Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City West HK | Judge:
1nc – da
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

1nc – cp
The United States Federal Government should substantially normalize its trade relations with Cuba with the exception of agriculture imports and exports.
Normalized economic relations mean the whole enchilada- includes agriculture
Gerz-Escandon 08 (Jennifer Gerz-Escandon, B.A., Government with a minor in Psychology, Georgetown University M.A., International Relations, University of Miami Ph.D., International Relations, University of Miami. 10/9/08. "End the US-Cuba embargo: It's a win-win". CS Moniter. www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2008/1009/p09s02-coop.html)
Even as Cubans recover from hurricanes Gustav and Ike, their desire to end the
AND
development, and immigration – could provide the foundation for a postembargo relationship.
Solves the affirmative --
Cuba is transitioning to sustainable agriculture because the embargo- the plan reverses that
Gonzalez 03 (Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University. 2003. "Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba". Tulane Environmental Law Journal. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944)
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Cuban agriculture is key to environment and Cuban biodiversity
Peters 10 (Kathryn A. Peters, J.D. from the University of Oregon . "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution". University of Oregon Law School. law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in ¶ Cuba’s history,
AND
new economy for many Cubans without negatively ¶ impacting the environment or society.
The Caribbean is biodiversity hotspot
CEPF ’10 (quoting Mittermeier -- the same author that establishes the “hotspot” thesis and writes our impact ev. , Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. CEPF is the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund – “Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT” – Prepared by: BirdLife International¶ in collaboration with:¶ Durrell Wildlife Conservation¶ Trust / Bath University¶ The New York Botanical Garden¶ and with the technical support of:¶ Conservation International-Center¶ for Applied Biodiversity Science; assistance for this report was offered by 100 international and non-profit organizations. Jan 15th – http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf)
The Caribbean Islands Hotspot is one of the  world’s greatest centers of biodiversity and¶
AND
species amounting to at least 2 percent of the world’s total¶ species.
Biodiversity in specific hotspots solves extinction -- key to ag, medicine, and ecosystems
Mittermeier ’11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.
1nc – cp

Text – The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.

Current language
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that-
And
 (Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)

Language post-counterplan
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that is-
And
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)

Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, 1999 (David, “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a President from lifting the embargo against Cuba arbitrarily would appear
AND
S. Government would not be liable for any losses.   *262 

Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, 2008 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos  and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
 *451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution Policy should be
AND
justice for Cuba's transgressions by allowing them to receive individualistic and equitable remediation.

The current embargo holds Cuba responsible for compensation for property taken during the Castro revolution – lifting the embargo and normalizing relations makes the US legally responsible for that compensation under the Takings Clause – that causes lawsuits against the federal government that collapses an effective transition and turns every Cuba advantage
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, 1995 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
B. Full Compensation as an Inflexible Standard In extreme cases, full compensation may
AND
cast a cloud over any progress in U.S.-Cuban relations.

It also overloads the court --- undermining prosecution of terrorism
Taylor 99 (Stuart Jr., “Irrational Excesses, Barbaric Penalties and Political Opportunism”, National Journal, 2-27, Lexis)
So did another unhealthy trend, deplored in a Feb. 16 ABA task force
AND
criminal prohibitions, each filled with differing consequences for the same conduct.'' 

Judicial prosecution is vital to prevent a wave of terror attacks – turns case
Shapiro 3 (Jeremy, Associate Director and Research Associate – Brookings Institute, “French Lessons: The Importance of the Judicial System in Fighting Terrorism”, March,  http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/ shapiro2003032 5.htm)
There is no simple formula for reconciling the war on terrorism’s short-term requirement
AND
of terrorism without sacrificing the very values they so desperately desire to protect.
1nc – da
Cuba’s close relationship with Venezuela will continue – U.S. is odd one out.
Richard Gott, 2-25-2013, the guardian, “Cuba looks forward to closer US ties in a post-Castro world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul
Diaz-Canel has also been a strong advocate of the existing close relationship with
AND
in the US have begun to forget what the quarrel was all about.
Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor 10, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to Cuba was intended to bolster the regime's security,
AND
that are adversarial to the United States, Venezuela has them in abundance.
Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega, 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute) http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted last week that his government is "carrying out the
AND
"Atomic Energy Committee" has been managing the nuclear program since 2007.
Extinction
Shepard-Durini 9 (Suzana, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, 2009, B.A. Political Science and Latin America Studies @ Wellesey College, M.A. Latin America Studies (security) @ Georgetown, Research Associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs)
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

1nc – transition
Tourism won’t brink transition to cuba – either the squo solves stability or the affirmative can’t
Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
Moreover, U.S. tourism will not bring democracy to Cuba.
And
On what mystical grounds do opponents of the embargo offer that American tourists will do the trick?
Alt causes to the Cuban economy and if the aff solves them, so does the status quo
Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
The embargo is not the cause of the catastrophic state of Cuba’s economy.
And
Despite the existence of the embargo, the U.S. is Cuba’s sixth-largest trading partner and biggest food supplier.
Laundry list of alt causes to economic collapse
Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy”, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)//eek
There are game-changing events outside of Cuba’s control that can negatively affect the
AND
health will sever the lifeline of petroleum that flows from Caracas to Havana.
No Shutdown—Maduro will continue to supply Cuba
Xinhua 13 News industry, citing Diosadado Cabello, the president of Venezuela’s National Assembly (Xinhua News Agency 6/7/13 “Venezuela-Cuba ties to stay strong: official” http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/787836.shtml#.UczWuGR0wao ) KY
HAVANA, June 7 (Xinhua) -- Friendship between Venezuela and Cuba will continue
AND
more than 45,000 professionals, mainly in medical and healthcare fields.
Any Cuban economic decline will be mitigated – remittances, tourism, oil, and diversification
Messa-Lago, 13 – Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh (Carmelo, “The possible impact of the death of Chavez in the Cuban economy”, 12/03/2013, http://www.cubaencuentro.com/cuba/articulos/el-posible-impacto-de-la-muerte-de-chavez-en-la-economia-cubana-283444, translated from Spanish by Google Translate)eek
If substantially reduce or end Venezuelan aid (equivalent to more than a fifth of
AND
of trade and investment with other countries but not yet achieved substantial results.
FDI in Cuba fails
Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. April 2013. "What if…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? by Jaime Suchlicki". devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/12/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
All trade with Cuba is done with state owned businesses. Since Cuba has very
AND
Corruption is pervasive, undermining equity and respect for the rule of law.

1nc – relations
Investments and tourism can’t make Cuba democratic- if it can, the status quo solves
Suchlicki 08 (Jaime Suchlicki, Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. "Jaime Suchlicki interview - tough questions, same old answers". BBC Interveiw wiht Jaime Suchlicki by Tim Mansel. havanajournal.com/politics/entry/jaime-suchlicki-interview-tough-questions-same-old-answers/)
There is a willingness on the part of some members of Congress to¶ change
AND
When¶ those two circumstances begin to happen then American policy should change.
Lifting the embargo would only strengthen the dictatorship.
Walser, 12 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/05/how-to-achieve-real-political-reform-in-cuba Cuba May 18, 2012 How To Achieve Real Political Reform in Cuba By Ray Walser, Ph.D./, ., Ray Walser, PhD, is Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. /JH
The ultimate goal of spokespersons such as Mariela Castro is relatively simple: Win the
AND
Cuba’s people begins below decks, not in luxury cabins with ocean views.
Cuba won’t want to cooperate
Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
Regrettably, this outlook stems from a U.S.-centric vantage point extrapolated
AND
recent speech to Cuba’s National Assembly should put an end to that notion.
Economic relations won’t transform Cuba
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
There is no evidence that tourism, trade, or investment had anything to ¶
AND
. The will to ¶ liberalize the economy does not exist in Cuba.
The OAS fails – credibility is inherently ineffective
AP 6/4 (Associated Press, “John Kerry seeks changes to OAS,” 6/4/13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/john-kerry-latin-america-oas-changes-92245.html)//SJF
Secretary of State John Kerry is demanding reforms in the 35-nation Organization of
AND
, Hugo Chavez, reveled in tweaking Washington until his death last year.
Ice age is coming now --- comparatively outweighs warming and causes extinction --- only warming solves
Chapman 8 (Phil Chapman, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh,” 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)

What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken."
GHG emissions key to preventing another Ice Age --- replaces natural loss of CO2
Ridley 12 (MATT RIDLEY - BA and DPhil degrees from Oxford University – 1/14/12, Are We Holding a New Ice Age at Bay?, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204257504577150812451167538.html)

The entire 10,000-year history of civilization has happened in an unusually
AND
000 and 120,000 years ago, before a sharper fall began.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edina LS | Judge:
1nc – 1
Interpretation – economic engagement means government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.
‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan authorizes businesses and doesn’t directly economic engage with other countries
C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible for arbitrary agencies

2. Negative ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ‘engagement’

3. Extra-topicality – independent voting issue for claiming advantages that are not topical from the aff, makes it unpredictable and impossible for the negative to win, kills fairness and education. 

1nc – 2

Text: The United States federal government should permit companies to provide services for the cultivation of Cuban offshore oil. 

No matter the context, the word development evokes the memory of what those lower in society are not, killing value to life- The affirmative can’t separate themselves from the word’s connotations
Esteva, 92 Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca (Gustavo, “The Development Dictionary A Guide to Knowledge as Power”, ed by Wolfgang Sachs, pg 10-11)
Throughout the century, the meanings associated with urban development and colonial development concurred with
AND
from it, they need to be enslaved to others' experiences and dreams.

Development creates the poor as a homogenous entity that can only be compared to the rich
Esteva ‘92 – Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca (Gustavo, “The Development Dictionary A Guide to Knowledge as Power”, ed by Wolfgang Sachs, pg 7)
Underdevelopment began, then, on January 20, 1949. On that day,
AND
themselves as underdeveloped, with the whole burden of connotations that this carries.
1nc – 3
Expertise sharing reifies imperial notions that the west is better and superior to the other
Burr 3 - Associate Professor, History U of Windsor (Christina, “Some Adventures of the Boys: Enniskillen Township's "Foreign Drillers," Imperialism, and Colonial Discourse, 1873-1923,” Labour / Le Travail, Vol. 51 (Spring, 2003), pp. 47-80 JSTOR)
I will explain in this essay how Enniskillen township's "foreign drillers," both as
AND
where oil was discovered Enniskillen's drillers provided the skilled labour and technical expertise.
Unlimited imperialist conquest inevitably results in extinction, every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of colonialism
Harvey ’06 David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13
At times of savage devaluation, interregional rivalries typically degenerate into struggles over who is
AND
of the world, but by the destruction and death of global war.
The alternative is vote neg to interrogate the imperial underpinnings of the 1AC- only by rejecting US imperialism can we open up new spaces for decolonized thought
Taylor 12 - Lecturer in Latin American Studies BA University of London, Queen Mary MPhil University of Glasgow PhD University of Manchester, (Lucy, “Decolonizing International Relations: Perspectives from Latin America,” International Studies Review, Volume 14, Issue 3,  11 SEP 2012, 14, 386–400, Wiley Online Library)
The aim of this paper is to think differently about International Relations (IR)
AND
, locating its critique at the heartland of international relationships and International Relations.
1nc – hegemony
Cuba empirically rejects U.S. disaster assistance – resents the greater damage done by the U.S. embargo
Lacey, 8 – MA International Policy and Practice, George Washington University (Marc - “Cuba Rejects American Offer of Hurricane Aid” September 6, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/world/americas/cubaforweb.html)
MEXICO CITY — The Cuban government turned down Washington’s offer of hurricane assistance Saturday,
AND
commercial and financial blockage imposed against our Motherland for almost half a century.”
Single issues don’t spill over – alt causes to soft power like Snowden, Middle East wars, and Gitmo
Oil prices rising but balanced now --- most predictive evidence
MarketWatch 9-11 (“Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term”, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)
MADRID (MarketWatch) -- Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC's predictions for Syria supply.
Increasing U.S. oil independence forces Saudi to flood the market and sink oil prices
UT 13 ("Without Oil. Without Allies: USA and the New American Dream of Independent Energy", 2/15/13, Urban Times Magazine, urbantimes.co/magazine/2013/02/usa-oil-saudi-arabia-independent-domestic-energy-supply/)
At the end of the day, the United States of America is overcoming Saudi
AND
F-15. Without green energy, without oil, without allies.
Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy --- overwhelms resiliency
Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)
MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.
Prolif impact is empirically denied --- North Korean nuclear tests, Indo/Pak prolif, and China in the seventies
No impact to prolif --- it will be slow and no arms racing
Jones 13 (Peter, Associate Professor – University of Ottawa School of Public and International Affairs and Distinguished Visiting Fellow – Hoover Institution, “Rapid nuclear proliferation simply doesn’t happen”, The Globe and Mail, 2-18, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/rapid-nuclear-proliferation-simply-doesnt-happen/article8729083/)
There is considerable historical evidence to suggest that this would not happen. If it
AND
nuclear weapons when the Soviet Union collapsed but soon gave them up voluntarily.
Heg is unsustainable --- debt, offshoring, and economy --- only shift from empire to multitudes averts extinction
Shor 10 (Fran Shor teaches in the History Department at Wayne State University. He is the author of “Dying Empire: US Imperialism and Global Resistance”, Routledge 2010, http://www.stateofnature.org/locatingTheContemporary.html)
Attributing the debilitation of the U.S. economy to a mortgage crisis or
AND
future grave and planting the seeds for another possible world. 17
1nc – china SOI
Chinese Sphere of Influence solves aerospace security, biotech, and nuclear power – turns prolif, Taiwan war, and ASAT attacks
Wise 09 (Carol, Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, 2009, “China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores,” http://es.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/02/19/es.kht015.full)//DR. H
At the same time, as China’s commercial and political relationship with the countries in
AND
technology cooperation in areas such as aerospace, biotechnology, and nuclear power.
US forces could take out an ASAT launch
Shachtman 8 (Noah, Editor of Wired Magazine, "How China Loses the Coming Space War (Pt. 3)" 1-10-08, accessed from Danger Room Blog, http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/01/inside-the-ch-2.html)
If China was to attack the strategically important deep-space satellites it would give
AND
space ASATs as they wait for D-day in their parking orbit.
ASATs wouldn’t even hit the satellites
Forden 8 (Geoffrey, MIT research associate and a former UN weapons inspector and strategic weapons analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, “How China Loses the Coming Space War (Pt. 2) ,” 1-10, http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/01/inside-the-ch-1.html)
At that point, however, the United States could effectively stop China’s attack simply
AND
be hundreds of miles from where China thought it was going to be.
Chinese influence controls every existential scenario for extinction
Zhang ’12 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.
Chinese soft power key to its economy.
CSIS 9 (March 2009, Center Strategic and International Studies, “Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090305_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf)
Aware of the benefits of a sophisticated soft-power portfolio, Chinese leaders are
AND
soft-power strategy in each of the four regions it is active.
Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region.
Chinese SOI in Latin America provides a unique opportunity for China-Taiwan cross-strait relations – solves Taiwan war
Hsiang 09 Antonio C. Hsiang Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets “China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=jekem NovemberBMitch
From 2000 to 2008, Latin America had been a diplomatic battlefield between China and
AND
the more economic opportunity will be afforded Latin America and the United States.
The affirmative devastates China relations
Zweig, 10 – Director of the Center on China’s Transnational Relations and a Chair Professor in the Division of Social Science (David, “China’s “Energy Rise”, The U.S., And The New Geopolitics Of Energy”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, April)
America’s bilateral policy may be better coordinated. The Strategic Dialogues will give America a
AND
can the potentially negative implications of Sino-American triangularization be better managed.

China relations solve every impact
Cohen, 9 (William S. Cohen is chairman and CEO of The Cohen Group, a strategic business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. Secretary Cohen served as U.S. secretary of defense, Maurice R. Greenberg is chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr and Co., Inc. Mr. Greenberg retired four years ago as chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG) after more than 40 years of leadership, creating the largest insurance company in history, “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” pg online @ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf)
The evolution of Sino-U.S. relations over the next months,
AND
U.S.-China partnership, though not inevitable, is indispensable.

Influence in Latin America is vital to Chinese energy security
Hongbo 12 – Sun Hongbo  is an associate professor at the Institute of Latin American Studies, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, (“The dragon’s oil politics in Latin America”, Winter 2012, http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL62_30.pdf)//sawyer
With her booming economy and rapidly rising influence on the international stage, China has
AND
successful risk assessment and a responsible examination of country-specific investment opportunities.
Energy insecurity sparks Asian war
Clement ’12 (Nicholas, China and India Vie for Energy Security, May 25, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html)
The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
relies on the energy shipped through maritime regions to fund its own industrialization.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: Edina SR | Judge:
1nc – 1
China isn’t a threat – however the TPP will isolate China sparking global nuclear war
Michael 11 – Michael Billington is the Asia editor for the Executive Intelligence Review, and author of Reflections of an American Political Prisoner, and graduated from Trinity University, (“Obama’s Asia Trip Had Only One Purpose: War on China”, November 25, 2011 http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2011/eirv38n46-20111125/37-40_3846.pdf)
Nov. 20—The self-imagined Emperor of America  Barack Obama, while
AND
crossfire. Australia should at least prevent things from growing out of  control.” 

1nc – 2

The TPP is a neoliberal wish that empowers corporations
Bowie 13 - Nile Bowie is a political analyst and photographer currently residing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (“Trans-Pacific partnership: Neoliberal arm of Obama’s Asia-pivot”, June 14, 2013, http://rt.com/op-edge/trans-pacific-partnership-obama-704/)//
Everything that the public knows about the TPP so far has come from various leaks
AND
policy theoreticians like Robert Kagan can provide a clearer understanding of the TPP.

The alt is to vote negative – using rejection the 1AC as part of the neoliberal system to completely undermine its neoliberal logic – neolib makes extinction through attempts at profit maximization inevitable
Werlhof 08 (Claudia von Werlhof, Professor at the Institute of Political Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria. 2/1/08. "The Consequences of Globalization and Neoliberal Policies. What are the Alternatives?" Centre for Reseach on Globalization. www.globalresearch.ca/the-consequences-of-globalization-and-neoliberal-policies-what-are-the-alternatives/7973)
At the center of both old and new economic liberalism lies “self-interest
AND
is mandatory to let it emerge before the hubris’ boomerang finds us all.

1nc – 3

The United States federal government should encourage private sector manufacturing research and development by updating tax policy including a permanent research and development tax credit, expanding programs for government procurement, and by offering training programs for advanced manufacturing jobs, change status quo policies to a strategy that places China in a position of accommodation with the US, publicly denounce its previous China containment strategies and substantially expand unconditional military-to-military exchanges and joint operations on missions that contribute to international public good with China, and establish a policy of forward defense that creates air-and-sea denial networks, including the use of long-range strike systems, attack submarines, forward hardened air bases, strike aircraft, missiles, and special operations

The CP jumpstarts the manufacturing industry
Lind and Freeman 12 (Michael Lind, policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation, Joshua Freedman, program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program, “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” New America Foundation, April 2012, http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
To remain competitive, the U.S. needs a strategy to ensure that
AND
allocates responsibility for learning and upgrading skills among government, employers and individuals.

US strength in Asia will inevitably collapse – accommodation will preserve US primacy but is key to avoid US china war and preserve US china relations
White 12 - Hugh White is a professor of strategic studies at ANU and a visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute and a former Australian deputy secretary of defense, (“The China Choice: A Bold Vision for U.S.-China Relations”, August 17, 2012, http: thediplomat.com/2012/08/17/the-china-choice-a-bold-vision-for-u-s-china-relations/comment-page-1/?all=true)  
In The China Choice I argue that America should try to accommodate China’s growing power
AND
argument is that the consequences of rivalry with China are very grave indeed.

The CP bolsters trust and prevents escalation – solves conflict
Haenle 11 (Paul Haenle, director of the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center in Beijing, China, Director of the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, M.A. Harvard University, white house representative to the U.S. negotiating team at the Six-Party Talks, former director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolian Affairs on the National Security Council staffs of Bush and Obama, “Overcoming Mistrust in U.S.-China Relations,” January 19, 2011, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=42331)
These concerns could be alleviated through two steps. First, the United States and
AND
and can help China and the United States better understand the other’s intentions.

The CP bolsters deterrence
Krepinevich, 12 — president of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, former visiting professor of public policy at George Mason University, and Ph.D. from Harvard University (Andrew F., Jr., “Strategy in a Time of Austerity”, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138362/andrew-f-krepinevich-jr/strategy-in-a-time-of-austerity)
Fortunately, the United States has no need to set such ambitious objectives, since
AND
, U.S. naval forces can pressure enemy homelands through blockades.

1nc – 4
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

1nc – china
The Asian pivot is inevitable the aff can only reify the harms
The status quo solves the entirety of the aff – dominant presence in asia and high trade relations now with the Asian-Pacific – only a risk that the aff causes Chinese aggression
Innocent 12 –Malou Innocent is an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute. She is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and her primary research interests include Middle East and Persian Gulf security issues and U.S. foreign policy toward Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. She has appeared as a guest analyst on CNN, BBC News, Fox News Channel, Al Jazeera, Voice of America, CNBC Asia, and Reuters. Innocent has published reviews and articles on national security and international affairs in journals such as Survival, Congressional Quarterly, and Harvard International Review. She has also written for Foreign Policy, Wall Street Journal Asia, Christian Science Monitor, Armed Forces Journal, the Guardian, Huffington Post, the Washington Times, and other outlets both in the United States and overseas. She earned dual Bachelor of Arts degrees in Mass Communications and Political Science from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master of Arts degree in International Relations from the University of Chicago, (“Textile Protectionism in the Trans-Pacific Partnership”, July 23, 2012, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/textile-protectionism-trans-pacific-partnership)//
The greatest misperception surrounding Washington’s “pivot” to Asia is that America’s dominant presence
AND
Asia ever sold was the intimation that we do not already have it.
The “Asia Pivot” will lead to Chinese aggression
Blumenthal 12 -Dan Blumenthal is the director of Asian Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, where he focuses on East Asian security issues and Sino-American relations.  Mr. Blumenthal has both served in and advised the U.S. government on China issues for over a decade.  From 2001 to 2004, he served as senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia at the Department of Defense.  Additionally, he served as a commissioner on the congressionally-mandated U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission since 2006-2012, and held the position of vice chairman in 2007.  He has also served on the Academic Advisory Board of the congressional U.S.-China Working Group. Mr. Blumenthal is the co-author of "An Awkward Embrace: The United States and China in the 21st Century" (AEI Press, November 2012).’, (“Pivoting and rebalancing: The good, the bad, and the ugly”, July 3, 2012, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/07/03/pivoting_and_rebalancing_the_good_the_bad_and_the_ugly)
 1) There is a danger of overpromising. The new defense guidelines were
AND
actions as hostile. We should expect China to up its game militarily.
Extinction
Straight Times 2k (Ching Cheong, Senior Writer at the Strait Times, “No one gains in a war over Taiwan,” June 25th, Lexis)
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
US forces could take out an ASAT launch
Shachtman 8 (Noah, Editor of Wired Magazine, "How China Loses the Coming Space War (Pt. 3)" 1-10-08, accessed from Danger Room Blog, http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/01/inside-the-ch-2.html)
If China was to attack the strategically important deep-space satellites it would give
AND
space ASATs as they wait for D-day in their parking orbit.
ASATs wouldn’t even hit the satellites
Forden 8 (Geoffrey, MIT research associate and a former UN weapons inspector and strategic weapons analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, “How China Loses the Coming Space War (Pt. 2) ,” 1-10, http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/01/inside-the-ch-1.html)
At that point, however, the United States could effectively stop China’s attack simply
AND
be hundreds of miles from where China thought it was going to be.
Chinese influence controls every existential scenario for extinction
Zhang ’12 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.
Chinese soft power key to its economy.
CSIS 9 (March 2009, Center Strategic and International Studies, “Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090305_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf)
Aware of the benefits of a sophisticated soft-power portfolio, Chinese leaders are
AND
soft-power strategy in each of the four regions it is active.
Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region.
Chinese SOI in Latin America provides a unique opportunity for China-Taiwan cross-strait relations – solves Taiwan war
Hsiang 09 Antonio C. Hsiang Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets “China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=jekem NovemberBMitch
From 2000 to 2008, Latin America had been a diplomatic battlefield between China and
AND
the more economic opportunity will be afforded Latin America and the United States.
The affirmative devastates China relations
Zweig, 10 – Director of the Center on China’s Transnational Relations and a Chair Professor in the Division of Social Science (David, “China’s “Energy Rise”, The U.S., And The New Geopolitics Of Energy”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, April)
America’s bilateral policy may be better coordinated. The Strategic Dialogues will give America a
AND
can the potentially negative implications of Sino-American triangularization be better managed.

