Solves

Current investments in the border solve the aff — the 21st Century Border Initiative is sufficient
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, “U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT”, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013)
It is important to examine if the coordination mechanisms … border policies, the first component of governance.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC Solvency

1. The government fails at implementing border infrastructure — coordination failures turn the case
   Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, “U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT”, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
   Bureaucracies on both sides of the border struggle to coordinate policies across and within various
   AND
   , roles, responsibilities, and which department should coordinate with what department.

Current investments in the border solve the aff — the 21st Century Border Initiative is sufficient
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, “U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT”, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013)
It is important to examine if the coordination mechanisms established by Presidents Obama and Calderón
AND
enhanced the development of coordinated border policies, the first component of governance. 

1NC Warming

Global renewables are tanking
Victor 11 (David G., Professor of International Relations – University of California, San Diego, “The Crisis in Clean Energy”, Foreign Affairs, July / August, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67903/david-g-victor-and-kassia-yanosek/the-crisis-in-clean-energy)
After years of staggering growth, the clean-energy industry is headed for a
AND
government subsidies. Only a tiny share of the investment focuses on innovation.

Their authors are biased --- alarmists manipulate data for financial gain
Kelly 8 (Jack, Media Promotes Global Warming Alarmism, Real Clear Politics, 1/8, http://www.realclearpolitics .com/articles/2008/01/temperatures_trending_cooler.html)
More than 400 scientists -- many of them members of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
AND
, in a decade or two, the outrageous scam will be obvious."

Scientific evidence and data outweigh qualifications
Idso 99 (Craig Idso et al., founder and former President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change and former Director of Environmental Science at Peabody Energy, 10/15/1999, Sherwood Idso, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and former adjunct professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at Arizona State University, and Keith Idso, adjunct associate in plant biology at Arizona State University, “Archived Book Review”)
When will we learn that scientific ideas should be discussed on their own merits?
AND
that all arguments of a non-scientific nature clearly cut both ways.

No warming impact --- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)
All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.

Warming is fake --- cooling overwhelms --- prefer the newest ev
Ferrara 13 (Peter, Contributor – Forbes Magazine, “As The Economy Recesses, Obama's Global Warming Delusions Are Truly Cruel”, Forbes, 2-22, http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2013/02/22/as-the-economy-recesses-obamas-global-warming-delusions-are-truly-cruel/)
That global temperature record has been flat lining for 16 years now. As the
AND
like the climate, where actual observations are the only way to go.” 

Warming won’t cause extinction --- adaption checks
Barrett 7 (Scott, professor of natural resource economics, Columbia University “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, introduction)
First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. 

Chinese localities make emissions inevitable
Economy 7 — C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director for Asia Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Elizabeth C., “The Great Leap Backward?: The Costs of China's Environmental Crisis”, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2007, Lexis)
Unfortunately, much of this enthusiasm stems from the widespread but misguided belief that what
AND
hand, it fears that some of them will become advocates for democratization.

2NC Warming

No offense ---  

A) CO2 temperature flattens out
Michaels 2k (Patrick J., Research Professor of Environmental Science @ UVA, and Dr. Robert Balling, Professor of Geography and Director of the Office of Climatology @ ASU, 2000 (The Satanic Gases, p. 63-4)
There is another reason that temperature warms at a constant rate while carbon dioxide increases
AND
close to a doubling of the temperature change produced by doubling carbon dioxide.

B) Water vapor swamps the effects of CO2
Novak 8 (Gary, independent scientist, has published in scientific journals before, 7/17/2008 (“the science of global warming in perspective”, http://nov55.com/gbwm.html)
There is no scientifically valid mechanism for CO2 causing global warming. Carbon dioxide absorbs
AND
in temperature as CO2, if the same logic were applied to it.

1NC Manufacturing

Revitalizing the manufacturing industry causes bioterrorism
Galamas 11 – Social Sciences Institute at Lisbon University, Ph.D. Candidate (Francisco, Comparative Strategy, 30: 79—93, 2011, DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2011.545689, “Profiling Bioterrorism: Present and Potential Threats,” EBSCO Host)
The third and final trend showing a weakening in the past restrictions surrounding bioterrorism is
AND
the highly contagious pathogens from infecting the population of a supporting country.34

Extinction
Matheny 7 (Jason, Former Associate – Oxford University, MPJ – Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction”, Risk Analysis, 27(5), pg. 1335-1344, http://jgmatheny.org/matheny_extinction_risk.htm)
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
such experiments because the bene?ts do not seem to be worth the risks.

Advanced RandD science and technology expansion causes extinction
MUEHLHAUSER 2011 (Luke Muehlhauser, IT consultant, “Potential Causes of Total Human Extinction in the Next 200 Years,” March 20, 2011, http://commonsenseatheism.com/?p=14936)
Runaway physics experiments could, say, create a black hole that would swallow the
AND
I’m graduating this disaster to “extremely unlikely to cause total human extinction.”

Double bind --- 

A) US manufacturing growth inevitable --- structural factors
Foroohar 13 (Rana, Assistant Managing Editor – Time, Former Deputy Editor for International Business and Economics – Newsweek, Winner – Peter R. Weitz Prize for Transatlantic Reporting, B.A. – Columbia University, “Is the U.S. Manufacturing Renaissance Real?”, Time Magazine, 3-28, http://business.time.com/2013/03/28/is-the-u-s-manufacturing-renaissance-real/, Deech)
U.S. manufacturing is back. That’s been the conventional economic wisdom now
AND
, over the next quarters and years. I think that will happen.”

B) Or --- cyclical declines overwhelm --- makes the impact inevitable
New York Times 13 (“U.S. Manufacturing Gauge Falls to June 2009 Level”, 6-3, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/business/us-manufacturing-gauge-falls-to-june-2009-level.html, Deech)
WASHINGTON — A measure of United States manufacturing fell in May to its lowest level
AND
also reduced their pace of investment in areas like equipment and computer software.

No impact to deterrence --- not credible
Gormley 9 – Dennis Gormley, Senior Fellow in the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute for International Studies, Fall 2009, “The Path to Deep Nuclear Reductions: Dealing with American Conventional Superiority,” online: http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/PP29_Gormley.pdf
Of course, the decided advantage that precision conventional weapons have over nuclear weapons is
AND
memoir that he had ruled out a nuclear response in that war.23

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC China

China isn’t a threat – however the TPP will isolate China sparking global nuclear war
Michael 11 – Michael Billington is the Asia editor for the Executive Intelligence Review, and author of Reflections of an American Political Prisoner, and graduated from Trinity University, (“Obama’s Asia Trip Had Only One Purpose: War on China”, November 25, 2011 http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2011/eirv38n46-20111125/37-40_3846.pdf)
Nov. 20—The self-imagined Emperor of America  Barack Obama, while
AND
crossfire. Australia should at least prevent things from growing out of  control.” 

China says no
Pastor 8 – professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University (Robert A, “North America or Asia? The 21st Century Choice for the United States,” 1/23/12, http://www.canambusco.org/resources/UofMiamiPerspectives-Pastor-NA_or_Asia-FINAL.pdf)//SJF
If the TPP’s purpose is to put pressure on China to open its market,
AND
the ASEAN countries. In brief, China already trumped the United States.

They can’t access China – they don’t reach out and relations cannot be solved – the security dilemma
Manning 13 ¬- Robert A. Manning is a senior fellow of the Brent Scowcroft Center for International Security at the Atlantic Council. He served as a senior counselor to the undersecretary of state for global affairs from 2001 to 2004 and a member of the US Department of State Policy Planning Staff from 2004 to 2008. This piece first appeared on The National Interest., (“US, China Drift Toward Zero Sum”,  July 25, 2013, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/us-china-drift-toward-zero-sum)//
Cybersecurity is too critical an issue to languish in an SED Working Group. If
AND
the relationship may run out of fingers to put in the dikes over time

The TPP shuts out China and doesn’t help trade
Solis 13 - Mireya Solís is the Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies and senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University. An expert in Japan’s foreign economic policies, Dr. Solís earned a PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México. Her main research interests include Japanese politics, political economy, and foreign policy; international and comparative political economy; international relations; and government-business relations. She also has interests in broader issues in U.S.-Japan relations and East Asian multilateralism, (“The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP”, May 24, 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//
In recent commentary for the Financial Times, David Pilling argues that the central objective
AND
. In this rendition, the TPP appears politically myopic and economically irrelevant.

Interdependence checks conflict escalation
Inocencio 13 (Ramy, “Will we really see the dawn of a "new chapter" in U.S.-China relations?”, CNN, 7-11, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/11/business/us-china-relations-new-chapter/?hpt=ibu_c1)
Yet leaders of both the U.S. and China -- the world's two
AND
U.S. and China now takes off once every 24 minutes.

2NC China Says No

China won’t join the TPP
Penghong 13 -Cai Penghong is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Foreign Policy Studies and Center for American Studies at the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies., (“An Inopportune Time for China to Join the TPP”, June 19, 2013, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/an-inopportune-time-for-china-to-join-the-tpp/)//
First, the TPP is a core element of the American rebalancing strategy. As
AND
on Donilon’s response, the U.S. seemed evasive and noncommittal.

2NC AT: China-Taiwan War

No chance of war
TT 11 (The Trumpet, official website of the Philadelphia Trumpet newsmagazine, “Taiwan’s Strides Toward China Accelerate”, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7808.6407.0.0)
Ma = Taiwanese PM
Ma explained that since people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait share common ancestry
AND
the island’s universities will admit their first batch of Chinese students this year.

1NC Trade

No impact --- trade is more effective outside the WTO
Rose 4 — professor of economic analysis and policy and associate dean and faculty chair at the Haas School of Business, University of California, research fellow of the Center for Economic Policy Research, and former acting director of the International Finance and Macroeconomics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research (Andrew K., “Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade?”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, pg. 98-114, March 2004, JSTOR)
Maybe not. While theory, casual empiricism, and strong statements abound, there
AND
solely in its results; by design, there is no other innovation.

The TPP doesn’t solve the economy but it causes trade deficits and job losses
Scott 13 ¬- Robert E. Scott is director of trade and manufacturing policy research at the Economic Policy Institute. He joined EPI as an international economist in 1996. Before that, he was an assistant professor with the College of Business and Management of the University of Maryland at College Park. His areas of research include international economics and trade agreements and their impacts on working people in the U.S. and other countries, the economic impacts of foreign investment, and the macroeconomic effects of trade and capital flows. He has a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California-Berkeley, (“No Jobs from Trade Pacts The Trans-Pacific Partnership Could Be Much Worse than the Over-Hyped Korea Deal”,  July 18, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/trade-pacts-korus-trans-pacific-partnership/)
The administration is now negotiating a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) that could
AND
24,000 jobs in that period (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013). 

That kills the economy
Nielson 2012 – editor of Bullion Bulls Canada Jeff has a personal background in law and economics. Bullion Bulls Canada provides general macro-economic and political commentary on the precious metals markets EFT Daily News June 14, http://etfdailynews.com/2012/06/14/the-real-goldilocks-economy-part-ii-gld-slv-tza-iau-faz/ Access Date June 19, 2012 The Real ‘Goldilocks Economy’, Part II
As demonstrated in Part I, our economies represent the complete antithesis of “stable
AND
that economic sadism all Western economies are devolving along precisely the same path.

The TPP will cause economic instability and crisis
Gallagher 13 -Kevin P. Gallagher published the following op-ed in the Financial Times based on the recent Pardee Center report from the Task Force on Regulating Global Capital Flows for Long-Run Development, which he co-chairs, (“Don’t Trade Away financial Stability in The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement”, 2013, http://triplecrisis.com/expert-panel-dont-trade-away-financial-stability-in-trans-pacific-partnership-agreeement/)//
Negotiators will meet in Singapore this week for yet another round of talks on a
AND
of liberalization, and could thus benefit from reform to include these protections”.

