1AC --- Commercialization Adv. The US pharmaceutical industry lacks new drugs --- the plan is key to cure diseases. NRC 12 (National Research Council, Committee on Comparative National Innovation Policies, Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy for the Global Economy,” National Academies Press, 2012, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100307/#ch6.s36) Strategic importance The pharmaceutical industry produces medicines and vaccines that are essential to the well AND the rate at which new drugs are being introduced has slowed substantially.420 Cuba is key --- only by partnering with them can we commercialize effective vaccines for cancer MacLean 13 (Jo MacLean, “Cuba Creates Four Anti-Cancer Vaccines, Media Ignores It,” Green Left, February 25, 2013, https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/53426) That Cuba has already developed four vaccines or inoculations against different types of cancer is AND access to the Cuban vaccine Heperprot P, which would prevent such amputations. Cancer is a leading systemic killer of millions of lives --- WHO 13 (World Health Organization, “Cancer,” January 2013, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/) Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million AND , with an estimated 13.1 million deaths in 2030 (2).
Long-term human survival is directly related to the ability to treat cancer Sircus 10 (Dr. Mark Sircus, Director International Medical Veritas Association, Doctor of Oriental and Pastoral Medicine, “Emergency Room Medicine for Cancer Treatment,” April 23, 2010, http://drsircus.com/medicine/cancer/emergency-room-medicine-for-cancer-treatment-2) These substances offer a power unequalled in the world of medicine that we can harness AND basics of life and treatments are chosen to address immediate life threatening concerns. Disease threatens human survival --- new vaccines are key Darling 12 (Astrobiologist Dirk Schulze-Makuch and British astronomer David Darling, Seattle's Big Blog, “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End,” http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University) Our body is in constant competition with a dizzying array of viruses, bacteria, AND marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened. Disease is a terminal uniqueness filter for conflict --- makes war more likely Koblentz 10 (Deputy Director of the Biodefense Program at GMU, Assistant Professor in Public and International Affairs, March, “Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses,” International Security Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 96-132) Pandemics are disease outbreaks that occur over a wide geographic area, such as a AND inflicted the "single greatest reversal in human development" in modern history. The embargo is key --- it prevents US firms from commercializing Cuba’s innovations which threatens global health Teegen et al. 02 (Hildy Teegen Associate Professor of International Business and International AND Center for Latin American Issues, 2002, pgs. 24-25) Another aspect of sanctions that has a negative effect on U.S. firms AND ) health on a global scale by reducing the likelihood of treatment discovery. *The plan is key to increased pharmaceutical production Dryden and Gold 02 (Sam Dryden, Managing Director, Emergent Genetics, Larry Gold, CEO and Chairman, SomaLogic, both biotechnology experts from Colorado, from the National Summit on Cuba, 2002, http://www.worldpolicy.org/sites/default/files/2002NationalSummitBook.pdf) In our opinion, the Cuban biotechnology program is developing health care products, including AND be identified, such as in vaccine development, agronomy and discovery research.
The internal link is astronomical --- plan increases trade which enables joint ventures to create a sustainable innovation chain IAD 10 (Inter-American Dialogue, citing Elaine Scheye, president of the Scheye Group Ltd. in Chicago, Adrian Cruz, CEO of PharmaProspect International in Austin, Texas, and Kirby Jones, president of Alamar Associates in Bethesda, Md., “What Is Cuba's Potential as a Market for U.S. Medical Products?” Poder Magazine, April 2010, http://www.poder360.com/article_detail.php?id_article=4025) Q: Current U.S. law restricts the exports of most goods to AND Obama administration alone without Congress—if sales are to happen at all." Fixing the pharmaceutical innovation crisis ensures sustainable growth in the US and prevents collapse Sullivan 11 (Thomas Sullivan, founder of Rockpointe Inc., former political consultant, “Study Shows Importance of Biopharmaceutical Jobs For US Economy,” Policy and Medicine, July 12, 2011, http://www.policymed.com/2011/07/study-shows-importance-of-biopharmaceutical-jobs-for-us-economy-for-every-20-billion-loss-in-revenue.html) Biopharmaceutical research companies produce the highest-value jobs, the types of jobs Americans AND . economic sectors that have robust supply chain relationships with the biopharmaceutical sector.
US economic decline leads to nuclear war O’Hanlon, 12 (Kenneth Lieberthal, Director of the China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Michael O’Hanlon, Director of Research, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, “The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/opinion/la-oe-ohanlon-fiscal-reform-20120703) Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries AND regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
US economic decline also increases aggression and leads to conflict Royal 10 — Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?” Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
1AC --- Medical Innovation Adv.
Cuba’s medical biotech industry is set to collapse Mesa-Lago 13 (Dr. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, “The Potential Role of FIU in a Future Cuba,” Florida International University, July 17, 2013, http://news.fiu.edu/wp-content/uploads/The-Potential-Role-of-FIU-in-a-Future-Cuba-English-7-17-2013.pdf) In Latin America, Cuba has a unique public health system that is unified, AND budget towards priority areas, such as modernizing the water-sewage infrastructure. The industry is structurally limited because the embargo --- Singer et al. 04 (Peter Singer, Financial Chair and Director, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics; Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, Halla Thorsteinsdóttir, Assistant Professor, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics and Department of Public Health Sciences, Tirso W. Sáenz is Associate Senior Researcher, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentable, University of Brasilia, Uyen Quach is Research Assistant, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, Abdallah S. Daar is Director of Ethics and Policy, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine; Professor of Public Health Sciences and of Surgery, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, “Cuba—Innovation Through Synergy,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 22, December 2004, http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n12s/pdf/nbt1204supp-DC19.pdf) Main challenges for development Because Cuba’s political system is not based on capitalism, the AND Cuba in developing joint ventures, strategic alliances and licensing of their technologies. *The embargo makes vaccinations too costly--- partnerships enable commercialization. Ullmann 05 (Steven G. Ullmann, Professor in the Departments of Management and Economics in the School of Business Administration, and a Professor in the Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health and Family Medicine and Community Health in the School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Dean of the Graduate School and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs and University Administration, PhD in economics from the University of Michigan, “The Future of Health Care in a Post-Castro Cuba,” Cuba Transition Project, the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, 2005, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/StevenUllman.pdf) If there are to be any major opportunities for investment and potential growth, they AND in the country as well as in this active region of the world.
Unreliability collapses Cuba’s medical diplomacy which amplifies the vaccine dispersal crisis Mason and Kimmerling 98 (Wallie Mason, experienced international human rights and immigration attorney, Stephen J. Kimmerling, Cuba Conferences Director at the New York University School of Law, “The United States Embargo Against Cuba: Legal Aspects of the Restrictions on Sales for Pharmaceutical Products, as Set Forth in the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992,” Cuba in Transition, ASCE, Vol. 8, 1998, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/29mason.pdf) Goods under exclusive U.S. patents are only available from U.S AND a medical system the competence of which they may have come to doubt.
The plan solves dengue fever Pastrana and Cregg 08 (Sergio Jorge Pastrana, Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Michael T. Clegg, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, “U.S.-Cuban Scientific Exchanges,” Science, Vol. 322, October 17, 2008, pg. 345) IN A FEW YEARS, THE TWO OLDEST NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN THE WORLD AND is no program of cooperation with any U.S. research institution.
Dengue fever is reaching epidemic proportions in the Bahamas --- future outbreaks are inevitable and will be even worse absent foreign vaccinations Bain 11 (Sherrie V. Bain, Adjunct Microbiology Instructor, Keiser University, “Dengue Fever: An Emerging Infectious Disease in The Bahamas,” The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pgs. 67-72) Dengue fever, an emerging infectious disease, is increasing in prevalence in many geographic AND not simply limited to vector control at the onset of the next outbreak.
That imposes an enormous economic cost on the Bahamas and deters foreign investment Oxitec 10 (Oxitec Ltd, “Dengue Information Center: The Economic Burden,” 2010, http://www.oxitec.com/health/dengue-information-centre/the-economic-burden/) The cost of dengue fever is not only counted in the pain and suffering of AND , for example repercussions for education, ability to work and foreign investment.
Foreign investment is key to OTEC --- the Bahamas is the key location to globalize OTEC Smith 7 (Larry, Former Reporter and Editor of the Nassau Tribune, Owner and Operator of Bahamas Media, Member of the Board of Directors of the Broadcasting Corporation of the Bahamas, Degrees in Political Scince and Journalism from the University of Miami, "In Pursuit of OTEC in the Bahamas," Bahama Pundit, June 13, www.bahamapundit.com/2007/06/in_pursuit_of_o.html) OTEC is a 19th century idea that uses the sea as a gigantic solar collector AND be a widespread island industry around the globe in the next two decades."
OTEC solves extinction via sea colonies Savage 92 (Marshall Savage, Professor at USC, “The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps,” p. 94-95.) Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping AND -just as in the legends of Atlantis-to recolonize this planet.
OTEC solves food shortages through fertilizer production Barry 8 – Christopher Barry, 2008. Naval architect and co-chair of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers ad hoc panel on ocean renewable energy. “Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and CO2 Sequestration,” renewenergy.wordpress.com/2008/07/01/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-and-co2-sequestration/. There might be an additional benefit: Another saying is "we aren't trying to AND . I'm sure he will find a good use for Sir Richard's check.
Food shortages cause extinction Klare 6 (Michael, Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, “The Coming Resource Wars”, 3-11, http://www.waterconserve.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=53710andkeybold=water20 land20conflict) "As famine, disease, and weather-related disasters strike due to abrupt AND society, however affluent, will escape involvement in these forms of conflict.