China relations solve every impact
Cohen, 9 (William S. Cohen is chairman and CEO of The Cohen Group, a strategic business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. Secretary Cohen served as U.S. secretary of defense, Maurice R. Greenberg is chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr and Co., Inc. Mr. Greenberg retired four years ago as chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG) after more than 40 years of leadership, creating the largest insurance company in history, “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” pg online @ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf)
The evolution of Sino-U.S. relations over the next months,
AND
U.S.-China partnership, though not inevitable, is indispensable.
Influence in Latin America is vital to Chinese energy security
Hongbo 12 – Sun Hongbo  is an associate professor at the Institute of Latin American Studies, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, (“The dragon’s oil politics in Latin America”, Winter 2012, http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL62_30.pdf)//sawyer
With her booming economy and rapidly rising influence on the international stage, China has
AND
successful risk assessment and a responsible examination of country-specific investment opportunities.
Energy insecurity sparks Asian war
Clement ’12 (Nicholas, China and India Vie for Energy Security, May 25, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html)
The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
relies on the energy shipped through maritime regions to fund its own industrialization. 

1nc – hegemony 

Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)

Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation's editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

3. Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)

It's not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It's a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

No conceivable scenario for loss of leadership --- structural advantages ensure unipolarity and bandwagoning --- but only retrenchment makes leadership sustainable
Haass 13 (Richard N., President – Council on Foreign Relations, “America Can Take a Breather. And It Should.”, New York Times, 6-22, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/opinion/sunday/america-can-take-a-breather-and-it-should.html)

Today, there are threats, but they tend to be regional, years away
AND
something like it. They are more interested in integration than in revolution.
Hegemony doesn’t solve war --- generates instability
Friedman 10 (Ben, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security – Cato Institute, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science – MIT, “Military Restraint and Defense Savings”, 7-20, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html)

Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military hegemony underlies
AND
and threaten to drag us into wars, while providing no obvious benefit. 

1nc – solvency 

The TPP won’t pass – Australian and Chilean political issues converge
WTO 13 - World Trade Online is a product of Inside Washington Publishers, which for almost 30 years has provided exclusive, relevant news about the federal policymaking process, to professionals who have a need to know about the process. It has groups of news services covering environment, defense, international trade, healthcare, and energy., Inside U.S. (“Elections In Australia, Chile, Malaysia Could Impact TPP Negotiations”, August 15, 2013, http://insidetrade.com/Inside-US-Trade/Inside-U.S.-Trade-08/16/2013/elections-in-australia-chile-malaysia-could-impact-tpp-negotiations/menu-id-172.html)
Countries participating in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations are racing to
AND
be headed by chief negotiator Felipe Lopeandia, ministry sources said. 

Double bind – Mexico will say no unless tariff exemptions for rice occur- but if that happens Japan will leave and the TPP will fail
Kyodo 13 -Kyodo for Japantimes, (“TPP exemption bid worries Mexico leader
Visiting president urges Japan to seek end to all tariffs in spirit of pact”April 8, 2013 http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/04/08/business/tpp-exemption-bid-worries-mexic -leader/#.Ug_wONWnaph)
LOS ANGELES – Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto has expressed concern about Japan’s attempt to
AND
join the TPP, Takaichi said this was “the worst scenario.”

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 2 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt CC | Judge:
1nc – 1
The aff cedes land to Cuba which is appeasement and not engagement – this wrecks limits, precisions and allows any form of positive sanction
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
AND
the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.
Voting issue for limits and topic education – blurring the distinction between appeasement and engagement makes any positive action topical – undermines the depth of education and causes a topic shift that wrecks the unique educational potential of the topic
1nc – 2

Text – The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba by fully transferring control and ownership of Guantanamo Bay to the Republic of Cuba only if the action conforms with the outcome of a binding national referendum. The United States Federal Government should submit the proposed action for a binding national referendum. We’ll clarify. 

-- Competes – 

1. Not topical – 

Immediate, unconditional action is mandated – “Resolved” means “a firm decision”, and “should” is “used to imply obligation or duty”

American Heritage Dictionary at dictionary.com

Referendum makes legal change uncertain
Kilmark 98 (Jeffrey Allan, J.D. Candidate – Arizona State University
AND
on the measure and the Governor proclaims the referendum to be law. 26

2. Mutually exclusive
DuVivier 7 (K.K., Associate Professor – University of Denver Sturm College
AND
citizen initiative method of bypassing their legislatures completely in creating new laws. 7

This sends a signal vital to global democracy
Magleby 95 (David B., Professor of Political Science and Department Chair – Brigham Young University, “Governing by Initiative: Let the Voters Decide? An Assessment of the Initiative and Referendum Process”, University of Colorado Law Review, Winter, 66 U. Colo. L. Rev. 13, Lexis)
The United States is one of only five democracies which has never held a national
AND
what limits, if any, exist on the outcomes of these plebiscites.

Extinction
Diamond 95 (Larry, Senior Fellow – Hoover Institution, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, December, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)
This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built. 

1nc- 3
Plan kills the NDAA – kills hegemony
Dempsey 13 – Martin E. Dempsey is a United States Army general and the 18th and current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He previously served as the 37th Chief of Staff of the Army from April 11, 2011, to September 7, 2011 (“NDAA Passage Vital to National Security”,  Dec 11, 2013, http://armedservices.house.gov/index.cfm/defense-drumbeat-blog?ContentRecord_id=944541F7-E884-4212-AC18-C16D3992497B)
"As we enter the final weeks of December, I write to urge you to complete the National
Defense Authorization Act this year. The authorities contained therein are critical to the Nation's
AND
entire Bill at risk, protracting this uncertainty and impacting our global influence."
Hegemony ensures coalition building and deters new threats – the alternative is global war
Zhang and Shi, 11 – Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, 1/22/2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
1nc – 4
Cuba’s close relationship with Venezuela will continue – U.S. is odd one out.
Richard Gott, 2-25-2013, the guardian, “Cuba looks forward to closer US ties in a post-Castro world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul
Diaz-Canel has also been a strong advocate of the existing close relationship with
AND
in the US have begun to forget what the quarrel was all about.
Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor 10, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to Cuba was intended to bolster the regime's security,
AND
that are adversarial to the United States, Venezuela has them in abundance.
Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega, 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted last week that his government is "carrying out the
AND
"Atomic Energy Committee" has been managing the nuclear program since 2007.
Extinction
Shepard-Durini 9 (Suzana, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, 2009, B.A. Political Science and Latin America Studies @ Wellesey College, M.A. Latin America Studies (security) @ Georgetown, Research Associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs)
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

1nc – 5

The use of terror rhetoric to justify policy action is a tactic of the military industrial complex to shut down deliberation and legitimize state violence. Their authors are charlatans with a financial incentive to exaggerate threats.
Greenwald 12 (Glenn, Glenn Greenwald is a former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books: two on the Bush administration's executive power and foreign policy abuses, and his latest book, With Liberty and Justice for Some, an indictment of America's¶ two-tiered system of justice. Greenwald was named by The Atlantic as one of the 25 most influential political commentators in the nation. He is the recipient of the first annual I.F. Stone Award for Independent Journalism, and is the winner of the 2010 Online Journalism Association Award for his investigative work on the arrest and oppressive detention of Bradley Manning. “The sham “terrorism expert” industry”, http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/) 

But the most pernicious attribute of this “terror expert” industry, the aspect
AND
is a fraud, as are those who profit from and within it.

The neoliberal value system ensures environmental catastrophe—the impact is extinction
Speth 08 James Gustave Speth, law professor, Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental adviser and as head of the United Nations’ largest agency for international development Prof at Vermont law school, former dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, former Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, teaching environmental and constitutional law, former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, co-founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council, The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, ISBN: 9780300145304, EBrary, pg. 6-9
The underlying drivers of today’s environmental deterioration have been clearly identified. They range from
AND
modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed.
Terror
No existing tensions disprove the Ayson card
They never said Al Qaeda has nukes read their evidence.
Terrorists are too weak to get the bomb specific to Al Qaeda
Dalmia 11 — senior analyst at Reason Foundation, columnist at Forbes, co-winner of the 2009 Bastiat Prize for Online Journalism, contributor to the op-ed pages of The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, New York Post, The Weekly Standard, Business Week, San Francisco Chronicle, and  Chicago Tribune (Shikha, “What Islamist Terrorist Threat?”, Reason, 2/15/2011, http://reason.com/archives/2011/02/15/what-islamist-terrorist-threat)

Know thy enemy is an ancient principle of warfare. And if America had heeded
AND
that is not conducive to building a deep bench of terrorist talent overtime.
Relations
No link from Cuba relations to LA relations and no link for LA relations to global cooperation

No warming impact --- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)

All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.
Warming won’t cause extinction --- adaption checks
Barrett 7 (Scott, professor of natural resource economics, Columbia University “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now.
Ilaw
No explaination as to how they solve treaty credibility

Embargo is an alt cause to ilaw
Empirically denied --- 2006 Lebanon war and a multitude of Arab/Israeli wars didn’t escalate
No escalation --- leaders check escalation
Maloney 7 (Suzanne, Senior Fellow – Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Steve Cook, Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, and Ray Takeyh, Fellow – Council for Foreign Relations, “Why the Iraq War Won’t Engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune, 6-28, http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/maloney20070629.htm)

Underlying this anxiety was a scenario in which Iraq's sectarian and ethnic violence spills over
AND
its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 3 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GS | Judge:
1nc – 1

The affirmative must defend the implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government as bette r than the status quo or a competitive alternative

a) Resolved – reflects a legislative forum
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 98 (dictionary.com)
Resolved: 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

b) Substantially – it mandates reality and excludes imagination
Wollman 93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8th Circuit, Kansas City Power and Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10 was not given in isolation, however. The district court's
AND
such a demand notice. That determination is all that the contract required.

c) Should – indicates obligation or duty
Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 8 (“should”, 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)
should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation,
AND
. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.

That’s a voting issue- Their interpretation undermines the equitable distribution of predictable ground and switch side debate

1. Unlimits the topic and makes it impossible to be neg because we can never predict nor clash with the aff – we can’t predict all the possible worlds the aff could imagine or all the possible role of the ballot that aren’t based on the consequences of plan passage

2. Clash education outweighs their education – we can’t truth-test the affirmative nor inculcate productive discussion without being prepared – 

Impacts- 

1.) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley 08 (Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
AND
made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
AND
decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one's home
AND
How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
AND
do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of
AND
influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Dialogue Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor.
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion
Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going.
Switch side debate and reading their arguments on the negative solves their education offense 

1nc – 2

The aff is a façade --- a pseudo-sign image of real progress --- this narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
-sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
, relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

This use of the Other as a means for a ballot simply reduces populations to utility --- the impact is genocide
CHOW 2006 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “The Age of the World Target” p 40-42)
Often under the modest and apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the
AND
literature into a full-scale preoccupation with identity and its construction."57

Their demand for the ballot is trapped in a web of scheming --- this poisons their call for change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
According to Kant, when we emerge as subjects, we do so as beings
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basis in freedom. Scheming enslaves one to the object of one’s scheme.

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right --- to be the Dark Knight --- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place
CHOW 1993 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books)
While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

1nc – 3

The retributive justice that comes with locating responsibility in specific historical locations is just as problematic as the ahistorical rejection of responsibility
Murphy 4 (Ann, Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of philosophy at the university of New South Wales, “The Political Significance of Shame,” Borderlands E-Journal, volume 3 Number 1, 2004)
9. If we take seriously the claims emerging from the discourse on generosity and
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imply the finitude of responsibility, or a specific breach of a contract.

Endorse shame and political charity as a challenge to renderings of responsibility that deny the incalculable nature of complicity
Murphy 4 (Ann, Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of philosophy at the university of New South Wales, “The Political Significance of Shame,” Borderlands E-Journal, volume 3 Number 1, 2004)
The Denigration of Shame 1. In recent debates concerning the responsibilities that individuals and
AND
of responsibility as strictly contractual is in many ways to do just that.

1nc – case

Development assistance allows the US to expand its global imperialist and neoliberal agenda which causes massive poverty, structural violence, and environmental destruction
Guttal, 10 – Senior Associate with Focus on the Global South (Focus), an activist think tank that monitors development policy and practice (Shalmali, “Globalisation,” pg. 69-79, 2010, http://academia.edu/377407/Deconstructing_Development_Discourse-Buzzwords_and_Fuzzwords)  MS
Development and globalisation The development industry has arguably been the most effective portal for globalisation
AND
, tens of millions of people were plunged into sudden, abject poverty. 

Engagement with Latin America brings the region back to “traditional” understandings of being – sustaining authoritarian presence
Stromquist ’96 – professor of international development education in the School of Education, University of Southern California (Nelly P., “GENDER, EQUITY, AND EMANCIPATORY
EDUCATION IN LATIN AMERICA,” Interamer, 1996, http://educoea.net/Portal/bdigital/contenido/interamer/BkIACD/Interamer/Interamerhtml/Stromquisthtml/StromqStromquist.htm)//SS

The Latin American region is said to be undergoing a steady return to democracy.
AND
goals are not reflected in the discourse of the democratization objectives of USAID.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles North BE | Judge:
GSP CP

Text: The United States federal government should lift its economic embargo on Cuba. The United States federal government should add Cuba to the United States Generalized System of Preferences program. The United States federal government should not normalize its trade relations with Cuba. 

Adding Cuba to the GSP solves the embargo
Asbhy 13 (Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. March 29. http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/)
The United States has been actively trading with foreign SOEs for years. China,
AND
to recognize “internationally accepted workers’ rights” are excluded. 10

GSP is distinct from the plan and solves Cuban exports
Jones 13 (Vivian, Specialist in Int’l Trade and Finance, CRS. July 24. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33663.pdf)
The GSP concept and programs were established based on an economic theory that preferential tariff
AND
been changed in U.S. law to “normal trade relations.”

Counterplan renews GSP and avoids the disads
Jones 13 (Vivian, Specialist in Int’l Trade and Finance, CRS. July 24. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33663.pdf)
Several options are available to Congress with respect to the treatment of the GSP program
AND
program considered not to comport fully with U.S. WTO obligations.

Trade DA

USTR is overstretched now- new demands derail trade agenda
Needham 13 (Vicki, reporter at the Hill, Froman warns lack of resources may stymie trade agenda, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/312049-froman-warns-lack-of-resources-may-stymie-trade-agenda#ixzz2cf9UMngm, 7/18/13)
While the message isn't a new one, the tone has grown more urgent as
AND
craft a bill that achieves our shared interests," he told the panel.

NTR with Cuba requires extensive trade negotiations
French 9  (editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note, has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba -Anya, "Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba" http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)
To begin to extend normal trade relations to Cuba, the United States would need
AND
years, as both countries would need to adopt statutory and regulatory changes.

Trade promotes democracy and the rule of law
Rice, 8 (Condoleezza Rice, former U.S. Secretary of State, former professor of Political Science at Stanford, 08, Rethinking the National Interest, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2008, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080701faessay87401-p70/condoleezza-rice/rethinking-the-national-interest.html)
Ultimately, one of the best ways to support the growth of democratic institutions and
AND
health of our domestic economy but also for the success our foreign policy.

Rule of law prevents extinction
Sadat 4 (Henry H. Oberschelp Professor of Law, “An American Vision for Global Justice” Sept 7, http://www.google.com/search?q=importance+of+supreme+court+legitimacy+povertyandnum=20andhl=enandhs=277andlr=andclient=firefox-aandrls=org.mozilla:en-US:officialandstart=20andsa=N)
Bringing the rule of law back into American thinking about foreign policy will take time
AND
grave mistake: the obstacles themselves provide the friction to make movement possible.”

Protectionism DA
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Ptx (NDAA)
Plan kills the NDAA – kills hegemony
Dempsey 13 – Martin E. Dempsey is a United States Army general and the 18th and current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He previously served as the 37th Chief of Staff of the Army from April 11, 2011, to September 7, 2011 (“NDAA Passage Vital to National Security”,  Dec 11, 2013, http://armedservices.house.gov/index.cfm/defense-drumbeat-blog?ContentRecord_id=944541F7-E884-4212-AC18-C16D3992497B)
"As we enter the final weeks of December, I write to urge you
AND
entire Bill at risk, protracting this uncertainty and impacting our global influence."
Hegemony ensures coalition building and deters new threats – the alternative is global war
Zhang and Shi, 11 – Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, 1/22/2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

ICJ DA

ICJ has ruled US compensation claims to be legitimate and enforceable
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
A. Cuba's Violation of International Law Cuba has violated international law by taking U
AND
law by not compensating former U.S. owners of Cuban property.

Aff slaps the ICJ in the face – has the US determine compensation not needed which kills overall credibility
Choharis, Scholar George Washington University Law School, ‘6 (Peter Charles, November, “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract” Southern California Law Review, 80 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1, lexis)
B. U.S. Courts' Interpretation of International Law This Article addresses whether
AND
law, U.S. courts are practiced in ascertaining international law, 

Solves global conflict
Meyer, Former Special Assistant the U.S. Attorney General, ‘3 (Howard, May 26, “Isn't It Time We Rejoin the World Court? (We Left in 1986)” http://hnn.us/articles/1465.html)
George W. Bush drew fire from law and order advocates when in 2002 he
AND
stronger institutions of international justice would make the United States a safer place.

Agriculture
1AC card flows neg causes fossil fuel dependency
King, Lehigh Department of Political Science and Environmental Studies, 2012
(M. Dawn, “Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy”, March, http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf)
In the 2006 Living Planet Report, which assesses sustainable development based on the United
AND
goal of sustainable development to increase short-term capital and energy needs.

Cuba is transitioning to sustainable agriculture because the embargo- the plan reverses that
Gonzalez 03 (Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University. 2003. "Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba". Tulane Environmental Law Journal. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944)
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Cuban urban agriculture isn’t sustainable – economic growth makes labor too expensive
Kost 04  (agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research, Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, “CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
Even without an organic approach to food production, is Cuba’s urban gardening system viable
AND
-term role in providing a substantial portion of urban consumers’ food needs.

Cuban sustainable ag is a myth
Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington.  Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State (“Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies” Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571)
The Cubans told the world they had heroically learned to feed themselves without fuel or
AND
helps to have a nearby neighbor with a million or so industrial farmers.”
Zero chance the US adopts the Cuban model
Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, “Cuba-A Hope”, From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)
Resistance to Cuban-style agricultural reform would be particularly stiff in the United States
AND
to turn a profit is effectively drowned out by the overproduction of agribusiness.

No impact to scarcity
Kennedy, 08 – Project Manager within the Integrated United States Security Database (IUSSD) (Jonathon, “Don't Panic! The Long-Term Is Up and To The Right”, 29 APRIL 2008, http://www.businessinsider.com.au/don-t-panic-2008-4)//SP
As the economy sputters into Q2, apocalyptic economic and environmental prophesies are splattered across
AND
to tackle them. What it does mean is that we shouldn’t panic.

Relations

No warming impact --- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)
All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.

Cuba is not key to relations- too many alt causes
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
Cuba is not an important issue in U.S.-Latin American relations.
AND
will flock to ¶ Cuba, to the detriment of the Caribbean economies.

Relations resilient
Duddy and Mora 13 – *U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University;  incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, Western Hemisphere (Patrick and Frank O., “Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?” Miami Herald, 5/1/13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html#storylink=cpy)//Bwang
As President Obama travels to Mexico and Costa Rica, it’s likely the pundits will
AND
S. nonimmigrant visas every year, including many thousands of Chávez loyalists.

Improving relations is impossible without reforming the entire foreign policy apparatus
Gvosdev, 12 - former editor of the National Interest, and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media. He is currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (Nikolas, “To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big,” 4/20, World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community. 

Too many alt causes to Cuba relations
Hanson and Lee ‘13
Stephanie Hanson and Brianna Lee, Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Cuba Relations”, 1/31/13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113
What are the issues preventing normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations? Experts
AND
alienating a strong voting bloc in an important swing state in presidential elections.

Leadership
Multilateral coop will always structurally fail regardless of their internal link—heg is comparatively better
Barma et al., 13 (Naazneen, assistant professor of national-security affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School; Ely Ratner, a fellow at the Center for a New American Security; and Steven Weber, professor of political science and at the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley, March/April 2013, “The Mythical Liberal Order,” The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/the-mythical-liberal-order-8146)
Assessed against its ability to solve global problems, the current system is falling progressively
AND
era, and they approach the global system in a meaningfully different way.¶
No solvency—other U.S. policies crush credibility
Greenwald 12—Glenn Greenwald is an American political journalist, lawyer, columnist, blogger, and author June 25, 2012, “Collapsing U.S. credibility,” http://www.salon.com/2012/06/25/collapsing_u_s_credibility/
Two Op-Eds in The New York Times this morning both warn of the
AND
longer speak with moral authority on these critical issues. . . . .¶

Tournament: Evanston | Round: Octas | Opponent: New Trier DP | Judge:
Protectionism DA
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Fiat ensures a link-the plan bypasses negotiations with interest groups and ensures backlash. Totally unique because status quo trade policy appeases domestic demands. Fiat is immediate otherwise the plan would never pass because competing interests means it would take forever to be negotiated – that ensures protectionist backlash
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Oil DA

Oil prices high and rising
Reuters 1-28-14 Reuters, “UPDATE 9-Oil rises nearly $2 to 2014 high on spread trade,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/28/markets-oil-idUSL3N0L21GL20140128

• Brent-WTI spread narrows to $10 * U.S. crude
  AND
  at $97.41, its highest settlement since Dec. 31.
  Cuban production ensures US energy independence --- the embargo is the only barrier
  Alhaiji 4 (Dr. A. F., Energy Economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics – Ohio Northern University, Terry L. Maris, Founding Executive Director – Center for Cuban Business Studies, Professor of Management – Ohio Northern University, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector”, Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105
  Introduction The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy
  AND
  the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.
  Increasing U.S. oil independence forces Saudi to flood the market and sink oil prices
  UT 13 ("Without Oil. Without Allies: USA and the New American Dream of Independent Energy", 2/15/13, Urban Times Magazine, urbantimes.co/magazine/2013/02/usa-oil-saudi-arabia-independent-domestic-energy-supply/)
  At the end of the day, the United States of America is overcoming Saudi
  AND
  F-15. Without green energy, without oil, without allies.
  Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy --- overwhelms resiliency
  Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)
  MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
  AND
  not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.
  The impact is nuclear war
  Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
  In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
  AND
  the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

ICJ CP

Text: The United States Federal Government will submit its policy of permitting companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore oil for binding adjudication by the International Court of Justice

US acceptance of ICJ rulings as binding is key to setting an international precedent and establishing the ICJ as a legitimate adjudicative body
Sands 99, Professor of Law at NYU, Summer 1999 (Connecticut Journal of International Law)
I am most grateful to Dean Macgill and Professor Joel Paul for providing me with
AND
the arguments put by Breard and Paraguay to the Supreme Court last spring.

A credible and effective ICJ is key to challenging the judicial hegemony of WTO dispute resolution mechanisms and upholding international environmental law
Guruswamy 98, Professor of Law at Tulsa, 1998 (Ecology Law Quarterly)
The Understanding has apparently rejected the Vienna Convention criteria by asserting that the rights and
AND
prospect of vindicating environmental claims than that offered by the GATT/WTO.

That prevents WTO collapse and global financial meltdown by stopping WTO overstretch – turns financial credibility
Hockin 01 Thomas Former Member of Canada's Parliament (84-93) now Visiting Prof in Trade Law @ Univ of Western Ontario. A. The American Nightmare: Trade Politics After Seattle Page/s 52-53
This book now suggests that the WTO, despite its unprecedented capacity to succeed in
AND
dispute settlement must take priority over members' individual interests in expanding those linkages.  

Environment

Non-unique – U.S. has recently reached Oil spill agreement with Cuba – solves the case – this is literally the mechanism of the affirmative
Guzzo 1/29/14, (Paul Guzzo, staff writer for the tribune, 1/29/14, “New oil spill pact between U.S., Cuba has Tampa roots,” http://tbo.com/news/politics/new-oil-spill-pact-between-us-cuba-has-tampa-roots-20140129/)
In a deal initiated in Tampa, the U.S. is putting concerns
AND
this country.”Fox said the agreement was just a matter of time.
Means the affirmative only increases oil extraction – that destroys biodiversity – massive waves of tourism and lack of environmental enforcement
Conell, 09 – Research Assocaite at Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, June 12, 2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)//IK
After years of relying on government subsidies and protectionism, this rapid growth could generate
AND
based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.
Drilling fractures ocean floor – leads to massive and permanent oil leak
Pravica 12—Professor of Physics and Astronomy @ University of Nevada, Las Vegas Michael Pravica, “Letters: Science, not profit, must lead deep water drilling,” USA Today, Updated 4/24/2012 8:43 PM , pg. http://tinyurl.com/9g8x28q King TS)
There are a few critical points not mentioned in the USA TODAY editorial on the
AND
) that could make repair nearly impossible and could permanently poison our waters.
The greatest lesson from the BP oil spill is that politicians and businessmen cannot solve problems created by our advanced technology. Only scientists and engineers can. We must listen to them and adopt a more rational approach to drilling that places safety above profit.
No more drilling in Cuba for 15-20 years – expert says
Reuters, 12 (“Drilling rig leaves Cuba, taking oil hopes with it”, Nov 14, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/14/cuba-oil-rig-idUSL1E8MEHET20121114)
HAVANA, Nov 14 (Reuters) - The Scarabeo 9, a Chinese-
AND
be looking at 15 to 20 years if you put it all together. 