No impact to the economy --- it’s empirically denied by multiple past recessions like the 2008 recession --- best and most recent data proves
Drezner 12 (Daniel W., Professor of International Politics – Tufts University, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, Contributing Editor – Foreign Policy, Ph.D. – Stanford University, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked”, October, http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf)
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC China

China isn’t a threat – however the TPP will isolate China sparking global nuclear war
Michael 11 – Michael Billington is the Asia editor for the Executive Intelligence Review, and author of Reflections of an American Political Prisoner, and graduated from Trinity University, (“Obama’s Asia Trip Had Only One Purpose: War on China”, November 25, 2011, http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2011/eirv38n46-20111125/37-40_3846.pdf)
Nov. 20—The self-imagined Emperor of America  Barack Obama, while
AND
crossfire. Australia should at least prevent things from growing out of  control.” 

China says no
Pastor 8 – professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University (Robert A, “North America or Asia? The 21st Century Choice for the United States,” 1/23/12, http://www.canambusco.org/resources/UofMiamiPerspectives-Pastor-NA_or_Asia-FINAL.pdf)//SJF
If the TPP’s purpose is to put pressure on China to open its market,
AND
the ASEAN countries. In brief, China already trumped the United States.

They can’t access China – they don’t reach out and relations cannot be solved – the security dilemma
Manning 13 ¬- Robert A. Manning is a senior fellow of the Brent Scowcroft Center for International Security at the Atlantic Council. He served as a senior counselor to the undersecretary of state for global affairs from 2001 to 2004 and a member of the US Department of State Policy Planning Staff from 2004 to 2008. This piece first appeared on The National Interest., (“US, China Drift Toward Zero Sum”,  July 25, 2013, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/us-china-drift-toward-zero-sum)//
Cybersecurity is too critical an issue to languish in an SED Working Group. If
AND
the relationship may run out of fingers to put in the dikes over time

The TPP shuts out China and doesn’t help trade
Solis 13 - Mireya Solís is the Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies and senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University. An expert in Japan’s foreign economic policies, Dr. Solís earned a PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México. Her main research interests include Japanese politics, political economy, and foreign policy; international and comparative political economy; international relations; and government-business relations. She also has interests in broader issues in U.S.-Japan relations and East Asian multilateralism, (“The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP”, May 24, 2013,http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//
In recent commentary for the Financial Times, David Pilling argues that the central objective
AND
. In this rendition, the TPP appears politically myopic and economically irrelevant.

Interdependence checks conflict escalation
Inocencio 13 (Ramy, “Will we really see the dawn of a "new chapter" in U.S.-China relations?”, CNN, 7-11, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/11/business/us-china-relations-new-chapter/?hpt=ibu_c1)
Yet leaders of both the U.S. and China -- the world's two
AND
U.S. and China now takes off once every 24 minutes.

Relations inevitable --- mutual interest
Feng 12 (May 3rd, Zhu, “No one Wants a Clash”, *professor in the School of International Studies and the deputy director of the Center for International and Strategic Studies at Beijing University, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/05/02/are-we-headed-for-a-cold-war-with-china/no-one-wants-a-cold-war-between-the-us-and-china)
However there is little worry that the two powers will collide into a “new
AND
together is not pragmatism only, but mutual interest — especially in trade. 

2NC China

Relations collapse inevitable --- domestic politics
Czarnezki 11 (Jason J. Professor of Law in the Environmental Law Center and Faculty Director of the U.S.-China Partnership for Environmental Law at Vermont
Law School, A.B., J.D., “CLIMATE POLICY and¶ U.S.-CHINA RELATIONs”, 4-4,http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/Jason20Czarnezki20Climate20Policy20and20China.pdf)
Both the United States and China are hindered by the reality of domestic politics and
AND
private entity to mitigate its greenhouse¶ gas impact on the global climate.¶ 

1NC Trade

No impact --- trade is more effective outside the WTO
Rose 4 — professor of economic analysis and policy and associate dean and faculty chair at the Haas School of Business, University of California, research fellow of the Center for Economic Policy Research, and former acting director of the International Finance and Macroeconomics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research (Andrew K., “Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade?”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, pg. 98-114, March 2004, JSTOR)
Maybe not. While theory, casual empiricism, and strong statements abound, there
AND
solely in its results; by design, there is no other innovation.

The TPP doesn’t solve the economy but it causes trade deficits and job losses
Scott 13 ¬- Robert E. Scott is director of trade and manufacturing policy research at the Economic Policy Institute. He joined EPI as an international economist in 1996. Before that, he was an assistant professor with the College of Business and Management of the University of Maryland at College Park. His areas of research include international economics and trade agreements and their impacts on working people in the U.S. and other countries, the economic impacts of foreign investment, and the macroeconomic effects of trade and capital flows. He has a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California-Berkeley, (“No Jobs from Trade Pacts The Trans-Pacific Partnership Could Be Much Worse than the Over-Hyped Korea Deal”,  July 18, 2013,http://www.epi.org/publication/trade-pacts-korus-trans-pacific-partnership/)
The administration is now negotiating a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) that could
AND
24,000 jobs in that period (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013). 

That kills the economy
Nielson 2012 – editor of Bullion Bulls Canada Jeff has a personal background in law and economics. Bullion Bulls Canada provides general macro-economic and political commentary on the precious metals markets EFT Daily News June 14, http://etfdailynews.com/2012/06/14/the-real-goldilocks-economy-part-ii-gld-slv-tza-iau-faz/ Access Date June 19, 2012 The Real ‘Goldilocks Economy’, Part II
As demonstrated in Part I, our economies represent the complete antithesis of “stable
AND
that economic sadism all Western economies are devolving along precisely the same path.

Fed checks the impact
Eavis 12 (Peter, Financial Correspondent – New York Times, “Record High Close for Dow, Spurred by Fed and Profits”, New York Times, 3-5,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/business/daily-stock-market-activity.html?hp)
But one essential government institution did things differently after the 2009 low point, and
AND
of recession, the odds are that you will have a bull market.” 

The bicycle theory of trade protectionism is empirically false
Alden 13 - Bernard L. Schwartz senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and was project director for the CFR Independent Task Force on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy (Edward, “Opportunity Knocks for Obama on Trade,” World Politics Review, January 8, 2013,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12604/opportunity-knocks-for-obama-on-trade)//AC
That 2013 should matter so much in trade policy is rather surprising. What has
AND
the United States and other countries have managed to swerve and keep going.

Trade doesn’t solve war
Martin 8 — professor at the University of Paris, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, AND, professor at the University of Paris, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, AND, professor at the University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics (Phillipe, Thierry, and Mathias, “The Review of Economic Studies”, pg. 75)
Does globalization pacify international relations? The “liberal” view in political science argues
AND
, even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.

2NC AT: Manufacturing Add-On

The TPP will hollow out the US manufacturing industry
Olen 13 – John Olen is a writer for Economy in Crisis, (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Will Cause Continued Harm To U.S. Economy, Manufacturing”, June 17, 2013, http://economyincrisis.org/content/the-trans-pacific-partnership-tpp-will-cause-continued-harm-to-u-s-economy-manufacturing)//
Perhaps one of the most alarming measures that the TPP will implement will be the
AND
and other 1-ers who stand to benefit financially from the TPP.

The TPP would devastate US manufacturing
Nash-Hoff, 13 – Michele Nash-Hoff, Founder and President at ElectroFab Sales, (“Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership would Hurt American Manufacturers”, 05/02/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/why-the-trans-pacific-par_b_3186557.html)//
The Obama Administration has continued negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement behind doors
AND
time to get final congressional approval for the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
1NC DA

Cuba and Canada have economic ties now- plan destroys them
Ritter 10 (Archibald Ritter, Department of Economics and School of International Affairs University of Carleton. Spring 2010. "CANADA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH CUBA, 1990 TO 2010 AND BEYOND". Canadian Foreign Policy. search.proquest.com/docview/887543830/1402349141052BA7F7E/7?accountid=36312)
 Canada and Cuba have further developed a mutually … that will be stimulated by United States-Cuba normalization?

The plan kills the Canadian economy
JOC 96 (Journal of Commerce. 2/19/1996. "U.S. Embargo of Cuba Lines Pockets In Canada". Sun Sentinel. articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-02-19/business/9602160148_1_cuba-ships-foreign-investors)
Your Sen. Helms, he's our hero," joked one stevedoring … in mining, tourism and manufacturing, also do a thriving business in Cuba.

Canadian economic growth is key to avoiding war in the Arctic—avoids a power vacuum land grab.
Dobransky 12 (Steve, Adjunct Professor at Lakeland College. He is completing his Ph.D. at Kent State University and is ABD. He has an M.A. from Ohio University and a B.A. from Cleveland State University. “Military Security, Energy Resources, and the Emergence of the Northwest Passage: Canada’s Arctic Dilemma,” http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2012/0106/ca/dobransky_arctic.html,)
Canada’s apparent inability in winning over the international … may be the quintessential example in the future.20

Goes nuclear
Wallace, 10 (Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of … geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.” 

2NC Link

Plan crowds out Canada- empirically proven
Ritter 10 (Archibald Ritter, Department of Economics and School of International Affairs University of Carleton. Spring 2010. "CANADA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH CUBA, 1990 TO 2010 AND BEYOND". Canadian Foreign Policy. search.proquest.com/docview/887543830/1403665ECEF1F5A991A/2?accountid=36312)
Thirdly, the normalization of United States-Cuba relations, … leaving Canada every week or ten days on average.

Canada-Cuba ties are strong because the embargo
Tabio 10 (Luis Rene Fernandez Tabio, Senior Research and Professor at University of Havana specializing in international economics. Spring 2010. "CANADIAN-CUBAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS: THE RECOGNITION AND RESPECT OF DIFFERENCE". Canadian Foreign Policy. search.proquest.com/docview/887951721/140366C72F25D8A736F/8?accountid=36312)
The American system of sanctions, referred to as … to the importance of Canada in the eyes of the Cuban government.

2NC Quebec Secession

That causes Quebec secession
Nuechterlein 99 (Donald, political scientist and author of numerous books on American politics and foreign policy, “CANADA DEBATES A VARIETY OF DOMESTIC ISSUES”, September 1999 http://donaldnuechterlein.com/1999/canada.html)
The fourth news story, which did not get quite … it or Quebec nationalists are in the ascendancy.

Leads to US Russian war
NWOI 96 (New World Order Intelligence, May, http://www.survivalistskills.com/quebec.htm/)
Lamont's forecasts, based upon all of this input? Canada will disintegrate shortly after
AND
. Canada, the "international diplomatic buffer", has ceased to exist.

That’s the largest existential risk
Bostrom 2 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy – Oxford Unviersity, “Existential risk”, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.

2NC Sino-Japan Impact

Cuban ties are key to the perception of Canada as independent of the U.S.- key to their overall soft power
McNeil 10 (Calum McNeil, Professor of Political Science at McMaster University . Spring 2010. "TO ENGAGE OR NOT TO ENGAGE: AN (A)FFECTIVE ARGUMENT IN FAVOUR OF A POLICY OF ENGAGEMENT WITH CUBA". Canadian Foreign Policy. search.proquest.com/docview/887543822/140366C72F25D8A736F/6?accountid=36312)
Canadian policy has traditionally treated Cuba like any other state in Latin America. What
AND
will require significant change (Canada, 1995b. Italics added for emphasis).