OTEC key to overall US technological leadership Ramesh 97 – R. Ramesh, K Udayakumar, and M Anandakrishnan, 1997. Centre for Water Resources and Ocean Management Anna University, India., School of Electrical and Electronics Centre for Water Resources and Ocean Management Anna University, India, and Former Vice Chancellor, Anna University, Tamil Nadu State Council for higher Education. “Renewable Energy Technologies,” pg. 33. 6.2 Non-economic Benefits The non-economic benefits of AND industry and by providing energy and water options for remote island defence installations.
Tech leadership solves great power war Taylor 5 (Mark, Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, 4-1, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor) I. Introduction Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations AND , and war, international systems wouldnot exist in the first place.'9
1AC --- Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba regarding medical biotechnology.
1AC --- Commercialization Adv. The US pharmaceutical industry lacks new drugs --- the plan is key to cure diseases. NRC 12 (National Research Council, Committee on Comparative National Innovation Policies, Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy for the Global Economy,” National Academies Press, 2012, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100307/#ch6.s36) Strategic importance The pharmaceutical industry produces medicines and vaccines that are essential to the well AND the rate at which new drugs are being introduced has slowed substantially.420 Cuba is key --- only by partnering with them can we commercialize effective vaccines for cancer MacLean 13 (Jo MacLean, “Cuba Creates Four Anti-Cancer Vaccines, Media Ignores It,” Green Left, February 25, 2013, https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/53426) That Cuba has already developed four vaccines or inoculations against different types of cancer is AND access to the Cuban vaccine Heperprot P, which would prevent such amputations. Cancer is a leading systemic killer of millions of lives --- WHO 13 (World Health Organization, “Cancer,” January 2013, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/) Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million AND , with an estimated 13.1 million deaths in 2030 (2).
Long-term human survival is directly related to the ability to treat cancer Sircus 10 (Dr. Mark Sircus, Director International Medical Veritas Association, Doctor of Oriental and Pastoral Medicine, “Emergency Room Medicine for Cancer Treatment,” April 23, 2010, http://drsircus.com/medicine/cancer/emergency-room-medicine-for-cancer-treatment-2) These substances offer a power unequalled in the world of medicine that we can harness AND basics of life and treatments are chosen to address immediate life threatening concerns. Disease threatens human survival --- new vaccines are key Darling 12 (Astrobiologist Dirk Schulze-Makuch and British astronomer David Darling, Seattle's Big Blog, “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End,” http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University) Our body is in constant competition with a dizzying array of viruses, bacteria, AND marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened. Disease is a terminal uniqueness filter for conflict --- makes war more likely Koblentz 10 (Deputy Director of the Biodefense Program at GMU, Assistant Professor in Public and International Affairs, March, “Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses,” International Security Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 96-132) Pandemics are disease outbreaks that occur over a wide geographic area, such as a AND inflicted the "single greatest reversal in human development" in modern history. The embargo is key --- it prevents US firms from commercializing Cuba’s innovations which threatens global health Teegen et al. 02 (Hildy Teegen Associate Professor of International Business and International AND Center for Latin American Issues, 2002, pgs. 24-25) Another aspect of sanctions that has a negative effect on U.S. firms AND ) health on a global scale by reducing the likelihood of treatment discovery. *The plan is key to increased pharmaceutical production Dryden and Gold 02 (Sam Dryden, Managing Director, Emergent Genetics, Larry Gold, CEO and Chairman, SomaLogic, both biotechnology experts from Colorado, from the National Summit on Cuba, 2002, http://www.worldpolicy.org/sites/default/files/2002NationalSummitBook.pdf) In our opinion, the Cuban biotechnology program is developing health care products, including AND be identified, such as in vaccine development, agronomy and discovery research.
The internal link is astronomical --- plan increases trade which enables joint ventures to create a sustainable innovation chain IAD 10 (Inter-American Dialogue, citing Elaine Scheye, president of the Scheye Group Ltd. in Chicago, Adrian Cruz, CEO of PharmaProspect International in Austin, Texas, and Kirby Jones, president of Alamar Associates in Bethesda, Md., “What Is Cuba's Potential as a Market for U.S. Medical Products?” Poder Magazine, April 2010, http://www.poder360.com/article_detail.php?id_article=4025) Q: Current U.S. law restricts the exports of most goods to AND Obama administration alone without Congress—if sales are to happen at all." Fixing the pharmaceutical innovation crisis ensures sustainable growth in the US and prevents collapse Sullivan 11 (Thomas Sullivan, founder of Rockpointe Inc., former political consultant, “Study Shows Importance of Biopharmaceutical Jobs For US Economy,” Policy and Medicine, July 12, 2011, http://www.policymed.com/2011/07/study-shows-importance-of-biopharmaceutical-jobs-for-us-economy-for-every-20-billion-loss-in-revenue.html) Biopharmaceutical research companies produce the highest-value jobs, the types of jobs Americans AND . economic sectors that have robust supply chain relationships with the biopharmaceutical sector.
US economic decline leads to nuclear war O’Hanlon, 12 (Kenneth Lieberthal, Director of the China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Michael O’Hanlon, Director of Research, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, “The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/opinion/la-oe-ohanlon-fiscal-reform-20120703) Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries AND regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
US economic decline also increases aggression and leads to conflict Royal 10 — Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?” Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
1AC --- Medical Innovation Adv.
Cuba’s medical biotech industry is set to collapse Mesa-Lago 13 (Dr. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, “The Potential Role of FIU in a Future Cuba,” Florida International University, July 17, 2013, http://news.fiu.edu/wp-content/uploads/The-Potential-Role-of-FIU-in-a-Future-Cuba-English-7-17-2013.pdf) In Latin America, Cuba has a unique public health system that is unified, AND budget towards priority areas, such as modernizing the water-sewage infrastructure. The industry is structurally limited because the embargo --- Singer et al. 04 (Peter Singer, Financial Chair and Director, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics; Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, Halla Thorsteinsdóttir, Assistant Professor, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics and Department of Public Health Sciences, Tirso W. Sáenz is Associate Senior Researcher, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentable, University of Brasilia, Uyen Quach is Research Assistant, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, Abdallah S. Daar is Director of Ethics and Policy, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine; Professor of Public Health Sciences and of Surgery, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, “Cuba—Innovation Through Synergy,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 22, December 2004, http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n12s/pdf/nbt1204supp-DC19.pdf) Main challenges for development Because Cuba’s political system is not based on capitalism, the AND Cuba in developing joint ventures, strategic alliances and licensing of their technologies. *The embargo makes vaccinations too costly--- partnerships enable commercialization. Ullmann 05 (Steven G. Ullmann, Professor in the Departments of Management and Economics in the School of Business Administration, and a Professor in the Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health and Family Medicine and Community Health in the School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Dean of the Graduate School and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs and University Administration, PhD in economics from the University of Michigan, “The Future of Health Care in a Post-Castro Cuba,” Cuba Transition Project, the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, 2005, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/StevenUllman.pdf) If there are to be any major opportunities for investment and potential growth, they AND in the country as well as in this active region of the world.
Unreliability collapses Cuba’s medical diplomacy which amplifies the vaccine dispersal crisis Mason and Kimmerling 98 (Wallie Mason, experienced international human rights and immigration attorney, Stephen J. Kimmerling, Cuba Conferences Director at the New York University School of Law, “The United States Embargo Against Cuba: Legal Aspects of the Restrictions on Sales for Pharmaceutical Products, as Set Forth in the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992,” Cuba in Transition, ASCE, Vol. 8, 1998, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/29mason.pdf) Goods under exclusive U.S. patents are only available from U.S AND a medical system the competence of which they may have come to doubt.
The plan solves dengue fever Pastrana and Cregg 08 (Sergio Jorge Pastrana, Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Michael T. Clegg, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, “U.S.-Cuban Scientific Exchanges,” Science, Vol. 322, October 17, 2008, pg. 345) IN A FEW YEARS, THE TWO OLDEST NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN THE WORLD AND is no program of cooperation with any U.S. research institution.
Dengue fever is reaching epidemic proportions in the Bahamas --- future outbreaks are inevitable and will be even worse absent foreign vaccinations Bain 11 (Sherrie V. Bain, Adjunct Microbiology Instructor, Keiser University, “Dengue Fever: An Emerging Infectious Disease in The Bahamas,” The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pgs. 67-72) Dengue fever, an emerging infectious disease, is increasing in prevalence in many geographic AND not simply limited to vector control at the onset of the next outbreak.
That imposes an enormous economic cost on the Bahamas and deters foreign investment Oxitec 10 (Oxitec Ltd, “Dengue Information Center: The Economic Burden,” 2010, http://www.oxitec.com/health/dengue-information-centre/the-economic-burden/) The cost of dengue fever is not only counted in the pain and suffering of AND , for example repercussions for education, ability to work and foreign investment.
Foreign investment is key to OTEC --- the Bahamas is the key location to globalize OTEC Smith 7 (Larry, Former Reporter and Editor of the Nassau Tribune, Owner and Operator of Bahamas Media, Member of the Board of Directors of the Broadcasting Corporation of the Bahamas, Degrees in Political Scince and Journalism from the University of Miami, "In Pursuit of OTEC in the Bahamas," Bahama Pundit, June 13, www.bahamapundit.com/2007/06/in_pursuit_of_o.html) OTEC is a 19th century idea that uses the sea as a gigantic solar collector AND be a widespread island industry around the globe in the next two decades."
OTEC solves extinction via sea colonies Savage 92 (Marshall Savage, Professor at USC, “The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps,” p. 94-95.) Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping AND -just as in the legends of Atlantis-to recolonize this planet.
OTEC solves food shortages through fertilizer production Barry 8 – Christopher Barry, 2008. Naval architect and co-chair of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers ad hoc panel on ocean renewable energy. “Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and CO2 Sequestration,” renewenergy.wordpress.com/2008/07/01/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-and-co2-sequestration/. There might be an additional benefit: Another saying is "we aren't trying to AND . I'm sure he will find a good use for Sir Richard's check.