Relations
Latin America provides a unique opportunity for China-Taiwan Cross-Strait relations
Hsiang 09 Antonio C. Hsiang Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets “China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=jekem NovemberBMitch
From 2000 to 2008, Latin America had been a diplomatic battlefield between China and
AND
the more economic opportunity will be afforded Latin America and the United States.

Cuba empirically rejects U.S. disaster assistance – resents the greater damage done by the U.S. embargo
Lacey, 8 – MA International Policy and Practice, George Washington University (Marc - “Cuba Rejects American Offer of Hurricane Aid” September 6, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/world/americas/cubaforweb.html) EB
MEXICO CITY — The Cuban government turned down Washington’s offer of hurricane assistance Saturday,
AND
commercial and financial blockage imposed against our Motherland for almost half a century.”
Cuba oil is not the key internal link to solve for terror cooperation, their card is about the complete lifting of sanctions
Single instances of action do not change international perceptions of the United States.
Fettweis, 8 – Professor of Political Science at Tulane University (Christopher, Credibility and the War on Terror, Political Science Quarterly, Winter)
Since Vietnam, scholars have been generally unable to identify cases in which high credibility
AND
a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.40
Their evidence is alarmism --- overstates strength of terrorists
Mueller and Stewart 12 (John, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, Senior Fellow at Cato Institute, and Mark G., Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, “The Terrorism Delusion,” International Security, Volume 37, Issue 1, Summer 2012, pg. 81-110, Project Muse)
People such as Giuliani and a whole raft of “security experts” have massively
AND
could eventually have committed some serious, if small-scale, damage.
Plan will be perceived as incursion into Chinese interests – prompts military lashout – that’s key
Lettieri 5. Michael, research associate, "Bush goes to Beijing, China goes to Latin America" Council on Hemispheric Affairs -- November 14 -- www.coha.org/bush-goes-to-beijing-china-goes-to-latin-america/
Indeed the PRC has powerful motivations for such courtships: as China has industrialized its
AND
behavior, but that it may unwittingly find itself heading down that road.
Chinese influence controls every existential scenario for extinction
Zhang ’12 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Chinese soft power key to its economy.
CSIS 9 (March 2009, Center Strategic and International Studies, “Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090305_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf)
Aware of the benefits of a sophisticated soft-power portfolio, Chinese leaders are
AND
soft-power strategy in each of the four regions it is active.

Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region. 

The aff forces China out – that devastates relations
Zweig, 10 – Director of the Center on China’s Transnational Relations and a Chair Professor in the Division of Social Science (David, “China’s “Energy Rise”, The U.S., And The New Geopolitics Of Energy”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, April)
America’s bilateral policy may be better coordinated. The Strategic Dialogues will give America a
AND
can the potentially negative implications of Sino-American triangularization be better managed.

China relations solve every impact
Cohen, 9 (William S. Cohen is chairman and CEO of The Cohen Group, a strategic business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. Secretary Cohen served as U.S. secretary of defense, Maurice R. Greenberg is chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr and Co., Inc. Mr. Greenberg retired four years ago as chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG) after more than 40 years of leadership, creating the largest insurance company in history, “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” pg online @ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf)
The evolution of Sino-U.S. relations over the next months,
AND
U.S.-China partnership, though not inevitable, is indispensable.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Niles West AB | Judge:
1nc – 1

The world’s on the brink of massive protectionism---new policies could push us over the edge
FT 4-15, citing the director-general of the WTO “FINANCIAL TIMES: Beware rising protectionism,” 2013, Business Day Live, http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/editorials/2013/04/15/financial-times-beware-rising-protectionism
WITH only a few months left before his term as director-general of the
AND
Trade Alert, a monitoring group, reported that protectionist policies are rising.
Federal TI spending in the U.S. requires contractors to abide with “Buy America” provisions
Morton, 5-10-’12 (Peter, “Buy America spectre rises again” Hamilton Spectator, lexis)
Canadian companies hoping to bid on the crumbling road and bridge system in the U
AND
President Barack Obama brought in a $787-billion economic stimulus bill.
“Buy America” projects threaten global protectionism and economic collapse
Oppenheimer, 2/5/2009 (Andres – Latin America correspondent for the Miami Herald, Reject ‘Buy American’ clause or risk a trade war, The Salt Lake Tribune, p. Lexis)
Forget about Iraq, the Middle East or searching for a new White House puppy
AND
law, but the signal it sends to the rest of the world.
Global nuclear war
Panzner 8—25-year veteran of the markets who has worked for for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and J.P. Morgan Chase. New York Institute of Finance faculty member and a graduate of Columbia University. (Michael, Financial Armageddon, 136-8)
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

1nc – 2

The United States will invest in clean tech, but continuous funding is necessary- investment capital is key
Gleick 2/4/12 (Peter Gleick, staffwriter for Yahoo! Finance. "Renewable Energy, Climate Change, and the Diffuculty of Major Transitions. Yahoo Finance. finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/renewable-energy-climate-change-difficulty-major-transitions-231232077.html)
As President Obama begins his second term, there is a growing realization of the
AND
is an energy transition that should be encouraged, accelerated, and embraced.
Infrastructure projects require large amounts of Investment capital
QREA 11 ("Global Diversified Infrastructure Funds of Funds." Quandra Real Estate Investors. 3/18/11.  www.quadrantrealestateadvisors.com/investments/public/uploads/documents5CGlobal20Diversified20Infrastructure20Fund20of20Funds.pdf)
 Capital Investment Opportunity – Infrastructure assets require a tremendous amount of investment capital (
AND
experienced a market run and of the magnitude of an infrastructure market downturn.
That necessitates a trade-off  Investment Capital is finite
Davies 11- program officer at the Institute for Humane Studies (Steve, "How Government Crowds out Private Investment."Learn Liberty. August 19, 2011.  www.learnliberty.org/content/how-government-crowds-out-private-investment)
The phenomenon of crowding out is one of the key things to understanding accounts of
AND
government debt, given that the government activity may not be very productive.
Investment capital is key to renewable energy
Brown 04- founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute (Lester, "Turning on Renewable Energy." Mother Earth News. April/May 2004. Proquest.)
The incentives for switching to a wind/hydrogen system could come partly from restructuring
AND
that produces technology systems, are now in the wind-power business.
Clean tech solves warming—modeled globally
Zervos and Coequyt 7 - European Renewable Energy Council and Climate and Energy Unit @ Greenpeace
Arthouros, and John, Climate and, “Increasing Renewable Energy in U.S. Can Solve Global Warming”, 1-24, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/infocus/story?id=47208
The good news first. Renewable energy, combined with energy efficiency, can meet
AND
that minimise both their energy bills and their impact on the global climate.
Causes extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

1nc – 3
Text:  The government of Mexico should increase its investment in a multi-tracked high speed rail across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and substantially increase its investment in modernizing its port facilities.
The CP solves the case – ends container traffic
McClintock 07 (Michael C. McClintock (Professor of Law, Gonzaga University School of Law) 2007 “NAFTA'S 13TH YEAR: STEADILY INCREASING TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS, BUILDING A "DRY CANAL" ACROSS SOUTHERN MEXICO, AND MORE” 14 Sw. J.L. and Trade Am. 25, Lexis)
Transportation infrastructure is a significant portion of a nation's wealth so long as efficient freight
AND
largest manufacturing area of northern Mexico along the U.S. border.

1nc – economy

a) Trade is massively successful now despite infrastructure inefficiency
Wilson their author 12 — Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs. He is the author of Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and Mexico (Wilson Center, 2011), and an editor and author of the Institute’s forthcoming State of the Border Report, and Erik Lee, serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University (Christopher E. Wilson, Erik Lee, Site Selection, July 2012, “Whole Nations Waiting”, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm, Accessed 07-15-2013 | AK)
Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
is the United States' second largest export market and third largest trading partner.

b) They admit that their own studies are hopelessly flawed and produce a wide range of results – proves they cherry pick data
Wilson their author 12 — Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute
AND
, Accessed 07-15-2013 | AK)
Several studies have attempted to quantify the costs of border area congestion to the economies
AND
the studies (see table on p. 108) are quite varied.

Here’s evidence – it’s not key — it’s a small percentage of the GDP and their authors conflate correlation with causation
Villarreal 12 — M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (M. Angeles Villarreal, Congressional Research Service, 08-09-2012, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
Effects on the U.S. Economy
The overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy has been relatively
AND
Mexico and the United States influencing investment decisions and the demand for goods. 

Econ resilient
E.I.U. ‘11
(Economist Intelligence Unit – Global Forecasting Service, 11/16/’11
(http://gfs.eiu.com/Article.aspx?articleType=gefandarticleId=668596451andsecID=7)
The US economy, by any standard, remains weak, and consumer and business
AND
28 of the last 30 months—and by a moribund housing market.

Decline doesn’t cause war
Jervis,’11
(Robert, Professor PolSci Columbia, December, “Force in Our Times” Survival, Vol 25 No 4, p 403-425)
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable. 

US isn’t key to the global economy – decoupling proves
Bloomberg ‘10
“Wall Street Sees World Economy Decoupling From U.S.”, October 4th, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-03/world-economy-decoupling-from-u-s-in-slowdown-returns-as-wall-street-view.html
The main reason for the divergence: “Direct transmission from a U.S
AND
Hibbert, said at a Sept. 8 presentation to reporters in London. 

TI is sufficient – Mexico is better than china – makes trade inevitable
Sirkin et al. 11 — Harold L. Sirkin, senior partner and managing director in the Chicago office of The Boston Consulting Group and the author of GLOBALITY: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything, and Michael Zinser, partner and managing director in the firm’s Chicago office, and Douglas Hohner, partner and managing director in BCG’s Chicago office (Harold L. Sirkin, Michael Zinser, Douglas Hohner, The Boston Consulting Group, “Made in America, Again: Why Manufacturing Will Return to the U.S.”, August 2011, http://www.bcg.com/documents/file84471.pdf, Accessed 07-24-2013 | AK)
Mexico, on the other hand, has the potential to be a big winner
AND
zones bordering the U.S. suffered a large loss in manufacturing.
1nc – manufacturing 

Fontevecchia says low demand’s an alt cause – double bind – either that triggers the impact or it’s resilient – empirics
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation's editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

3. Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)
It's not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It's a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

Aerospace is uniquely resilient
Farrow 11 — degree in journalism from the University of Toronto, Past-Chair of The Writers' Union of Canada, Writer-in-Residence at the University of Alberta (John, “The aerospace sector is more resilient than most others”, Derby Telegraph, 10/12/2011, lexis)
With the aerospace industry making a steady climb out of the economic turmoil, things
AND
pushing for new, environmentally friendly and efficient aircraft with lower fuel costs.

No Asia war --- interdependence and democracy
Vannarith 10 — Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, PhD in Asia Pacific Studies from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Cheang, “Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism”, 2010, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP20Policy20brief/CICP20Policy20brief20No203.pdf)
Some people look to China for economic and strategic interests while others still stick to
AND
the region and those elements are present and being improved in this region.
Asia is stable --- no major escalation --- and multilateral organizations check
Bitzinger 10 (Richard A., Senior Fellow – S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Barry Desker, Dean – S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director – Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies at Nanyang Technological University, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely”, Survival, 50(6), December, pg. 105-128)
Yet despite all these potential crucibles of conflict, the Asia-Pacific, if
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.
US-Russia war’s inevitable
Telegraph 7 (7/17/07, ‘Retired Generals Predict US-Russia War”)
Capitalising on the increasingly bellicose rhetoric in Moscow, a group of influential retired generals
AND
elimination of Russia as its principal obstacle to the full control of Eurasia."
No impact to biodiversity --- species theory flawed and redundancy checks --- it’s increasing now
Sagoff 97 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, Lexis)
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
-rich all the time largely as a result of human action. n354
Models prove mobile missile deterioration, submarine deficiencies, and US technological advantage solve the terminal impact to Russia war – destroys russia’s arsenal
Lieber and Press 6 (Keir A., author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics over Technology, is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Daryl G. Press, author of Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats, is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, International Security, Vol. 30, No. 4, Spring
Russia and perhaps China can take steps to reduce their vulnerability—and we believe
AND
of resources and sustained commitment to the complex business of strategic nuclear deterrence.
Russian arsenal guarantees Iran nuclearization
Mizin 4 (Dr. Victor, a former Russian diplomat specializing in arms control, currently the Diplomat-in-Residence and Senior Research Associate with the Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Monterey Institute for Nonproliferation Studies in Monterey, California. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 8, Number 1, March)

The dramatic outcome of the 2003 Gulf War, despite the ongoing pandemonium of the
AND
,(2) though it has often bent existing international norms.(3)
Iran prolif goes nuclear
Kahl 12 (Colin, Associate Professor – Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, “Red, Red Lines”, Foreign Policy, 6-7, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/07/red_red_lines)

At the same time, a nuclear-armed Iran would be a much more
AND
. Preventing Iran from achieving nuclear weapons should therefore remain an urgent priority.
Manufacturing decline inevitable and no impact --- the economy is changing not offshoring
Worstall 12 (Tim, Fellow – Adam Smith Institute in London, Business and Technology Writer – Forbes, "What Is It With This Nostalgia For Manufacturing Jobs?", 7-13, www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/07/13/what-is-it-with-this-nostalgia-for-manufacturing-jobs/)
I have to admit that I just don’t get it. Why is it that
AND
mass employment is just never coming back: get used to the idea.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles West LS | Judge:
Lopez CP

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over the 1998 Ombibus Appropriations Act commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially increase their economic engagement toward the government of Cuba by repealing Section 211 of the 1998 Omnibus Appropriations Act.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan – turns case
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Protectionism DA

Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.

That inflames broader domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66

Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.

Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

ICJ CP

Text: The United States Federal Government will submit its policy of substantially increasing its economic engagement toward the government of Cuba by repealing Section 211 of the 1998 Omnibus Appropriations Act for binding adjudication by the International Court of Justice

US acceptance of ICJ rulings as binding is key to setting an international precedent and establishing the ICJ as a legitimate adjudicative body
Sands 99, Professor of Law at NYU, Summer 1999 (Connecticut Journal of International Law)
I am most grateful to Dean Macgill and Professor Joel Paul for providing me with
AND
the arguments put by Breard and Paraguay to the Supreme Court last spring.

A credible and effective ICJ is key to challenging the judicial hegemony of WTO dispute resolution mechanisms and upholding international environmental law
Guruswamy 98, Professor of Law at Tulsa, 1998 (Ecology Law Quarterly)
The Understanding has apparently rejected the Vienna Convention criteria by asserting that the rights and
AND
prospect of vindicating environmental claims than that offered by the GATT/WTO.

That prevents WTO collapse and global financial meltdown by stopping WTO overstretch – turns financial credibility
Hockin 01 Thomas Former Member of Canada's Parliament (84-93) now Visiting Prof in Trade Law @ Univ of Western Ontario. A. The American Nightmare: Trade Politics After Seattle Page/s 52-53
This book now suggests that the WTO, despite its unprecedented capacity to succeed in
AND
dispute settlement must take priority over members' individual interests in expanding those linkages.  

WTO
Not all disputes have to be resolved – The WTO can absorb losses and victories bounce back and stay credible or their advantage is disproved by alternative disputes
Alt Causes to WTO Collapse
Jolly 5/9/13 David Jolly, NYT Writer (“Next W.T.O. Head Wants a New Look at Body’s Role”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/business/global/next-wto-head-wants-a-new-look-at-the-bodys-role.html?_r=1andgwh=E5EF39A24786F40D159CF63CE211431Cand)
PARIS — Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo, the next head of the World Trade Organization
AND
would be, he added.¶ “We’ve abandoned multilateralism,” he said.

Multilateralism fails – organizations fail and exclusion of countries is inevitable – the US is not key
Gallagher 10 – leading Australian consultant on trade and public policy (Peter, “Plurilateralism… get used to it,” 12/20/10, http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY
Those Orga¬ni¬za¬tions will go on. So will mul¬ti¬lat¬er¬al¬ism. This week is only another
AND
to deal with the man¬age¬ment of global com¬mons. Guar¬an¬teed to be messy.
FTAs now and inevitable
Cooper 11 (William H. Cooper, Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division at the State Department, 4/1/11, “Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy”, Google Books)
In the last few years. the United States has considered bilateral and regional free
AND
United States, Canada. and Mexico, went into effect in January 1994
WTO doesn’t solve conflict—empirics
Hawkins, 3 (William R. Hawkins, Senior Fellow for National Security Studies at the U.S. Business and Industry Council. Successfully Rebuilding Iraq Requires Rejection of 'Globalization' William R. Hawkins Wednesday, 4/23/4, http://www.americaneconomicalert.org/view_art.asp?prod_id=807)
The descendants of Manchester Liberalism, the alliance of left-wing ideology and multinational
AND
nearly perpetual conflict since have not provided much support for the liberal view.
UN fills in
Dyer, 12/30/2004 (Gwynne – former senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, The End of War, The Toronto Star, p. Lexis-Nexis)
We have not had World War III, and that is thanks at least in
AND
(and often succeed), has already created a context new to history.¶ 

IPR
Repeal turns case
Lehman 04 Bruce A. Lehman, Former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks (“Testimony of The Honorable Bruce Lehman”, 7/13/04, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ffc2ea6andwit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ffc2ea6-2-5)
Also under discussion is S. 2002 which would repeal Section 211 among other precarious
AND
compliant with the WTO decision while upholding traditional principles of United States law.
No disease can cause human extinction – islands disprove the impact, and the disease either hits burnout or cant spread fast enough
P3s check back disease spread and uniquely solves for innovation
(Judith, “Patented medicines are not to blame for lack of access to life-saving drugs”, 23 April, 2008, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html#axzz2ZG5uBh4Z, accessed 7/24/13, JF)
Public-private partnerships are showing the way in innovation: The Medicines for Malaria
AND
companies configured to discover and develop drugs and vaccines for neglected diseases."’

No extinction
A. adaptations solve
Malcolm Gladwell 99, The New Republic, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 29
In Plagues and Peoples, which appeared in 1977, William McNeill pointed out that
AND
pox, become limited to children, whose immune systems are still naive.

B. Microorganisms are limited
Malcolm Gladwell 95, The Plague Year, The New Republic, 1995
I could go on, but the point is obvious. Any microbe capable of
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

They have no internal link to the magnitude of their impact – innovation wont collapse without the plan – structurally resilient, and the private and international community can fill in
Innovation is inevitable
GII 12 – Global Innovation Index, 2012, (“Why Innovations are Inevitable (and how this helps developing countries”, http://innovation.itu.int/2012/09/17/why-innovations-are-inevitable-and-how-this-helps-developing-countries/)
It is an interesting phenomenon that many inventions have been made two or more times
AND
serendipitously) an incremental step that can be taken at that moment in time
IPR turns innovation
Bloom 12 – Jordan Bloom was TAC's associate editor. He also reviews music for Tiny Mix Tapes, is a contributor at The Umlaut. His work has appeared elsewhere at the Washington Post, Washington Times, The Daily Caller, and Doublethink magazine, among others. He is a graduate of the College of William and Mary and lives in Washington DC, (“Are Intellectual Property Rights Bad for Innovation?” January 2012, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/are-intellectual-property-rights-bad-for-innovation/)
He writes, “the implied cost-benefit analysis is a sham. Defenders
AND
comes largely from the music industry, Hollywood and the Chamber of Commerce.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West IT | Judge:
Electricity Prices DA

Electricity prices declining
SMH 13 (Sydney Morning Herald, "Shale gas lures global manufacturers to US industrial revival," 3/27/13, http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/shale-gas-lures-global-manufacturers-to-us-industrial-revival-20130327-2gsyu.html#ixzz2Oqvbip1A)//a-berg
When Wolfgang Eder and his team started looking around for a site for a new
AND
to invest in new plants and expand existing facilities in the United States.

Renewable energy skyrockets electricity prices – cost of production and transmission lines
Bryce 2012 Senior Fellow at Manhattan Institute, (Robert "The High Cost of Renewable Energy Mandates," Energy Policy and the Environment Report, No. 10 February 2012, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/eper_10.htm)
Although supporters of renewable energy claim that the RPS mandates will bring benefits, their
AND
have become a sprawling state system of de facto carbon-reduction taxes.

Backup capacity -~-- proves the internal is linear and huge -~-- studies accounting for complexity prove
Zycher 11 – visiting scholar at AEI (Benjamin, April 20, 2011, “The Folly of Renewable Electricity,” AEI, http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/the-folly-of-renewable-electricity/)
It gets worse: Wind and solar facilities are only about a quarter to a
AND
percent requirement will increase costs by only 7 percent is a pipe dream.¶ 

That’s key to the chemical industry
Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America's Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html)
Building petrochemical plants could suddenly become attractive in the United States. Manufacturers will "
AND
seems like a win, win, win, win situation to me. 

Extinction
Baker 99  - Shenda, Associate professor of chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, MILLENNIUM SPECIAL REPORT December 6, 1999 Volume 77, Number 49 CENEAR 77 49 p.48 Musings page 1, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html
The pace of change in today's world is truly incomprehensible. Science is advancing on
AND
chemical enterprise share their thoughts about the future of our science and industry. 

China DA

US sustains China’s export market now but wages, currency, and Chinese monetary policy have put it on the brink
Orlik and Kazer 13, Tom Orlik and William Kazer, 9/8/13, Market Watch, “China economy benefits from stronger US demand,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-economy-benefits-from-stronger-us-demand-2013-09-08
BEIJING — China’s economy showed fresh signs of resilience in August, with key trade
AND
17.8 billion in July, marking its highest level since January.

International growth is zero sum – crowds out exporters like China and Japan
Palley 11, Thomas I. Palley, July 2011, New America Foundation, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute “The Rise and Fall of Export-led Growth,” Lexis
Though the new “openness” agenda swept academic economics, it was also always
AND
, disregard of workplace conditions, and weak regulation aimed at pleasing capital.

Chinese alternative energy development is a zero sum game with the U.S. – solves Chinese soft power, warming, and CCP stability
McMahon, 1/27/13 (Tamsin, Diploma in European Journalism from the Hogeschool van Utrecht, B.A. from Ryerson University, reporter for the National Post, “How China is going to save the world”, MacLean’s, January 27, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/, JKahn)
Last week the U.S. Embassy in Beijing upgraded its official reading of
AND
but for the rest of the world, a breath of fresh air. 

Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of the Chinese economy
The Economist 2/23/13 – politics/economics magazine (“Served in China”, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21572236-services-are-poised-become-countrys-biggest-sector-served-china)
IF ANY economy is known for its industrial might, it is China. Manufacturers
AND
which can be sold abroad, over services, which often cannot be. 

Chinese growth prevents lashout, and maintains relations, American primacy, and the economy
Mead, 9 (Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8)
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power
AND
modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.

Impact is nuclear war
Yee and Storey, 02 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality. 2002, Pg 5)
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Mexico HSR CP

Text:  The government of Mexico should increase its investment in a multi-tracked high speed rail across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and substantially increase its investment in modernizing its port facilities.

The CP solves the case – ends container traffic
McClintock 07 (Michael C. McClintock (Professor of Law, Gonzaga University School of Law) 2007 “NAFTA'S 13TH YEAR: STEADILY INCREASING TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS, BUILDING A "DRY CANAL" ACROSS SOUTHERN MEXICO, AND MORE” 14 Sw. J.L. and Trade Am. 25, Lexis)
Transportation infrastructure is a significant portion of a nation's wealth so long as efficient freight
AND
largest manufacturing area of northern Mexico along the U.S. border.

Neolib K

The rhetoric of economic crisis leads to exploitation under the guise of reformism – each move towards neoliberalism is made at the expense of the impoverished
Cypher and Wise 11 (James M., and Raúl Delgado, research professor in the doctoral program in development studies at la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, author of The Process of Economic Development and State and Capital in Mexico: Development Policy since 1940, AND PhD in social sciences from the University of Pennsylvania, recipient of the 1993 Maestro Jesus Silvia Herzog prize in economics, member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, member of the National System of Researchers, executive secretary of the International Migration and Development Network, director of the doctoral program in development studies at la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, October 10, 2011, Mexico’s Economic Dilemma (The Developmental Failure of Neoliberalism), available online at http://www.kilibro.com/en/book/preview/147236/mexicos-economic-dilemma, alp)
Nor are these blind steps toward deepening Mexico’s immersion in the neoliberal morass merely urged
AND
do not want to pay taxes” (Gonzalez Amador 2007, 23). 

The alt is to vote negative – using rejection the 1AC as part of the neoliberal system to completely undermine its neoliberal logic – neolib makes extinction through attempts at profit maximization inevitable
Werlhof 08 (Claudia von Werlhof, Professor at the Institute of Political Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria. 2/1/08. "The Consequences of Globalization and Neoliberal Policies. What are the Alternatives?" Centre for Reseach on Globalization. www.globalresearch.ca/the-consequences-of-globalization-and-neoliberal-policies-what-are-the-alternatives/7973)
At the center of both old and new economic liberalism lies “self-interest
AND
is mandatory to let it emerge before the hubris’ boomerang finds us all.

Economy

Trade is massively successful now despite infrastructure inefficiency
Wilson their author 12 — Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs. He is the author of Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and Mexico (Wilson Center, 2011), and an editor and author of the Institute’s forthcoming State of the Border Report, and Erik Lee, serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University (Christopher E. Wilson, Erik Lee, Site Selection, July 2012, “Whole Nations Waiting”, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm, Accessed 07-15-2013 | AK)
Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
AND
is the United States' second largest export market and third largest trading partner.