Rebalancing of power means international politics are at a cross-road- Canadian soft power solves any existential risk
PHC 13 (Policy Horizons of Canada. 7/8/13 *Note: Date reflects "date modified". "Canada’s Place in a Changing Geopolitical Landscape: Leveraging our Comparative Advantage". Government of Canada. www.horizons.gc.ca/eng/content/canada’s-place-changing-geopolitical-landscape-leveraging-our-comparative-advantage)
As we look ahead to 2017, factors such as the rebalancing of powers on
AND
south dialogue, bringing strong value to its partners and to international discussions.

Canada’s soft power prevents Sino-Japan war-~--it goes nuclear.
FATDC 12 – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, Stopping the Free-Fall Implications of SinoJapanese Rivalry for Regional Stability and Canadian Interests, 2012-09-14 http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/isrop-prisi/research-recherche/intl_security-securite_int/yuan2007/section1a.aspx?lang=eng)

This report discusses developments in Sino-Japanese relations since the end of the Cold
AND
confidence in U.S. nuclear umbrella and the alliance protection wanes.

The impact is nuclear war
Samuels, 99 (Richard, Professor of International Relations at MIT, The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Past, Present, and Future, pg. 6-7)
The same forces that lead China and Japan into an adversarial relationship in the first
AND
its foreign policy and its evolving role as provider of global public goods.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC DA

Cuba and Canada have economic ties now- plan destroys them
Ritter 10 (Archibald Ritter, Department of Economics and School of International Affairs University of Carleton, Spring 2010, "CANADA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH CUBA, 1990 TO 2010 AND BEYOND," Canadian Foreign Policy, search.proquest.com/docview/887543830/1402349141052BA7F7E/7?accountid=36312)
 Canada and Cuba have further developed a mutually advantageous economic relationship during the 1990s
AND
economic recovery and that will be stimulated by United States-Cuba normalization?

Embargo is key to the Canadian economy
JOC 96 (Journal of Commerce. 2/19/1996. "U.S. Embargo of Cuba Lines Pockets In Canada". Sun Sentinel. articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-02-19/business/9602160148_1_cuba-ships-foreign-investors)
Your Sen. Helms, he's our hero," joked one stevedoring company official.
AND
mining, tourism and manufacturing, also do a thriving business in Cuba.

Canadian economic growth is key to avoiding war in the Arctic—avoids a power vacuum land grab.
Dobransky 12 (Steve, Adjunct Professor at Lakeland College. He is completing his Ph.D. at Kent State University and is ABD. He has an M.A. from Ohio University and a B.A. from Cleveland State University. “Military Security, Energy Resources, and the Emergence of the Northwest Passage: Canada’s Arctic Dilemma,” http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2012/0106/ca/dobransky_arctic.html,)
Canada’s apparent inability in winning over the international community on its Arctic argument has been
AND
trails. The Arctic may be the quintessential example in the future.20

Goes nuclear
Wallace, 10 (Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.”

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest FJ | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
1NC DA

Cuba’s close relationship with Venezuela will continue – U.S. is odd one out.
Richard Gott, 2-25-2013, the guardian, “Cuba looks forward to closer US ties in a post-Castro world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul
Diaz-Canel has also been a strong advocate of the existing close relationship with
AND
in the US have begun to forget what the quarrel was all about.

Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor 10, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to Cuba was intended to bolster the regime's security,
AND
that are adversarial to the United States, Venezuela has them in abundance. 

Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega, 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted last week that his government is "carrying out the
AND
"Atomic Energy Committee" has been managing the nuclear program since 2007.

Extinction
Shepard-Durini 9 (Suzana, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, 2009, B.A. Political Science and Latin America Studies @ Wellesey College, M.A. Latin America Studies (security) @ Georgetown, Research Associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs)
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

2NC Overview

Turns case – kills the Cuban economy
Mitchell Bustillo, 5-9-2013, International Policy Digest, “Time to Strengthen the Cuban Embargo,” http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/05/09/time-to-strengthen-the-cuban-embargo/
No doubt, it has been a fruitless 50 years since the embargo was enacted
AND
on the Cuban government and has the potential to trigger an economic collapse.

That uniquely causes extinction
Kurtz, 6 (Stanley, Ph.D @ Harvard, Senior fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center. “Our Fallout-Shelter Future,” National Review Online, 8/28)
Proliferation optimists, on the other hand, see reasons for hope in the record
AND
it may be very difficult to stop them from escalating into nuclear confrontations. 

2NC AT: Relations High

Relations are in decline
Sullivan, 13 --- Specialist in Latin American Affairs at Congressional Research Service (4/9/2013, Mark P., “Hugo Chávez’s Death: Implications for Venezuela and U.S. Relations,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42989.pdf,)
In terms of Venezuela’s foreign policy, observers who believe that Maduro will win the
AND
being driven by the personal relationship between Chávez and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

Relations are faltering
Lansberg-Rodriguez and Zonis 7/4 – *Fellow at The Comparative Constitutions Project; Columnist for the Venezuelan newspaper El Universal AND Professor Emeritus at Booth School of Business (Daniel and Marvin, “Venezuela and Iran: The End of The Affair?”, EconoMonitor, 7/4/13, http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2013/07/venezuela-and-iran-the-end-of-the-affair/)
Over his fourteen year reign, the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez developed strong political
AND
, and might hold back a more fruitful potential dalliance with the West.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
1NC DA

Prices rising but balanced now --- most predictive evidence
MarketWatch 9-11 (“Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term”, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)
MADRID (MarketWatch) -- Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC's predictions for Syria supply.

The plan triggers an OPEC flood
Kole 7 (William, Correspondent – AP, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets”, 9-8, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt)
If you remember what happened in the 1970's (look it up if you don't
AND
a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.

Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy -~-- overwhelms resiliency
Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)
MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.

The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

2NC Impact Framing

Nuclear war outweighs warming
Robock and Harrel, 9 (Alan, distinguished professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University, and Eben “Regional Nuclear War and the Environment”, Time Magazine, 1/22/2009, http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1873164,00.html)
Your study predicts mass cooling. With all the heat and radioactivity of the explosions
AND
all these weapons before we have the luxury of worrying about global warming. 

2NC Unimak Pass Impact

That will force Canada to jump ship to Asia – right now, they’re wholly dependent on US consumption
Edmonton Journal 12 (Edmonton Journal, “Growing U.S. Energy Output a Threat to Canada,” January 20, 2012, http://blogs.edmontonjournal.com/2012/01/20/growing-u-s-energy-output-a-threat-to-canada/)
The shrinking U.S. market for foreign sources of energy has long been
AND
10 provinces — not just Alberta — can understand what that means. 

Canadian shift to Asia will go through the Unimak pass – this will devastate the regional environment decimating plankton, sea lions, and sea otter populations
Byers 12 (Michael Byers, professor at the University of British Columbia, and Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law, “Canada’s Oil-Sands Bonanza Could Mean Disaster for Alaska’s Coastline,” The Seattle Times, May 17, 2012, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/opinion/2018232475_guest18byers.html)
Twenty-three years after the Exxon Valdez spilled more than half a million barrels
AND
spill in U.S. waters, this time in Unimak Pass.

Sea lions and sea otters are keystone species – loss causes massive ocean biodiversity collapse
Carnegie Mellon 03 (Biodiversity, p. http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s5/02biodiversity.shtml)
There are certain species whose role in maintaining the balance of an ecosystem is so
AND
in check, the habitat of the entire community would be altered significantly.

Extinction – this is a moral side constraint
Craig 03 — Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law (Robin Kundis, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
- even if a few fishers go out of business as a result.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC DA

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures -~-- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Internal pressure would cause China Bashing- causes a China trade war, erodes relations and global cooperation
Bohan 13 (Caren Bohan, journalist and the White House correspondent for the Reuters news agency. 5/29/13, "Why China-Bashing Matters," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-china-bashing-matters-20120927)
China-bashing by U.S. presidential candidates is nothing new. On
AND
tension but we may well see much broader trade tension in the world.”

Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

2NC Trade High

Global trade is increasing now—emerging markets and statistics
Lamy, 12 – Pascal, Director General at the World Trade Center, (Lamy, 6/26/12, “WTO - World Trade Organization: Lamy: ‘Multilateralism is at a crossroads’”, http://www.4-traders.com/news/WTO-World-Trade-Organization-Lamy-93Multilateralism-is-at-a-crossroads94~-~-14387048/)
In the past decade, the share of developing and emerging economies has risen from
AND
goods, it becomes even more important for countries to keep markets open. 

Trade is steady and improving—expert and industry consensus
Bloomberg News, 12 (6/26/12, “China Sees Momentum for Trade Growth”, Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-26/china-says-june-trade-improving-in-sign-slowdown-stabilizing-1-.html)
Other data released today showed Chinese spending to build factories and buy assets overseas slowed
AND
5,800 enterprises in 20 countries from April 10 to June 1. 

Global trade is increasing—Mexico proves
Financial Times, 12 (John Paul Rathbone, 6/18/12, “Free trade: Way ahead ‘is openness, not protectionism’”, Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c6e3a29c-b15e-11e1-9800-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zlRBTsXL)
Mexico, for example, is one of the most open of the world’s leading
AND
and skills-rich. The country now even exports cars to China. 

2NC Trade Good – Terminal Impact

Extinction
Pazner, 8 – Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, (Michael J., Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

2NC Trade Good – Hegemony

Trade is essential for ensuring international coalitions beneficial to U.S. hegemony
Denney and Gleason, 11 (Steven C. Denney is a master’s candidate at the Graduate School of International Studies, Yonsei University. He received his BA in Political Science from Harding University. Brian D. Gleason is a master’s candidate at the Gradate School of International Studies, Yonsei University. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “The Political Economy of Trade Policy: A Realist Perspective,” http://sinonk.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/the-political-economy-of-trade-policy-steven_c_denney-brian_d_gleason.pdf )
 Kirshner’s critique of Hirschman’s theory that larger states use asymmetric trading relationships to increase
AND
an economic tool to achieve political and strategic ends via the KORUS FTA. 

Free trade secures US hard power
Dr. Gerald P. O'Driscoll, Jr., former Director of, and Sarah Fitzgerald, Trade Policy Analyst in, the Center for International Trade and Economics at Heritage, December 18, 2002, “Trade Promotes Prosperity and Security” http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/BG1617.cfm, accessed 8/24/03
It is fitting that economic freedom be included as part of the national security strategy
AND
and the fight against corruption, and it reinforces the habits of liberty. 

2NC Trade Good – Terrorism

Free trade’s critical to solve global terrorism
Cho, 7 (Sungjoon Cho, Assistant Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, Doha's Development, 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165, 2007)
It was an exigent situation - the September 11 terrorist attacks - that put the
AND
. Critically, international trade offers a vital vehicle for such integration. n25

2NC Trade Good – War

Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism
Griswold, 11 – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, (Daniel, “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9, http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf)
Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend.” It may not
AND
and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Protectionism causes wars—empirics, vast data, and statistics
Boudreaux, 6 – chairman of the economics department at George Mason University, (Donald J., 11/20/6, “Want world peace? Support free trade”, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1120/p09s02-coop.html)
These activities employ workers here at home and raise their wages. Mountains of empirical
AND
economic freedom (that is, countries with scores of 8 or higher).

Protectionism causes nuclear war
Spicer, 96 – economist; member of the British Parliament, (Michael, The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West, 1996, p. 121)
The choice facing the West today is much the same as that which faced the
AND
a penny, stability will be at a premium in the years ahead.