Food shortages cause extinction Klare 6 (Michael, Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, “The Coming Resource Wars”, 3-11, http://www.waterconserve.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=53710andkeybold=water20 land20conflict) "As famine, disease, and weather-related disasters strike due to abrupt AND society, however affluent, will escape involvement in these forms of conflict.
OTEC key to overall US technological leadership Ramesh 97 – R. Ramesh, K Udayakumar, and M Anandakrishnan, 1997. Centre for Water Resources and Ocean Management Anna University, India., School of Electrical and Electronics Centre for Water Resources and Ocean Management Anna University, India, and Former Vice Chancellor, Anna University, Tamil Nadu State Council for higher Education. “Renewable Energy Technologies,” pg. 33. 6.2 Non-economic Benefits The non-economic benefits of AND industry and by providing energy and water options for remote island defence installations.
Tech leadership solves great power war Taylor 5 (Mark, Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, 4-1, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor) I. Introduction Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations AND , and war, international systems wouldnot exist in the first place.'9
1AC --- Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba regarding medical biotechnology.
4/26/14
2AC -- AT CIR
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Notre Dame | Judge:
Won’t pass – piecemeal, debt deal, and GOP opposition. Gibson, 10/16 ("Raul Labrador: Budget battle hurts immigration push", Ginger, www.politico.com/story/2013/10/raul-labrador-budget-immigration-reform-98404.html) Rep. Raul Labrador, … us on immigration.”
2. Budget first for Obama. Associated Press, 10/17 ("Obama: Budget, immigration reform next priorities after shutdown's end", www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/national-politics/20131017-obama-budget-immigration-reform-next-priorities-after-shutdown-s-end.ece) WASHINGTON — President Barack … closes corporate loopholes.
6. Link turn – Bipartisan support for easing the embargo Weinmann 04 (Lissa Weinmann, Master of international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, “Washington's Irrational Cuba Policy”, World Policy Institute, Spring 2004, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209899) Congress: The Real Battleground … action on Cuba.
7. No PC and winners win Michael Hirsch 2/7, chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau. He was also Newsweek’s Washington web editor and authored a weekly column for Newsweek.com, “The World from Washington.” Earlier on, he was Newsweek’s foreign editor, guiding its award-winning coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war on terror. He has done on-the-ground reporting in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other places around the world, and served as the Tokyo-based Asia Bureau Chief for Institutional Investor from 1992 to 1994. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
On Tuesday, in his … It’s your choice.
8. The status quo links – voting neg means that plan comes up for a vote and still drains capital 9. Election fears and Boehner key. Matthews, 10/17 ("Immigration Reform 2013: ‘Finish The Job,’ Obama Tells Congress", Laura www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-2013-finish-job-obama-tells-congress-1430650) In response to … soon as possible.”
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace | Judge:
No link uniqueness –US engagement in Latin America now. Duddy 13 (Patrick Duddy, U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University, and Frank O. Mora, incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, Western Hemisphere, “Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?; WESTERN HEMISPHERE,” The Miami Herald, 5/1/13, lexis) As President Obama … of Chávez loyalists.
2. No link – not zero-sum. CMN 13 (China Media News, China, cites Tao Wenzhao, fellow of the Institute of American Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, US not competing over Latin America: expert, May 31, 2013, http://www.chinamedia.com/2013/05/31/china-us-not-competing-over-latin-america-expert/) Chinese President Xi … 7 to 8 in California. 3. No internal link – China can’t and won’t compete. Pei, 12 – Tom and Margot Pritzker ’72 Professor of Government and director of the Keck Center for International and Strategic Studies at Claremont-McKenna College (Minxin, “Does China represent an economic and political threat to the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere?” January 11, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3254) With China’s growing … the U.S. itself.
10/23/13
2AC -- AT Gradualism DA
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: MBA | Judge: 3. No uniqueness – Cuba will be unstable absent economic progress. Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium “Cuba Futures: Past and Present,” organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the … China and India. 14 C
5. Diaz-Canel will not be the successor and can’t reform Nelson 13 (Gary Nelson, CBS4 News member, National Association of Television Arts and Sciences, Miami CBS News, “Miguel Diaz-Canel: Cuba’s Next President?” February 26, 2013, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2013/02/26/miguel-diaz-canel-cubas-next-president/) MIAMI (CBS4) – When Raul … hope,” Suchlicki said
10/23/13
2AC -- AT Neolib K
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Octas | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: 3. Neoliberalism isn’t the root cause, and the alternative fails. Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB Despite the move … in this area.
b. The environment Norberg 3 – MA in History (Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237) All over the … native meat production
6. The alternative fails and is impossible. Global neoliberalism is inevitable. Idler 06 ¬ - writer for The American, published by the American Enterprise Institute, communications specialist (Jose Enrique, “Seaching for Free Markets in Latin America”, 12/13/06; http://www.american.com/archive/2006/december/searching-for-free-markets-in-latin-america) An anti-globalization … in Chavez's 'revolution'.¶
10/23/13
2AC -- AT Topicality -- Gov to Gov
Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: Counter-interpretation – engagement doesn’t have to be between governments Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p.4) As is evident … down the road.
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: MBA | Judge: Loosening the embargo makes US diplomacy effective and restores credibility Dickerson 10 (Lieutenant Colonel Sergio M. Dickerson, “United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba,” US Army War College, Strategy Research Project, 2010, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA518053) Conclusion Today, 20 … years to come.
Tournament: IHSA | Round: Quarters | Opponent: New Trier | Judge: 1AC --- Commercialization Adv. The US pharmaceutical industry lacks new drugs --- the plan is key to cure diseases. NRC 12 (National Research Council, Committee on Comparative National Innovation Policies, Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy for the Global Economy,” National Academies Press, 2012, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100307/#ch6.s36) Strategic importance The pharmaceutical industry produces medicines and vaccines that are essential to the well AND the rate at which new drugs are being introduced has slowed substantially.420
Cuba is key --- only by partnering with them can we commercialize effective vaccines for cancer MacLean 13 (Jo MacLean, “Cuba Creates Four Anti-Cancer Vaccines, Media Ignores It,” Green Left, February 25, 2013, https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/53426) That Cuba has already developed four vaccines or inoculations against different types of cancer is AND access to the Cuban vaccine Heperprot P, which would prevent such amputations.
Cancer is a leading systemic killer of millions of lives --- WHO 13 (World Health Organization, “Cancer,” January 2013, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/) Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million AND , with an estimated 13.1 million deaths in 2030 (2).
Long-term human survival is directly related to the ability to treat cancer Sircus 10 (Dr. Mark Sircus, Director International Medical Veritas Association, Doctor of Oriental and Pastoral Medicine, “Emergency Room Medicine for Cancer Treatment,” April 23, 2010, http://drsircus.com/medicine/cancer/emergency-room-medicine-for-cancer-treatment-2) These substances offer a power unequalled in the world of medicine that we can harness AND basics of life and treatments are chosen to address immediate life threatening concerns.
Disease threatens human survival --- new vaccines are key Darling 12 (Astrobiologist Dirk Schulze-Makuch and British astronomer David Darling, Seattle's Big Blog, “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End,” http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University) Our body is in constant competition with a dizzying array of viruses, bacteria, AND marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened.
Disease is a terminal uniqueness filter for conflict --- makes war more likely Koblentz 10 (Deputy Director of the Biodefense Program at GMU, Assistant Professor in Public and International Affairs, March, “Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses,” International Security Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 96-132) Pandemics are disease outbreaks that occur over a wide geographic area, such as a AND inflicted the "single greatest reversal in human development" in modern history.
The embargo is key --- it prevents US firms from commercializing Cuba’s innovations which threatens global health Teegen et al. 02 (Hildy Teegen Associate Professor of International Business and International AND Center for Latin American Issues, 2002, pgs. 24-25) Another aspect of sanctions that has a negative effect on U.S. firms AND ) health on a global scale by reducing the likelihood of treatment discovery.
*The plan is key to increased pharmaceutical production Dryden and Gold 02 (Sam Dryden, Managing Director, Emergent Genetics, Larry Gold, CEO and Chairman, SomaLogic, both biotechnology experts from Colorado, from the National Summit on Cuba, 2002, http://www.worldpolicy.org/sites/default/files/2002NationalSummitBook.pdf) In our opinion, the Cuban biotechnology program is developing health care products, including AND be identified, such as in vaccine development, agronomy and discovery research.
The internal link is astronomical --- plan increases trade which enables joint ventures to create a sustainable innovation chain IAD 10 (Inter-American Dialogue, citing Elaine Scheye, president of the Scheye Group Ltd. in Chicago, Adrian Cruz, CEO of PharmaProspect International in Austin, Texas, and Kirby Jones, president of Alamar Associates in Bethesda, Md., “What Is Cuba's Potential as a Market for U.S. Medical Products?” Poder Magazine, April 2010, http://www.poder360.com/article_detail.php?id_article=4025) Q: Current U.S. law restricts the exports of most goods to AND Obama administration alone without Congress—if sales are to happen at all."
Fixing the pharmaceutical innovation crisis ensures sustainable growth in the US and prevents collapse Sullivan 11 (Thomas Sullivan, founder of Rockpointe Inc., former political consultant, “Study Shows Importance of Biopharmaceutical Jobs For US Economy,” Policy and Medicine, July 12, 2011, http://www.policymed.com/2011/07/study-shows-importance-of-biopharmaceutical-jobs-for-us-economy-for-every-20-billion-loss-in-revenue.html) Biopharmaceutical research companies produce the highest-value jobs, the types of jobs Americans AND . economic sectors that have robust supply chain relationships with the biopharmaceutical sector.