They admit that their own studies are hopelessly flawed and produce a wide range of results – proves they cherry pick data
Wilson their author 12 — Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs. He is the author of Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and Mexico (Wilson Center, 2011), and an editor and author of the Institute’s forthcoming State of the Border Report, and Erik Lee, serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University (Christopher E. Wilson, Erik Lee, Site Selection, July 2012, “Whole Nations Waiting”, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm, Accessed 07-15-2013 | AK)
Several studies have attempted to quantify the costs of border area congestion to the economies
AND
the studies (see table on p. 108) are quite varied.

Here’s evidence – it’s not key — it’s a small percentage of the GDP and their authors conflate correlation with causation
Villarreal 12 — M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (M. Angeles Villarreal, Congressional Research Service, 08-09-2012, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
Effects on the U.S. Economy The overall effect of NAFTA on the
AND
Mexico and the United States influencing investment decisions and the demand for goods. 

Econ resilient
E.I.U. ‘11
(Economist Intelligence Unit – Global Forecasting Service, 11/16/’11
(http://gfs.eiu.com/Article.aspx?articleType=gefandarticleId=668596451andsecID=7)
The US economy, by any standard, remains weak, and consumer and business
AND
28 of the last 30 months—and by a moribund housing market.

Decline doesn’t cause war
Jervis,’11
(Robert, Professor PolSci Columbia, December, “Force in Our Times” Survival, Vol 25 No 4, p 403-425)
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable. 

US isn’t key to the global economy – decoupling proves
Bloomberg ‘10
“Wall Street Sees World Economy Decoupling From U.S.”, October 4th, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-03/world-economy-decoupling-from-u-s-in-slowdown-returns-as-wall-street-view.html
The main reason for the divergence: “Direct transmission from a U.S
AND
Hibbert, said at a Sept. 8 presentation to reporters in London. 

TI is sufficient – Mexico is better than china – makes trade inevitable
Sirkin et al. 11 — Harold L. Sirkin, senior partner and managing director in the Chicago office of The Boston Consulting Group and the author of GLOBALITY: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything, and Michael Zinser, partner and managing director in the firm’s Chicago office, and Douglas Hohner, partner and managing director in BCG’s Chicago office (Harold L. Sirkin, Michael Zinser, Douglas Hohner, The Boston Consulting Group, “Made in America, Again: Why Manufacturing Will Return to the U.S.”, August 2011, http://www.bcg.com/documents/file84471.pdf, Accessed 07-24-2013 | AK)
Mexico, on the other hand, has the potential to be a big winner
AND
zones bordering the U.S. suffered a large loss in manufacturing. 

Manufacturing

Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation's editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)
It's not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It's a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

Heg doesn’t solve war – Better empirical analysis votes neg
Fettweis 10 – Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College (Chris, Georgetown University Press, “Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace” Google Books)
Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
AND
worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.

Aerospace is uniquely resilient
Farrow 11 — degree in journalism from the University of Toronto, Past-Chair of The Writers' Union of Canada, Writer-in-Residence at the University of Alberta (John, “The aerospace sector is more resilient than most others”, Derby Telegraph, 10/12/2011, lexis)
With the aerospace industry making a steady climb out of the economic turmoil, things
AND
pushing for new, environmentally friendly and efficient aircraft with lower fuel costs

Tournament: Homewood Flossmoor | Round: 2 | Opponent: UC Lab NY | Judge:
Brunzels K

The aff’s form of debate activism has degenerated into counter-information, whose persuasive power of rational argument has no chance of competing with the dominant ideological position – turns the case
Brunzels 98 (Luther Blissett and Sonja Brunzels, autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe, “What about Communication Guerrilla?” http://www.copyriot.com/unefarce/no1/artikel/cg.htm)
Traditional radical politics strongly rely on the persuasive power of the rational argument. The
AND
far too rarely been taken into consideration within the framework of radical politics.

Given the nature of their form of communication, it’s not awareness that they generate but commodification – even potential “awareness” does not get at the heart of the issue because it’s snipped and fitted to match only a few cards in the 1AC – that regulates and homogenizes the suffering of the Other
Colvin 6 (Chris Colvin, medical anthropologist and works as Senior Research Officer in Social Sciences and HIV/AIDS, TB and STIs with the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit in the School of Public Health and Family Medicine at the University of Cape Town, PhD Candidate at UVA dept of Anthro, Trafficking trauma: Intellectual property rights and the political economy of traumatic storytelling, SSN 0256 004 Online 1992-6049 pp. 171–182)
One effect of this market for narratives of suffering is that traumatic storytelling has become
AND
a victim’ 4 an anxiety over alienation from their story, once commodified.

This politics of utopia is responsible for the worst acts of violence — their attempt to transform the system from the outside is impossible and violent — justifying persecution and massacres of the “evil agent” – turns the case
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacan and the Political, Visiting Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, pages  101-102).
In order to realise the problematic character of the utopian operation it is necessary to
AND
1996) which will also be implicated at a certain stage in our analysis

Traditional approaches to debate and communication are flawed – the alt is to vote negative to embrace detournement, a method of culture jamming and overidentification that allows us to exploit the absurdities of the powers we fight – the aff’s method of rebellion entrenches the status quo
Brunzels et al 3 (Sonja Bruenzels, Luther Blissett, autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe, 2003, http://kguerrilla.net/En/LanguageOfPower)
When we started to think about Communication guerilla , the political space seemed barren and
AND
copy of the tone of their voices and the looks of their symbols. 

Batmann K

Their position of speaking out and engaging the system in an information trench war is too risky – it tells everything we know to our enemies causing the destruction of their movement
Mann 96 (Paul, Pomona English, The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare, Postmodern Culture, January)
Michel de Certeau points out that, for Clausewitz, the distinction between strategy and
AND
There are many more than nine grounds, but the rest are secret.

The aff is a façade --- a pseudo-sign image of real progress --- this narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
-sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
, relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

Their demand for the ballot is trapped in a web of scheming --- this poisons their call for change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
According to Kant, when we emerge as subjects, we do so as beings
AND
basis in freedom. Scheming enslaves one to the object of one’s scheme.

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right --- to be the Dark Knight --- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

The alternative makes the aff disappear – it jams the biopolitical radar by making your true allegiances secret – only remaining within the fog of war to hone our tactics until the time is right solves
Mann 96 (Paul, Pomona English, The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare, Postmodern Culture, January)
The standpoint, identification with and defense of one's own thought, the demand that
AND
Baudrillard suggested in another context) only so as to make them disappear.

Give Back The Land

We are debating on STOLEN LAND – the affirmative is a typical leftist response to oppression that ignores and continues the on-going colonization of native North America – the Affirmative’s colonization of the debate space is the root cause of all their harms – turns the case – vote negative to give back the land and promote a return to indigenous knowledge – this is key to resisting Eurocentric domination
Churchill 96 – Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado and Coordinator of American Indian Studies for the University of Colorado, Boulder, BA and MA in
Communications from Sangamon State (Ward, “From A Native Son”, 1996, pages 520-530)
I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to
AND
, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.

Case

The system will coopt their method
Holloway 5, John 05( is a lawyer, Marxist-oriented sociologist and philosopher, whose work is closely associated with the Zapatista movement in Mexico, his home since 1991, http://libcom.org/library/concept-power-zapatistas-john-holloway, The Concept and Power of the Zapatistas)
Power is usually associated with control of money or the state. The Left,
AND
, irrelevant side. The state fragments us, alienates us from ourselves.

Speaking for the other disempowers the Other --- silencing the lesser-privileged group and reifying societal hierarchies
Alcoff 92 Linda Alcoff, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies and the Meredith Professor for Teaching Excellence at Syracuse University, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” Cultural Critique, No. 20, Winter 1991-92, p. 5-32,
4. Here is my central point. In order to evaluate attempts to speak
AND
speaker, words, hearers, location, language, and so on.

That means their speech act manipulates and markets the identity of the other – that outweighs and turns the case
Colvin 6 (Chris Colvin, medical anthropologist and works as Senior Research Officer in Social Sciences and HIV/AIDS, TB and STIs with the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit in the School of Public Health and Family Medicine at the University of Cape Town, PhD Candidate at UVA dept of Anthro, Trafficking trauma: Intellectual property rights and the political economy of traumatic storytelling, SSN 0256 004 Online 1992-6049 pp. 171–182)
Signs of injury’ in circulation In the past two decades, the scope of intellectual
AND
with images and narratives of abuse, are the subjects of this article.

Reject them – your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place
Chow 93 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books)
While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Solidarity with the Zapatistas can’t solve – their movement is doomed and no one takes it seriously – can’t solve because people who have been brainwashed by neolib think it’s a joke
Holloway 5, John 05( is a lawyer, Marxist-oriented sociologist and philosopher, whose work is closely associated with the Zapatista movement in Mexico, his home since 1991, http://libcom.org/library/concept-power-zapatistas-john-holloway, The Concept and Power of the Zapatistas)

1. "A new lie is sold to us as history. The lie
   AND
   criticise and strengthen the theoretical and practical foundation of what they are doing.

Tournament: Homewood Flossmoor | Round: 3 | Opponent: Walter Payton BJ | Judge:
Nickel PIC

The United States federal government should lift the Cuban Embargo except all parts pertaining to the imports and exports of Cuban nickel. 

China is importing Cuban nickel now – lifting the embargo causes US importers to flood the market and crowd-out China
Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/)
Cuba also has tight ties with Venezuela, which has replaced the former Soviet Union
AND
van Batenburg said he expects Freeport-McMoRan to try to reclaim ownership.¶ 

Cuban nickel is vital for the Chinese manufacturing sector
Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba's Economy". www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_news/t/china-gives-boost-cubas-economy/#.UfBiRI1QEn4)
During a 48-hour visit to the island, Chinese President Hu Jintao signed
AND
Cuba’s chief export, expected to generate some $800 million this year.

Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of Chinese economic growth
AEI 13 (Asian Economy Institute. "The Decline of China's Manufacturing Sector". www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/57)
Over the years, China’s unstoppable economic growth has been largely attributed to the strength
AND
, China may no longer be the best place in Asia to invest.

Chinese economic collapse causes World War III
Plate 3 (Tom, Visiting Professor of Asian Politics @ UAE University, Bachelor’s in Political Science @ Amherst, Master’s in Public Policy @ Princeton, Straights Times, 6-28)
But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
AND
economic growth -- the very direction the White House now seems to prefer.

ICJ DA

ICJ has ruled US compensation claims to be legitimate and enforceable
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
A. Cuba's Violation of International Law Cuba has violated international law by taking U
AND
law by not compensating former U.S. owners of Cuban property.

Aff slaps the ICJ in the face – has the US determine compensation not needed which kills overall credibility
Choharis, Scholar George Washington University Law School, ‘6 (Peter Charles, November, “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract” Southern California Law Review, 80 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1, lexis)
B. U.S. Courts' Interpretation of International Law This Article addresses whether
AND
law, U.S. courts are practiced in ascertaining international law, 

Causes global conflict
Meyer, Former Special Assistant the U.S. Attorney General, ‘3 (Howard, May 26, “Isn't It Time We Rejoin the World Court? (We Left in 1986)” http://hnn.us/articles/1465.html)
George W. Bush drew fire from law and order advocates when in 2002 he
AND
stronger institutions of international justice would make the United States a safer place.

Caricom DA

Caricom uses the embargo to rally the support of opponents of US containment policies – lifting it would cause Caricom to cave to US pressure and make it ineffective – plan isn’t big enough to access a link turn
Zebich-Knos et al 5, (Michele Zebich-Knos is a professor emeritus of political science at Kennesaw State University (KSU), Heather Nicol is assistant professor in the Geosciences Department at the State University of West Georgia, 1/1/5, pgs 133-134, “Foreign Policy Toward Cuba: Isolation Or Engagement?”)
CARICOM-Cuba relations have received some of their prominence from U.S.
AND
to a collective shield behind which CARICOM could find protection and additional resolve. 

That’s key to south-south connections and alliances – CARICOM-Cuba relations are uniquely modeled – turns the case – US sanctions are a key rally point
PIU 13, (Caribbean Community Secretariat, 12/10/13, “Technical cooperation and assistance from Cuba to CARICOM a shining example of South-South cooperation,” http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2013/pres287_13.jsp)
The strong technical cooperation and assistance provided by Cuba to Member States of the Caribbean
AND
the close bonds of friendship, cooperation, and solidarity which unite us.”

South-south connections are key to sustained free trade
Lamy, 12 – Pascal, Director General at the World Trade Center, (Lamy, 6/26/12, “WTO - World Trade Organization: Lamy: ‘Multilateralism is at a crossroads’”, http://www.4-traders.com/news/WTO-World-Trade-Organization-Lamy-93Multilateralism-is-at-a-crossroads94~-~-14387048/)
In the past decade, the share of developing and emerging economies has risen from
AND
goods, it becomes even more important for countries to keep markets open. 

Prefer empirics to theoretical analysis – deteriorating relations and perception of US competition causes local countries to resort to protectionist measures
Weintraub 3 (Sidney Weintraub -- Emeritus William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategy and International Studies "The Cost of Divisions Within Latin America" in Issues in International Political Economy August 2003, Number 44 -- csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/issues200308.pdf)
*Note: LAC is Latin American and Caribbean Countries
I have been asking myself why the trade route to greater LAC unity of purpose
AND
the achievement of what could be a most important agreement for most LAC countries 

Extinction
Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, pg. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Adv CP

The United States federal government should not retaliate to WMD terrorism with nuclear weapons or place its nuclear weapons on high alert in the event of a WMD terrorist attack and publically announce such a policy, adopt the recommendations of the Carothers evidence, and phase out all domestic cotton subsidies to the point of elimination.

The counterplan solves the impetus for terrorism
Beljac 8 Marko, PhD at Monash University, Teaches at LaTrobe University and the University of Melbourne, “Pakistan and the prospects for nuclear terrorism”, Australian Policy Online, February 8th, http://apo.org.au/commentary/pakistan-and-prospects-nuclear-terrorism
One disturbing option that has beeen opened up by nuclear forensics and has been seriously
AND
immoral grounds would enrage, and hopefully radicalise, the entire Islamic world. 

It solves democratization
Carothers 7 Thomas Carothers is vice president for studies—international politics and governance at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “U.S. Democracy Promotion During and After Bush”, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/democracy_promotion_after_bush_final.pdf
The next administration will have a significant opportunity to put U.S. democracy
AND
democracy building efforts, and strengthening the core institutional sources of democracy assistance.

The CP solves multilateralism
Gallagher 8 Kevin P. Gallagher  8, professor of international relations at Boston University and co-author of “The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico’s Silicon Valley” and “Putting Development First: The Importance of Policy Space at the WTO.”, “New messenger, same mandate”, 12-23-08, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/tag/barack-obama/
Regardless of the messenger, Obama has pledged to fundamentally change U.S.
AND
trade policy of “do as we say, not as we do”.

Economy

Their French evidence is from the day after Chavez died – that’s before Maduro’s election – it’s not indicative of the broader effect of elections

Structural failures make economic revival impossible.
Suchlicki, 12 (Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami, Jaime, “Getting Ready for Life after Castro”, 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)
The challenges are many. First, there will be the tremendous task of economic
AND
. (Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

US companies cannot invest
Suchlicki, 13 (Jaime is a Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, April, “What if… the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?”, devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/12/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
All trade with Cuba is done with state owned businesses. Since Cuba has very
AND
Corruption is pervasive, undermining equity and respect for the rule of law.

Alt causes outweigh --- aging, price spikes and state control
Sweig and Bustamante, 13 (Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know; a Ph.D. candidate in Latin American history at Yale University (Julia E. Sweig and Michael J. Bustamante, July/August 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Cuba After Communism”, http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3andsid=2d854e83-f586-49a7-ac8d-fdfa99a5a7a240sessionmgr110andhid=117andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=ofsandAN=88213870)
Nevertheless, Cuba faces serious obstacles in its quest for greater economic vitality. Unlike
AND
levels in most basic categories still hover at or slightly below 2002 levels.

Relations

Zero reason LA democracy actually gets modeled – Hillman just says it would be nice if it did – at worst it proves there’s a long time frame

Inter-American dialogue says the issue is the US econ, they can’t solve their uniqueness warrant

Not sufficient, just a first step

Doesn’t solve democracy.
Walser, 12 (“How To Achieve Real Political Reform in Cuba”, Ray is a Ph.D and Senior Policy Analyst Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/05/how-to-achieve-real-political-reform-in-cuba)
The ultimate goal of spokespersons such as Mariela Castro is relatively simple: Win the
AND
Cuba’s people begins below decks, not in luxury cabins with ocean views.

Alt causes to U.S. credibility.
Greenwald 12 (Glenn is an American political journalist, lawyer, columnist, blogger, and author, June 25, “Collapsing U.S. credibility,” http://www.salon.com/2012/06/25/collapsing_u_s_credibility/)
Two Op-Eds in The New York Times this morning both warn of the
AND
longer speak with moral authority on these critical issues. . . . .¶ 

Multilat

No terminal impact to Kashmir, empirics disprove spillover

Multilateralism fails – organizations fail and exclusion of countries is inevitable – the US is not key
Gallagher 10 – leading Australian consultant on trade and public policy (Peter, “Plurilateralism… get used to it,” 12/20/10, http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY
Those Orga¬ni¬za¬tions will go on. So will mul¬ti¬lat¬er¬al¬ism. This week is only another
AND
to deal with the man¬age¬ment of global com¬mons. Guar¬an¬teed to be messy.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)
Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

Tournament: Homewood Flossmoor | Round: 6 | Opponent: East Kentwood BB | Judge:
Brunzels K

The aff’s form of debate activism has degenerated into counter-information, whose persuasive power of rational argument has no chance of competing with the dominant ideological position – turns the case
Brunzels 98 (Luther Blissett and Sonja Brunzels, autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe, “What about Communication Guerrilla?” http://www.copyriot.com/unefarce/no1/artikel/cg.htm)
Traditional radical politics strongly rely on the persuasive power of the rational argument. The
AND
far too rarely been taken into consideration within the framework of radical politics.

Given the nature of their form of communication, it’s not awareness that they generate but commodification – even potential “awareness” does not get at the heart of the issue because it’s snipped and fitted to match only a few cards in the 1AC – that regulates and homogenizes the suffering of the Other
Colvin 6 (Chris Colvin, medical anthropologist and works as Senior Research Officer in Social Sciences and HIV/AIDS, TB and STIs with the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit in the School of Public Health and Family Medicine at the University of Cape Town, PhD Candidate at UVA dept of Anthro, Trafficking trauma: Intellectual property rights and the political economy of traumatic storytelling, SSN 0256 004 Online 1992-6049 pp. 171–182)
One effect of this market for narratives of suffering is that traumatic storytelling has become
AND
a victim’ 4 an anxiety over alienation from their story, once commodified.

This politics of utopia is responsible for the worst acts of violence — their attempt to transform the system from the outside is impossible and violent — justifying persecution and massacres of the “evil agent” – turns the case
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacan and the Political, Visiting Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, pages  101-102).
In order to realise the problematic character of the utopian operation it is necessary to
AND
1996) which will also be implicated at a certain stage in our analysis

Traditional approaches to debate and communication are flawed – the alt is to vote negative to embrace detournement, a method of culture jamming and overidentification that allows us to exploit the absurdities of the powers we fight – the aff’s method of rebellion entrenches the status quo
Brunzels et al 3 (Sonja Bruenzels, Luther Blissett, autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe, 2003, http://kguerrilla.net/En/LanguageOfPower)
When we started to think about Communication guerilla , the political space seemed barren and
AND
copy of the tone of their voices and the looks of their symbols. 

Batmann

Their position of speaking out and engaging the system in an information trench war is too risky – it tells everything we know to our enemies causing the destruction of their movement
Mann 96 (Paul, Pomona English, The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare, Postmodern Culture, January)
Michel de Certeau points out that, for Clausewitz, the distinction between strategy and
AND
There are many more than nine grounds, but the rest are secret.

The aff is a façade -~-- a pseudo-sign image of real progress -~-- this narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
-sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
, relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

Their demand for the ballot is trapped in a web of scheming -~-- this poisons their call for change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
According to Kant, when we emerge as subjects, we do so as beings
AND
basis in freedom. Scheming enslaves one to the object of one’s scheme.

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right -~-- to be the Dark Knight -~-- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

The alternative makes the aff disappear – it jams the biopolitical radar by making your true allegiances secret – only remaining within the fog of war to hone our tactics until the time is right solves
Mann 96 (Paul, Pomona English, The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare, Postmodern Culture, January)
The standpoint, identification with and defense of one's own thought, the demand that
AND
Baudrillard suggested in another context) only so as to make them disappear.

State PIK

Anthony and I DEMAND economic engagement towards Mexico by opening the US-Mexican border.

Their advocacy’s choice to delegate responsibility of the plan to an action the state must take cedes individual agency and is complicit with the violence they criticize
KAPPELER 1995 (Susanne Kappeler, associate professor, Al-Akhawayn University, “The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior,” 1995, pg. 10-11)
We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
the result of a collective human choice and therefore subject to human control.

Acknowledging that there is potential corruption doesn’t change anything -~-- their advocacy sanctions international violence and strips life of meaning
SHAFFER 2007 (Butler teaches at the Southwestern University School of Law. B.S., Law, 1958, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; B.A., Political Science, 1959, and J.D., 1961, University of Chicago; Member, Colorado and Nebraska State Bars. “Identifying With the State” June 29th 2007. http://www.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html)
One of the deadliest practices we engage in is that of identifying ourselves with a
AND
conflict – to a centered, self-directed integrity in our lives.

Bottom up approaches are necessary and solve -~-- positioning ourselves in the process not as advocates of the State but as engaged citizens allows us to suspend the economy of narcissism
WILLIAMS 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
To emancipate both agency and structure, an affirmative postmodern perspective would require that subjects
AND
culture of difference would, more likely, be positionally and provisionally realized. 

Crisis

Unconditional engagement just imposes the politics of assimilation – that’s a more violent form of colonialism
Leung and Stone 09 (Gilbert Leung, Law professor at the University of London. Matthew Stone, London Metropolitan University. April 2009. "Otherwise than Hospitality: A Disputation on the Relation of Ethics to Law and Politics". University of London Law Critique.)
Whilst at the heart of humanity is an originary ethics, a subjective welcoming of
AND
seek redemption, but must simply aspire to an impossible and guilty silence?

Speaking for the other disempowers the Other -~-- silencing the lesser-privileged group and reifying societal hierarchies
Linda Alcoff, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies and the Meredith Professor for Teaching Excellence at Syracuse University, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” Cultural Critique, No. 20, Winter 1991-92, p. 5-32,
4. Here is my central point. In order to evaluate attempts to speak
AND
speaker, words, hearers, location, language, and so on.

Removing borders can’t solve – the aff causes self-inflicted structural violence while rendering it invisible
Khan 94 (Ali Khan, Law Professor 3at Washburn University school of Law, “Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary,” 38, Howard Law Journal 81, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/howlj38andid=89andtype=textandcollection=journals)
The second aspect of oppression is a systematic assault on the inherent human dignity of
AND
marks of inferiority and degradation eliminate the dignity of the entire group.56

Solution

The retributive justice that comes with locating responsibility in specific historical locations is just as problematic as the ahistorical rejection of responsibility
Murphy 4 (Ann, Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of philosophy at the university of New South Wales, “The Political Significance of Shame,” Borderlands E-Journal, volume 3 Number 1, 2004)
9. If we take seriously the claims emerging from the discourse on generosity and
AND
imply the finitude of responsibility, or a specific breach of a contract.

Tournament: JV State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hoflo LS | Judge:
Dark Knight

The aff is a façade --- a pseudo-sign image of real progress --- this narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
-sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
, relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

Their demand for the ballot is trapped in a web of scheming --- this poisons their call for change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
According to Kant, when we emerge as subjects, we do so as beings
AND
basis in freedom. Scheming enslaves one to the object of one’s scheme.

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right --- to be the Dark Knight --- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

Genocide Trivialization

Genocide is a uniquely awful act and must be treated as such – as bad as the harms may be they aren’t genocide
Katz 94, Professor of Jewish History at Cornell, The Holocaust in a historical context 1994 pg. 129-133
The target group can be defined in any of the different ways enumerated earlier and
AND
less evil, will not be identified herein as an occasion of genocide. 

This causes actual genocide
Hirsch 95, Herbert, Professor of Political Science, Genocide and the Politics of Memory 1995 pg. 104-105
Observing no leadership in opposition to the Nazis, Stangl and other Germans heeded the
AND
used to induce action and to insure obedience to the commands of authority.  

D rule
Harf-Gurr 81, Barbara, Professor at Northwestern University, 81 (Humanitarian Intervention as a Remedy for Genocide p 37)
Nobody disagrees that as a “destroyer of people and people’s (sic) work
AND
may be able to outlaw absolutely conduct which proves invariable deadly to humanity.