Protectionism causes war
Brooks, 99 – Department of Journalism at Carleton University (Jason, 1999 ed. Independent Institute “Make Trade, Not War” http://www.independent.org/tii/students/GarveyEssay99Brooks.html)
What is trade? It is the natural, voluntary interaction of people for mutual
AND
country survives by looting; a free country survives through production and trade.

Trade prevents escalation—it outweighs all other assurances and agreements
Kinne 12 – Assistant Professor at UT Dallas with a PhD in Political Science from Yale, (Brandon J., “Multilateral Trade and Militarized Conflict: Centrality, Openness, and Asymmetry in the Global Trade Network”,  The Journal of Politics, Vol. 74, No. 1, January 2012, Pp. 308–322 )
The pacific effect of trade is most often explained in terms of opportunity costs (
AND
Thus: H1: Trade integration reduces a state’s probability of initiating militarized disputes 

Free trade solves war
Yakovlev 12 – Assistant Professor of Economics at Duquesne University (Transcript of interview with Pavel Yakovlev, 3/13/12, “Does Trade Promote Peace?”, http://www.learnliberty.org/videos/does-trade-promote-peace)
The Capitalist Peace Theory argues that free trade makes countries more commercially interdependent. This
AND
free trade not only makes nations more prosperous but also promotes world peace.

Free trade reduces the likelihood of conflict -~-- studies prove
Griswold, 11 – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, (Daniel, “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9, http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf)
A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
the development it has spurred have rendered the spoils of war less valuable.

2NC Trade Good – Democracy

Statistical, empirical and expert support all show that free trade causes democratization
Griswold, 7 (Daniel Griswold, associate director of Cato's Center for Trade Policy Studies, 4/20/7, “Trade, Democracy and Peace: The Virtuous Cycle”, http://www.cato.org/publications/speeches/trade-democracy-peace-virtuous-cycle)
Next, I examined the relationship between economic openness in individual countries today and their
AND
, opposition parties have gained political power against long-time ruling parties.

Extinction
Diamond, 95 — Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution (Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”, December 1995, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)
OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built. 

2NC Trade Good – Economy

Trade accelerates growth—consensus of economists
Lloyd 11 (Lloyd, Peter, professor of economics at the University of Melbourne, 2011“Free Trade and Growth in the World Economy”, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/94645/sub003-attachment.pdf)
 The unanimous view of trade economists today is that free trade is the best
AND
Countries by economists and institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF. 

Extinction
Auslin, 9 — Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (Michael, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3/6/2009, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

US economic decline causes perceptual weakness that leads to nuclear war
O’Hanlon 12 (Michael, Director of Research and Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, “The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt”, Los Angeles Times, 7-3, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/opinion/la-oe-ohanlon-fiscal-reform-20120703)
Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries
AND
regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.

Economic crises trigger war
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, pg. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

2NC Trade Good – Liberty

Globalization enhances liberty and political freedom
Obhof, 3 (Larry Obhof, JD @ Yale Law School, BA @ Ohio Univ, Fall 2003, "WHY GLOBALIZATION? A LOOK AT GLOBAL CAPITALISM AND ITS EFFECTS," 15 J. Law and Pub Pol’y 91, L/N)
One attempt to measure political freedom is offered by the annual Freedom House survey of
AND
be a sufficient condition for freedom, but it is a necessary one.

D-rule
Petro 74 (Sylvester Petro, Wake Forest Professor, Toledo Law Review, 1974)
However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in
AND
every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

2NC Trade Good – Genetic Diversity

Only a multilateral trading system can allow effective exchange of genetic resources
Fowler, 3 (Cary Fowler, Ph.D. Centre for International Environment and Development Studies
Agricultural University of Norway, 2003, “Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Policies,” http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/rag/br1002/br1002_12.pdf)
The transactions costs involved in negotiating bilateral access for all of these transfers would have
AND
the benefits missed through reduced access to diverse materials in breeding and research.

Loss of genetic diversity causes extinction
Fowler and Mooney, 90 (Cary and Pat, “Rural Advancement Fund International, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”, 1990, pg. ix)
While many may ponder the consequences of global warming, perhaps the biggest single environmental
AND
exports may have spread the blight to Africa, Latin America and Asia.

2NC Trade Good – Patriarchy

Free trade competition brings extension of women’s rights and rights for other oppressed groups.
Norberg 3 (Johan, M.A. in History of Ideas, Stockholm University, a fellow at the Swedish think tank Timbro, author of In Defence of Global Capitalism which won the Sir Antony Fisher International Memorial Award by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation; 2003 "Poor Man's Hero: Controversial writer Johan Norberg champions globalization as the best hope for the developing world," Reason Magazine, December, http://www.reason.com/news/show/28968.html)
Globalization has also helped extend rights to women that had long been confined to men
AND
, "Wow, things can be very different than I'm used to."

Patriarchy is the root cause of war
Reardon, 85 — coordinator of the Peace Education Program at Columbia University (Betty, SEXISM AND THE WAR SYSTEM, p. 7, 1985)
The profoundly sexist history of the human species indicates that the socially induced and prescribed
AND
the practice of war. Society reinforces and exacerbates this perception of otherness.

2NC Trade Good – Racism

Protectionism is racist
Denver Post, 97 (November 17, 1997)
But when it comes to the free trade debate, the intellectual case for protectionism
AND
richer than I am, but we're both better off because we traded.

Must reject every instance of racism -~-- impact’s violence and dehumanization
Memmi, 97 (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Paris, “RACISM”, 1997, pg. 163)
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
In that sense, we cannot fail to rise to the racist challenge.

2NR Dedev – AT: Endocrine Disruption

No risk of endocrine disruption
Milloy 3 (Steven - adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute, June 20, Fox News, “Pesticide-Sperm Count Link Is Impotent” http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,89913,00.html)
Secondly, there’s no known biological support for Swan’s idea that pesticides affect sperm quality
AND
sperm counts in the U.S. during the last 60 years.”

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest FJ | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
Plan ensures salary diversion to the Cuban government --- coupling visa changes with an infrastructure tax avoids the link
Greller 00 (Matthew, JD – American University Washington College of Law, “Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Fastball Pitchers Yearning for Strike Three: n1 How Baseball Diplomacy Can Revitalize Major League Baseball and United States-Cuba Relations”, American University International Law Review, 14 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1647, Lexis)
C. Third Base: A Cuban Contract Tax To Support Cuban Baseball
To
AND
support Cuban baseball, the incentives for seizing players' salaries will diminish. 262

Salary diversion props up the Castro regime
New York Post 98 (Editorial – “Close, Jose, But No Cigar”, 11-9, Lexis)
Bronx Rep. Jose Serrano is pushing new legislation to make it possible for Cuban
AND
worth prolonging the totalitarian agony of the Cuban people by one single minute.

Castro’s on the brink --- new funding prevents a democratic transition --- impact is repression and global terrorism --- turns the case
Rooney 10 (Tom, United States Representative, “Lifting the Travel Ban Would Prop Up Castro Regime”, The Hill, 7-29, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/111739-lifting-the-travel-ban-would-prop-up-castro-regime)
The Castro regime is in dire financial trouble. The state-run economy is
AND
dollars provide refuge for terrorists 90 miles from the shores of our state.

Failure to transition causes US-Russia military confrontations
Walser ‘8
(Ray Walser, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America at the Heritage Foundation – Chávez, Venezuela, and Russia: A New Cuban Missile Crisis? – WebMemo #2064 -- September 15th http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm2064.cfm)
Like his iconic mentor, Fidel Castro, Chávez thrives on mounting tensions and confrontation
AND
will take as it shapes its policy toward America's neighbors in the hemisphere. 

Small US-Russia conflicts can escalate or cause nuclear miscalc.
Gottemoeller ‘8
(Rose Gottemoeller was sworn in as the United States Department of State's Assistant Secretary for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance on April 6, 2009. She was the chief negotiator of the follow on for the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty otherwise known as the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) with the Russian Federation. Since 2000, she had been with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – “U.S.-Russia Cooperation on Iran: Aftermath of the Summer War in Georgia,” Carnegie Moscow Center, August- July 2008. PLESE NOTE – THIS CARD APPEARS IN A HOST OF CURRENT OPEN-SOURCE DEBATE DOCS AND THE URL THAT APPEARS ON THOSE CARDS MISDIRECTS TO A DIFFERENT Gottemoeller ARTICLE. The website below redirects to her October article:   http://www.scribd.com/doc/13031239/RussianAmerican-Security-Relations-After-Georgia)
No holds barred, no rules—the United States and Russia may be heading
AND
us, we could come close to nuclear  catastrophe before we knew it.  

Russian accidental launch causes extinction
Mintz 1 (Morton, Former Chair – Fund for Investigative Journalism and Reporter – Washington Post, “Two Minutes to Launch”, The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch)
Hair-trigger alert means this: The missiles carrying those warheads are armed and
AND
would be, basically, a nuclear war by checklist, by rote."

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC DA

Cuba and Canada have economic ties now- plan destroys them
Ritter 10 (Archibald Ritter, Department of Economics and School of International Affairs University of Carleton. Spring 2010. "CANADA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH CUBA, 1990 TO 2010 AND BEYOND". Canadian Foreign Policy. search.proquest.com/docview/887543830/1402349141052BA7F7E/7?accountid=36312)
Canada and Cuba have further developed a mutually advantageous economic relationship during the 1990s and
AND
economic recovery and that will be stimulated by United States-Cuba normalization?

Embargo is key to the Canadian economy
JOC 96 (Journal of Commerce. 2/19/1996. "U.S. Embargo of Cuba Lines Pockets In Canada". Sun Sentinel. articles.sun-sentinel.com/1996-02-19/business/9602160148_1_cuba-ships-foreign-investors)
Your Sen. Helms, he's our hero," joked one stevedoring company official.
AND
mining, tourism and manufacturing, also do a thriving business in Cuba.

Canadian economic growth is key to avoiding war in the Arctic—avoids a power vacuum land grab.
Dobransky 12 (Steve, Adjunct Professor at Lakeland College. He is completing his Ph.D. at Kent State University and is ABD. He has an M.A. from Ohio University and a B.A. from Cleveland State University. “Military Security, Energy Resources, and the Emergence of the Northwest Passage: Canada’s Arctic Dilemma,” http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2012/0106/ca/dobransky_arctic.html,)
Canada’s apparent inability in winning over the international community on its Arctic argument has been
AND
trails. The Arctic may be the quintessential example in the future.20

Goes nuclear
Wallace, 10 (Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.”

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC DA

US supports China’s export market now but wages, currency, and Chinese monetary policy have put it on the brink
Orlik and Kazer 13, Tom Orlik and William Kazer, 9/8/13, Market Watch, “China economy benefits from stronger US demand,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-economy-benefits-from-stronger-us-demand-2013-09-08
BEIJING — China’s economy showed fresh signs of … July, marking its highest level since January.

International growth is zero sum – crowds out exporters like China and Japan
Palley 11, Thomas I. Palley, July 2011, New America Foundation, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute “The Rise and Fall of Export-led Growth,” Lexis
Though the new “openness” agenda swept academic … conditions, and weak regulation aimed at pleasing capital.

Exports key to China’s economy
Trading Economics 13, 9/9/13, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/exports
Exports in China increased to 1906 USD …, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 

Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance … and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region. 

2NC Overview

Turns the case – consensus of economists
Lloyd 11 (Lloyd, Peter, professor of economics at the University of Melbourne, 2011“Free Trade and Growth in the World Economy”, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/94645/sub003-attachment.pdf)
 The unanimous view of trade economists today is … institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF. 