US economic decline leads to nuclear war O’Hanlon, 12 (Kenneth Lieberthal, Director of the China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Michael O’Hanlon, Director of Research, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, “The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/opinion/la-oe-ohanlon-fiscal-reform-20120703) Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries AND regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
US economic decline also increases aggression and leads to conflict Royal 10 — Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?” Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
It also saves Cuba’s economy Scheye 11 (Elaine Scheye, president of the Scheye Group Ltd. in Chicago, “Cuban Healthcare and Biotechnology: Reform, A Bitter Pill to Swallow or Just What the Doctor Ordered?” Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 2011, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf) Recognizing the importance of biotechnology to its economy and global prestige, Cuba plans to AND reaching about 615.7 million pesos or $665 million (Vincente).
But partnering with the U.S. is key Becker 03 (Hillary Becker, instructor of accounting at Carleton University, “Cuba: Potential or Potential Threat,” Journal of Academy of Business and Economics, February 1, 2003, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Journal-Academy-Business-Economics/113563608.html) 2.6 Biotechnology One of the major thrusts of the Cuban government to revamp the Cuban economy is in the area of biotechnology. Cuba has developed many new technologies in this area with no manner of being able to market these products internationally. Currently, pushes within Cuba have not been fruitful in finding outside companies for joint ventures and economic associations to aid in production and marketing of products developed in Cuba into the world markets.
That’s key to offsetting a collapse of Cuban stability Ashby 13 (Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 29, 2013, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/) The collapse of Cuba’s tottering economy could seismically impact the United States and neighboring countries AND is in turn vital to U.S. national and regional security.
That forces us interventionism and prevents hotspot management Gorrell 05 (Tim Gorrell, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, “Cuba: The Next Unanticipated Strategic Crisis?” US Army War College Research Project, March 18, 2005, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND .S. to divert resources from protecting its interests in the GWOT.
Global hotspots are inevitable and threaten nuclear war. management is key. Bosco 06 (David Bosco, a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III,” July 2006, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_) The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND -long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict?
1AC --- Medical Innovation Adv.
Cuba’s medical biotech industry is set to collapse Mesa-Lago 13 (Dr. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, “The Potential Role of FIU in a Future Cuba,” Florida International University, July 17, 2013, http://news.fiu.edu/wp-content/uploads/The-Potential-Role-of-FIU-in-a-Future-Cuba-English-7-17-2013.pdf) In Latin America, Cuba has a unique public health system that is unified, AND budget towards priority areas, such as modernizing the water-sewage infrastructure.
The industry is structurally limited because the embargo --- Singer et al. 04 (Peter Singer, Financial Chair and Director, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics; Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, Halla Thorsteinsdóttir, Assistant Professor, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics and Department of Public Health Sciences, Tirso W. Sáenz is Associate Senior Researcher, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentable, University of Brasilia, Uyen Quach is Research Assistant, Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, Abdallah S. Daar is Director of Ethics and Policy, McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine; Professor of Public Health Sciences and of Surgery, University of Toronto; and Co-director Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health, University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, “Cuba—Innovation Through Synergy,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 22, December 2004, http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n12s/pdf/nbt1204supp-DC19.pdf) Main challenges for development Because Cuba’s political system is not based on capitalism, the AND Cuba in developing joint ventures, strategic alliances and licensing of their technologies. *The embargo makes vaccinations too costly--- partnerships enable commercialization. Ullmann 05 (Steven G. Ullmann, Professor in the Departments of Management and Economics in the School of Business Administration, and a Professor in the Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health and Family Medicine and Community Health in the School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Dean of the Graduate School and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs and University Administration, PhD in economics from the University of Michigan, “The Future of Health Care in a Post-Castro Cuba,” Cuba Transition Project, the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, 2005, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/StevenUllman.pdf) If there are to be any major opportunities for investment and potential growth, they AND in the country as well as in this active region of the world.
Unreliability collapses Cuba’s medical diplomacy which amplifies the vaccine dispersal crisis Mason and Kimmerling 98 (Wallie Mason, experienced international human rights and immigration attorney, Stephen J. Kimmerling, Cuba Conferences Director at the New York University School of Law, “The United States Embargo Against Cuba: Legal Aspects of the Restrictions on Sales for Pharmaceutical Products, as Set Forth in the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992,” Cuba in Transition, ASCE, Vol. 8, 1998, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/29mason.pdf) Goods under exclusive U.S. patents are only available from U.S AND a medical system the competence of which they may have come to doubt.
*The plan is key to preventing tropical disease Pastrana and Cregg 08 (Sergio Jorge Pastrana, Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Michael T. Clegg, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, “U.S.-Cuban Scientific Exchanges,” Science, Vol. 322, October 17, 2008, pg. 345) IN A FEW YEARS, THE TWO OLDEST NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN THE WORLD AND is no program of cooperation with any U.S. research institution.
Tropical diseases overcome generic defenses Franca et al. 13 (R. Franca, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, C. C. de Silva, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, S.O. De Paula, Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, “Recent Advances in Molecular Medicine Techniques for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control of Infectious Diseases,” Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, submitted November 26, 2012, published January 22, 2013, pg. 1) In recent years we have observed great advances in our ability to combat infectious diseases AND crucial importance not only to the medical community, but also to humankind.
The aff is key to training that resolves Cuban malaria Agre 11 (Peter Agre, physician, professor, and molecular biologist, awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, “Life on the River of Science,” Science, Vol. 331, No. 6016, January 28, 2011, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6016/416.short) Cuba. Together with members of the New America Foundation, a trip to Havana AND undertaken once the five-decade political standoff between our governments is resolved.
Coordination over disease preserves Haitian stability Lempinen 12 (Edward W. Lempinen, Public Information Officer at The World Academy of Sciences , senior writer at American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,” American Association for the Advancement of Science, May 1, 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/oceans-weather-healthE28094us-researchers-explore-potential-collaboration-cuban-colleagues) Malaria and the Caribbean Both Turekian and Agre cited malaria as one area where the AND combine to make such collaboration on climate research difficult, if not impossible.
Haitian instability triggers regional instability, Fargo 04 (Jeffrey H. Fargo, Latin American foreign area officer in the U.S. Army who has extensive experience in Latin America and the Caribbean, served as a national security affairs fellow at the Hoover Institution, “Nation Building in Haiti—Again?” Hoover Digest, 2004, No. 3, http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6932) Failed State Failed states are countries in which the central government does not exert effective AND best hope for long-term peace, stability, and economic prosperity.
Regional instability causes ethnic cleansing and WMD instability Manwaring 05 (Max G. Manwaring, Professor of Military Strategy at U.S. Army War College, retired U.S. Army colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, October 2005) The Second Level. The second level of analysis is that of subnational threats to AND of poverty, destabilization, and conflict.62 pg. 14-23
The plan is key to remake the health system Archibold 11 (Randal C. Archibold, New York Times bureau chief for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, based in Mexico City, “Cuba Takes Lead Role in Haiti’s Cholera Fight,” November 7, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/world/americas/in-haitis-cholera-fight-cuba-takes-lead-role.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0) In Haiti, the Cubans have asked the United States to help finance a $ AND Piechowski, a spokesman for the American Embassy, said in a statement.
1AC --- Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba regarding medical biotechnology.
4/10/14
Cellulose Advantage 1AC
Tournament: Michigan | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West | Judge: The US is developing cellulosic ethanol --- it won’t replace corn but will consume US biomass Hall 13 (Carin Hall, Energy Digital, “US Dominating Cellulosic Ethanol Market,” April 15, 2013, http://www.energydigital.com/green_technology/us-dominating-cellulosic-ethanol-market) Ethanol is the … in late 2013.
This passes the threshold of topsoil destruction. No other factors could have triggered the link. It guarantees extinction. Friedemann 07 (Alice Friedemann, energy journalist, member of the Northern California Science Writers Association, B.S. in biology, University of Illinois, “Peak Soil: Why Cellulosic Ethanol, Biofuels are Unsustainable and a Threat to America,” Culture Change, April 10, 2007, http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/107/1/) Part 1. The Dirt on Dirt… an oil-less future" (Jackson 1980).
It also steals waste energy from decomposers --- independently risks extinction. Ikerd, 08 (John Ikerd, Professor Emeritus of Agricultural Economics at the University of Missouri, “Rethinking the Meaning of Waste in Relation to Energy, Food, and Climate,” June 24, 2008, http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/Lake20Ozark20-20Rethinking20Waste.htm) Understandably, cellulosic ethanol … source of food.
Cellulosic ethanol production is the key driver of synthetic biology expansion --- risks easy-to-produce bioweapons. Smolker and Tokar 09 (Rachel Smolker, independent research scientist, Co-Director of BiofuelWatch, PhD in behavioral ecology, University of Michigan, former field biologist, Brian Tokar, Director of the Institute for Social Ecology, “Biofuels: Promise or Threat?” February 24, 2009, http://ww4report.com/node/6926) The widespread application … synthetic biology. ETC Group 22)
This will result in hybrid pathogens that overwhelm status quo defenses ETC 07 (Action Group on Erosion Technology and Concentration, international civil society organization, “Extreme Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Synthetic Biology,” Agriculture Defense Coalition, January 2007, But concerns about … risks and dangers.
Synthetic biology makes bioterrorism an existential risk – not burn out. Sandberg et al. 8 – Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. ?irkovi?—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction) The risks from … rivaling Moore's Law.
Even if the attack fails, lethality advances results in retaliation and global nuclear war. Conley 03 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W. Conley, Chief of the System Analysis Branch, Headquarters Air Combat Command, “Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack,” Air and Space Power Journal, Spring 2003, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html) The number of … had been made.”48
11/9/13
For Aff Cites
Tournament: Contact Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: Glenbrook North | Judge: natalieknez@gmail.com
Sugarcane ethanol production is key to sugarcane biomass --- this is a key template for sustainable energy production which reverses massive fossil fuel pollution --- saves the Cuban environment Grogg 07 (Patricia Grogg, Inter Press Service reporter, “CUBA: Sugarcane – Source of Renewable Energy, But Not Ethanol,” Inter Press Service, June 1, 2006, http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/06/cuba-sugarcane-source-of-renewable-energy-but-not-ethanol/) “Sugarcane biomass could be the start of the road towards sustainable energy production for AND Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and Respect for the Environment, told IPS.