Assemblage K

The 1ac reduces many effects to a singular cause – that of the “border mentality” – ignoring the complex interplay of assemblages that has already rendered that irrelevant – takes out solvency and turns the case – 1ac cx feeds this argument because Carter failed to tell you what the border actually is and how it interacts with the status quo of geopolitics
Srnicek, 10 Nick, PhD Student at London School of Economics and Political Science, “Conflict Networks: Collapsing the Global into the Local” Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, Issue 2 (2010) http://lse.academia.edu/NickSrnicek/Papers
This leads us to the issue of interactions between actors. The standard natural science
AND
and provides concrete answers as to how the global interacts with the local.

The 1ac misunderstands power – globalization means that networks of knowledge are critical to our understanding – their speech act blurs the line between anarchy and biopower and causes a new kind of war – the insidious clash of power networks that the 1ac ignores and actively conceals
Bigo, 06 Didier, aître de conférences des universités IEP Paris, Visiting Professor King's College War Studies, Scientific coordinator of Challenge (6PCRD) for the CERI, editor of International Political Sociology (ISA Blackwell), and Cultures et Conflits (L'Harmattan). Globalized (in)security: the field and the ban-opticon, http://www.ces.fas.harvard.edu/conferences/muslims/Bigo.pdf
Transnational regime of truth and theory of state (sovereignty) The notion of state
AND
and a set of differentiated professional interests that take priority over national solidarities. 

Their facile reductionism and claim of cause and effect cause endless violence and extinction – thought is critical
Burke, 07 Anthony, Prof of IR at UNSW, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10.2
Conclusion: Violent Ontologies or Peaceful Choices? I was motivated to begin the larger
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

The alternative – vote negative to reject the affirmative’s conception of power and embrace the complexity of modern politics – this is a prerequisite to solving the case
Srnicek, 08 Nick, PhD Student at London School of Economics and Political Science “Complexity and the Food Crisis”, http://accursedshare.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2008-06-12T143A473A00-043A00andmax-results=10
In considering the causes of the recent world food crisis (sparking riots in numerous
AND
for withdrawing from immediate engagement and for trying to understand what’s going on. 

Security

No root cause of war – the world is too complex for that – a body can be violent to itself – none of their evidence does sufficient empirical work on the question of ruling out other causes of war – means their reductionist focus causes violence
Arrigo 2k (Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, “The Philosophy of the Gift and the Psychology of Advocacy: Critical Reflections on Forensic Mental Health Intervention,” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2000, pgs. 215-242)
There is one last feature of Nietzsche’s theoretical speculations on giftgiving warranting some attention.
AND
giver assumes his/her unique role as (mental health) advocate.

Behaviorism turn – rejecting totality and the logic of control offsets our ability to end all wars
Time 71  (Time Magazine, citing BF Skinner, Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, “Behavior: Skinner's Utopia: Panacea, or Path to Hell?” September 20, 1971, this card is edited for gendered language as noted by brackets, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909994,00.html)
Skinner acknowledges that the concept of freedom played a vital role in man's successful efforts
AND
by the environment; behavior "is shaped and maintained by its consequences." 

Control turn – rejecting control rejects our ability to prevent environmental destruction
Soule 95 (Michael E. Soule, Professor and Chair of Environmental Studies, UC-Santa Cruz, “Reinviting Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction,” Eds: Michael E. Soule and Gary Lease, p. 159-160)
Should We Actively Manage Wildlands and Wild Waters? The decision has already been made
AND
So if we must manage, where do we look for ethical guidance? 

Spaces

This acceptance impact makes negative sense – hospitality is grounded in the duality of the host and the guest – eliminating the border eliminates that duality making true hospitality impossible and causing the human race to internalize self-hatred – that causes endless violence and entrenches ressentiment because we are never a good enough host
Leung and Stone 09 (Gilbert Leung, Law professor at the University of London. Matthew Stone, London Metropolitan University. April 2009. "Otherwise than Hospitality: A Disputation on the Relation of Ethics to Law and Politics". University of London Law Critique.)
It is not, however, simply the case that we are left abandoned to
AND
possibility of ‘forgiveness without power’ (Derrida 2001, p. 59).

This retributive justice that comes with locating responsibility in specific historical locations is just as problematic as the ahistorical rejection of responsibility
Murphy 4 (Ann, Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of philosophy at the university of New South Wales, “The Political Significance of Shame,” Borderlands E-Journal, volume 3 Number 1, 2004)
9. If we take seriously the claims emerging from the discourse on generosity and
AND
imply the finitude of responsibility, or a specific breach of a contract.

That precludes shame and political charity as a challenge to renderings of responsibility that deny the incalculable nature of complicity – solves the aff
Murphy 4 (Ann, Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of philosophy at the university of New South Wales, “The Political Significance of Shame,” Borderlands E-Journal, volume 3 Number 1, 2004)
The Denigration of Shame 1. In recent debates concerning the responsibilities that individuals and
AND
of responsibility as strictly contractual is in many ways to do just that.

Assimilation turn --- some people don’t want hospitality – their unconditional embrace of the other silences and obscures violence
Leung and Stone 09 (Gilbert Leung, Law professor at the University of London. Matthew Stone, London Metropolitan University. April 2009. "Otherwise than Hospitality: A Disputation on the Relation of Ethics to Law and Politics". University of London Law Critique.)
Whilst at the heart of humanity is an originary ethics, a subjective welcoming of
AND
seek redemption, but must simply aspire to an impossible and guilty silence?

Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kinkaid RB | Judge:
1nc – 1

Interpretation- the affirmative must state what nanotechnology they use
This is best- 

Specifying is key – multifaceted nature of nanotechnology uniquely overstretches the negative research burden and destroys depth
Ramsden 09 – Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems, Chair of Nanotechnology and Director of Research for Bionanotechnology at Cranfield University (Jeremy, “Nanotechnology,” http://www.ebookbyte.com/admin/upload/Electrical20Engineering/Nano20Technology20(www.eBookByte.com).pdf)//VP
One should not underestimate the multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology. This forces researchers to adopt
AND
, in many cases they will doubtless be rapidly developed into useful products.
Defining nanotechnology is a prerequisite to solvency- means they cant solve, vote neg on presumption
Plan text is key – we can only see if the plan affirms the resolution if we know what the plan does. It is impossible to disprove them meeting the resolution without a coherent plan

1nc – 2
Text: The United States federal government should propose to create a body analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency that builds and supervises international nanofactories as per the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology proposal.  The United States federal government should not develop any nanotechnology without first consulting this body.
Only the CP alone solves the inevitability claims --- US pursuit of nanotechnology dominance assures an arms race and turns the entire aff
Vandermolen 6 – BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College (Thomas D., Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj06/fal06/vandermolen.html)
Two strategic approaches have relevance to international regulation of MNT: a hegemonic regulation imposed
AND
technologies is more important now than in previous times of scientific development.”41
And --- the plan’s unilateral nanotech causes an arms race and ensures extinction --- every reason why nanotech is bad is a net benefit
Treder and Phoenix 8 – Executive Director of CRN, BS Biology, University of Washington, Research Fellow with the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, a consultant to the Millennium Project of the American Council for the United Nations University AND CRN’s Director of Research, has studied nanotechnology for more than 15 years. BS, Symbolic Systems, MS, Computer Science, Stanford University (Mike and Chris, Center For Responsible Nanotechnology, “The Need for International Control” http://www.crnano.org/int_control.htm)
Overview:  International administration appears to be necessary for several reasons. Some of the
AND
body with global jurisdiction, perhaps analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency. 

1nc – 3

Oil prices are rising slowly – shutdown puts them on the brink
Goriondi 10/8 – Associated Press (Pablo, “Price of oil rises to near $104 as third-quarter US corporate earnings season gets under way”, http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226853051.html)
The price of oil climbed to near $104 a barrel Tuesday as the imminent
AND
back to their jobs, and many nonessential agencies and services were shuttered.
Effective nanotechnology ensures ends oil dependence
Robinson 12 (Michael A., Defense and Tech Specialist – Money Morning, “Nanotech Breakthrough Delivers "Cleaner" Oil”, Money Morning, 5-12, http://moneymorning.com/2012/05/12/nanotech-breakthrough-delivers-cleaner-oil/, Deech)
A recent nanotech breakthrough means we won't have to rely on wind and solar as
AND
nanosponges" will help the U.S. become more energy independent.
And --- ending oil demand ensures a flood
Kole 7 (William, Correspondent – AP, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets”, 9-8, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt)
If you remember what happened in the 1970's (look it up if you don't
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a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.
Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy --- overwhelms resiliency
Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)

MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

1nc – 4

The utopian neoliberal discourse of nanotech glosses over the inherent risks of the technology itself – risks environmental catastrophe, intergenerational inequality, and destroys democracy
Rudd, 09 - Jeffery Rudd is a lawyer who is now a doctoral student in Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin (“U.S. nanotechnology policy and the decay of environmental law, 1980 – 2005”, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2009. 3399926,Portions of this dissertation are modified from previous publications in and reprinted with the permission of the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Ecology Law Quarterly, and the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. The preparation and writing of this dissertation was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant no. DMR0425880.)RJ
This dissertation analyzes institutional and ideological changes occurring since the  Environmental Era supporting its thesis
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incentives for industry to share riskrelated information, and enhance the EPA's political accountability

US-Mexican SandT cooperation is militarized – nanotech cooperation occurs through FUMEC – which operates on behalf of Sandia National Labs and wants cooperation for weapons development.  Commercial nanotech development in Mexico exists as a testing ground for militarization
Foladori, 11 – 1ac author and Profesor de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (Guillermo, “U.S. Military Involvement in Mexican Science and Technology” 11/5,  http://www.globalresearch.ca/u-s-military-involvement-in-mexican-science-and-technology/27476) MEMS = Microelectrical Mechanical Systems; NEMS=Nanoelectrical Mechanical Systems, SNL = Sandia National Labs

There exists a long history of scientific collaboration between Mexico and the USA. In
AND
is driving the budding MEMS field via the Bi-National Sustainability Laboratory.

Vote neg to accept an ethic of care and endorse a policy of sustainable development that recognizes the value of public deliberation free from neoliberal assumptions
Rudd, 09 - Jeffery Rudd is a lawyer who is now a doctoral student in Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin (“U.S. nanotechnology policy and the decay of environmental law, 1980 – 2005”, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2009. 3399926,Portions of this dissertation are modified from previous publications in and reprinted with the permission of the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Ecology Law Quarterly, and the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. The preparation and writing of this dissertation was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant no. DMR0425880.)RJ
The "strong version"114 of sustainable development—referred to in this dissertation
AND
represent opposing forces vying for ideological control over the direction of environmental policy. 

Competitiveness 

Double bind --- structural factors mean competitiveness is highly resilient or collapse inevitable --- they aren’t sufficient to solve
Hummell 12 (Robert Hummel, PhD1,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,  Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges”, http://www.synesisjournal.com/vol3_g/Hummel_2012_G14-39.pdf)
Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US has been overtaken in
AND
US technical leadership will require a dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society.
Attempts at regulation serve to create secret programs --- makes the impact inevitable
Drexler and Peterson, 91 (Eric, PHd from MIT, Chris, Executive Director of Foresight Institute, “Unbounding the Future: the Nanotechnology Revolution”, 1991, http://www.voidspace.org.uk/science/unbound/index.shtml, internet archive, jld)
And so the attempts to suppress the development of nanotechnology succeed only in suppressing the
AND
research programs: some in democracies, others in the remaining authoritarian states.
Regulation fails --- globalization makes spread inevitable
Wejnert, 04 (Jason, J.D. Candidate and Law, Science, and Technology Scholar, “Regulatory Mechanisms for Molecular Nanotechnology”, 44 Jurimetrics 338 (2003-2004), HeinOnline, jld)
Unfortunately, the portable nature of MNT and the increasingly porous international borders will probably
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implemented strong encryption without the predicted criminal implementation of the same technology.9
Aff can’t solve nanotech --- singular issues don’t spillover
CRN, 08 – non-profit research and advocacy think tank concerned with the major societal and environmental implications of advanced nanotechnology and a modern, networked, virtual organization -- with no "brick and mortar" -- a collection of more than 100 volunteers, over 1000 interested followers, and a small team of primary coordinators with no direct affiliation to any government, business, or academic organization (“Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing”, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 2008, http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm#terrorists)
Uncontrolled availability of nanofactory technology can result from either insufficient or overzealous regulation. Inadequate
AND
. Threading a path between all these risks will require careful advance planning.
Nanotechnology is utopian
Schummer 2007- is Heisenberg-Fellow at the University of Darmstadt, Germany, and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the University of South Carolina
(Joachim, “IDENTIFYING ETHICAL ISSUES OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES”, http://joachimschummer.net/papers/2007_Nanoethics_UNESCO.pdf, google scholar)KW
The discussion of the ethical issues of nanotechnologies faces three  difficulties: public hype,
AND
nanotechnology makes it almost  impossible to identify ethical issues with the desired precision.
Nanotech causes gray goo—extinction
Keiper 3 Adam Keiper, managing editor of The New Atlantis, “The Nanotechnology Revolution” The New Atlantis July 1 2003cc
The health and environmental threats posed by mainstream nanotech are far less frightening than the
AND
single replicating assembler of the wrong kind be loosed on an unprepared world.

Environment

No extinction --- tech solves the environment
Science Daily 10 (Science Daily, reprinted from materials provided by American Institute of Biological Sciences, September 1, 2010, "Human Well-Being Is Improving Even as Ecosystem Services Decline: Why?", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901072908.htm)

Global degradation of ecosystems is widely believed to threaten human welfare, yet accepted measures
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lag after ecosystem service degradation before human well-being will be affected.
Nanotech development increases nuclear proliferation – countries would want to defend themselves from nanotechnic aggression
Gubrud, 97 - Superconductivity Researcher (Mark Avrum, “Nanotechnology and International Security” Foresight Nanotech Institute, http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/)//VP
An increase of nuclear arsenals, deployment in more secure, covert basing modes,
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balance of terror," but note that a balance is not necessarily stable.
Proliferation causes global nuclear war
Muller 8 (Harald, Director – Peace Research Institute in Germany, Professor of International Relations – Frankfurt University, “The Future of Nuclear Weapons in an Interdependent World”, The Washington Quarterly, pg. 63-75, Spring)
A world populated by many nuclear-weapon states poses grave dangers. Regional conflicts
AND
and related facilities, the more points of access are available to terrorists.
Nanotech kills the environment
EEB, 13 (European Environmental Bureau, David Azoulay, Center for International Environmental Law, Doreen Fedrigo, European Environmental Bureau, Ian Illuminato, Friends of the Earth US, Pat Mooney, ETC group, “Nanotechnology and the environment: A mismatch between claims and reality”, July 8 2013, http://www.eeb.org/documents/090713-OECD-environmental-Brief.pdf, jld)
Nanomaterials themselves constitute a new generation of toxic chemicals. As particle size decreases,
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possibly even 50 billion metric tons - of conventional materials (Maynard 2006).

Nanotechnology causes biopolitical control of populations
Snyder, 10 – Stanford University School of Medicine Professor (Michael, “Mind Control? Scientists Have Discovered How To Use Nanoparticles To Remotely Control Behavior!”, July 12, Inteldaily; http://inteldaily.com/2010/07/mind-control-scientists-have-discovered-how-to-use-nanoparticles-to-remotely-control-behavior/)//VP
Are we moving into a time when the extraordinary advances that have been made in
AND
behavior. Think of what just one terrorist could do with such technology. 

Nanotech severely destabilizes international security, increasing the severity and magnitude of global wars - no risk of offense
Treder 2008 Mike Treder, executive director of Center for Responsible Nanotechnology and BS in Biology from University of Washington, and Chris Pheonix, Director of Research at CRN and studied nanotechnology for more than 15 years, MS in computer science from Stanford, "Nanotechnology: Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing," Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, last updated 7 February 2008, http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm//cc
New products and lifestyles may cause significant social disruption. For example, medical devices
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groups self-sufficient, it can encourage the breakup of existing nations.  

All environmental factors are improving
Lomberg 10 (Bjorn, PhD in political science, “Earth Day: Smile, don't shudder,” USA Today, 4/21/10, Lexis)

Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise,
AND
the data showed us that many key environmental measures were indeed getting better.
No extinction
Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, “We’re All Gonna Die!”, Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

If we're talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
AND
as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.
Inherent microbial limitations make counterattacks possible
Gladwell 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32)

Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Traverse City Central CC | Judge:
1nc – t
Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf
“Economic sanctions”, a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.
B – Plan violates. It solely lifts restrictions that pertain to a specific good – organic agriculture products
C – Voter. They make the topic explode by allowing the Aff to tweak the embargo however they want. The topical version of the aff is to lift the whole embargo or a large coordinated set of restrictions. Limits are vital to preparation, clash and depth. Destroys ground- allows them to skirt past any Cuba disad
1nc – cp

Text: The United States federal government should implement Cuban organoponic agriculture in the United States.
Solves 100 of the affirmative – it’s not like we don’t know about Cuba’s agriculture system – USFG implementation will be adopted because of the comparative advantage claim made in the 1AC.

1AC author Montgomery, Beck and Cummins are solvency advocates – says we should adopt Cuba’s organic farming system.

That solves US sustainable agriculture – creates new markets
APLU, 02 – The Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, research and advocacy organization of public research universities, land-grant institutions, and state university systems with member campuses in all 50 states, U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. The association is governed by a Chair and a Board of Directors elected from the member universities and university systems. President Peter McPherson directs a staff of about 45 at the national office in Washington, D.C. (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, “International Development Agricultural Coordinating Committee” 3/31/2002, APLU, http://www.aplu.org/page.aspx?pid=628)//GP
Investment in global agriculture creates new markets for US exports: The US food sector
AND
drives economic growth in the sector and speeds the transition to industrial growth.
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
say nothing of the Secret Service prostitution scandal that soon overshadowed the proceedings.
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
could not immediately pivot U.S. foreign policy to the region.
But as I noted two years ago, “There was insufficient follow-up
AND
the world, has also put the Western Hemisphere on the back burner.
As a result, according to Sean Goforth, America’s relations with the region appear
AND
made it clear that his strategic priority is a ‘pivot’ toward Asia.”
Worse still, no senior official within the administration, starting with the president himself
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Part of the problem is that important U.S. domestic lobbies are opposed
AND
politician has emerged as a strong advocate for a Community of the Americas.
And while domestic politics are always going to be intertwined with foreign policy, U
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis

It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
protectionism harms the U.S. economy and violates our trade obligations.
A number of factors combine to explain the rise in regulatory protectionism. Economic globalization
AND
interests join forces to promote regulatory regimes that unfairly and unnecessarily restrict imports.
There is already a system of laws in place to prevent regulatory protectionism. The
AND
the rules U.S. administrative agencies follow when setting new regulations.
But the U.S. government must take its WTO obligations more seriously.
AND
rules of the WTO through bilateral or regional negotiations that accept managed protectionism.
This paper uses a number of recent examples of protectionist regulations to show that the
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

1nc – da
Domestic agriculture is high now but remains volatile
White House 13 (3/13/13. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. AGRICULTURE". www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_8.pdf)
U.S. agriculture fared better during the Great Recession than many ¶ other
AND
are expected to have generally detrimental ¶ effects on most crops and livestock.
Plan wrecks US agriculture
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in
Cuba.
Cuba would export to the U.S. most of its products, cigars
AND
become an important client like China, Russia, ¶ or even Vietnam.
Cuba is transitioning to sustainable agriculture because the embargo- the plan reverses that
Gonzalez 03 (Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University. 2003. "Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba". Tulane Environmental Law Journal. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944)
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Lifting the embargo causes sugar imports- trades-off with other producers
Suchlicki 2k(Jaime Suchlicki, Founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the Univeristy of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, 6/2000 “ The U.S. Embargo of Cuba”, http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
Trade¶  No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in ¶
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an important client like China, Russia, ¶ or even Vietnam. ¶
U.S. agriculture solves global instability that escalates into great power war — independently resolves famine which results in extinction
Klare, 12 (professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College (Michael T., “Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future”, 8/8/12, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/, Deech)
This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history
AND
continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.¶
Sugar production is key to Brazilian economy
Reuters 12(Leading News Source, “US-Brazil Economyhttp://in.reuters.com/article/2012/08/27/us-brazil-economy-agriculture-idINBRE87Q0RV20120827)
Agriculture has long been known as the green anchor of Brazil's economy, now the
AND
bright spot when GDP data for the second quarter is released on Friday.

That undermines regional stability
Cohen 09 Salu Bernard Cohen. “Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations.” Rowman and Littlefield. Google Books.158-159. 2009
However, the independence of South America as a geopolitical region is strengthened by Brazil’s
AND
line distribution system, making the timetable for bringing in the gas fields uncertain
Causes global conflict – turns case
Manwaring ‘5, (General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)
At the same time, President Chávez’s approach to Latin American security and stability requires
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

1nc – case

Cuban urban agriculture isn’t sustainable – economic growth makes labor too expensive
Kost 04 their author (agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research, Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, “CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
Even without an organic approach to food production, is Cuba’s urban gardening system viable
AND
-term role in providing a substantial portion of urban consumers’ food needs.
No internal link If it’s modeled then the status quo solves- it’s not like the US doesn’t know about Cuban agriculture
Zero chance the US adopts the Cuban model
Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, “Cuba-A Hope”, From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)
Resistance to Cuban-style agricultural reform would be particularly stiff in the United States
AND
to turn a profit is effectively drowned out by the overproduction of agribusiness.
Food wars are a myth
Salehyann 07  (Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas (Idean, “The New Myth About Climate Change”, Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922)
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
AND
there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.
No warming impact --- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)
All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.
No water wars --- zero empirical or theoretical support and their authors have self-reinforcing incentives to exaggerate risk
Katz 11 (David, Director of the Akirov Institute for Business and Environment at Tel Aviv University and Adjunct Lecturer at Tel Aviv University’s Recanati School of Management and Porter School of Environmental Studies, February 2011, “Hydro-Political Hyperbole: Examining Incentives for Overemphasizing the Risks of Water Wars,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 12-33)
Reference to linkages between natural resource scarcity and the potential for violent conflict is now
AND
likely relevant to much of the discourse in the field of environmental security.
No impact to soil erosion --- your authors agree it is all hype
Simon 97 (Julian L. Simon teaches business at the University of Maryland and is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. "Digging Deeper Into the Soil Erosion Scam," June 3, CATO, https://www.google.com/search?sugexp=chrome,mod=13andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8andq=Digging+Deeper+Into+the+Soil+Erosion+Scam)
This program is part-and-parcel of the most conclusive discredited environmental-
AND
claimed. And this finding undercuts the new USDA program being proposed now.
China’s modernizing its nuclear arsenal
Hsiao 9 (Russell, editor of China Brief at The Jamestown Foundation, China's "Underground Great Wall" and Nuclear Deterrence, China Brief Volume: 9 Issue: 25, 12-16)
In early December, the People’s Liberation Army's (PLA) publication, China Defense
AND
strengthen the survivability of China's nuclear forces and bolster its nuclear deterrence posture.
War now crushes China and solves military modernization
Ross 5 (Robert, Professor of PolySci @ Boston College, Assessing the China Threat, National Interest, Fall)
Improved Chinese capabilities will expose U.S. forces to greater losses than five
AND
undermining domestic infrastructure development and long-term civilian and defense technology development.
Chinese nuclear modernization destroys the NPT, triggers Indo-Pak war, and causes testing
Jannuzi 2k (Frank, 10-13, Missile Defense and East Asia: Downside and Risks An Address, http://www.icasinc.org/2000/2000f/2000ffsj.html)
If China were to increase its strategic nuclear forces so as to counter our missile
AND
arms race between them would increase the risk of a terrible nuclear war.
And --- it devastates Asian stability and causes global proliferation
Sanders and Yuan 2 (Phillip, Director of East Asia Non Prolif Program at CNS, and Jing-dong, research director for East Asia non prolif programme at CNS, China's Strategic Force Modernization: Issues and Implications, in Proliferation Challenges and Nonproliferation Opportunities for New Administrations, Occasional Paper No. 4 Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, July http://cns.miis.edu/cns/projects/eanp/conf/op4_sjd.pdf)
Because this scenario involves a significant expansion of China’s strategic nuclear force, it would
AND
nuclear nonproliferation regime and damage the fragile consensus among the nuclear weapons states.
The impacts ---
A) NPT collapse and prolif --- global nuclear war
Muller 8 (Harald, Director of the Peace Research Institute in Germany, Professor of International Relations – Frankfurt University, “The Future of Nuclear Weapons in an Interdependent World”, The Washington Quarterly, pg. 63-75, Spring)
The NPT is the cornerstone of the nuclear nonproliferation regime. It rests on a
AND
and related facilities, the more points of access are available to terrorists.
B) Testing --- causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and extinction
Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)
Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren't bothered
AND
and grumbling won't keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chesterton BG | Judge:
1nc – da
PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital -~-- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)
The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.
Legitimizing border enforcement costs PC for Nieto
Richard Fausset 6-25-2013; Los Angeles Times “In Mexico, U.S. border 'surge' proposal stirs outcry” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/25/world/la-fg-mexico-border-anger-20130626

A number of critics also have taken aim at the government of President Enrique Peña
AND
said in a radio interview Monday. "It strikes me as shameful."
Absent energy reforms, Mexico will become a failed state -~-- overrides resilience
Rathborne 13 (John-Paul 3-20-13; Financial Times, “Mexico’s reform plan lifts hopes for greater prosperity”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a959b3fe-8a4f-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2XizM05rl)
Economists reckon the changes – from tougher competition policy to opening up the country’s almost
AND
on many ears, given that half of the country lives in poverty.
Collapse causes WMD terrorism
Brookes 9 (Peter, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs – Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation, “Mexican Mayhem: Narcotics Traffickers Threaten Mexico and U.S.”, Heritage Commentary, 3-4, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/03/mexican-mayhem-narcotics-traffickers-threaten-mexico-and-us)
Unfortunately, we're entangled in Mexico's lurch toward instability. According to the NDIC,
AND
proximity, that's arguably correct. So what can or should be done?
Cross apply their terror impacts to this DA
1nc – da
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)

U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis

It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures -~-- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf

Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

1nc – da

The United States will invest in clean tech, but continuous funding is necessary- investment capital is key
Gleick 2/4/12 (Peter Gleick, staffwriter for Yahoo! Finance. "Renewable Energy, Climate Change, and the Diffuculty of Major Transitions. Yahoo Finance. finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/renewable-energy-climate-change-difficulty-major-transitions-231232077.html)
As President Obama begins his second term, there is a growing realization of the
AND
is an energy transition that should be encouraged, accelerated, and embraced.