Welfare independently key to solve widespread poverty, human rights, economy, democracy, racism, sexism and security
OECD 9, economic authority and coalition of oil producing countries, citing studies specific to oil producing countries, Social Protection, Poverty Reduction and Pro-Poor Growth, (http://www.oecd.org/development/povertyreduction/43573310.pdf)
Long a vital tool for industrialized countries, social … change, disaster risk reduction and social protection.

Job creation is the biggest internal link to the economy
Tyson 11-Professor @ the Haas School of Business of UC-Berkeley, PhD in Economics @ MIT, BA Summa Cum Laude in Economics @ Smith College, former Chair of the US President’s Council of Economic Advisers, served as the Director of the National Economic Council Laura, The Washington Post, “What it will take for President Obama and big business to bring back American jobs,” 9/18/2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/for-president-obama-and-american-business-fixing-the-us-jobs-deficit/2011/08/18/gIQAhW8ZNJ_story.html, DKP
The immediate crisis confronting the U.S. economy … the 2008 financial crisis and that triggered huge job losses.

More evidence – Mexican manufacturing causes protectionism and collapses growth
Razmi 6, Arslan Rasmi, May 2006, Department of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, “Pursuing Manufacturing-Based Export-Led Growth: Are Developing Countries Increasingly Crowding Each Other Out?” http://www.umass.edu/economics/publications/2006-05.pdf
Given these overlapping perspectives, it is … on countries pursuing the export-led growth paradigm

Protectionism collapses the economy – empirics
Boudreauz, 6 (Donald J. Boudreaux, chairman of the economics department at George Mason University, 11/20/6, “Want world peace? Support free trade.”, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1120/p09s02-coop.html)
Protectionists (of whatever party) believe that consumers … by many Democrats during the recent campaigns.

Extinction – independently causes nuclear war
Pazner, 8 – Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, (Michael J., Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring … Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

International growth is zero sum – plan crowds out China and Japan
Palley 2, Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute, Economic integration, regionalism, and globalization, “Export-Led Growth: Evidence of Developing Country Crowding-out”
Over the last two decades there has been a … subject to a large crowding out effect from Mexico.

Manufacturing independently key to the Chinese economy
Morrison 13 (Wayne M. 7/18/13, “China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States,” Specialist in Asian Trade and Finance, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf)
China as the World’s Largest Manufacturer ¶ China … competitive edge to ¶ emerging nations, including China.”18

Environmental destruction causes global wars – independently turns trade
Homer-Dixon 98 (Thomas, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme – University of Toronto, Associate Fellow – Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, “World Security: Challenges for a New Century”, Third Edition, Edited by Michael Klare and Yogesh Chandrani, pg. 342-343)
Experts have proposed numerous possible links … to trade disputes—and undermining possibilities for cooperation.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC DA

The TPP will leave the EU trade by the wayside
Volz et al 12 -Florian Mölders PhD candidate and Researcher, DIW Berlin Ulrich Volz Senior Researcher, German Development Institute (DIE); and Visiting Professor, Peking University, (“TPP negotiations, anticipatory trade creation, and implications for European trade policy”,  March 23, 2012, http://www.voxeu.org/article/trans-pacific-partnership-and-implications-europe)
The prospect of a coming trade bloc in the Pacific region under leadership of the
AND
recently called the TPP a “discriminatory plurilateral FTA free trade agreement”.

EU trade is key to regional stability and the prevention of an arms race
AFP 11 - Advokatur Fischer and Partner is a law firm in Switzerland, (“EU President urges trade to halt Asia-Pacific militarization”, November 9, 2011, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/EU_President_urges_trade_to_halt_Asia-Pacific_militarisation_999.html)
The Asia-Pacific region is showing signs of militarisation that could lead to an
AND
attention paid to and political activity shown in the region," he added.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC DA

The TPP will cause allow for corporations to subvert regulations accelerating environmental collapse – the Asian-Pacific region is key
Nash-hoff 13 -Michele Nash-Hoff, Founder and President at ElectroFab Sales (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership Trade Agreement Would Harm Our Environment”, 7/10/13
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/the-transpacific-partners_1_b_3568136.html)//
Proponents say that the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement would be a
AND
to vote "no" to granting the President "fast track authority."

Extinction
Diner, 94 David, Ph.D., Planetary Science and Geology, "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who's Endangering Whom?," Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161
To accept that the snail darter, harelip sucker, or Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew
AND
, 80 humankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC DA

The TPP will cause allow for corporations to subvert regulations accelerating environmetal collapse – the Asian-Pacific region is key
Nash-hoff 13 -Michele Nash-Hoff, Founder and President at ElectroFab Sales (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership Trade Agreement Would Harm Our Environment”, 7/10/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/the-transpacific-partners_1_b_3568136.html)//
Proponents say that the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement would be a
AND
to vote "no" to granting the President "fast track authority."

Extinction
Diner, 94 David, Ph.D., Planetary Science and Geology, "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who's Endangering Whom?," Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161
To accept that the snail darter, harelip sucker, or Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew
AND
, 80 humankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC DA

PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital --- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)
The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.

The plan leads to backlash and Mexico will say no – decks solvency
Boehner 12 - Jessa Boehner is the International Program Associate at Public Citizen, http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/12/mexican-unions-say-no-to-free-trade-expansion-through-the-tpp.html, “Mexican Unions Say No to "Free Trade" Expansion Through the TPP”, December 10, 2012
In mid-November, Mexican officials hosted negotiators from the 10 other TPP nations
AND

Say No to Expansion through the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)

Absent energy reforms, Mexico will become a failed state --- overrides resilience
Rathborne 13 (John-Paul 3-20-13; Financial Times, “Mexico’s reform plan lifts hopes for greater prosperity”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a959b3fe-8a4f-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2XizM05rl)
Economists reckon the changes – from tougher competition policy to opening up the country’s almost
AND
on many ears, given that half of the country lives in poverty.

Collapse causes WMD terrorism
Brookes 9 (Peter, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs – Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation, “Mexican Mayhem: Narcotics Traffickers Threaten Mexico and U.S.”, Heritage Commentary, 3-4, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/03/mexican-mayhem-narcotics-traffickers-threaten-mexico-and-us)
Unfortunately, we're entangled in Mexico's lurch toward instability. According to the NDIC,
AND
proximity, that's arguably correct. So what can or should be done?

Terrorism is real and terrorists want nukes --- ensures nuclear winter and extinction
Creamer 11 (Robert, Political Organizer and Strategist – Strategic Consulting Group, “Post-Bin Laden, It's Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good”, Huffington Post, 5-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/post-bin-laden~-~--it-is-ti_b_860954.html)
Worse, al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have vowed to obtain and actually use
AND
. Much of the world's surface would reach winter temperatures in the summer.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC DA

Pemex reform will pass now and PC is key – it’s key to the economy and reverse causal – even the perception of not passing triggers the impact
Porzecanski 10/7 – Bloomberg Businessweek (Katia, “BlackRock’s Finak Is Captivated by Pimco Favorite Mexico”, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-07/blackrock-s-fink-is-captivated-by-pimco-favorite-mexico-credit)
For Laurence D. Fink, who oversees $3.86 trillion as BlackRock … Having a very watered down reform is a real risk.”

Increasing security cooperation is controversial --- nobody likes US interference
Carlson 13 (Sarah 2-11-2013, Program Assistant at University of Minnesota; reporter for The International, “Mexico's Future Shrouded by Ongoing Drug War: Will Nieto's Strategy Prevail?” http://www.theinternational.org/articles/336-mexicos-future-shrouded-by-drug-ongoing)
More recently, unconfirmed suspicions from … the United States is unequal and unbalanced.”

PEMEX reform solves US oil dependence
Hakim 11-26 (Peter 2012, president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/won_t_you_be_my_neighbor?page=0,0)
Beyond immigration, Peña Nieto and his … and/or troubled parts of the world. 

Oil dependence causes extinction
Lendman 7 (Stephen, renowned author and research associate at the Center for Research on Globalization, “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?”, July 2007, http://www.rense.com/general76/-resrouce.htm)
*This card edited to remove holocaust rhetoric which we do not endorse
With the world's energy supplies finite, the … at least a big part of it, would have survived.

2NC Overview

Absent energy reforms, Mexico will become a failed state --- overrides resilience
Rathborne 13 (John-Paul 3-20-13; Financial Times, “Mexico’s reform plan lifts hopes for greater prosperity”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a959b3fe-8a4f-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2XizM05rl)
Economists reckon the changes – from tougher … ears, given that half of the country lives in poverty.

Collapse causes WMD terrorism
Brookes 9 (Peter, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs – Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation, “Mexican Mayhem: Narcotics Traffickers Threaten Mexico and U.S.”, Heritage Commentary, 3-4, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/03/mexican-mayhem-narcotics-traffickers-threaten-mexico-and-us)
Unfortunately, we're entangled in Mexico's lurch toward … correct. So what can or should be done?

Terrorism is real and terrorists want nukes --- ensures nuclear winter and extinction
Creamer 11 (Robert, Political Organizer and Strategist – Strategic Consulting Group, “Post-Bin Laden, It's Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good”, Huffington Post, 5-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/post-bin-laden~-~--it-is-ti_b_860954.html)
Worse, al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have … surface would reach winter temperatures in the summer.

2NC Turns Economy

PEMEX production declines cause instability, drug violence, oil dependence, and US economic decline --- only reform solves
Wood 9 (Duncan, 11-30-2009; Mexico Institute Director at the Wilson Center “Cantarell, Mexico's Economy and Interdependence,”, 2009. http://csis.org/blog/cantarell-mexicos-economy-and-interdependence)
On Tuesday the 17th of November Mexican energy authorities … insecurity in Mexico impacts negatively on US economic growth. 

2NC Turns Hegemony

Dependence overstretches the military
EPIC 12 (Energy Policy Information Center, “‘What’s Really Behind the Anti-Oil Movement’ – Safe Response,” April 26, 2012, http://energypolicyinfo.com/2012/04/whats-really-behind-the-anti-oil-movement-safe-response/)
The U.S. commitment to global oil security is …, plus an additional $8 billion in military operations.

2NC Turns Asia War

Oil dependence makes US China war inevitable
Klare 10 (Michael Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, “Tomgram: Michael Klare, China Shakes the World,” September 19, 2010, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175297/tomgram3A_michael_klare2C_china_shakes_the_world)
Already, China’s efforts to bolster its ties with its …, however, China’s energy decisions will shake the world.

2NC Turns Mexico Relations

Oil production collapse turns every Mexico impact
O’Sullivan 12 (Meghan 7-30-2012; professor of international affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, “Mexican Oil Reforms Are Vital on Both Sides of the Border” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-30/mexican-oil-reforms-are-vital-on-both-sides-of-the-border.html)
These protests are the second in a string of … of oil by 2020, ceasing exports to the U.S. altogether. 

2NC Link – Generic

Cooperation with the US is unpopular --- particularly with the PRI
Long 13 (Tom Long 4-16-2013 Doctoral research fellow, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University, "Will tensions over security spoil the Obama-Peña Nieto Summit?” American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, aulablog.net/2013/04/16/will-tensions-over-security-spoil-the-obama-pena-nieto-summit/)
Peña Nieto’s political incentives do not point to …. judicial reform could also grow more serious.

2NC Link – Magnifier

--- Anti-US sentiment --- allows opposition to drum up controversy
Hakim 13 (Peter Hakim, 5-1-2013; president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue, Reuters “Which Mexico for Obama?” http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/05/01/which-mexico-for-obama/)
When President Barack Obama meets this week … crisis left the Mexican economy reeling in 2009.