Cuba’s a key global hotspot --- spills over CBD 04 (Convention on Biological Diversity, “Cuba – Country Profile,” most recent cited date 2004, http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=cu#status) Cuba has a large variety of ecosystems (42 types) and landscapes (23 AND biodiversity of Cuba has been declining due to the modification of natural habitats.
Biodiversity loss risks extinction Raj 12 (P. J. Sanjeeva Raj, former Head of Zoology Department, Madras Christian College, “Beware the Loss of Biodiversity,” The Hindu, September 23, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/beware-the-loss-of-biodiversity/article3927062.ece) He regrets that if such indiscriminate annihilation of all biodiversity from the face of the AND and, above all, equitably share the sustainable benefits out of it.
Cuban sugarcane ethanol expansion is critical to spill over into technological development of Cuban vaccinations and medications --- this solves bacterial antibiotic resistance Grogg 04 (Patricia Grogg, IPS Correspondent, “DEVELOPMENT-CUBA: Sugarcane’s New Promise,” Inter Press Service News Agency, September 2, 2004, http://www.ipsnews.net/2004/09/development-cuba-sugarcanes-new-promise/) HAVANA, Sep 2 2004 (IPS) - Cuba is stepping up efforts to AND – until the restructuring – the sector employed 2.5 million people.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance risks inevitable extinction --- natural medicine research is key Plotkin 2k (Mark J. Plotkin, Ph.D., President – Amazon Conservation Team and Research Associate – Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History, Trained Ethnobotanist, and Tropical Researcher, “Searching for Nature’s Medicines”, Action Bioscience, October, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/plotkin.html) *Note --- VRE = Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus = bacterial antibiotic resistant virus Is it possible to find an organism in nature that will alleviate the threat of AND mixture of nature and science, which promises so much for the future.
Also is key to anti-malaria medical measures Margolis 13 (Jason Margolis, reporter, “Efforts to Reinvigorate Sugar Ethanol for Cars in Brazil,” PRI, The World, July 26, 2013, http://www.theworld.org/2013/07/efforts-to-reinvigorate-sugar-ethanol-for-cars-in-brazil/) “It can be used for so many different things, whether it’s calories or AND takes money. And that comes back to the problem of consumer demand.
Unchecked malaria risks extinction Humphries 10 (Courtney Humphries, contributing editor at Harvard Magazine, “An Evolving Foe,” Harvard Magazine, March/April 2010, http://harvardmagazine.com/2010/03/evolving-foe?page=all) *note --- P. falciparum = Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans In Africa, P. falciparum has textbook conditions for an evolutionary perfect storm. AND seemingly harmful genetic diseases have become prevalent among people living in tropical areas.
This also directly increases Cuban pharma and biotech products both in effectiveness and production Rivero 92 (Nicolás Rivero, Rivero International, “Thoughts on the Cuban Sugar Industry,” Cuba Transition Project, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/CTPDocs/ctp1_00357.pdf) As the economy recuperates, the demand for gasoline will increase and if ethanol is AND strategy. It could be an important option within an integrated industry strategy.
That’s key to solve dengue fever --- only Cuban pharma and biotech can solve Pastrana and Cregg 08 (Sergio Jorge Pastrana, Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Michael T. Clegg, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, “U.S.-Cuban Scientific Exchanges,” Science, Vol. 322, October 17, 2008, pg. 345) Another major example where scientific cooperation could save lives is Cuba’s extensive research on tropical AND is no program of cooperation with any U.S. research institution.
These tropical diseases short-circuit generic defense --- dengue fever and malaria pose unique transmissibility risks and will destroy humankind Franca et al. 13 (R. Franca, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, C. C. de Silva, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, S.O. De Paula, Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, “Recent Advances in Molecular Medicine Techniques for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control of Infectious Diseases,” Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, submitted November 26, 2012, published January 22, 2013, pg. 1) In recent years we have observed great advances in our ability to combat infectious diseases AND crucial importance not only to the medical community, but also to humankind.
Future energy demand will force Cuba to revive a stalled nuclear plant in Juragua --- sugarcane ethanol biomass can replace its need but only if the US provides policy support CDI 98 (Center for Defense Information, “A ‘Chernobyl’ in Cuba?” February 15, 1998, http://www.cdi.org/ADM/1123/transcript.html) NARRATOR: Havana has experimented with renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind AND been preparing personnel and authorizing programs legally to ensure that this is so."
Makes a nuclear accident inevitable --- causes meltdowns and massive radioactive fallout Benjamin-Alvarado and Belkin 94 (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, Professor of Political Science at the University of Nebraska, PhD, University of Georgia, Alexander Belkin, Researcher at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, “Cuba’s Nuclear Power Program and Post-Cold War Pressures,” The Nonproliferation Review, 1994, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/benjam12.pdf) Critics assert that the prevailing economic difficulties have forced the Castro regime to cut corners AND extending to a 900-mile radius (depending on prevailing weather conditions).
That meltdown alone will cause extinction Adams 11 (Mike, Founder – Natural News and the Consumer Wellness Center, the Health Ranger, “Solar flare could unleash nuclear holocaust across planet Earth, forcing hundreds of nuclear power plants into total meltdowns”, 9-14, http://www.naturalnews.com/033564_solar_flares_nuclear_power_plants.html) Forget about the 2012 Mayan calendar, comet Elenin or the Rapture. The real AND is now undeniably the worst nuclear disaster in the history of human civilization.
Radioactive fallout from a nuclear accident off the coast also destroys global fishing markets Spain 02 (Glen Spain, Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations, “Why the Hanford Matters to Fishermen: Avoiding a Radioactive Colombia River,” Fishermen’s News, September 2002, http://www.pcffa.org/fn-sep02.htm) But ask yourself these questions: What would happen to those markets (and to AND a public relations disaster that could crash our markets for years to come.
Causes global wars Pomeroy, 7 — Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Connecticut (Robert, et al, “Fish Wars: Conflict and Collaboration in Fisheries Management in Southeast Asia”, Marine Policy, 31(6), pg. 647) The result of overfishing and multiple sources of fishing pressure in Southeast Asian coastal waters AND as a powerful and destabilizing risk factor to regional and global security concerns.
NAVY POWER ADVANTAGE
Reliance on naval power is inevitable --- effective naval power solves great power war and major transnational threats England 11 (Gordon England, former secretary of the Navy, James L. Jones, former commandant of the Marine Corps, Vern Clark, former chief of naval operations, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2011, “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power”) The future security environment underscores two broad security trends. First, international political realities AND is exactly what we will need to meet the challenges of the future.
US naval power is a terminal backstop for war --- decline makes every conflict possible Eaglen 11 – and McGrath 11—Mackenzie, Research Fellow for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, division of the Institute for International Studies, The Heritage Foundation, Bryan, retired naval officer and the Director of Delex Consulting, "Thinking About a Day without sea power: Implications for US Defense Policy", May 16, Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/thinking-about-a-day-without-sea-power-implications-for-us-defense-policy The U.S. Navy’s global presence has added immeasurably to U.S AND , inflamed by the combination of passionate rising powers and feckless declining powers.
Navy power is key to solve multiple specific scenarios for nuclear war but a biofuel-integrated Green fleet is critical Asbjornsen 12 (Rear Adm. Douglas J. Asbjornsen, USN, deputy commander, Navy Region Northwest, is the senior Navy representative for Spokane Navy Week, “Guest opinion: Strong Navy still essential,” May 12, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/may/12/guest-opinion-strong-navy-still-essential/) The Navy’s job continues to get bigger. The president’s national security strategy emphasizes our AND notice, and they can do all of their work from the sea. Also from the sea, Navy SEAL teams can carry out special operations worldwide. In a humanitarian crisis like the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck northern Japan last year, or the earthquake which ravaged Haiti in 2010, the Navy can deliver relief supplies and provide medical care. On any given day, the Navy has the ability to attack a terrorist camp, capture a pirate vessel and deliver emergency relief, all in different parts of the world. Being able to do all of these things from the sea is important, as we may not be able to get another country’s permission to come ashore. Our ready force also requires us to be smart about how we power our ships AND in the next war. They may help avoid the next war altogether.
Green fleet is key to overall Naval readiness --- biofuels are key to mission flexibility and budget planning Trivedi 13 – Manan, Iraq war veteran, board-certified internal medicine physician a spokesman for the clean energy campaign, Operation Free, 3/19/13, “Biofuel cuts harmful to energy security,” http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/288807-biofuels-cuts-harmful-to-energy-security#ixzz2OPA7Xh9G Gas prices these days are far higher than they should be for this time of AND I hope our troops continue to benefit from this clean, homegrown fuel.