Infrastructure projects require large amounts of Investment capital
QREA 11 ("Global Diversified Infrastructure Funds of Funds." Quandra Real Estate Investors. 3/18/11.  www.quadrantrealestateadvisors.com/investments/public/uploads/documents5CGlobal20Diversified20Infrastructure20Fund20of20Funds.pdf) 

 Capital Investment Opportunity – Infrastructure assets require a tremendous amount of investment capital (
AND
experienced a market run and of the magnitude of an infrastructure market downturn.

That necessitates a trade-off  Investment Capital is finite
Davies 11- program officer at the Institute for Humane Studies (Steve, "How Government Crowds out Private Investment."Learn Liberty. August 19, 2011.  www.learnliberty.org/content/how-government-crowds-out-private-investment) 

The phenomenon of crowding out is one of the key things to understanding accounts of
AND
government debt, given that the government activity may not be very productive.

Significant investment is key to green tech- it’s key to solve ghg emissions
Griffith-Jones et al 08- inancial Markets Program Director at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia University (Stephany, "The role of private investment in increasing climate friendly technologies in developing countries." Columbia University and Institute of Development Studies.  11/5/08  www.undp-adaptation.org/undpcc/files/docs/publications/The20role20of20private20investment.pdf) 

It is widely recognised that significant increases in financial flows are needed to provide technologies
AND
7 This is one example of linking developed and developing countries’ carbon markets.

Clean tech solves warming—modeled globally
Zervos and Coequyt 7 - European Renewable Energy Council and Climate and Energy Unit @ Greenpeace
Arthouros, and John, Climate and, “Increasing Renewable Energy in U.S. Can Solve Global Warming”, 1-24, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/infocus/story?id=47208
The good news first. Renewable energy, combined with energy efficiency, can meet
AND
that minimise both their energy bills and their impact on the global climate.
Causes extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

1nc – cp

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over border infrastructure commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially increase its border transportation infrastructure projects with Mexico

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.
Cross apply their terror impacts

Manufacturing

Readiness collapse inevitable -~-- equipment shortfalls
Perry and Flournoy 6 (William and Michael, “The US Military: Under Strain and at Risk”, National Defense Magazine, May, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2006/may/TheU.S.MilitaryUnder.htm)

The Army and the Army National Guard also have experienced equipment shortfalls that increased the
AND
the wear-out rate of all categories of equipment for ground forces. 

Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)

Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation's editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

3. Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, “US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring,” http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring, alp)

It's not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It's a very
AND
, Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.

4. Competitiveness not key to deterrence
Reich 09 (Robert B., former U.S. Secretary of Labor, is professor of public policy at the University of California at Berkeley. His latest book is Supercapitalism, “Manufacturing Jobs Are Never Coming Back,” May 28th, 2009, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html EH)

Others argue we need more manufacturing assembly operations in the U.S. because
AND
taxpayers. I just don’t get how those costs could possibly be justified.

Rels
. Mexico and US relations high – economically integrated
Shifter 13 (Michael, Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue, “A More Ambitious Agenda” February 2013 http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9042_USMexicoReportEnglishFinal.pdf)

Mexico and the United States have forged one of the strongest and most productive relationships
AND
closely involved, providing money, technology and intelligence to the Mexican government.
2. Alt causes tank relations – Wikileaks, drug cartels, dismal production rates, inter-agency rivalries, and a slow army
Carlson 11 (Laura Carlson, Director of the Americas Program of the Center for International Policy in Mexico City, US-Mexico Relations Back on track in the wrong direction; http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/4068#sthash.F2HKoPpB.dpuf)
Following a lengthy closed meeting, the presidents stood before the cameras to reaffirm their
AND
a lifting of the ban on foreign agents bearing arms within Mexican territory.
Security
Border breaches are inevitable – even the most fortified borders leak
Allen, 12 Senior Fellow at CFR (Edward, CATO Journal,  “Immigration and Border Control”,
http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj32n1/cj32n1-8.pdf )

But border security for the purpose of dissuading illegal migration is an entirely different matter
AND
odds with what the government can realistically achieve (Ziglar and Alden 2011).

Terrorists do not enter the US from the Mexican border
Ball 2/22 (Molly Ball, journalist for The Atlantic and The Next America National Journal, “Will Immigration hawks ever think the border is secure enough?,” 2/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/immigration/will-immigration-hawks-ever-think-the-border-is-secure-enough-20130222, 7/2/13)
 Terrorists are not coming over the border. There's never been a reported case
AND
activity. The other two also were not linked to specific terrorist plots.\

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: Des Moines Roosevelt PW | Judge:
1nc – cp

Text: the United States federal government should construct a space elevator, and ensure a sustainable capital base for the status quo mandate of NADBank.

Constructing the space elevator jumpstarts the aerospace industry
Kent, 7 (Jason R., Major, United States Air Force, “Getting to Space On A Thread…Space Elevator as Alternative Access to Space”, Blue Horizons Paper, Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, April 2007, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/bh_kent.pdf)
Another potential issue is that a successful space elevator would likely put most other launch
AND
a space elevator is the use by military services of this valuable asset.

The counterplan is key – it creates a major initiative
Kent, 7 (Jason R., Major, United States Air Force, “Getting to Space On A Thread…Space Elevator as Alternative Access to Space”, Blue Horizons Paper, Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, April 2007, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/bh_kent.pdf)
Developing and deploying a space elevator is really only the first step to truly utilizing
AND
to support the expansion of space missions following the first elevator’s construction.34

1nc – cp 

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over the North American Development Bank commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should expand the mandates of the North American Development Bank to allow for investment in border infrastructure

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc – da

The TPP will cause allow for corporations to subvert regulations accelerating environmental collapse – the Asian-Pacific region is key
Nash-hoff 13 -Michele Nash-Hoff, Founder and President at ElectroFab Sales (“The Trans-Pacific Partnership Trade Agreement Would Harm Our Environment”, 7/10/13
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/the-transpacific-partners_1_b_3568136.html)//
Proponents say that the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement would be a
AND
to vote "no" to granting the President "fast track authority."

Extinction
Diner, 94 David, Ph.D., Planetary Science and Geology, "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who's Endangering Whom?," Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161
To accept that the snail darter, harelip sucker, or Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew
AND
, 80 humankind may be edging closer to the abyss. 

BRIC countries are sustaining now
McMillan et al 13- focuses her practice on financial and commercial transactions primarily in the energy industry.  She represents lenders and borrowers in a variety of domestic and cross-border financing transactions, including syndicated and single-bank financings, secured and unsecured transactions, first lien/second lien finance, and loan and credit restructurings, (Christine, “The FDI Report 2013:
Global greenfield investment trends”, 2013, FDI intelligence, http://ftbsitessvr01.ft.com/forms/fDi/report2013/files/The_fDi_Report_2013.pdf, CJD)
FDI into BRIC countries  Brazil, Russia, India and China have all become major
AND
GDP growth becomes clearer investors are   likely to expand FDI again into China. 

The plan crowds out BRIC countries
Moody 3/13/13 – (Glyn, “Mexico Will Ask To Join US-EU Transatlantic Trade Agreement”, Tech Dirt, http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130313/10181122311/mexico-will-ask-to-join-us-eu-transatlantic-trade-agreement.shtml)//javi
Whether or not Mexico and Canada become part of TAFTA, and under what terms
AND
when he leaves office: his legacy to America -- and to history.

BRIC is Key to Global Multilateralism --- Solves All Impacts – Food Security, Disease, Peak Oil and Global Warming
Biswas 11 (Aparajita, Professor at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Mumbai, "Foreign Relations of India: Brics and India, Brics in Africa," International Affairs, January 6, En.Rian.Ru/International_Affairs/20110601/164362547.Html)
Recently, India’s Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, Was in Brazil to
AND
Practices” with the Developing World and Thereby Expand South-South Cooperation.  

The TPP will leave the EU trade by the wayside
Volz et al 12 -Florian Mölders PhD candidate and Researcher, DIW Berlin Ulrich Volz Senior Researcher, German Development Institute (DIE); and Visiting Professor, Peking University, (“TPP negotiations, anticipatory trade creation, and implications for European trade policy”,  March 23, 2012, http://www.voxeu.org/article/trans-pacific-partnership-and-implications-europe)
The prospect of a coming trade bloc in the Pacific region under leadership of the
AND
recently called the TPP a “discriminatory plurilateral FTA free trade agreement”.

EU trade is key to regional stability and the prevention of an arms race
AFP 11 - Advokatur Fischer and Partner is a law firm in Switzerland, (“EU President urges trade to halt Asia-Pacific militarization”, November 9, 2011, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/EU_President_urges_trade_to_halt_Asia-Pacific_militarisation_999.html)
The Asia-Pacific region is showing signs of militarisation that could lead to an
AND
attention paid to and political activity shown in the region," he added.
Extinction
Blake 11 – Heidi Blake was The Daily Telegraph's Investigative Reporter until November 2011. She was nominated for Young Journalist of the Year and Scoop of the Year in the 2010 British Press Awards having joined the paper in 2008, (“tension in the Middle East and Asia has 'direct potential' to lead to nuclear war”, February 2011,  “http:www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8298427/WikiLeaks-tension-in-the-Middle-East-and-Asia-has-direct-potential-to-lead-to-nuclear-war.html
Rogue states are also increasing their efforts to secure chemical and biological weapons, and
AND
world's most densely populated area and a region of increasing global economic significance”.
Aerospace—
Airpower is high now ---
A) Comparative strength
Mueller 10 (Karl P., senior political scientist at RAND Corporation, adjunct associate professor in the Security Studies Program, Georgetown University, 2010, “Air Power,” RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/2010/RAND_RP1412.pdf)

For some 65 years the United States has been the world’s leading aerial power,
AND
over long ranges and far from the United States itself (Lambeth 2000).
B) Every type of aircraft
Carpenter and Deputla 8 (Mace, Colonel – US Air Force and David, Brigadier General – Air Force Quadrennial Defense Review Division, “Aerospace Nations; Invest in Improving the Air Force”, Washington Times, 2-21, Lexis)

We are an aerospace nation in many ways. Our commercial air arm towers over
AND
, we must preserve our capability to preempt, defend and rapidly respond.
Air power fails --- not modernized
Haffa 12 – Robert P. Haffa Jr., nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; 24-year Air Force career included operational flying assignments in reconnaissance and tactical fighter wings in Vietnam, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Korea; followed Air Force duties with a second career in the defense industry; the Principal of Haffa Defense Consulting in Naples, Florida, "Full-Spectrum Air Power: Building the Air Force America Needs," October 12, The Heritage Foundation, Special Report from the Douglas and Sara Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, No. 122, thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/SR122.pdf

The second contention is perhaps more argumentative because it raises the perennial question in defense
AND
if the U.S. does not alter some very unfavorable trends.
Double-bind --- others will steal our tech or the status quo solves
Garamore 12 (Jim, Department of Homeland Security Threat Advisory Notice DHS, Commander Stresses Non-Lethal Targeting, “U.S. Air Force to Continue Legacy of Innovation, Donley Says”, Defense Professionals, 4/10/2012)

WASHINGTON | More than any other military service, people have viewed the U.
AND
and “those are very important capabilities for the joint force moving forward.” 

NADBank Advantage--
NadBank is fine now- just gave out funds for water projects in Santiago
Hendricks 13 July 5th- writer for a business website (My USA), business MBA (David, “NADBank approves Nuevo León grant”, 7/5/13, http://www.mysanantonio.com/ business/local/article/NADBank-approves-Nuevo-Le-n-grant-4648730.php)
The San Antonio-based North American Development Bank is providing a $333,
AND
small environmental projects in communities with limited or no capacity to incur debt.

Expanding the NADBank mandate to include transportation infrastructure crushes environment-based projects – overstretches the institution
Kourous 2k (George Kourous (directs the IRC's BIOC program, Writer, Editor and Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 “The Great NADBank Debate” ProQuest)
 The charter that created BECC and NADBank requires the institutions to support projects that
AND
many of whom still lack basic services like running water and sewage disposal. 

NADBank fails – cost inefficiencies and high interest rates
Vanderpool 6 (Tim Vanderpool, “NADBank Blues: Will Border Cleanup Efforts Be Abandoned,” 04/13/2006, http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/nadbank-blues/Content?oid=1083801, AC)

Still, the NADBank has been no stranger to criticism. Environmentalists condemn its secretive
AND
," says McLaughlin. "We think the administrative costs are pretty high.”

NADBank empirically fails – high interest rates, poor management, and federal bureacracy
AP 1 (Associated Press, “NADBank Admits Poor Lending Record,” Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, http://lubbockonline.com/stories/081401/upd_075-5743.shtml, AC)

BROWNSVILLE, Texas {AP}— Officials of the North American Development Bank, a
AND
EPA grants when the water and wastewater projects are for Mexican border communities. 

Alt causes to the environment – warming, deforestation, industrial agriculture 

TPP
Pivot does nothing
Friedberg 12 – Aaron L. Friedberg 12, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. From 2003 to 2005, he served as a Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs in the Office of the Vice President, “Bucking Beijing”, Foreign Affairs, September / October

The problem with the pivot is that to date it has lacked serious substance.
AND
more candid about the nature of the challenge posed by China's growing strength.
US-Sino war is inevitable --- China’s aggressive
Nyquist 8 (J.R., former defense intelligence agency consultant and geopolitical analyst, Alien Minds, 1/8, http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2008/0118.html)

The great French political writer, Alexis de Tocqueville, stated long ago that democracies
AND
regimes will retain hidden stockpiles with which to force the West’s future surrender.
TTIP won’t pass
Erlanger 6/12, Steven Erlanger, New York Times, very dedicated reporter with background at a variety of large scale newspapers, graduated from Harvard, this article cites said Douglas J. Elliott, a senior fellow in economics at the Brookings Institution., "Conflicting Goals Complicate an Effort to Forge a Trans-Atlantic Trade Deal". www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/business/global/to-create-jobs-europe-pushes-for-trade-deal-with-us.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0 Mollie
PARIS — The leaders of the European Union, mired in recession and battered by
AND
and opt-outs that the meaning of the exercise will be limited.”

Tournament: Niles | Round: Octas | Opponent: Glenbrook South CM | Judge:
1nc – 1

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over trade relations with the Republic of Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba. 

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

1nc – 2

Domestic agriculture is high now but remains volatile
White House 13 (3/13/13. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. AGRICULTURE". www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_8.pdf)
U.S. agriculture fared better during the Great Recession than many ¶ other
AND
are expected to have generally detrimental ¶ effects on most crops and livestock.
Embargo key to Cuba’s sustainable ag – the plan reverses that
Gonzalez 03 (Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University. 2003. "Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba". Tulane Environmental Law Journal. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944)
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Plan wrecks US agriculture
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in
Cuba.
Cuba would export to the U.S. most of its products, cigars
AND
become an important client like China, Russia, ¶ or even Vietnam. 

U.S. agriculture solves global instability that escalates into great power war — independently resolves famine which results in extinction
Klare, 12 (professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College (Michael T., “Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future”, 8/8/12, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/, Deech)
This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history
AND
continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.¶ 

1nc – 3

The Embargo has made Cuba the most Bio-diverse nation in the Caribbean-Lifting it will devastate this “Accidental Eden”
“Cuba: The Accidental Eden”- ‘Can Cuba build a bridge to its environmental future? Produced- http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/the-causeway-to-cayo-coco/5808/  PBS 10/27/2010-Educational Broadcast Corporation and Public Broadcasting System
Cuba has been called the “Accidental Eden” for its exceptional biodiversity and unique
AND
some conservationists see Cuba’s position as an opportunity to set a constructive example.
Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction. Solves agriculture medicine and ecosystems
Mittermeier ‘11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.

1nc – 4

Cuba’s close relationship with Venezuela will continue – U.S. is odd one out.
Richard Gott, 2-25-2013, the guardian, “Cuba looks forward to closer US ties in a post-Castro world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul
Diaz-Canel has also been a strong advocate of the existing close relationship with
AND
in the US have begun to forget what the quarrel was all about.
Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor 10, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to Cuba was intended to bolster the regime's security,
AND
that are adversarial to the United States, Venezuela has them in abundance.
Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega, 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted last week that his government is "carrying out the
AND
"Atomic Energy Committee" has been managing the nuclear program since 2007.
Extinction
Shepard-Durini 9 (Suzana, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, 2009, B.A. Political Science and Latin America Studies @ Wellesey College, M.A. Latin America Studies (security) @ Georgetown, Research Associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs)
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

Transition
Zero risk of a war over Taiwan --- Taiwanese efforts to improve relations—our evidence post-dates by 5 years
CD, China Daily 1o 5/4/10, “Taiwan pledges not to seek US help in war”, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-05/04/content_9804241.htm
Beijing - Mainlandexperts on Monday hailed Taiwan leader Ma Ying-jeou's pledge that the
AND
than $6 billion worth of weapons, causing a tough response from Beijing

No civil war risk
Wong-Diaz, 6 – professor of law, political science and international relations at the City College of San Francisco (Francisco, “CASTRO’S CUBA: QUO VADIS?” December, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub744.pdf
This monograph examines alternative scenarios in the twilight of Fidel Castro and in a post
AND
Rice publicly stated that the Bush administration had no intention to invade Cuba.
Any Cuban economic decline will be mitigated – remittances, tourism, oil, and diversification
Messa-Lago, 13– Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh (Carmelo, “The possible impact of the death of Chavez in the Cuban economy”, 12/03/2013, http://www.cubaencuentro.com/cuba/articulos/el-posible-impacto-de-la-muerte-de-chavez-en-la-economia-cubana-283444, translated from Spanish by Google Translate)eek
If substantially reduce or end Venezuelan aid (equivalent to more than a fifth of
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of trade and investment with other countries but not yet achieved substantial results.

Doesn’t solve econ – current Cuban economic model prohibits FDI
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Despite these advances, the Cuban economy remains in the doldrums (as described in
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their bilateral trade accounts, but are  frustrated by Cuba’s scant economic offerings.
Economic reform under the regime will inevitably fail without political reform- it’s a prerequisite
Allen 12– editor for Democracy Digest (Michael, Democracy Digest, “http:www.demdigCuba reforms fail because regime ‘not ready to let go’”, December 10, 2012, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2012/12/cuba-reforms-fail-because-regime-not-ready-to-let-go/)//EK
“It’s the first instance of Cuba’s leader not being able to get done what
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No escalation – China won’t use nuclear weapons
Pike 04 (John, Global
AND
to control escalation beyond "demonstrative" detonations would cause utterly disproportionate destruction.

Cooperation checks Taiwan conflict
CNA 5 (Central News Agency, 6/30, pg. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/taiwan/2005/taiwan-050630-cna03.htm)
Former U.S. Ambassador to China James Lilley expressed his disapproval Wednesday of
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leaders and softening of the pro-independence stand of the Taiwan government.

Reforms won’t be large enough to solve—their own evidence indicates empirics that reforms of any size won’t solve
Ravsberg, 13– BBC correspondent for Cuba (Fernando, “Cuba’s Economic System: Reform or Change?”,June 20, 2013, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=95012#sthash.Ev4eCAh6.dpuf)//eek
HAVANA TIMES — Marino Murillo, Vice-Chairman of Cuba’s Council of Ministers and
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importers take all the time in the world to decide what to purchase.

Ag
No warming impact --- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)

All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
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– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.

Cuban urban agriculture isn’t sustainable – economic growth makes labor too expensive
Kost 04  (agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research, Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, “CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?” http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf)
Even without an organic approach to food production, is Cuba’s urban gardening system viable
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-term role in providing a substantial portion of urban consumers’ food needs.

Zero chance the US adopts the Cuban model
Pfeiffer 03 (energy editor for From the Wilderness (Dale, “Cuba-A Hope”, From the Wilderness, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/120103_korea_2.html.)
Resistance to Cuban-style agricultural reform would be particularly stiff in the United States
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to turn a profit is effectively drowned out by the overproduction of agribusiness.
No internal link If it’s modeled then the status quo solves- it’s not like the US doesn’t know about Cuban agriculture

Cuban sustainable ag is a myth
Avery 09 (Dennis T. Avery, is a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute in Washington.  Dennis is the Director for Global Food Issues cgfi.org. He was formerly a senior analyst for the Department of State (“Cubans Starve on Diet of Lies” Canadian Free Press, 3/23, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9571)
The Cubans told the world they had heroically learned to feed themselves without fuel or
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helps to have a nearby neighbor with a million or so industrial farmers.”

Tournament: Niles | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley DS | Judge:
T

“Economic” engagement is limited to trade, loans, and grants – including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas – our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Economic engagement and taxation are contextually distinct
SBS 13, (Said Business School, Oxford, 18 March 2013, chief international tax cooperation section, financing for development office, United Nations, “The United Nations and Source State Taxation,” http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/centres/tax/conferences/Documents/Taxing20Multinationals20March202013/Michael_Lennard.pdf)
Article 5 (Permanent Establishment/"PE"): - The level of economic engagement/
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a reasonable period of time in your country –that should be enough. 

Voting issue for limits and ground -~-- non-economic areas are huge, overstretch research burdens and require completely different strategies -~-- trade and finance allow sufficient flexibility but lock-in a core mechanism for preparation
Haass 2k – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6
Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
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a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

CP
A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over guest worker visa programs commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should implement a bilateral program with Mexico that reforms the guest worker visa program.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Plus – Devolution for immigrants solves best
Peter J. Spiro, Professor of Law at Hofstra University in Hempstead, Federalism and immigration: models and trends UNESCO 2001
The devolutionary possibilities are greatest with respect to immigrant rights. Contrary to the entrenched
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allowing control of alien eligibility determination could follow as a matter of course.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.
Politics
Diplomatic efforts to resolve the Syria dispute will inevitably fail
Rebecca Ballhaus 9/11, WSJ writer, “McCain Calls Russia's Syria Plan a Stall Tactic,” 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324549004579068920220114190.html
WASHINGTON—Sen. John McCain called a Russian plan for Syria to hand over
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Assad has also been moving his chemical-weapons caches during the pause.
That means Congress will have to vote to authorize strikes on Syria -~-- it will pass but it’s close
Politico 9/10 “Congress gets reprieve on tough Syria vote,” 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/harry-reid-senate-syria-vote-96565.html
Congress dodged a politically perilous vote on Syria — for now.¶ The surprising development
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chemicals, and so forth if they don’t give up their chemical weapons.”
Guest worker negotiations particularly unpopular – conflicting interests
Nakamura, 13. David Nakamura, staff writer for the Washington Post. “Dispute over guest-worker program puts immigration talks at risk of delay.” http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-28/politics/38089703_1_guest-worker-program-comprehensive-immigration-reform-barack-obama – clawan
A worsening dispute over a new guest-worker program has emerged as the most
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“They are insisting on a program that no employer would consider using.”
Political capital is key to convincing Congress
Paul Lewis 8/31, writer @ the Guardian, “Battle looms in Congress as Obama makes Syria a vast political gamble,” 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/barack-obama-syria-congress-vote
Barack Obama has taken a potentially huge political gamble by putting the decision over whether
AND
leftwing Democrats last month almost passed a motion against the National Security Agency.
A failed Syria vote DESTROYS U.S. primacy
Cohen, 9/2/13 – teaches at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. From 2007-08 he served as counselor of the State Department (Eliot, “The Stakes on the Syria Vote” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324432404579049261525066516.html)
These are all serious arguments. But weightier are the counterarguments. For better or
AND
brought for granted. They should not. It hangs in the balance.

Primacy prevents nuclear great power war
Khalilzad 11 – Zalmay Khalilzad, the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, February 8, 2011, “The Economy and National Security; If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era of multi-polarity,” online:  http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.
AND
the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.