 --- Coalition fragility --- infighting reduces the chance of passage and the link independently tanks investment confidence
Cattan 13 (Nacha 5-21-2013; Bloomberg News Pena Nieto’s Mexico Energy Reform Faces Delay in PAN Shakeup http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-21/pena-nieto-s-mexico-energy-reform-faces-delay-in-pan-shakeup.html)
“The PAN can’t be a satellite of the PRI,” Cordero … going to complicate the investment” outlook. 

2NC UQ – Yes PC

PRI support gives Pena Nieto the PC he needs to negotiate
Pabst 13 (Mark, 4-12-13, writer for Credit Suisse’s The Financialist, "Saving Mexico's Golden Goose," www.thefinancialist.com/saving-mexicos-golden-goose-pemex-mexico-oil/)
No one is more enthusiastic about reforming Pemex … incremental changes,” Negroponte told The Financialist.

• • • Yes vote switching --- Nieto is staying away from unpopular issues now --- the plan wrecks that
      Negroponte 8-7 (Diana Villiers 8-7-2013;  Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Institute; “Reforming PEMEX: Awaking the Mexican Bronco” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/08/07-reform-pemex-mexico-negroponte)
      With the support of the rightist PAN and the … express their opinions and gradually accept the new reality.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC DA

PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital --- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)
The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.

The plan leads to backlash and Mexico will say no – decks solvency
Boehner 12 – Jessa Boehner is the International Program Associate at Public Citizen, http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2012/12/mexican-unions-say-no-to-free-trade-expansion-through-the-tpp.html, “Mexican Unions Say No to "Free Trade" Expansion Through the TPP”, December 10, 2012
In mid-November, Mexican officials hosted negotiators from the 10 other TPP nations
AND
Say No to Expansion through the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)

Absent energy reforms, Mexico will become a failed state --- overrides resilience
Rathborne 13 (John-Paul 3-20-13; Financial Times, “Mexico’s reform plan lifts hopes for greater prosperity”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a959b3fe-8a4f-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2XizM05rl)
Economists reckon the changes – from tougher competition policy to opening up the country’s almost
AND
on many ears, given that half of the country lives in poverty.

Collapse causes WMD terrorism
Brookes 9 (Peter, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs – Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation, “Mexican Mayhem: Narcotics Traffickers Threaten Mexico and U.S.”, Heritage Commentary, 3-4, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/03/mexican-mayhem-narcotics-traffickers-threaten-mexico-and-us)
Unfortunately, we're entangled in Mexico's lurch toward instability. According to the NDIC,
AND
proximity, that's arguably correct. So what can or should be done?

Terrorism is real and terrorists want nukes --- ensures nuclear winter and extinction
Creamer 11 (Robert, Political Organizer and Strategist – Strategic Consulting Group, “Post-Bin Laden, It's Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good”, Huffington Post, 5-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/post-bin-laden~-~~-~-it-is-ti_b_860954.html)
Worse, al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have vowed to obtain and actually use
AND
. Much of the world's surface would reach winter temperatures in the summer.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC DA

Oil prices rising but balanced now --- most predictive evidence
MarketWatch 9-11 (“Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term”, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)
MADRID (MarketWatch) -- Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC's predictions for Syria supply.

The plan triggers an OPEC flood
Kole 7 (William, Correspondent – AP, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets”, 9-8, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt)
If you remember what happened in the 1970's (look it up if you don't
AND
a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.

Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy --- overwhelms resiliency
Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)
MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.

The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

2NC Turns Manufacturing

High oil prices save the US manufacturing industry
Thomas 8 – Professor of Operations Management @ Cornell, Ph.D Operations Research @ Yale, former Professor of Manufacturing and Production @ Cornell, (Louis Joseph, “Viewpoint – High Oil Prices Could Help U.S. Manufacturing”, 8/8/08, http://www.industryweek.com/global-economy/viewpoint-high-oil-prices-could-help-us-manufacturing)
Prices have dropped from $140 a barrel, but the era of cheap oil
AND
This competitive advantage will keep their manufacturing jobs in the U.S. 

2NC Turns Warming
Low oil prices massively boost emissions
Roberts 4 (Paul Roberts, Harper's Magazine, Finalist for the National Magazine Award, The End of Oil: A Perilous New World, 2004, p. 161-162)
Yet as we have seen with the United States and other developed na¬tions, such
AND
percent by 2035, effectively destroying any chance at meeting a carbon target.

2NC Uniqueness

Oil prices are rising slowly – shutdown puts them on the brink
Goriondi 10/8 – Associated Press (Pablo, “Price of oil rises to near $104 as third-quarter US corporate earnings season gets under way”, http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226853051.html)
The price of oil climbed to near $104 a barrel Tuesday as the imminent
AND
back to their jobs, and many nonessential agencies and services were shuttered. 

Will remain above $100 --- best and most predictive evidence
AllAfrica News 7-30 (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/)
Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

2NC Link
The plan freaks out speculators
Spectator Business 8 (“The sheikhs still call the shots”, July / August, Lexis)
The stereotype of indolent sheikhs counting their petrodollars while the industrial world grinds to a
AND
and cowardly of them to pretend that they do not hold that power.

And --- that supercharges the link
Stevens 7-25 (Paul, Fellow – Chatham House, “The world might be drifting into an oil price shock”, Financial Times, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/fb0dd938-f493-11e2-a62e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2aYnzQWdw)
Thus market responses will affect prices as in 1986, possibly leading to a significant
AND
respond faster to lower prices than was the case in the early 1980s.

2NC Link – Border Infrastructure

Inadequate border infrastructure is the only thing preventing effective oil trade --- the plan reverses this through its investment
Lee and Wilson, their author, 12 – Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies, and Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Erik, on the international advisory board for the journal Latin American Policy, and Christopher E. , previously served as a Mexico Analyst for the U.S. ¶ Military http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf¶ “The State of Trade, Competitiveness and Economic Well-being in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region” June 2012)
The National Economic Impact of Bilateral Trade and Border ¶ Management¶ Commerce between the
AND
the United ¶ States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.

2NC AT: No Flood – Financial Concerns

Monetary reserves solve domestic concerns
Hargreaves 13 (Steven, senior writer for CNN Money, CNN Money, July 18, 2013, CNN Money, http://www.money.cnn.com/2013/07/18/news/economy/opec-oil/index.html?iid=Lead)
Related: The case for $70 oil The pain won't be evenly spread.
AND
a decade or so and shale production will never spread to other countries.

2NC AT: Shale

Won’t flood because of shale --- they’re investing in it
Jaffe 13 (Amy Myers, Executive Director for Energy and Sustainability – University of California-Davis, Former Fellow in Energy Studies and Director – James Baker III Institute for Public Policy, “OPEC Reacts to US Shale Oil Boom with New Strategy”, The Energy Collective, 4-15, http://theenergycollective.com/amjaffe/209501/opec-starts-react-us-shale-boom-new-strategy)
The first signs are emerging that key Persian Gulf members of the Organization of Petroleum
AND
projects such as the Quesaiba shale and the Nafud Basin north of Riyadh.

2NC Russia Impact

Any sustained drop below $100 per barrel causes Russian collapse --- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, “After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013”, Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)
It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was $50 to $55.

2NC Russia Impact – AT: Dutch Disease

Russian diversification now --- only oil revenues sustain it --- means this is offense for us
Dejevsky 12 (Mary, Chief Editorial Writer and Columnist – The Independent, Honorary Research Fellow – University of Buckingham, “It's all change in the Russian economy”, The Independent, 11-13, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-all-change-in-the-russian-economy-8307374.html)
But, following meetings in St Petersburg and Moscow last month, as part of
AND
street level, tends to be obscured by the focus on external trade.

2NC AT: DOD Renewables

Current alternatives aren’t replacing oil --- if anything will supplement
Sud 8 (Hari, investment strategies analyst and international relations manager, graduate of Punjab University and the University of Missouri, “High oil prices may boost nuclear power”, 12/5/08, http://www.upiasia.com/Economics/2008/12/05/high_oil_prices_may_boost_nuclear_power/2990/)
Toronto, ON, Canada, — Oil, priced at US$147 a
AND
solar and wind energy can only supplement nuclear, coal and hydroelectric sources.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC DA

The TPP will accelerate overfishing
Sakai 11 – Courtney Sakai is a staff writer for OCEANA, (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership:
Promoting Sustainable Trade in Seafood Products”, December 2011,http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/Wilson_Center_TPP_Handout__Dec2011_FINAL.pdf)//
The world depends on the oceans for food and livelihood. More than a billion
AND
can address two major fisheries trade issues -- subsidies and illegal fishing. ¶ 

Overfishing cause extinction
Safina et al 95 -Mercedes Lee and Carl Safina, Safina is author of 6 books and roughly 200 scientific and popular publications, including features in The New York Times, and National Geographic and a new Foreword to Rachel Carson’s The Sea Around Us, Originally published in Current: The Journal of Marine Education, 13: 5-9, 1995, (“The Effects of Overfishing on Marine Biodiversity”, 1995, http://www.seaweb.org/resources/articles/writings/safina1.php)//
"The last fallen mahogany would lie perceptibly on the landscape, and the last
AND
. (Thorne-Miller and Catena, 1991, p. 10)

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Hunter McCullough
1NC DA

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Internal pressure would cause China Bashing- causes a China trade war, erodes relations and global cooperation
Bohan 13 (Caren Bohan, journalist and the White House correspondent for the Reuters news agency. 5/29/13, "Why China-Bashing Matters," National Journal. www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-china-bashing-matters-20120927)
China-bashing by U.S. presidential candidates is nothing new. On
AND
tension but we may well see much broader trade tension in the world.”

2NC Impact

Rolls back engagement and turns Latin American co-op and stability
Lopez 98 – Bernardo V. Lopez, September 10, 1998, Business World, “Global Recession Phase Two: Catastrophic,” p. Lexis
Certainly, global recession will spawn wars of all kinds. Ethnic wars can easily
AND
aberrations like the El Nino, global recession will degrade a step further. 

Independently ---- protectionism goes global --- nuclear war
Panzer 8 – Michael J., Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Formal barriers are simply replaced by regulatory ones. Takes out 100 of solvency because there’s no increase in trade.
Bouët  2 – Antoine Bouët and Jacques Le Cacheux, Senior Research Fellows at the International Food Policy Research Institute “Desirable and Undesirable International Effects of Agricultural Liberalization in the North”, 2002, http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/communications/pdf/2002/141102/bouet.pdf
About this issue, another element of the debate is to consider that technical,
AND
(or zero) applied tariffs, developing countries exports might not increase. 

Causes net-less engagement
Panagariya 5 – Arvind Panagariya, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, “Agricultural Liberalisation and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies”, The World Economy, 28(9), September 2005, p. 1289-1291
Some analysts argue, however, that the importers need not necessarily lose from the
AND
they are in danger of losing even some of their existing market access. 

Ruins the signal of the plan
Elliott 6 – Kimberly Ann Elliott, Senior Fellow at the Center for Global Development and Peterson Institute for International Economics, Delivering on Doha: Farm Trade and the Poor, 2006, p. 87
Many analysts are increasingly concerned that as tariffs and other traditional barriers to trade come
AND
may be restricted to particular regions within an exporting country), and transparency.

2NC Uniqueness

It’s a tight-rope --- engagement’s happening now, but the scope is constrained by the willingness of domestic lobbies --- plan goes too far
Lowenthal 10 – Abraham F. Lowenthal, Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and President Emeritus of the Pacific Council on International Policy, “Obama and the Americas: Promise, Disappointment, Opportunity”, Foreign Affairs, August, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2428
CONFLICTING CONCERNS¶ It is much too early to know how the Obama administration's policy
AND
efforts by Latin American and Caribbean governments to strengthen their effective democratic governance. 