SOLVENCY
The plan solves --- Cuba is the ideal partner and is primed for a shift from sugar to sugarcane ethanol to meet necessary requirements Paron and Aristigueta 11 (Dr. J.R. Paron, senior research scientist at Dynamics Research Corporation, retired US Navy Captain, Maria Aristigueta, Professor and Director of the School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, “Opening the Door to Cuba by Reinventing Guantánamo: Creating a Cuba-US Biofuel Production Capability in Guantánamo,” Cuba Futures: Cuba and the World, Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies, April 2011, http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/bitstream/88435/dsp01hq37vn620/1/Cuba-and-the-World1.pdf#page=53) Cuba has extraordinary advantages for sugar-based ethanol production. The island nation is AND the third largest exporter of ethanol in the world (Patiño, 209).” Cuban sugar production is undergoing a revival after a horrendous downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet support in the form of sugar premiums. The years 1975 through 1978 showing the artificial prices paid by the Soviet Union to support Cuba’s sugar production (prices in U.S. cents per pound) are particularly illustrative. Following the Soviet withdrawal of sugar supports the impact of the poor agriculture techniques, AND is considered to have excellent drainage and acceptable fertility (Patiño, 209).” Recognizing the focus of Cuba’s national interests for sugarcane production is critical to our efforts AND more than satisfy the requirements for Guantanamo biofuel production (Patiño, 209). For transportation from most of the sugar mills in the area identified above, the existing Cuban rail links from Bayamo through Jiguani, Contramaestre, San Luis, Cuneira, and into Guantanamo should serve nicely. For the identified sugar mills farther east, the Cuban rail links from Nicaro through Herrera, Cueto, San Luis, Cuneira, and into Guantanamo could satisfy transportation requirements. Finally, the A1 motorway linked to connecting highways would also satisfy transportation requirements.
The provides a demonstrated basis for naval biofuels and the Green Fleet Paron and Aristigueta 11 (Dr. J.R. Paron, senior research scientist at Dynamics Research Corporation, retired US Navy Captain, Maria Aristigueta, Professor and Director of the School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, “Opening the Door to Cuba by Reinventing Guantánamo: Creating a Cuba-US Biofuel Production Capability in Guantánamo,” Cuba Futures: Cuba and the World, Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies, April 2011, http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/bitstream/88435/dsp01hq37vn620/1/Cuba-and-the-World1.pdf#page=53) At the most basic level, this paper calls for the Cuban government to reconsider AND fuel sources, and change the world-wide perception of NS Guantanamo.
The plan spills-over --- it provides the key test bed for alternative energy use by the navy but the demonstration of feasibility is necessary or mass adoption by the navy will fail Snider 11 (Annie Snider, reporter at Greenwire, in part citing Assistant Secretary of the Navy Jackalyne Pfannenstiel, “Could Alternative Energy be Gitmo’s Next Legacy?” New York Times, June 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/06/13/13greenwire-could-alternative-energy-be-gitmos-next-legacy-85177.html?pagewanted=all#hThcThc,EyaEya,TboPib,1,TmrTtc,1) GUANTANAMO BAY NAVAL STATION -- As the Pentagon looks for ways to build a military AND . That, he hopes, might just be his base's next legacy.
The United States federal government should offer Cuba the option to export sugarcane ethanol to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay for United States Navy use.
4/27/14
ICT 1AC
Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: 1AC --- Plan Text Plan --- The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement towards Cuba regarding information and communications technology. 1AC --- Cuba Advantage There are barriers to Cuban communication technology investment now despite past reforms CSG, 10 (“Empowering the Cuban People through Technology: Recommendations for Private and Public Sector Leaders” , July, The Cuba Study Group (CSG) in collaboration with the Brookings Institution, is a non-profit, non-partisan organization comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and prosperous Cuba, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/empowering-cuban-people-through-technology) On April 13, 2009, President Barack Obama issued a memorandum containing directives designed AND Indeed, keeping these restrictions actively undermines U.S. national interests.
Current reforms are insufficient to revive Cuba’s economy. Latin American Advisor citing Mesa-Lago, 10/15 ("Are Raul Castro's Reforms Helping Cuba's Economy?", Carmelos is a professor emeritus of economics and Latin American studies at the University of Pittsburgh, thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Inter-American-Dialogue-Cuba-Commentary-October-15-2013.pdf) Carmelo Mesa-Lago, professor emeritus of economics and Latin American studies at the AND Raul has little time left to do so before he retires in 2018." Communications access is the crucial internal link to long term economic growth. CSG, 10 (“Empowering the Cuban People through Technology: Recommendations for Private and Public Sector Leaders” , July, The Cuba Study Group (CSG) in collaboration with the Brookings Institution, is a non-profit, non-partisan organization comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and prosperous Cuba, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/empowering-cuban-people-through-technology) However, access to information and communication technology (ICT), including the Internet and AND inherent in living under a closed, economically-underperforming, totalitarian regime.
The aff is a prerequisite to economic growth and a democratic transition and Raul says yes CSG, 10 (“Empowering the Cuban People through Technology: Recommendations for Private and Public Sector Leaders” , July, The Cuba Study Group (CSG) in collaboration with the Brookings Institution, is a non-profit, non-partisan organization comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and prosperous Cuba, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/empowering-cuban-people-through-technology) ICT is inherently politically neutral in that it has the potential to repress, propagandize AND an important source of hard currency. The economic bene?ts outweigh political concerns.
Cuban economic collapse causes internal instability Coons 03 (Kenneth Coons, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, “U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Cuba In An Evolving Post-Castro Era,” Air University, April 2003, http://dtlweb.au.af.mil///exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8zNjYwNw==.pdf) This potential hazard in regard to Cuba is articulated by Alberto Coll of the Naval AND would likely result in the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees.38
That forces us interventionism and prevents hotspot management Gorrell 05 (Tim Gorrell, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, “Cuba: The Next Unanticipated Strategic Crisis?” US Army War College Research Project, March 18, 2005, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND .S. to divert resources from protecting its interests in the GWOT. The US will be forced to intervene. Rodríguez and Vásquez 01 (L. Jacobo Rodríguez, financial services analyst, Cato Institute, Ian Vásquez, director, Project on Global Economic Liberty, Cato Institute, “Relations with Cuba,” Cato Handbook for Congress, 2001, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-handbook-policymakers/2001/9/hb107-59.pdf) Unfortunately, strengthening the economic embargo has left the United States in a very uncomfortable AND a violent Cuban transition into which the United States would unnecessarily be drawn. Global hotspots are inevitable and threaten global nuclear war. Effective management is key. Bosco 06 (David Bosco, a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III,” July 2006, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_) The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND -long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict?
1AC --- US Telecom Advantage The telecomm industry is at a standstill- collapses the economy Ovum 13 (Ovum, independent telecommunications consultants providing analysis for business decisions and the industry, citing analysis from Ovum’s telecom research team analyst Sara Kaufman, “Ovum Forecasts Global Mobile Revenue Decline for the First Time in Mobile Industry History,” October 10, 2013, http://ovum.com/press_releases/ovum-forecasts-global-mobile-revenue-decline-for-the-first-time-in-mobile-industry-history/) London, 10 October 2013 – The golden age of telecoms growth and prosperity is AND with very low ARPU, it will reach a floor and then stabilize.”
U.S. companies are missing the boat on Cuba Devereux and Schmidt, 11 ("Chavez Beat ATandT to Cuban Telecom 'Gold Mine' as Dispute on Pricing Bites", Charlie and Blake, January 26, www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.html) “This is a huge missed opportunity,” said Chris Sabatini, senior policy director AND 400 million by 2013 from the current $80 million, Pyramid said. Successfully easing telecommunications restrictions opens a market for U.S. companies. Lawder, 9 ("UPDATE 2-U.S. allows unlimited visits to relatives in Cuba", David, September 3, www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/03/cuba-usa-idUSN0312160220090903) BANKING, TELECOMS LINKS The rules provide for some changes that could lay the groundwork AND S. suppliers that had been shut out of Cuba," he added.
The plan creates a business boom for U.S. firms. Pae 09 (Peter Pae, Alana Semuels, Los Angeles Times, “Loosening of Cuba Embargo could mean Huge Possibilities for U.S. Business,” April 14, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/14/business/fi-cuba-impact14) Though the announcement by the Obama administration signaled thawing of relations with the communist nation AND could provide lower-cost telephone, Internet and video services to Cuba. Increasing broadband markets reverses slow growth and bolsters the U.S. economy. Brogan, 11/21 ("Broadband Boost Needed for Economic Growth", Patrick, 2013, www.ustelecom.org/blog/broadband-boost-needed-economic-growth) Broadband deployment and adoption can play a critical role in addressing slow growth, which AND broadband providers, eliminating legacy burdens, and encouraging the migration to Internet. Economic crises trigger war Royal, 10 — Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises?”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views. It guarantees confrontation. Auslin, 9 – resident scholar at AEI (Michael “Averting Disaster”, The Daily Standard, 2/6/2009, http://www.aei.org/article/100044) As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the AND types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.
The plan ensures internet and communication cooperation with Chinese firms Hearn 09 (Dr. Adrian H. Hearn, research fellow at the School of Social and Political Sciences, the University of Sydney, “Cuba and China: Lessons and Opportunities for the United States,” The Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, June 2009, http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/cuba-china-hearn.pdf) Conclusion: Lessons and Opportunities for the United States As U.S. firms AND to be “firm in the right way, and not merely firm.”
This internal link independently creates disincentives and structural barriers to a Chinese cyberattack --- joining the telecom market is key. Hulse, 7 (Janie Hulse, Master’s degree in Politics of Development of Latin America from the London School of Economics, independent contractor based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, who provides communications and research services to private and public sector organizations, “China’s Expansion into and U.S. Withdrawal from Argentina’s Telecommunications and Space Industries and the Implications for U.S. National Security,” Strategic Studies Institute, September 2007, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=806) In April 2005 when the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee met AND .S. popularity is low and where China has made substantial inroads.
Chinese cyber aggression results in miscalculation and nuclear war. Colby et al. 13 (Elbridge A. Colby, graduate of Harvard College and Yale Law School and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (term) and of the International Institute of Strategic Studies., Abraham M. Denmark, M.A. in international security from the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver and has studied at China’s Foreign Affairs University and Peking University., John K. Warden, After receiving a B.A. in history and political science from Northwestern University, he joined CSIS as a recipient of the William J. Taylor debate internship., James M. Acton, He holds a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University., Jay K. Brotz, M.S. in electrical and computer engineering from Carnegie Mellon University., Michael S. Chase, M.A. in China studies from SAIS and a B.A. in politics from Brandeis University., AND more, “Nuclear Weapons and U.S.-China Relations: A way forward,” http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf) Miscommunication and misunderstanding. The danger posed by these potential flashpoints is magnified by the AND expansion of the military relationship in space and cyberspace introduces additional exacerbating factors.