K
The aff is a façade -~-- a pseudo-sign image of real progress -~-- this narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
-sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
, relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

Their demand for the ballot is trapped in a web of scheming -~-- this poisons their call for change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
According to Kant, when we emerge as subjects, we do so as beings
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basis in freedom. Scheming enslaves one to the object of one’s scheme.

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right -~-- to be the Dark Knight -~-- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 09 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

Organics
No warming impact -~-- not real, predictions fail, CO2’s not key, and alt causes
Lean 13 (Geoffrey, Environmental Correspondent – Daily Telegraph, “Global warming: time to rein back on doom and gloom?”, Daily Telegraph, 4-5, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/9974397/Global-warming-time-to-rein-back-on-doom-and-gloom.html)

All right, I accept that this Arctic April may seem an incongruous time to
AND
– they will also have to do much more to control carbon dioxide.
Warming is fake -~-- cooling overwhelms -~-- prefer the newest ev
Ferrara 13 (Peter, Contributor – Forbes Magazine, “As The Economy Recesses, Obama's Global Warming Delusions Are Truly Cruel”, Forbes, 2-22, http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2013/02/22/as-the-economy-recesses-obamas-global-warming-delusions-are-truly-cruel/)

That global temperature record has been flat lining for 16 years now. As the
AND
like the climate, where actual observations are the only way to go.”
Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett 7 (Scott, professor of natural resource economics, Columbia University “Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods”, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. 

Hispanophobia
We must evaluate consequences even in the face of immorality
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)
What kinds of obligations can override the duty to shun? A clear example is
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attack on the moral order but not shunning another for an equally serious attack

7. Ethical obligation to mitigate existential risks
Bok, 88- Professor of Philosophy at Brandeis(Sissela, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and FudlouShehadi, JSTOR)MY
The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
AND
even killing an innocent person, in order that the world not perish.
Extinction outweighs and turns the impact
Matheny, 7 (J. G. Matheny, Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, December 6, 2007, “Ought we worry about human extinction?,” online: http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm)
Moral philosophers have not written much about human extinction. This may be because they
AND
, humanity is the animal kingdom’s best long-term hope for survival.

Solvency
Can’t fill labor void—Mexico is getting richer and labor pool is shrinking
Washington Post 1/29
(“We’re running out of farm workers. Immigration reform won’t help.” 2013 pg online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/29/the-u-s-is-running-out-of-farm-workers-immigration-reform-may-not-help///sd)
For years, one of the groups pushing hardest for immigration reform has been the
AND
on the other side of the border. And that’s already dropping off.”

US immigration policy isn’t key – Mexicans don’t want to come to the US any more
Siegler 4/30 Kirk Siegler; April 30, 2013; Why An Immigration Deal Won't Solve The Farmworker Shortage; Siegler is a correspondent for NPR specializing in immigration policy http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/30/180053057/why-an-immigration-deal-wont-solve-the-farmworker-shortage
Agriculture economist Ed Taylor at the University of California, Davis, says that decline
AND
. That means switching to less labor-intensive crops, or mechanization.
No solvency—demographics means Mexicans won’t migrate  
Duleep 13 (Harriet Orcutt Duleep is a Professor of Policy @ the College of
AND
country/destination-country differential in economic development narrows, migration decreases.
Employers don’t want Guest Workers—illegal immigrants are cheaper
Fitz 13
(Marshall, Director of Immigration Policy at American Progress, “Setting The Record Straight On Farm Worker Pay” 5/8 pg online at http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/04/08/1834451/setting-the-record-straight-on-farm-worker-pay///sd)
Over the last few days, negotiations over fixing our broken agricultural labor market have
AND
in the agricultural sector should be something to correct, not make worse.

Tournament: Niles | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech WB | Judge:
T
The aff’s not topical – Engagement must be unconditional—it’s distinct from conditional policies.
Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/24863/ichaptersection_singledocument/273de787-0ede-4c7e-a001-94d09f793f1b/en/03_Conditionality.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
or of ‘oxygen’: economic activity leads to positive political consequences.19
‘Conditionality’, in contrast, is the linking, by a state or international
AND
change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.
Voting issue – allowing qpq’s blows the lid off of the topic, undermines the depth of education and research skills – kills neg ground and prevents targeted neg engagement 

Politics
Diplomatic efforts to resolve the Syria dispute will inevitably fail
Rebecca Ballhaus 9/11, WSJ writer, “McCain Calls Russia's Syria Plan a Stall Tactic,” 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324549004579068920220114190.html
WASHINGTON—Sen. John McCain called a Russian plan for Syria to hand over
AND
Assad has also been moving his chemical-weapons caches during the pause.
That means Congress will have to vote to authorize strikes on Syria --- it will pass but it’s close
Politico 9/10 “Congress gets reprieve on tough Syria vote,” 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/harry-reid-senate-syria-vote-96565.html
Congress dodged a politically perilous vote on Syria — for now.¶ The surprising development
AND
chemicals, and so forth if they don’t give up their chemical weapons.”
Nationalized oil industries and joint development initiatives ensure support can’t avoid appeasement backlash as soft on Venezuela regime, national security, Cuba and terrorism
Robertson, 12
Ewan Robertson, 4/11/12, Latin America Bureau analyst @ Venezuala Analysis, http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/6916

 Venezuela is one of the region’s most vibrant democracies, witnessing a huge increase
AND
the Caribbean’s new regional organisations, most of all the ALBA and Petrocaribe.

Political capital is key to convincing Congress
Paul Lewis 8/31, writer @ the Guardian, “Battle looms in Congress as Obama makes Syria a vast political gamble,” 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/barack-obama-syria-congress-vote
Barack Obama has taken a potentially huge political gamble by putting the decision over whether
AND
leftwing Democrats last month almost passed a motion against the National Security Agency.
Failure to strike signals appeasement --- emboldens bioterrorism
Hirsh 9-1 Michael, chief correspondent @ the National Journal, “On the Verge of Appeasement in Syria,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/on-the-verge-of-appeasement-in-syria-20130901
World War II began 74 years ago Sunday when German troops invaded Poland. The
AND
motivated Congress over the issue of redressing the perilous precedent set by Assad.

Risk of bioterror is high---extinction
Matheny 7 Jason is a research associate at Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute. He previously worked at the Center for Biosecurity and holds an MBA from Duke University. “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis Vol. 27, No. 5, http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
to respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, and Shuler, 2006).
CP1
A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over Venezuelan Oil commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Venezuela by removing all oil sanctions in return for the privatization of Petroleos de Venezuela SA.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.
Oil
Prices rising but balanced now --- most predictive evidence
MarketWatch 9-11 (“Goldman: Upside risk to oil prices in near term”, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-upside-risk-to-oil-prices-in-near-term-2013-09-11)

MADRID (MarketWatch) -- Even though recent political events have cut the chances for
AND
day of losses as Syria risks recede and OPEC's predictions for Syria supply.
Saudi Arabia will flood the market if oil production increases in Venezuela --- empirically proven
Morse and Richard 2 (Edward and James, Executive adviser at Hess energy trading company, former deputy assistant secretary of state for international energy policy and portfolio manager at Firebird Management, an investment fund active in eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. “The battle for energy dominance”, foreign affairs 81.2)

Then, in the 1990s, OPEC member Venezuela challenged Saudi Arabia by deciding to
AND
-OPEC producers Mexico and Norway to support OPEC's revenue-maximizing goals.
Drop in oil prices collapses the Russian economy --- overwhelms resiliency
Zotin 8-30 (Aleksander, Columnist – Kommersant, “AN ECONOMIC CRISIS MAY BE LOOMING FOR RUSSIA”, Kommersant, 2013, http://www.worldcrunch.com/business-finance/an-economic-crisis-may-be-looming-for-russia/russia-economy-ruble-boris-yeltsin-global-crisis/c2s13220/)

MOSCOW — On Aug. 17, 1998, the Russian government announced a default
AND
not be many choices: either devalue the ruble or cut government spending.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

1nc – venezuela
No impact to the Venezuela economy – 2008 disproves collapse and proves that Latin America is resilient
New investment now --- will boost production
UPI, 13 (5/30/2013, “Chevron, PDVSA shoot for higher production,” http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/05/30/Chevron-PDVSA-shoot-for-higher-production/UPI-86761369912958/, JMP)
WASHINGTON, May 30 (UPI) -- A $2 billion investment in onshore
AND
then work to take maximum advantage of the remaining reserves," Ramirez said.
.
Takes years to solve
AP, 13 (5/4/2013, Fabiola Sanchez, “Outlook grim in Venezuela's essential oil industry,” http://news.yahoo.com/outlook-grim-venezuelas-essential-oil-industry-143827999.html, JMP)
*Note --- Rafael Ramirez is Chavez's oil minister and the head of state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A
Ramirez said that PDVSA's efforts remained focused on developing the remote Orinoco belt, site
AND
mismanaged and that even a radical overhaul would take years to show results.
Some tensions are inevitable
Duddy, 13 --- served as the U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 (May 2013, Ambassador (ret.) Patrick Duddy, “Venezuela after Chavez,” http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2013/0105/ca/duddy_venezuela.html, JMP)
In such circumstances, would the Chavistas risk making the bilateral relationship worse? It
AND
toward the U.S. is deeply established and never entirely absent.
Energy Diplomacy
No risk of Iran Proliferation – Your ev is hyped, SQ trends show US cooperation,
Mallett-Outtrim, 7/21, Journalism and International Relations at the University
AND
-reality-of-venezuela-iran-ties-analysis/)JES
(Venezuelanalysis.com) — Two events that defy hawk logic have taken place
AND
as interesting, but it just doesn’t read like an Ian Fleming novel.
China not a threat to U.S. hegemony --- won’t risk conflict
Jiang, 07 --- Deputy Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies (ILAS) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Shixue, “Three Factors in Recent Development of Sino-Latin American Relations,” in ENTER THE DRAGON? China’s Presence in Latin America, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf, JMP)
THE U.S. FACTOR IN SINO-LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS¶ A closer
AND
America. Such an outcome would also certainly favor of the United States.
No US-China war – economics
Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, “Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?”, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167, GDI File)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the
AND
of the U.S. governing elite's ideological commitment to national security.
1nc – solvency
Maduro will say no to the plan --- vote neg on presumption ---
A) 1AC says Venezuela’s committed to oil nationalization which is the sticking point in relations --- the plan would be a middle finger to Maduro
B) Political pressure
Shinkman, 13 --- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/24/iranian-sponsored-narco-terrorism-in-venezuela-how-will-maduro-respond, JMP)
*Doug Farah is senior fellow at International Assessment and Strategy Center and an expert on narco-terrorism and Latin American crime
U.S. officials might try to engage the new Venezuelan president first in
AND
says. "I don't think he can be a pragmatist right now."

C) QPQ Negotiations can’t work. Too much tension, too little mutual respect – he can’t be a pragmatist..
O’Reilly ‘13
Andrew O'Reilly – Writer/Producer for @FoxNewsLatino. “U.S.-Venezuelan Relations Remain Tense Under Maduro, Experts Claim” –    Fox News Latino – April 17 – http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/04/17/us-venezuelan-relations-remain-tense-under-maduro-experts-claim/#ixzz2YYYnvrAl
While the ultimate impact of the Venezuelan presidential election remains to be seen, what's
AND
on a level of respect that he is not going to give them.”
Oil Minister won’t take U.S. oil investment for 10 billion dollars
Global Times By agencies “Venezuela rejects World Bank ruling on expropriation of US oil company” 9/5/13 http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/808805.shtml#.Uis73uAUXPA

Venezuelan Oil and Mining Minister Rafael Ramirez on Wednesday rejected a World Bank ruling against
AND
in 2007 as part of a government drive to nationalize the oil industry¶

Tournament: Niles | Round: 5 | Opponent: Appleton East KS | Judge:
T
“Engagement” requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2

The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)

Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Plan isn’t -~-- voting issue:
Limits -~-- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning -~-- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground -~-- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy

DA
China importing from steel from cuba now- plan crowds them out
Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/)
Cuba also has tight ties with Venezuela, which has replaced the former Soviet Union
AND
van Batenburg said he expects Freeport-McMoRan to try to reclaim ownership.¶ 

Cuban Nickel is key to the Chinese economy and manufacturing-
Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba's Economy". www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_news/t/china-gives-boost-cubas-economy/#.UfBiRI1QEn4)
During a 48-hour visit to the island, Chinese President Hu Jintao signed
AND
Cuba’s chief export, expected to generate some $800 million this year.

Manufacturing is key to the Chinese economy
AEI 13 (Asian Economy Institute. "The Decline of China's Manufacturing Sector". www.asiaecon.org/exclusives/ex_read/57)
Over the years, China’s unstoppable economic growth has been largely attributed to the strength
AND
, China may no longer be the best place in Asia to invest.

Chinese economic collapse causes World War Three
Plate, 3 (Tom, Prof Communications and Public – UCLA, Straights Times, 6-28)
But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
AND
economic growth -- the very direction the White House now seems to prefer.
CP
A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over Cuban Nickel commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should substantially lift restrictions that preclude firms from investing, mining, importing, transporting, monitoring, or coordinating on engineering and safety protocols with the Republic of Cuba as they pertain to nickel mining.  

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Commitment to federalism is critical to global democratic success
Broder 01 (David Broder, Washington Post, June 24, 2001, “Lessons On Freedom”)
Even more persistent were the questions about the role the United States would play,
AND
only if we can keep democracy strong and vital in our own country.

Extinction
Diamond, 95 — Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution (Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”, December 1995, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)
OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.
K
Lifting the embargo would force liberalization upon Cuba, destroy its domestic industries, and integrate it into the global neoliberal order.
Gonzalez 03 (Carmen, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 16, p. 685, 2003, “Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944,)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

The alt is to vote negative – using rejection the 1AC as part of the neoliberal system to completely undermine its neoliberal logic – neolib makes extinction through attempts at profit maximization inevitable
Werlhof 08 (Claudia von Werlhof, Professor at the Institute of Political Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria. 2/1/08. "The Consequences of Globalization and Neoliberal Policies. What are the Alternatives?" Centre for Reseach on Globalization. www.globalresearch.ca/the-consequences-of-globalization-and-neoliberal-policies-what-are-the-alternatives/7973)
At the center of both old and new economic liberalism lies “self-interest
AND
is mandatory to let it emerge before the hubris’ boomerang finds us all.

China
Another terrorist attack is key to hegemony -~-- public support
Lieber, 9 (Robert J, professor of government and international affairs at Georgetown University, “Persistent primacy and the future of the American era,” International Politics, February 16) 

Can the United States sustain the costs of its global role and NSS? The
AND
paying whatever price was required in the effort to prevail against lethal adversaries.
Global nuclear war
Brooks 13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Professor of Politics and International Affairs – Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth, Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3, pg. 7-51, Winter 2012-2013)

Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement¶ Even if deep engagement's costs are far
AND
even runs at regional hegemony and full-scale great power war.72
Moa
No offense -~-- defenses of terrestrial biodiversity are inapplicable
Valdivia and Molis 9 (Nelson, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Section Seaweed Biology, Germany, Markus, “Observational evidence of a negative biodiversity–stability relationship in intertidal epibenthic communities,” Aquatic Biology,  Vol. 4: 263–271, January)

The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes have received considerable attention because of the concern
AND
2004), generalisations obtained from terrestrial habitats may not apply to marine habitats.
Marine biodiversity destabilizes ecosystems
Valdivia and Molis 9 (Nelson, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Section Seaweed Biology, Germany, Markus, “Observational evidence of a negative biodiversity–stability relationship in intertidal epibenthic communities,” Aquatic Biology,  Vol. 4: 263–271, January)

Our observations suggest that community stability decreased as the number of species increased, in
AND
covariances and species richness probably prevented a positive effect of diversity on stability.
Biodiversity decreases population size -~-- hurts ecosystem stability
Cleland 12 (Elsa E., Assistant Professor in Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution – University of California-San Diego, “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability”, Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10):14, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-stability-17059965)

In contrast, if stability is defined at the species level, then more diverse
AND
in randomly assembled communities should confer a greater chance of destabilizing the system.
Err our way -~-- data that links biodiversity to ecosystem stability is an inevitable result of statistical processes
Doak 98 (D.F., Departments of Environmental Studies and Biology at the University of California, The Statistical Inevitability of Stability-Diversity Relationships in Community Ecology, The American Naturalist, Vol. 151, No. 3, March)

Our results illustrate that an inverse relationship between variation in aggregate community properties and species
AND
some extent, with its strength depending strongly on details of community structure.
Biodiversity doesn’t provide an insurance effect -~-- their evidence doesn’t assume confounding variables
Lorenzen, 5 (M. Scherer, Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: BASIC PRINCIPLES, http://www.eolss.net/ebooks/Sample20Chapters/C09/E4-27-02-01.pdf)
The same principles are also a basis for the so-called ‘insurance hypothesis’
AND
as fertilization gradients. Evidence for diversity effects on resilience is even weaker.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Notre Dame DP | Judge:
1nc – 1
The Court avoids issue creation by requiring litigants to strictly adhere to the unique facts of cases
Baird 9 (Vanessa, Associate Professor of Political Science – UC-Boulder and Tonja, Professor of Law – Northwestern University, “How the Dissent Becomes the Majority: Using Federalism to Transform Coalitions in the U.S. Supreme Court”, Duke Law Journal, November, 59 Duke L.J. 183, Lexis)
But why do Justices need to signal for cases in the future? If the
AND
Justices to persuade their previously unsympathetic colleagues to join them in their opinion..
The plan’s ruling goes beyond the facts of cases on the docket --- this destroys the sua sponte doctrine and wrecks court legitimacy
Epstein 98 (Lee, Professor of Political Science and Professor of Law – Washington University, The Choices Justices Make, p. 160-161)
This story suggests that a particular variant of the sua sponte doctrine, namely the
AND
erodes its credibility and trespasses on the soul of the adversarial system.'7
The plan decides the case in advance of the arguments presented from either side --- crushes the rule of law
Colbert 6 (Douglas, Professor of Law – University of Maryland, “Coming Soon to a Court Near You - Convicting the Unrepresented at the Bail Stage: An Autopsy of a State High Court's Sua Sponte* Rejection of Indigent Defendants' Right to Counsel”, Seton Hall Law Review, 36 Seton Hall L. Rev. 653, Lexis)
Even then, an activist court's readiness to decide a question not briefed or fully
AND
be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling.'" 249
Independently undermines solvency and tanks court legitimacy – 100 solvency takeout
Dragich 95 (Martha J., Associate Professor of Law at Missouri-Columbia, 2-1995 44 Am. U.L. Rev. 757)
The published judicial opinion 1 is the "heart of the common law system."
AND
they reverse the lower court decision or fail to reach a unanimous decision.
Rule of law is key to the economy
Butkiewicz 4 (Professor of Economics – University of Delaware, et al., “Institutional Quality and Economic Growth: Maintenance of the Rule of Law or Democratic Institutions, or Both”, February,
http://www.lerner.udel. edu/economics/WorkingPapers/2004/UDWP2004-03.pdf)
Evaluation of these two institutional frameworks for their effects on economic growth requires separate assessment
AND
, a finding that is especially germane for development policy in these countries.
Extinction
Austin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

1nc – 2
Text: The United States Congress should pass legislation requiring that restrictions on trade with Cuba be consistent with international humanitarian law. The United States federal government should establish and fully comply with an international governance regime in the Arctic based on a voluntary Polar Code as noted in the Bert evidence pass climate legislation that prices transportation carbon and reinvests the revenue into a green transportation system substantially increase its development and utilization of deep-sea sediment storage for CO2 emissions and increase its development and utilization of super chimneys for the purpose of offsetting global warming
Congressional action solves credibility and domestic incorporation of international law better than the Courts
Rooney 6 (Heather L., J.D. Candidate – Drake University Law School, “Parlaying Prisoner Protections: A Look at the International Law and Supreme Court Decisions that Should be Governing our Treatment of Guantanamo Detainees”, Drake Law Review, Spring, 54 Drake L. Rev. 679, Lexis)
Will this question of whether the status review tribunals are affording detainees adequate due process
AND
of detainees that will build confidence and cooperation both at home and abroad.
The plan and permutation create an independent judicial role in enforcing international law
Wu 7 (Tim, Professor – Columbia Law School, “Treaties’ Domains”, Virginia Law Review, May, 93 Va. L. Rev. 571, Lexis)
Congressional breach poses more complicated problems for the judiciary. Unlike with respect to the
AND
obviously the former), potential inconsistency with the treaty represents a Congressional choice.
Independent judicial interpretation undermines Congressional treaty power
Neuman 4 (Gerald, Professor of Jurisprudence – Columbia University, “The United States Constitution and International Law: The Uses of International Law in Constitutional Interpretation”, American Journal of International Law, January, 98 A.J.I.L. 82, Lexis)
Normative reasoning borrowed from international human rights sources will not necessarily prevail in the process
AND
treaty implementation, and would not be consistent with current constitutional understandings. 33
This destroys hegemony
Wilkinson 4 (J. Harvie, Circuit Judge – 4th Circuit, “Debate
AND
in foreign and military matters were later repudiated and contradicted by judicial decree.
Global nuclear war
Kagan 7 (Robert, Senior Associate – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History: International Rivalry and American Leadership”, Policy Review, August/September, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)
The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations
AND
which could in turn draw the United States back in under unfavorable circumstances.
And causes a Congressional backlash --- turns all their impacts
Kuhner 3 (Timothy, Professor of Law – Duke University, “Human Rights Treaties in U.S. Law: The Status Quo, Its Underlying Bases, and Pathways for Change”, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Spring, 13 Duke J. Comp. and Int'l L. 419, Lexis)
The basic spectrum of possible approaches to reservations contrary to the object and purpose of
AND
that the Constitution  *468  makes international law "our law." 240

The CP provides a framework that checks Arctic conflict
Bert 12 (Captain Melissa Bert, US Coast Guard, Military Fellow, “A Strategy to Advance the Arctic Economy,” Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Innovation Memorandum No. 14, February 2012, http://www.cfr.org/arctic/strategy-advance-arctic-economy/p27258)
The United States needs a comprehensive strategy for the Arctic. The current National/
AND
and emergency training for those operating in or around ice-covered waters.

Solves warming
Burwell, 10 – Director of the Energy and Climate Program at Carnegie (David, “Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming,” 4/15, http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15/transportation-leading-cause-of-global-warming/2fr2)
How do U.S. efforts to reduce transportation’s impact on atmospheric warming relate
AND
carbon and it would contribute to the likelihood of a global climate agreement.

The CP solves warming – it only takes 10 chimneys to pull it off
ABC 08 (Atlanta Business Chronicle, “Super Chimney: A Unique Way to Resolve Global Warming, Generate Clean Energy and Irrigate Deserts.” 11-11-08. http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/prnewswire/press_releases/national/New_Jersey/2008/11/11/NY44841)
With the world's attention focusing more acutely on global warming and energy diversity, former
AND
"Just 10 chimneys like the one I propose will offset global warming."
1nc – 3
Imperialist framing of non-liberal societies as unstable threats justifies eliminating non-liberal life.
Adam David MORTON Politics @ Nottingham 5 “The ‘Failed State’ of International Relations” New Political Economy 10.3 p. 372-374
A pathology of deviancy, aberration and breakdown
Emergent across a host of contemporary institutions is a policy-making consensus linked to
AND
both as self-defence and as humanitarian or public-spirited’.22
This new colonialism dehumanizes and results in unending violence
Batur 7 Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide, Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 441-3
War and genocide are horrid, and taking them for granted is inhuman. In
AND
this “geography of hunger and exploitation” are Iraq and New Orleans.
Alternative: Resist their calls for prescriptive legal modeling.  Questioning the universality of the liberal-legal model opens up alternative futures for social justice.
Kerry RITTICH Law @ Toronto 3 Enchantments of Reason/Coercions of Law 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 727, Lexis  
To paraphrase Wendy Brown, legal analysis need not march only in the service of
AND
the operation of other legal rules both "private" and "public."
1nc – international law

International Law fails—methodological gap between Europe and the US
van Aaken et al. 2008 (Anne. Professor for Law and Economics, Public, International and European Law, University of St. Gallen. Christoph Engel.Tom Ginsburg Professor of Law and Political Science, University of Illinois College of Law. "Public International Law and Economics: Symposium Introduction," Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, University of Illinois Law Review, Lexis)
We live in an era of increasing international interdependence, in which there has been
AND
also grateful to the Volkswagen Foundation for their generous support of the meeting. 

International law doesn’t prevent conflict
Antonio Cassese, Professor at the University of Florence and member of I'Institut de droit international, 2001 (International Law) pg. 348
Over the years mankind has witnessed steady progress in the sophistication, the devastating effects, and the cruelty of weapons and methods of combat. Illusions about a 'permanent peace' can no longer be entertained, and one watches with astonishment the succession of barbarous armed conflicts and the lack of any real advantage for mankind. International legal control of warfare has kept pace with the development in organized armed violence only to a limited extent. State and, in particular, major military Powers have not accepted seeping restrains, with the consequence that this body of law beset with deficiencies, loopholes, and ambiguity, 

Their impact is all hype --- no Arctic or Russian aggression
The Economist 13 (The Economist, “The Roar of Ice Cracking,” February 2, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/international/21571127-will-asian-countries-consolidate-or-disrupt-arctic-stability-roar-ice-cracking?fsrc=rss7Cint)

Yet notions of a Wild North are hugely exaggerated. Haakon Bruun Hanssen, a
AND
members set up the first permanent secretariat, at Tromso in northern Norway.
Arctic war is inevitable --- their author
Staples 9 (Steven, August 10, - Rideau Institute, Steps toward an arctic nuclear weapon free zone, p. 5-6, http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Events/2009/Presentation20Staples.pdf)

The Bush administration’s disastrous eight years in office, particularly its decision to withdraw from
AND
of the Thule Ballistic Missile Early Warning System radar for ballistic missile defence.