Protectionism’s limited
Subramanian 13 – Arvind Subramanian, Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and at the Center for Global Development, “The Curious Case of the Protectionist Dog That Has Not Barked”, Financial Times, 7-10, http://www.piie.com/publications/opeds/oped.cfm?ResearchID=2440
Good news about the world economy is scarce. Even on trade, Pascal Lamy
AND
in recent years may well have been the absence of bad protectionist news.

No trade engagement now
Ayuso 12 – Anna Ayuso, Research Fellow at CIDOB, “Obama's Remote Proximity in Latin America”, 12-18, http://www.cidob.org/en/publicacions/opinio/america_latina/obama_s_remote_proximity_in_latin_america
Throughout his four-year term Obama has not managed to improve substantially the influence
AND
global issues that require a regional focus, but there exists no consensus.

2NC AT: Engagement Now

Politics dictates the pace of engagement --- Obama’s walking a line to keep domestic support
Okezie, ‘10
Okezie Chukwumerije, Professor of Law, Thurgood Marshall School of Law, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, 5/19/10, http://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Volume2016.1/Chukwumerije20MACRO.pdf
The second reason the administration must act quickly in declaring its trade policy goals is
AND
practical constraints of politics should dictate the pace and trajectory of trade liberalization.

Engagement is limited because of distractions and status quo engagement is domestically popular
Cohen 12 (Trevor Cohen, BA in International Relations and Latin American Studies from Dickinson College. He is a Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and the former Latin America Editor at Fair Observer. 8/29/12. "Obama on Latin America: Negligent, but Prudent (B-)". Fair Observer. www.fairobserver.com/article/obama-latin-america-negligent-prudent-b)
In his first year as president, Obama succeeded in raising the popularity of the
AND
the world together, as the rising global powers of the 21st century.

2NC AT: FTA’s Now

Even if there are FTAs- it’s balanced in the status quo
Sally 08 (Razeen Sally,adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute and co-Director of the European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), a international economic policy think tank based in Brussels. "Globalisation and the Political Economy of Trade Liberalisation in the BRIICS". www.oecd.org/trade/gft/40388361.pdf)
India's private sector, in contrast, has changed since the opening of the economy
AND
in trade negotiations, but somewhat more flexible on unilateral ¶ liberalisation.12

Protectionism’s limited because Obama’s holding it off --- especially toward Latin America
Sgrenci 9 – Adam Sgrenci, Masters in International Relations at San Francisco State, “Obama in Latin America: Got Hope?”, Global Alternatives, 1-20, http://globalalternatives.org/node/101
If the militarization of foreign policy can be addressed, Obama’s Latin American Policy team
AND
the deepest rifts between rich and poor Latin Americans will only grow deeper.

Protectionism’s limited, but could rebound
Dadush 11 – Uri Dadush, PhD in Business Economics from Harvard, Senior Associate and Director of Carnegie’s International Economics Program, Shimelse Ali, Rachel Odell, “Why is Protectionism Dormant?”, Carnegie Endowment Report, 5-26, http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/05/26/why-is-protectionism-dormant/fufs

Though countries enacted hundreds of protectionist measures during the global financial crisis, only a
AND
increased the role of trade in production and in consumption—deter protectionism.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC DA

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

2NC Overview

Rolls back engagement and turns Latin American co-op and stability
Lopez 98 – Bernardo V. Lopez, September 10, 1998, Business World, “Global Recession Phase Two: Catastrophic,” p. Lexis
Certainly, global recession will spawn wars of all kinds. Ethnic wars can easily
AND
aberrations like the El Nino, global recession will degrade a step further. 

Independently ---- protectionism goes global --- nuclear war
Panzer 8 – Michael J., Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Formal barriers are simply replaced by regulatory ones. Takes out 100 of solvency because there’s no increase in trade.
Bouët  2 – Antoine Bouët and Jacques Le Cacheux, Senior Research Fellows at the International Food Policy Research Institute “Desirable and Undesirable International Effects of Agricultural Liberalization in the North”, 2002, http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/communications/pdf/2002/141102/bouet.pdf
About this issue, another element of the debate is to consider that technical,
AND
(or zero) applied tariffs, developing countries exports might not increase. 

Causes net-less engagement
Panagariya 5 – Arvind Panagariya, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, “Agricultural Liberalisation and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies”, The World Economy, 28(9), September 2005, p. 1289-1291
Some analysts argue, however, that the importers need not necessarily lose from the
AND
they are in danger of losing even some of their existing market access. 

Ruins the signal of the plan
Elliott 6 – Kimberly Ann Elliott, Senior Fellow at the Center for Global Development and Peterson Institute for International Economics, Delivering on Doha: Farm Trade and the Poor, 2006, p. 87
Many analysts are increasingly concerned that as tariffs and other traditional barriers to trade come
AND
may be restricted to particular regions within an exporting country), and transparency.

2NC China Bashing

Internal pressure would cause China Bashing- causes a China trade war, erodes relations and global cooperation
Bohan 13 (Caren Bohan, journalist and the White House correspondent for the Reuters news agency. 5/29/13. "Why China-Bashing Matters". National Journal. www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-china-bashing-matters-20120927)
China-bashing by U.S. presidential candidates is nothing new. On
AND
tension but we may well see much broader trade tension in the world.”

Extinction
Johnson 1 (Chalmers, President – Japan Policy Research Institute, “Time to Bring the Troops Home”, The Nation, 4-26, http://ieas.berkeley.edu/cks/k12/girling_troops.doc)
In East Asia, the United States maintains massive and expensive military forces poised to
AND
aggressor. More seriously, it could easily escalate into a nuclear holocaust.  

2NC Link

Protectionists hijack lower barriers to justify sweeping new measures --- and, independently, greater imports cause consumer pressure for regulation
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
¶ The Challenge of Success¶ Regulatory protectionism has risen in prominence in recent decades
AND
the various ways that protectionism can impact the existence and substance of regulation.

Especially for Latin American trade
Lindsey 2 – Brink Lindsey, Director of the Cato Institute's Center for Trade Policy Studies, “U.S. Protectionism Imperils Free Trade Talks With Latins”, Wall Street Journal, 3-22, http://online.wsj.com/article/0_{SB1016762243794897840,00.html
On his tour of Mexico, Peru and El Salvador, which began yesterday,
AND
fight for the national interest in open markets against parochial interests in protectionism.}

2NC Link – Agriculture

Engaging on ag causes huge lobby backlash
Khor 2 (Martin, Director – Third World Network, “The Main Issues in North-South Free Trade Agreements”, http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/resurgence/182-183/Cover02.doc)
As Smith (2005) points out, there are a number of structural problems
AND
countries were too small to have an appreciable impact on the US economy. 

Ag lobby outweighs others on trade policy
Stokes 7 (Bruce, International Economic Columnist – National Journal, “Protectionism and Politics”, Economic Perspectives, January, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/ep/ep_jan07/ep_jan07_stokes.pdf)
The ability of special interests to influence trade policy, and whether they can continue
AND
. Senate, reinforcing support for American agricultural subsidies that can distort trade.

2NC Link – Embargo

Embargo serves the interests of domestic protectionists
Sircio 98 (Robert A., president of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty, Cato Institute Policy Forum, “Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement,” 5/27/98, http://www.cato.org/publications/trade-briefing-paper/free-trade-human-rights-moral-case-engagement)
The freedom of Americans to trade and invest abroad is being challenged in the name
AND
best policy for promoting freedom and human rights remains economic and moral engagement.

2NC Trade Good – Economy

Trade accelerates growth—consensus of economists
Lloyd 11 (Lloyd, Peter, professor of economics at the University of Melbourne, 2011“Free Trade and Growth in the World Economy”, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/94645/sub003-attachment.pdf)
 The unanimous view of trade economists today is that free trade is the best
AND
Countries by economists and institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF. 

2NC Uniqueness

It’s a tight-rope --- engagement’s happening now, but the scope is constrained by the willingness of domestic lobbies --- plan goes too far
Lowenthal 10 – Abraham F. Lowenthal, Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and President Emeritus of the Pacific Council on International Policy, “Obama and the Americas: Promise, Disappointment, Opportunity”, Foreign Affairs, August, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2428
CONFLICTING CONCERNS¶ It is much too early to know how the Obama administration's policy
AND
efforts by Latin American and Caribbean governments to strengthen their effective democratic governance. 

Protectionism’s limited
Subramanian 13 – Arvind Subramanian, Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and at the Center for Global Development, “The Curious Case of the Protectionist Dog That Has Not Barked”, Financial Times, 7-10, http://www.piie.com/publications/opeds/oped.cfm?ResearchID=2440
Good news about the world economy is scarce. Even on trade, Pascal Lamy
AND
in recent years may well have been the absence of bad protectionist news.

2NC AT: SQ Trade Deals

Even if trade deals exist- they are written to appease lobbies
Bhagwati 11 (Jagdish N. Bhagwati, writter for the New York Times. 7/24/11. "The Wrong Way to Free Trade". New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/opinion/25bhagwati.html)
When the United States negotiates bilateral deals with other countries, the unbalanced nature of
AND
, as they did with the three long-delayed agreements now pending.

2NC Turns Hegemony

Trade is key to heg --- sustains hard and soft power
Zollick 1 (Robert – former US Trade Representative, “American Trade Leadership: What is at Stake?” http://montevideo.usembassy.gov/usaweb/paginas/22-02-01EN.shtml)
Earlier enemies learned that America is the arsenal of democracy; today's enemies will learn
AND
efficiency. It promotes the values at the heart of this protracted struggle.

2NC Turns Environment

Trade is key to the environment
Schoenbaum 92 (Thomas - Prof @ Dean Rusk Center for International and Comparative Law @ UGA, “Trade and Environment: Free International Trade and Protection of the Environment: Irreconcilable conflict?”  86 A.J.I.L. 700 lexis)
The environmentalists who argue that free trade will destroy the environment are shortsighted and wrong
AND
, particularly for developing countries, to control pollution and protect the environment.

2NC Turns Asia War

Economic decline causes Asian war
Lopez 98 (Bernardo V. Lopez, September 10, 1998, BusinessWorld, “Global recession phase two: Catastrophic,” Lexis)
Certainly, global recession will spawn wars of all kinds. Ethnic wars can easily
AND
commodities such as in the computer, telecommunications, electronic and automotive industries.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC DA

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy --- turns case
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Domestic protectionism forces NAFTA re-negotiation
O’Brien 8 (Dan, Senior Editor – Economic Intelligence Unit, “Our Vested Interest in a McCain Win”, Sunday Business Post, 11-2,http://www.sbpost.ie/post/pages/p/story.aspx-qqqt=GUEST+WRITER-qqqs=commentandanalysis-qqqid=37213-qqqx=1.asp)
Anti-globalisation sentiment is widespread in the Democratic Party, which has traditionally been
AND
North American Free Trade Agreement. Obama may not be able to resist.

Renegotiating NAFTA ruins US/Canadian relations
Noga 8 (Edward, Editor – Rubber and Plastics News, “Empty Promises”, Rubber and Plastics News, 3-10, Lexis)
Renegotiate what? The free trade horse has left the barn. Why would Canada
AND
. Ruining the nation's relationships with its neighbors is not a good option.

That causes accidental US/Russian nuclear war
Huebert 7 (Dr. Rob, Professor of Political Science – University of Calgary, “Canada and the Circumpolar World: Meeting the Challenges of Cooperation into the Twenty-First Century”, Omitted Arctic Security Issues, http://www.carc.org/calgary/a4.htm)
The potential for an accidental nuclear war remains as a threat to the Arctic regions
AND
practices in which American perceptions of the threat dictate Canadian northern security concerns.