Cuba will says yes --- they are willing to negotiate over the aff. Franks, 9 ("Despite opening, Cuba tooks tough for U.S. telecoms", Jeff, September 10, www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/10/us-cuba-usa-telecoms-analysis-idUSTRE58957E20090910) On the plus side, Cuba is a close and potentially lucrative market where there AND .S. telecommunications companies. "We're prepared to talk about everything."
The government will consider internet access. Ru, 12 ("Cuba reaffirms desire to extend and promote use of social networks", Pravda, 12/14, english.pravda.ru/news/science/14-12-2012/123173-cuba_social_networks-0/_) Cuba's government on Wednesday confirmed its willingness to extend and promote use of social networks in the Caribbean country, in order to provide more information to benefit the community through information and communications services.¶ This was announced by the head of the Ministry of Information and Communications, Maimir Mesa, who said that the sense of the strategy is to prioritize Internet points linked to social and community development, such as schools and scientific institutions.¶
1AC --- Disease Advantage
The plan is key to sustaining the Cuban healthcare model--- it’s the only internal link into international diffusion. Séror 06 (Dr. Ann C. Séror, PhD, Department of Management, Faculté des Sciences de l’Administration, Université Laval, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, Cité Universitaire, Québec, “A Case Analysis of INFOMED: The Cuban National Health Care Telecommunications Network and Portal,” Journal of Medical Internet Research, March 2006, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1550691/) The Internet and telecommunications technologies contribute to national health care system infrastructures and extend global AND of the Cuban model enhanced by INFOMED and virtual infrastructures include the following:
That controls the escalation of epidemic disease. Cooper et al, 6 – Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (Richard S., Joan F Kennelly, and Pedro Orduñez-Garcia, “Health in Cuba,” International Journal of Epidemiology, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full) Two aspects of the Cuban experience serve as reasonable demonstrations of the value of that AND at a cost well within the reach of most middle-income countries.
The plan is also key to biotechnology development. Gonzalez, 9 (""Can You Hear Me Now? Sí?": Is There a U.S.-Cuba Telecommunications Revolution on the Horizon?", Marco A is a partner at Duane Morris LLP, www.duanemorris.com/articles/article3261.html) The Cuban government and the Cuban people have long wanted to reengage in trade with AND expand its knowledge-based industries, such as information technology and biotechnology.
Knowledge sharing solves tropical disease outbreaks like fever and malaria --- Cuba is key. Pastrana and Cregg, 8 (Sergio Jorge Pastrana, Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Michael T. Clegg, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California, “U.S.-Cuban Scientific Exchanges,” Science, Vol. 322, October 17, 2008, pg. 345) IN A FEW YEARS, THE TWO OLDEST NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN THE WORLD AND is no program of cooperation with any U.S. research institution.
These tropical diseases short-circuit generic defense—their resistant to immunization Franca et al. 13 (R. Franca, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, C. C. de Silva, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, S.O. De Paula, Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Federal University of Vicosa, Brazil, “Recent Advances in Molecular Medicine Techniques for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control of Infectious Diseases,” Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, submitted November 26, 2012, published January 22, 2013, pg. 1) In recent years we have observed great advances in our ability to combat infectious diseases AND crucial importance not only to the medical community, but also to humankind.
And, the plan solves --- the U.S. is a key barrier to ICT development. Piccone et. al., 10 ("Bridgin Cuba's Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help, Theodore J. Piccone is a Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for Foreign Policy at Brooking and former senior policy advisor on Latin America for the Clinton Administration; Christopher Santini is the Senior Director of the Policy for Americas Society/Council of the Americas and Editor-in-Chief of Americas Quarterly; Carlos Saladrigas is the Co-Chairman of the Board of the Cuba Study Group, www.brookings.edu//media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone) We know there is a strong correlation between access to ICT and economic growth and AND the technology, experience and applications of ICT to economic and humanitarian activity.
3/9/14
Plan Text 1AC
Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa City West | Judge: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba over sugarcane ethanol.
1/8/14
Sugar Ethanol 1AC
Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Will Repko Aaron Kall 1AC – Cuba Economy
The plan revives the industry and restores their economy – no barriers. Elledge, 9 (Nicholas Elledge, Research Fellow, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “Cuba’s Sugarcane Ethanol Potential: Cuba, Raúl Castro, and the Return of King Sugar to the Island,” The Panama News, November 3, 2009, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_15/issue_17/opinion_13.html)*We do not endorse ableist language As the result of a precipitous contraction in the Cuban economy... and CPAs Agricultural Production Cooperatives throughout Cuba.”
Cuban sugarcane exports guarantee economic revival and overcome alt causes. Elledge 09 (Nicholas Elledge, Research Fellow, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “Cuba’s Sugarcane Ethanol Potential: Cuba, Raúl Castro, and the Return of King Sugar to the Island,” The Panama News, November 3, 2009, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_15/issue_17/opinion_13.html) Moreover, the demoralizing blackouts in Cuba… and stimulating economic growth.
Only sugar exports solve – key to the economy. Alonso-Pippo et al., 08 (Walfrido Alonso-Pippo, former Vice-President of the Solar Energy Department at the University of Havana, former Full Researcher at the Institute of Materials and Reagents of the University of Havana, former member of the Cuban National Renewable Energies Front, specialist in biomass energy use, Carlos A. Luengo, Grupo Combustíveis Alternativos, John Koehlinger, Energy Consultant, Pietro Garzone, Giacinto Cornacchia, ENEA Trisaia Research Centre, “Sugarcane Energy Use: The Cuban Case,” Energy Policy, No. 36, 2008) 2.3. Socio-economic issues: The impact... sector of the Cuban economy.
Cuban instability spreads regionally and forces US intervention Gorrell 05 (Tim Gorrell, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, “Cuba: The Next Unanticipated Strategic Crisis?” US Army War College Research Project, March 18, 2005, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession… its interests in the GWOT.
The US will be forced to intervene, destroying hotspot management. Rodríguez and Vásquez 01 (L. Jacobo Rodríguez, financial services analyst, Cato Institute, Ian Vásquez, director, Project on Global Economic Liberty, Cato Institute, “Relations with Cuba,” Cato Handbook for Congress, 2001, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-handbook-policymakers/2001/9/hb107-59.pdf) Unfortunately, strengthening the… would unnecessarily be drawn.
Global hotspots threaten global nuclear war. Effective management is key. Bosco 06 (David Bosco, a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III,” July 2006, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_) The understanding that small... learned about managing conflict?
Scenario 2 is terrorism – Economic decline risks instability and terrorist platforms for domestic attack. Only economic growth solves. Ashby 13 (Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 29, 2013, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/) The collapse of Cuba’s... national and regional security.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible and likely. A domestic attack risks global nuclear war. Speice 06 (Patrick, JD Candidate, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February, Lexis) Terrorist groups could acquire… the use of nuclear weapons.
1AC – Sugarcane Ethanol The Renewable Fuel Standard guarantees U.S. demand for ethanol. Corn-ethanol production will increase, and risk global food violence. Mead 13 (Walter Mead, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College, co-founder of the New American Foundation, Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, former Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Ethanol Still a Boondoggle,” July 17, 2013, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/07/17/ethanol-still-a-boondoggle/) The US has a law on… proven their commercial viability.
Food shortages risk widespread conflict. Klare, 12 — professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College (Michael T., “Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future”, 8/8/12, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/) This, however, is just the beginning… Naxalites of India.
Sugarcane ethanol satisfies demand while avoiding the pitfalls of corn-based ethanol. Siegel 08 (Jeff Siegel, managing editor of Energy and Capital and contributing analyst for the Energy Investor, “Cuban Sugar Cane Ethanol,” Energy and Capital, February 22, 2008, http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/cuba-sugar+cane-ethanol/625) Nonetheless, the movers and… third largest producer.
Sugarcane-based ethanol slows warming and prevents biodiversity loss. Specht 13 (Jonathan Specht, Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States,” University of California, Davis, Vol. 36:2, April 24, 2013, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf) Assuming that Cuba is able… filtered contaminants disappear.100
Scenario 1 is biodiversity – Migratory bird decline spills-over globally. FAO 12 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statement on World Migratory Bird Day- Importance of Migratory Birds, May 14, 2012, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/news_140512.html) On World Migratory Bird Day… their chances of survival.
Honeybees are plummeting now --- preserving enough migratory birds for pollination is key to avoid extinction Herrmann 11 (Lynn Herrmann, writer at Digital Journal, “Report: World Bee Decline Signals ‘Sixth Major Extinction,’” Digital Journal, March 11, 2011, http://digitaljournal.com/article/304525) Geneva - A new report on… controlled bee species.
Scenario 2 is warming – Slowing warming offsets its consequences and enables successful adaptation. Mazo 10 (PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming… social, cultural and political changes.
Warming exists, is anthropogenic, and produces negative feedbacks – conclusive studies and unbiased authors. Nordhaus, 12 ("Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong", William is a professor of economics at Yale, Ph.D. from MIT, foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, previously served on the committee of the National Academy of Sciences, February 22, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/mar/22/why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/) The first claim is that… establishing a controversy.”9
Emissions alone cause carbon pump explosions that cause extinction. Brandenberg and Paxon 99 (John E. and Monica Rix, Physicist Rocket Scientist, Mars expert, Investigator – MET Project, NASA Technical Advisor, Former Member of Space Transport Subcommittee, Writer and Scientific Editor, Dead Mars, Dying Earth, p. 182-183) Barring earthquakes, meteor… on a planetary scale.