2NC Overview

US-Russia war is the largest existential risk --- that outweighs
Bostrom 2 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy – Oxford Unviersity, “Existential risk”, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently. 

Formal barriers are simply replaced by regulatory ones. Takes out 100 of solvency because there’s no increase in trade.
Bouët  2 – Antoine Bouët and Jacques Le Cacheux, Senior Research Fellows at the International Food Policy Research Institute “Desirable and Undesirable International Effects of Agricultural Liberalization in the North”, 2002, http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/communications/pdf/2002/141102/bouet.pdf
About this issue, another element of the debate is to consider that technical,
AND
(or zero) applied tariffs, developing countries exports might not increase. 

Causes net-less engagement
Panagariya 5 – Arvind Panagariya, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, “Agricultural Liberalisation and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies”, The World Economy, 28(9), September 2005, p. 1289-1291
Some analysts argue, however, that the importers need not necessarily lose from the
AND
they are in danger of losing even some of their existing market access. 

Ruins the signal of the plan
Elliott 6 – Kimberly Ann Elliott, Senior Fellow at the Center for Global Development and Peterson Institute for International Economics, Delivering on Doha: Farm Trade and the Poor, 2006, p. 87
Many analysts are increasingly concerned that as tariffs and other traditional barriers to trade come
AND
may be restricted to particular regions within an exporting country), and transparency.
2NC Renegotiation Bad – Manufacturing

Renegotiation kills manufacturing
Christman 8 (Daniel W., Senior Vice President for International Affairs – US Chamber of Commerce, “Renegotiating NAFTA in Era of Globalization would Handicap our Trade Driven Economy”, The Sacramento Bee, 9-18, Lexis)
As the campaign rhetoric escalated this year, no issue was kicked around quite as
AND
recent years has seen our factories set new records for output and revenues. 

2NC Protectionism Bad

Independently ---- protectionism goes global --- nuclear war
Panzer 8 – Michael J., Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

2NC Protectionism Bad – Economy

Protectionism shatters the economy – causing global depression
Moore 2 (Stephen, Senior Fellow – CATO Institute, “A Comeback for Protectionism?”, Washington Times, Lexis)
The rise in worldwide tariffs, quotas and government subsidies to domestic industries is arguably
AND
was a global depression and a plunging of living standards here and abroad. 

2NC China Bashing Impact

Internal pressure would cause China Bashing- causes a China trade war, erodes relations and global cooperation
Bohan 13 (Caren Bohan, journalist and the White House correspondent for the Reuters news agency. 5/29/13. "Why China-Bashing Matters". National Journal. www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-china-bashing-matters-20120927)
China-bashing by U.S. presidential candidates is nothing new. On
AND
tension but we may well see much broader trade tension in the world.”

2NC Link – Mexico

Expanding Mexican trade causes a protectionist backlash
Okezie, ’10 (Okezie Chukwumerije, Professor of Law, Thurgood Marshall School of Law, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, 5/19/10,http://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Volume2016.1/Chukwumerije20MACRO.pdf)
217 De- spite the caveat about his opposition to the provision, Obama?
AND
to make trade liberalization an important part of its economic recovery program.” 225

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
The affirmative choice of the mechanism of transportation is not neutral --- it ascribes to ableist norms of movement and creates corporeal inequality
Imrie 2k (Rob Imrie, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, “Disability and Discourses of Mobility and Movement,” Environment and Planning, Vol. 32, January 6, 2000, http://www.environmentandplanning.com/epa/fulltext/a32/a331.pdf)
Disabled people's mobility and movement are highly circumscribed by sociocultural attitudes, practices, and
AND
are demanding, not to have their needs defined and met by others”.

These corporeal divisions are the foundation of eugenic mass extermination of the Other
Wilson 06 (Daniel J. Wilson, “Cultural Locations of Disability,” October 8, 2006)
In two chapters on the eugenics movement, Snyder and Mitchell ‘analyze eugenics is
AND
medicine have considered disability as abnormal and in need of repair or elimination.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC K

The affirmative’s construction of threats justifies endless warfare, serial policy failure, and denies the value to life
Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject the 1ac’s securitized discourse in favor of epistemological and ontological questioning— that avoids error replication
Bruce and Cheeseman, 96 (Robert, Assoc. Prof in social sciences at Curtin university, and Graeme, Senior Lecturer at New South Wales, 1996, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
Indeed, they believe that debate will be furthered only through a long overdue critical
AND
meaning and which direct Australia’s policy/analytical/military responses’.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park TI | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
1NC K

The affirmative’s construction of threats justifies endless warfare, serial policy failure, and denies the value to life
Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject the 1ac’s securitized discourse in favor of epistemological and ontological questioning— that avoids error replication
Bruce and Cheeseman, 96 (Robert, Assoc. Prof in social sciences at Curtin university, and Graeme, Senior Lecturer at New South Wales, 1996, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
Indeed, they believe that debate will be furthered only through a long overdue critical
AND
meaning and which direct Australia’s policy/analytical/military responses’.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest FJ | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
1NC K

The aff is wed to a dangerous anxiety of the icy wind of death – this ceaseless terror destroys life and makes catastrophic violence inevitable
DAVIS 2001 (Walter A. Davis, Professor of English at Ohio State, 2001, “Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative,” p. 103-104)
We begin with an effort to describe what is the deepest experience—the one
AND
a breakdown into the future, because the breakdown has already occurred.8 

This flee from death flees from life itself – alternatively, in the face of extinction, vote negative to sacrifice the 1AC – only through total sacrifice of the plan can we restore life
RAZINSKY 2009 (Liran Razinsky, University of Wisconsin, “How to Look Death in the Eyes: Freud and Bataille”)
Thus we see that the stakes are high. What is at stake is the
AND
vivid,and fresh, and interesting when death is witnessed directly.

2NC Framework

Framing comes first – if we win our links then it turns the case and means our framework is a prerequisite
The Frameworks Institute 03 (“The FrameWorks Perspective: Strategic Frame Analysis”, http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/strategicanalysis/perspective.shtml -- note changed men to someone – marked in card – we don’t support gendered language – can was also added for grammar)
By framing, we mean how messages are encoded with meaning so that they can
AND
shared and durable cultural models that help us make sense of our world.

2NC AT: Arguments About Consequences of Aff

Zizek, 2 (Slavoj, The Puppet and the Dwarf, 94-95)
Insofar as “death” and “life” desgnate for Saint paul two existential
AND
Only when we are ready to take this risk are we really alive. 

Death is NOT A THING
Lanza 11 –  American Doctor of Medicine, scientist, Chief Scientific Officer of Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) and Adjunct Professor at the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, inventor of modern cell-replication and cloning processes, (Robert, “What Is Death?”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza/transcending-death_b_865233.html)
We all know the biological reason we age and die. Our bodies break down
AND
advocacy, but more often than not a reciprocal engagement with creative experimentation. 

2NC Risk Calculus

The aff’s fear of death creates a tunnel-vision focus on the Fountain’s escape from death and rejects what we don’t know rather than trying to understand it – this generates endless violence and privileges speculation and fear over concrete risk assessment based on the probability of impacts which guarantees error replication and serial policy failure
Furedi 10 (Frank Furedi, professor of sociology at the University of Kent and author of several books, “Fear is key to irresponsibility”, 10/9/2010, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/fear-is-key-to-irresponsibility/story-e6frg6zo-1225935797740 -- note replaced as with is for grammar noted by brackets)
In the 21st century the optimistic belief in humanity's potential for subduing the unknown and
AND
risk assessment, that led to a panicky official ban on air traffic.

2NC Predictions Fail

Prediction is impossible – linear analysis causes policy failure
Sa, 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, (“CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL,”  International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)RK
In many cases, a small choice might lead to overwhelming results that generate either
AND
states, the same environments, and governed by the same causal relationships.

2NC Alternative

The alt solves extinction – conquering fear is critical to life affirmation and preventing nuclear war
Child, 86 (James W., professor of philosophy, Bowling Green State University, “Nuclear War: The Moral Dimension,” Transaction Publishers, pg. 176, Tashma)
Likewise, we must develop strong, unfrightened, affirmative attitudes toward the risk of
AND
of nuclear war if we are ever to make that risk go away. 

The alternative rearranges dominant Western epistemologies – the simultaneously chaotic and structural nature of sacrifice end violence through violence – French Revolution proves
Goldhammer 5 - Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Berkeley (Jesse, “The Headless Republic”, pg 23-25)rkezios
Turner argues that sacrifice permits human collectivities to cope with the "negative sentiments"
AND
contract. Instead, in the beginning, there is only sacrificial blood.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest FJ | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
1NC T

The aff’s not topical --- it’s cultural engagement
Mark, 7 (“Iron Man Diplomacy,” The Backyard, 11/20/07, http://thebackyardblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/iron-man-diplomacy.html)
The U.S. finally defeated Cuba this week! Do not panic –
AND
familiar tension between American universalism and exceptionalism has found its way into baseball.

That’s distinct from economic engagement
Lee, 12 – Instructor, Department of Military and Strategic Studies, Republic of Korea Air Force Academy (Jeongseok, “Hedging against Uncertain Future: The Response of East Asian Secondary Powers to Rising China” http://rc41.ipsa.org/public/Madrid_2012/lee.pdf)
The Seventh option is to engage with the ascending power. Engagement is defined as
AND
require significant compensations nor costs, and it does not risk provoking antagonism. 

Voting issue for predictable limits --- they open the floodgates for affs that do any kind of engagement --- creates stale debates where the neg is never prepared to engage in a meaningful discussion about the aff --- also destroys fairness

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Travis Henderson
1NC T

Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
“Economic sanctions”, a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

B – Plan violates. It solely lifts restrictions that pertain to a specific good – rice

C – Voter. They make the topic explode by allowing the Aff to tweak the embargo however they want. The topical version of the aff is to lift the whole embargo or a large coordinated set of restrictions. Limits are vital to preparation, clash and depth. Destroys ground- allows them to skirt past any Cuba disad

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Heritage Hall NC | Judge: Matt Carswell
1NC T

Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
“Economic sanctions”, a mode of coercion in … displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westminster FM | Judge: Mike Fannon
1NC T

The aff is not topical – assistance is not engagement.
Balducci 10 (Giuseppe, Phd @ University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies, September 2010, “The EU’s promotion of human rights in China: a consistent and coordinated constructive engagement?,”  http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3895/1/WRAP_THESIS_Balducci_2010.pdf)
Chapter 3 has shown that the EU’s strategy … approaches towards human rights in China. 

That’s a voting issue for limits and ground – allowing the negative to invest in any small government program makes the topic infinite, and guts core engagement generics.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC T

A. Interpretation – engagement towards a government must be conditional, the plan isn’t
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Many different types of engagement strategies exist, depending on who is engaged, the
AND
private sector in the hopes of promoting forces that will eventually facilitate cooperation.}

B. Violation – the action of the 1ac isn’t conditioned on anything 

C. That’s a voting issue – for limits and ground – engagement is a huge mechanism; requiring the affirmative to use a predictable mechanism like a quid pro quo is essential for disad links that ‘engagement’ and critiques of attaching strings

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Eric Oddo
1NC T

The aff is not topical- Engagement requires direct talks- key to precision
Crocker 09 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, “Terms of Engagement”, New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0)
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior. 

Voting issue  – 

Limits  –  requiring direct talks between governments places a functional limit on the topic because few Affs can defend the process. Specific import cases can’t beat the PIC out of talks, controlling the Neg’s research burden

Ground  –  talks are a stable mechanism for DA links and competition for counterplans