Cuban sugarcane revival solves. It slows warming and reduces emissions. González 10 (Dr. Amando Nova González, professor of economics and researcher at the Center for the Study of the Cuban Economy at the University of Havana, “Cuban Agriculture and Necessary Transformations,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Latin America Program, October 2010, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=1fbc5ca3-714e-41d1-ac33-0dc7eb52228a) The agricultural sector is also… as the “forest effect.”
The status quo puts gasoline before ethanol – only regional imports solve. Alvarez et al. 10 (Pedro J. Alvarez, PhD, George R. Brown Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rice University, fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, former president of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, Joel G. Burken, PhD, professor of environmental engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Lauren A. Smulcer and James D. Coan, Energy Forum Research Associates, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Marcelo E. Dias de Oliveira, Consultant to the Baker Institute for Biofuels Policy, Rosa Dominguez-Faus and Diego E. Gomez, PhD candidates in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Rice University, Amy Myers Jaffe, Fellow in Energy Studies, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Kenneth B. Medlock, PhD, Fellow in Energy and Resource Economics, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Susan E. Powers, PhD, professor of environmental engineering and Associate Dean, Coulter School of Engineering, Clarkson University, Ronald Soligo, PhD, Baker Institute Scholar, professor of economics at Rice University, “Fundamentals of a Sustainable U.S. Biofuels Policy,” The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Baker Institute Policy Report, No. 43, January 2010, pgs. 5-6) Current government support is required… certain U.S. coastal markets.
Sugarcane exports are feasible and desired. Squatriglia 08 (Chuck Squatriglia, contributor at Wired Magazine, “With Fidel Gone, Will Cuba Become a Global Ethanol Player?” February 19, 2008 http://www.wired.com/cars/energy/news/2008/02/cuba_ethanol) Fidel Castro hates ethanol...Cuba any time soon.
The embargo will be lifted inevitable and unchecked tourism will destroy Cuba’s environment. Dean 07 (Cornelia Dean, Lecturer in Environmental Studies at Brown University, science editor at the New York Times, “Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo”, New York Times, December 25, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all) Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That AND Texas A and M and a member of the Harte advisory (CONTINUED) (CONTINUED) board, who supervised arrangements for the Cuban conferees. The travel AND people in Cuba rarely turn to the courts to challenge decisions they dislike. Protecting biodiversity hotspots is key to avoid extinction --- destruction of them makes global pandemic spread and genetic decline inevitable Mittermeier 11 (Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations, President of Conservation International expert on biological diversity, Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011, internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity, http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots) Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is irreversible. AND than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot. The U.S. should environmentally regulate tourism --- that’s critical to environmental protection and creating a spill-over effect. Conell 09 (Christina Conell, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?” June 12, 2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/) With the support of the U.S., Cuba could become a model for AND could serve as an example for environmental strategies throughout the Americas. (CONTINUED (CONTINUED) The U.S. has the economic resources necessary to aid AND present on their island. In a pamphlet distributed at the (CONTINUED) (CONTINUED) conference, the Havana government stated that “there have been mistakes AND based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.
Sustainable development sets a global model PBS 10 (Public Broadcasting Service, “Cuba: The Accidental Eden,” http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/introduction/5728/) Cuba may have been restricted politically and economically for the past 50 years, but AND the world, defining a new era of sustainability well beyond Cuba’s borders.
We’re on the brink of extinction --- sustainable development solves planetary collapse Barry 13 --- Political ecologist with expert proficiencies in old forest protection, climate change, and environmental sustainability policy Dr. Glen Barry (Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development” from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), “ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse,” Forests.org, February 4, 2013, pg. http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/ Science needs to do a better job of considering worst-case scenarios regarding continental AND pulling the biosphere down with us, setting back or eliminating complex life. 1AC --- Environmental Law Adv.
Advantage two is environmental law ---
The “national security exemption” for environmental law currently bars public transparency over expanding biodefense labs Miles 08 (Loulena Miles, Associate at Adams Broadwell Joseph and Cardozo, Degrees from University of California at Santa Cruz, “Final Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement for Continued Operation of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico: Comment on the SWEIS,” http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/EIS-0380-FEIS-03-2-2008.pdf) NEPA has the twin aims of obligating a federal agency to consider environmental impacts before AND may choose to collocate their advance biodefense research inside their nuclear weapons facilities. This stonewalls civil suits and allows biodefense contractors to overlook lab safety requirements Taylor 12 (David Chase Taylor, Degrees from San Diego State University, PhD Student at the University of Lugano, Switzerland, The Bio-Terror Bible, Part 3, p. 25) Southern Research Institute, the military biodefense contractor recently in the news for sending live AND knowledge poses a greater threat than the problem we are trying to solve."
Regulated lab safety key to prevent accidental release --- it’s an existential risk Wilson 13 (Grant Wilson, Deputy Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, “Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 31 Va. Envtl. L.J. 307, 2013) i. Risk of an accident The accidental release of a bioengineered microorganism during legitimate AND would be unpredictable but potentially extremely deadly to humans and/or animals. Engineered bioweapon is a unique existential risk Sandberg et al. 8 – Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. ?irkovi?—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction) The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. AND may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.
The plan reverses the national security exemption by applying domestic law standards to travel relations with Cuba Rawcliffe 07 (Major John Rawcliffe, Professor of Law, International and Operational Law Department, the Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center and School, “Operational Law Handbook,” 2007, Chapter 10, Environmental Law, pgs. 225-226) (1) Operations Restore Hope and Sea Signal provides recent examples of exempted operations AND the environment is an important aspect of all U.S. operations.
The plan is key to enforcement of environmental protection --- it is key to future lawsuits. Krueger 09 (William Krueger, J.D., University of North Carolina School of Law, Legal Aid of North Carolina, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Carolina Journal Of Law andTechnology Volume 10,Issue 2: Spring 2009 “In The Navy: The Future Strength Of Preliminary Injunctions Under NEPA In Light Of NRDC v. Winter”) Since the 1970s, many laws have been passed with the overarching goal of protecting AND “fostering precious resource preservation” will be thwarted.28
It has a spill-over effect --- the national security exemption precedent will hamstring all future environmental litigation Lightbody 09 (Lisa Lightbody, J.D. Candidate, Harvard Law School, “Case Comment: Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,” 2009, 33 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 593, lexis) D. Deference to Military Necessity Finally, after Winter II it is unclear when AND claim a military emergency to avoid procedural obligations under environmental statutes will grow.
This makes addressing global climate change impossible --- the plan’s reversal of that precedent enables international solutions to warming Gormley 10 (Neil Gormley, J.D., Harvard Law School, “Standing in the Way of Cooperation: Citizen Standing and Compliance with Environmental Agreements,” Summer 2010, West Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 16 Hastings W.-N.W. J., Env. L. and Pol'y 397) The Supreme Court's approach to standing, therefore, raises serious questions about the viability AND NEPA is a procedural statute, the court did not consider (CONT.) (CONTINUED) or weigh any procedural harms on the side of the environmental plaintiffs AND heed to the potential for domestic courts to play a role (CONT.) (CONT.) in escaping the compliance dilemma. Even liberal theories tend to focus AND doctrine will sweep most broadly in excluding citizen enforcement in a (CONT.) (CONT.) substantive area such as environmental law where the achievement of international cooperation AND , and non-participation in the Kyoto process are unlikely (CONT.) (CONT.) to be completely overlooked by global leaders considering long-term reciprocal AND effective cooperation on the most pressing environmental issues facing humanity will suffer accordingly.
Extraterritorial application is key Klick 94 (Karen A. Klick, “The Extraterritorial Reach of NEPA’s EIS Requirement After Environmental Defense Fund v. Massey,” The American University Law Review, Vol. 44, Issue 1, January 1994, http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1527andcontext=aulr) Despite the contrary determination of some courts, consistent application of NEPA to the international AND for the United States is to legitimize and foster environmental protection legislation worldwide.
Other solutions will fail --- only the plan’s judicial ruling locks-in international modeling and global adoption Long 08 (Andrew Long, Professor of Law at the Florida Coastal School of Law “International Consensus and U.S. Climate Change Litigation,” 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 177, Volume 33, Issue 1 Article 4, 2008)
Enhancing U.S. International Leadership In a time of unfavorable global AND how to approach climate change issues raised under statutes designed for other purposes.
Slowing warming offsets its consequences and enables successful adaptation. Mazo 10 (PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122) The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2 AND adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes. Slow-down and mitigation are key – they limit the magnitude. Carnesale 11 (Albert Carnesale, PhD in Nuclear Engineering, UCLA Chancellor Emeritus, Professor of Public Policy and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “America’s Climate Choices,” March 2011, http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/reports-in-brief/ACC-final-brief.pdf) In the judgment of this report’s authoring committee, the environmental, economic, and AND , if they some how prove to be more stringent than actually needed. Warming exists, is anthropogenic, and produces negative feedbacks – conclusive studies and unbiased authors. Nordhaus, 12 ("Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong", William is a professor of economics at Yale, Ph.D. from MIT, foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, previously served on the committee of the National Academy of Sciences, February 22, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/mar/22/why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/) The first claim is that the planet is not warming. More precisely, “ AND . This question has been studied extensively. The most recent (CONT.) (CONTINED) thorough survey by the leading scholar in this field, Richard Tol AND general public. It is also the means of establishing a controversy.”9
1AC --- Plan Text The United States federal judiciary should announce to Cuba that the United States federal government will normalize environmentally regulated travel relations with Cuba.
We meet or every aff is extra-T --- Courts make decisions and announce it JUST LIKE Congress affs say the “USFG should” --- both are the end point of the process. Their T violation would require Congress affs to specify every step of the process of Congress --- floor committee, subcommittee, floor vote, reconciliation, sign or veto, etc.