The plan is surrender—it emboldens regimes and collapses US influence
Brooks 09
Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB
In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

This signal of appeasement ignites a host of conflicts --- goes nuclear  
Cohen 3/19 – Eliot. Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins. “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 lnGBS-JV
In Mr. Obama's second term the limits of such withdrawal from conventional military commitments
AND
must, and those with an option hurry up and get nuclear weapons. 

No enforcement of International law on the US – wrecks perception of compliance
Michael Stokes Paulsen, Distinguished University Chair and Professor of Law, The University of St.Thomas School of Law Yale Law Journal – The Constitutional Power to Interpret International Law June 2009
The constitutional supremacy thesis has an important corollary: as a matter of U.
AND
international body authoritatively determines the content of international law for the United States.

International law is enforced via sanctions
Reisman 2k (Michael, Professor of Law at Yale and co-Editor in-Chief of the American Journal of International Law, 2000 (Democratic Governance, ed. Fox and Roth, "Sovereignty and human rights in contemporary international law," p. 256)
On the positive side, economic sanctions confirm that the international community views the right
AND
more often than not, severely punishes the victims while enriching the villains. 

Sanctions collapse human rights—creating an endless cycle
Griswold, 7 (Daniel Griswold, associate director of Cato's Center for Trade Policy Studies, 4/20/7, “Trade, Democracy and Peace: The Virtuous Cycle”, http://www.cato.org/publications/speeches/trade-democracy-peace-virtuous-cycle)
Political and Civil Freedom: The Wealth Effect  Our best hope for political reform countries
AND
target countries of the technological tools and economic opportunities that nurture political freedom. 

They also cause prolif
Paul, 96 (Prof. McGill University, 1996 International Journal Summer pg. 464-465)
Despite their political appeal, coercive policies have serious limitations as a credible universal option
AND
would thus be imposed only selectively upon those states that are not allies.

Proliferation causes massively destructive nuclear wars
Utgoff, 2002 (survival v. 44 no 2 summer 2002, p. 90)
Widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out with nuclear weapons
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

1nc – environment adv

Disease burns out
Morse 4 (Dr. Stephen is director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, and a faculty member in the epidemiology department , May, pg. http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html)

A pandemic is a very big epidemic. It requires a number of things.
AND
become a pandemic. Luckily, it’s not an easy thing to do.
Humans will adapt
Gladwell 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, July 17, Excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, p. 29)

In Plagues and Peoples, which appeared in 1977. William MeNeill pointed out that
AND
pox, become limited to children, whose immune systems are still naïve.

Plan destroys global biodiversity hotspots --- floods Cuba with consumerism
Dean 07 – Science Editor for the NYT (Cornelia Dean, “Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo”, New York Times, 12/25/07, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all)
Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That
AND
massive growth in mass tourism when the U.S. embargo lifts.”

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Head Royce | Judge:
1nc – 1
It’s extra-t – it engages more than Mexico
Tena, 10 (Maria, Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, September 30, 2010, “Modern Day Slavery in U.S.–Mexican Territory: Human Trafficking at the Border,” Border Brief, Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/Border_Brief_FINAL_BW_oct4_10.pdf,)
As neighboring countries that share a highly volatile border with high rates of human trafficking
AND
cooperation mechanisms so as to increase the number of prosecutions and rescued victims.
The resolution says “Cuba, Mexico OR Venezuela” – they can only engage one and can’t engage a country not listed in the resolution
That’s a voting issue
-- Limits – disregarding the resolution is a slippery slope that justifies any affirmative ever – that explodes aff limits and lets the aff get away with murder – destroys fairness
-- Ground – an infinite topic overstretches the research burden and destroys negative strategies AND it lets the aff talk about issues not in the resolution which destroys topic education
A. Interpretation – The instruments of engagement must be exclusively economic
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.
B. Violation – anti-trafficking is not solely economic
WTO, 7 – organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade; deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments (World Trade Organization, “World Trade Report 2007”, 2007, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr07-2b_e.pdf)
The third cluster of trade agreement motivations can be called the “ideational route”.
AND
and idealism, but especially in weakly and strongly cognitivist schools of constructivism.

C. Vote negative

1. Predictable limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines of economic engagement makes any positive foreign interaction topical
   2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans
   1nc – 2

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over bilateral human trafficking prevention partnerships commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should establish a bilateral human trafficking prevention partnership with the government of Mexico. 

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Oppression and tyranny can only be solved if states and the federal government share power.
Tabarrok 2001 Alexander T. Tabarrok September 20, 2001 Research Director for the Independent Institute, Editor of the Independent Review http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=505
Oppression at the federal level is difficult to escape. Oppression by the states can
AND
is Justice Thomas, whose concurrence in the Lopez decision is highly recommended. 

Decision rule – rejecting every instance is critical to prevent the end of humanity
Petro 74 (Sylvester, Professor of Law at NYU, Toledo Law Review, Spring, p. 480, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200304/0783.html)
However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in only one thing: liberty." And it is always well to bear in mind David Hume's observation: "It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once." Thus, it is unacceptable to say that the invasion of one aspect of freedom is of no importance because there have been invasions of so many other aspects. That road leads to chaos, tyranny, despotism, and the end of all human aspiration. Ask Solzhenitsyn. Ask Milovan Dijas. In sum, if one believed in freedom as a supreme value and the proper ordering principle for any society aiming to maximize spiritual and material welfare, then every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

1nc – 3

Text: The United States federal government should establish a bilateral modern day slavery prevention partnership with the government of Mexico.

“Human trafficking” is a convoluted euphemism -~-- only calling it slavery enables the public to gauge the sheer magnitude of the issue -~-- pedagogical responsibility to vote negative as an ethically prior question
Wong 09 (Briana Wong, Columbia College, member of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship and co-coordinator of Mentoring Youth in New York City, cites New York Times journalist Nicholas Kristof, “Modern Abolitionism,” The New York Times, September 7, 2009, http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/09/07/modern-abolitionism)
“New York Times” journalist Nicholas Kristof deems human trafficking “the big emerging
AND
ourselves about this infringement on human rights in the city we call home.

These euphemism choices are not neutral -~-- they mask and sanitize inevitable mass violence
Davidsson 03 (Elias Davidsson, Centre for Research on Globalization, 3 (http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf)
In order to effectively describe a complex and highly politicized phenomenon, such as economic
AND
bypass the world of human suffering, out of which humanitarian law has sprung

Instead of trafficking, we should call it human slavery -~-- solves the case and prevents apathetic tuning out of the 1AC’s harms which turns the case
Business Travellers 09 (Against Human Trafficking, February 16, 2009, “Human Slavery Thriving in the Shadows,” http://businesstravellers-org.web26.winsvr.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryID/1596/language/en-US/Default.aspx)
We do not endorse the rhetoric the word “holocaust” which this card has been edited to remove.
Sandra, sold as a child, was forced to sleep on a black magic
AND
can’t tune out the suffering that goes along with it,” she said.

The words we choose shape our reality -~-- specifically true for human trafficking
Chinapen 13 (Rachel Chinapen, “Words Around Sex Trafficking Shape Perceptions,” September 2, 2013, http://www.middletownpress.com/general-news/20130902/words-around-sex-trafficking-shape-perceptions)
But researchers in various fields suggest the words used around prostitution and sex trafficking often
AND
, a city-based organization committed to the abolishment of human trafficking.
1nc – 4
Their anti-trafficking discourse fuels a system of global separation —they attempt to separate the civilized “us” from the “outsiders” through moral fear, imposing state control
Sharma, 5 (Nandita Sharma, Assistant Professor in the School of Social Sciences, Atkinson at York University in Toronto, Autumn 2005, NWSA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3, “Anti-Trafficking Rhetoric and the Making of a Global Apartheid”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4317159)
In contemporary discourses of national security, it is the eradication of the "dangerous
AND
forced or duped into migrating for the sole benefit of the predatory trafficker.
The impact is unending warfare waged against hostile “others”
Coleman, 05 (Matt Coleman – Department of Geography, UCLA, 2005, “U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus”)
Importantly, the border as security/economy nexus suggests a geography of¶ statecraft
AND
frontier warfare in the form of hard borders and tough¶ immigration legislation.
Voting negative is a prerequisite to a discursive analysis of human trafficking in politics – it’s a prior question
Lobasz ’12 (Jennifer, Professor of International Relations at the University of Minnesota, “Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous Constructing the Problems of ‘Human Trafficking’”, June 2012, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf, pgs. 76-80)
Contrary to Kyle and Koslowski’s finding that “both governments and activists socially construct ‘
AND
effectively place themselves beyond critique and contestation, i.e. beyond politics

1nc disposability
Consequences first – its most ethical – our ev cites best studies  
Greene ‘10
Josh. Assc Prof Social Science (Psychology) at Harvard. “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul” published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, 2010
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don't really explain what's distinctive about the philosophy in question.
Focusing on individual violent events, like war, is not mutually exclusive with resolving structural violence. Stopping conflict is vital to social justice and positive peace – we control the internal link
Goldstein ‘1
Joshua. Prof IR American Univ. “Reflections: The Mutuality of Gender and War” War and Gender, 2001. GoogleBooks, Pg 411-12
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate. 10
Predictions are inevitable – must use them productively
Fitzsimmons ‘7
(Michael, Washington DC defense analyst, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06-07, online)
But handling even this weaker form of uncertainty is still quite challeng-  ing.
AND
, such decisions may be poorly understood by the decision-makers  themselves.
The aff trades off with drug interdiction efforts
GARZA 2011 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L and COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf?)

The three most prevalent and lucrative transnational crimes—drug trafficking, gun trafficking,
AND
must both commit to expanding resources, which may mean reshuffling these priorities.
Kills human rights
Kan, 9 (Paul R., Associate Professor of National Security Studies and the Henry L. Stimson Chair of Military Studies at the US Army War College,  Drugs and Contemporary Warfare, pg. 3, Potomac Books Inc.)
The presence of drugs in today’s conflicts has contributed to the volatile nature of inter
AND
as dangerous for American service members to serve in Afghanistan as in Iraq.‘“

Oppression turn - Anti-trafficking interventions are counterproductive and trap victims in oppressive conditions
Danailova – Trainor and Laczko 10 (Gergana, US GAO; and Frank, International Organization for Migration, International Migration 48:4, Wiley Online Library)
For example, in a recent paper Dottridge (2008) suggests that “initiatives
AND
another, for example, from internal to cross-border trafficking.8
Security turn - Their border security based approach turns case – leads to RE-TRAFFICKING
Huckerby and Gu 10 - *Jennifer, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Clinical Law and Research Director of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice @ NYU, April, International Human Rights Clinic
(“Beyond Borders: Exploring Links Between Trafficking, Globalization and Security, http://www.gaatw.org/publications/WP_on_Globalisation.pdf)
A security approach has led to tighter border security and more¶ restrictive migration regimes
AND
border patrols may also be more¶ vulnerable to re-trafficking.175
Victimization discourse turn - The hero-victim rhetoric of the 1ac is inherently sexist
Soderlund 5
(Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to soderlun@uchicago.edu. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf )
President Bush also went on to generate much publicity for anti-trafficking crusades in
AND
action to end the sex slave’s suffering and restore moral order to the world
Aff has no net impact on trafficking – push-down pop-up prevents effective engagement
Van Schendel et al., 12 – (Edited by Willem van Schendel, Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam and Senior Research Fellow at the International Institute of Social History; “Labour Migration and Human Trafficking,” Routledge, 23 April 2012, pages 70-71)
As human trafficking is a de-territorial development challenge, the mismatch between ideal
AND
hotspots has become central to the programmatic reproduction of anti-trafficking programmes themselves

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland Park TX EZ | Judge:
1nc – 1
The aff’s not topical – “economic engagement” is explicitly linked to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11
Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.
Economic Engagement and Development Assistance are distinct policies
Balducci 10 (Giuseppe, Phd @ University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies, September 2010, “The EU’s promotion of human rights in China: a consistent and coordinated constructive engagement?,”  http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3895/1/WRAP_THESIS_Balducci_2010.pdf)
Chapter 3 has shown that the EU’s strategy of constructive engagement was mostly based on
AND
representative of the other EU member states’ approaches towards human rights in China.
Voting issue for limits and ground -~-- non-economic areas are huge, overstretch research burdens and require completely different strategies -~-- trade and finance allow sufficient flexibility but lock-in a core mechanism for preparation

1nc – 2 

Low LNG prices are fueling manufacturing revival now -~-- the plan reverses the trend by displacing it with renewables
Markey ’12 (Rep. Ed Markey, D-Mass. Ranking Member, House Natural Resources Committee http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/09/sizing-up-the-role-of-natural.php~~232246213 sept 2012)
The boom in American natural gas production is causing a seismic shift in the entire
AND
, and not used to simply further enrich big oil and gas companies.

Manufacturing solves the impact to climate change – reduces emissions to zero
Jacobson 09 (Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering, director, Atmosphere and Energy Program, Stanford University, “A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables,” Scientific American, October 26, 2009, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-path-to-sustainable-energy-by-2030andprint=true)
Is it feasible to transform the world’s energy systems? Could it be accomplished in
AND
moving toward gearless turbines, however, so that limitation may become moot.

Slowing CO2 release solves ocean acidification – species cannot adapt to quick emissions – extinction.
Romm 12 (Joe Romm, Senior Fellow at American Progress, PhD in physics from MIT, former assistant secretary of energy, editor of Climate Progress, “Science: Ocean Acidifying So Fast It Threatens Humanity’s Ability to Feed Itself,” Climate Progress, March 2, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/03/02/436193/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanity-ability-to-feed-itself/?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed3A+climateprogre)
The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they
AND
back into the deep earth, scientists have fewer records to work with.
1nc – 3

The affirmative’s framing of disenfranchised populations as passive recipients of American technological solutions obfuscates the starting points of these inequities, shoves agency to the side, and reinforces paternalism
Cuomo 11 (Chris J Cuomo, PhD in philosophy from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, activist, professor of philosophy and women’s studies at the University of Georgia, Fall 2011, “Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility,” Hypatia Volume 26, Issue 4, pp 690-714, http:ademia.edu/attachments/9105834/download_file) gz
Attention to ecological and social vulnerabilities should inform harm reduction strategies, and as resources
AND
actions as necessary for the development of ethical social and ecological relationships.3

Renewable energy rhetoric is manipulated by corporations for profit. Renewables are unsustainable and rely on finite resources – expansion relies on neoliberal expansionist assumptions.
Smith 11 (Steven, Winthrop Professor of Plant Energy Biology, PHD Political Science @ Stanford, “Energy is neither renewable nor sustainable”, http://www.shapingtomorrowsworld.org/energy_is_neither.html)
The pressure is on to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to slow climate change. The
AND
and that the scramble for resources will increase demand for fossil fuel energy.

Vote negative – reject the 1AC as part of the neoliberal system to completely undermine neoliberalism – it makes extinction through attempts at profit maximization inevitable
Werlhof 08 (Claudia von Werlhof, Professor at the Institute of Political Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria. 2/1/08. "The Consequences of Globalization and Neoliberal Policies. What are the Alternatives?" Centre for Reseach on Globalization. www.globalresearch.ca/the-consequences-of-globalization-and-neoliberal-policies-what-are-the-alternatives/7973)
At the center of both old and new economic liberalism lies “self-interest
AND
is mandatory to let it emerge before the hubris’ boomerang finds us all.

1nc – 4

Text: The United Mexican States should substantially increase its domestic renewable energy and consult the United States on renewable energy.
PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital -~-- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)
The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.
Nationalism means the plan gets spun negatively – and the link magnitude is huge
Pamela K. Starr October 2012; Director, U.S.-Mexico Network; Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy @ University of Southern California “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics” Prepared for the Oxford Handbook on Mexican Politics (forthcoming 2011) and presented at the Latin American Studies Congress, 6-10 October 2012, Toronto, CA.
The nature, depth, and anti-American undertones of Mexican nationalism have operated
AND
has repeatedly found its policy autonomy constrained in situations where Congress has interests.
Absent energy reforms, Mexico will become a failed state -~-- overrides resilience – creates massive poverty and turns 100 of the case
Rathborne 13 (John-Paul 3-20-13; Financial Times, “Mexico’s reform plan lifts hopes for greater prosperity”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a959b3fe-8a4f-11e2-bf79-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2XizM05rl)

Economists reckon the changes – from tougher competition policy to opening up the country’s almost
AND
on many ears, given that half of the country lives in poverty.

1nc – 5

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over renewable energy assistance to Mexico through the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should provide renewable energy assistance to Mexico through the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission. 

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism solves oppression and tyranny
Tabarrok 2001 Alexander T. Tabarrok September 20, 2001 Research Director for the Independent Institute, Editor of the Independent Review http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=505
Oppression at the federal level is difficult to escape. Oppression by the states can
AND
is Justice Thomas, whose concurrence in the Lopez decision is highly recommended. 

Decision rule – rejecting every instance is critical to prevent the end of humanity
Petro 74 (Sylvester, Professor of Law at NYU, Toledo Law Review, Spring, p. 480, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200304/0783.html)
However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in
AND
every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

1nc – Energy Poverty

Cooperation high – specifically in decentralized production
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Cooperation between the United States and Mexico in alternative energy is not new. For
AND
systems in areas of the country that remain off the national power grid.

Plan can’t solve gendered aspect of energy poverty – broader agenda is key
Parikh et al., 99 – (Jyoti et al., writers for Economic and Political Weekly, citing numerous studies; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 9, pages 539-544, 5 March 1999, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4407707?seq=3)//HO
The pollutants released due to use of   bio-fuels for cooking in traditional stoves   
AND
air' pollution signifies inequalities in   environmental policies, energy policies   and health policies.

EcoCASA solves energy poverty, increases living standards, helps economy and mitigates/adapts to climate change
IDB ’12 – largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean; established in 1959, the IDB supports Latin American and Caribbean economic development, social development and regional integration by lending to governments and government agencies, including State corporations (Inter-American Development Bank, “CTF-IDB ‘EcoCASA’ program: Mexico Energy Efficiency Program, Part II, 7/19/12, http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/sites/climateinvestmentfunds.org/files/PID_Mexico20ECOCASA20Program.pdf)
The Ecocasa Program’s most important impact is a development impact: It will enable low
AND
change. This project contributes therefore to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. 

Renewables worsen the quality of life for the poor
Cecelski, 2k – (Elizabeth, worked for more than twenty-five years in problems of energy and developing countries, specializing in energy, poverty and gender issues, especially in household and rural energy; and in rural electrification and rural development; holds a BA from Duke University and an MA from John Hopkins.¶ As an energy economist at Resources for the Future, she co-authored Household Energy and the Third World Poor (1979) and Energy Strategies for Developing Nations (1981). She later worked for an appropriate technology NGO, VITA, and in the Rural Employment Policies Branch of the International Labour Organisation in Geneva. She is a founding member, and presently member of the Advisory Group and Technical Adviser for Advocacy and Research of ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, and is the author of several standard references on gender and energy; “ENABLING EQUITABLE ACCESS TO RURAL ¶ ELECTRIFICATION: CURRENT THINKING AND MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN ENERGY, POVERTY AND GENDER,” 27 January 2000, http://www.sarpn.org/genderenergy/resources/cecelski/energypovertygender.pdf//HO
Sustainable energy development (SED) has been defined as sustainability in economic, ¶
AND
denies them the opportunity for productivity growth that fossil fuelled ¶ technologies facilitate.

Consequentialism and util is best
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Their absolutist stance is unethical -~-- refusing to make a sacrifice in order to avert extinction is the worst moral wrong
Leslie 97 John Leslie, Professor Emeritus at the University of Guelph and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 1997 The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction p.107-9
Could it be a fact that Earth was sadly underpopulated, if the human race
AND
any duty to keep it in being. Let us next see why. 

Using the BECC for alternative energy project trades off with funding for other priorities
Reed* and Kelly 2K – *Project Director Texas Center for Policy Studies, Executive Director Texas Center for Policy Studies (Cyrus Reed and Mary Kelly, “Expanding the Mandate: Should the Border Environment Cooperation Commission and North American Development Bank go beyond Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Projects and How Do They Get There?” Comments on Utilizing the Lending Capacity of the NADB, July, http://www.texascenter.org/publications/expansion.pdf) MR
B. Institutional Implications Perhaps the biggest concern with expansion is whether the BECC actually
AND
by identification of a revenue stream to support adequate BECC review and certification.

Independent of funding, aff causes overstretch – expanding BECC to include non-water roles causes collapse of water quality control, turns case
Reed* and Kelly 2K – *Project Director Texas Center for Policy Studies, Executive Director Texas Center for Policy Studies (Cyrus Reed and Mary Kelly, “Expanding the Mandate: Should the Border Environment Cooperation Commission and North American Development Bank go beyond Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Projects and How Do They Get There? Comments on Utilizing the Lending Capacity of the NADB, July, http://www.texascenter.org/publications/expansion.pdf) MR
The NADBank and BECC were created to "help preserve, protect and enhance the
AND
instituting an application fee and using NADBank interest to supplement BECC' s budget.

Extinction
Milburn 96 – Phd in Structural Chemistry from UC Berkely, Research Fellow @ Harvard Medical School, 15 years experience in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Currently Chief Scientific Officer at Metabolon Inc (Michael, September, Nature Canadate, 1996, Lexis) MR
Our Stolen Future is a chilling and well - crafted description of the compelling hypothesis
AND
suggests such behaviour may be threatening our fertility, intelligence, and survival.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Woodward | Judge:
1nc – 1

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase staffing at ports of entry along the US-Mexican border. 

US sustains China’s export market now but wages, currency, and Chinese monetary policy have put it on the brink
Orlik and Kazer 13, Tom Orlik and William Kazer, 9/8/13, Market Watch, “China economy benefits from stronger US demand,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-economy-benefits-from-stronger-us-demand-2013-09-08
BEIJING — China’s economy showed fresh signs of resilience in August, with key trade
AND
17.8 billion in July, marking its highest level since January.

International growth is zero sum – crowds out exporters like China and Japan
Palley 11, Thomas I. Palley, July 2011, New America Foundation, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Thomas I. Palley, Director of the Globalization Reform Project at the Open Society Institute “The Rise and Fall of Export-led Growth,” Lexis
Though the new “openness” agenda swept academic economics, it was also always
AND
, disregard of workplace conditions, and weak regulation aimed at pleasing capital.

Chinese manufacturing is the lynchpin of the Chinese economy
The Economist 2/23/13 – politics/economics magazine (“Served in China”, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21572236-services-are-poised-become-countrys-biggest-sector-served-china)
IF ANY economy is known for its industrial might, it is China. Manufacturers
AND
which can be sold abroad, over services, which often cannot be. 

Chinese economic growth prevents global nuclear war
Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58)
As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few
AND
Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region.
1nc – 2

Ethanol production is crashing and won’t recover – this ev makes a predictive claim
Parker 12, Mario Parker, Bloomberg News staff reporter, 11/7/12, “U.S. ethanol production headed for decline,” http://www.startribune.com/business/177788401.html
U.S. ethanol production is headed for the first decline in 16 years
AND
bankruptcy protection over an 18-month period starting in October 2008.2

Traffic congestion is collapsing the biofuel market – only the plan overturns it
Hajibabai 11 Leila (Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Yanfeng Ouyang (Associate Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) 2011 (http://amonline.trb.org/1sgpj3/1)
As the biofuel industry continues to expand, the construction of new bio-refinery
AND
able to solve the problem efficiently. Various managerial insights are also drawn.

Large-scale ethanol causes extinction
Patzek 08 (Tad Patzek, professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UC-Berkeley, 2008, “Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand,” in Biofuels, Solar, and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, ed. Pimentel, p. 36-44)
Physics, chemistry and biology say clearly that there can be no sustained net mass
AND
to feed one billion gasoline- and diesel-powered cars and trucks.
1nc – 3
The United States will invest in clean tech, but continuous funding is necessary- investment capital is key
Gleick 2/4/12 (Peter Gleick, staffwriter for Yahoo! Finance. "Renewable Energy, Climate Change, and the Diffuculty of Major Transitions. Yahoo Finance. finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/renewable-energy-climate-change-difficulty-major-transitions-231232077.html)
As President Obama begins his second term, there is a growing realization of the
AND
is an energy transition that should be encouraged, accelerated, and embraced.
Infrastructure projects require large amounts of Investment capital
QREA 11 ("Global Diversified Infrastructure Funds of Funds." Quandra Real Estate Investors. 3/18/11.  www.quadrantrealestateadvisors.com/investments/public/uploads/documents5CGlobal20Diversified20Infrastructure20Fund20of20Funds.pdf)
 Capital Investment Opportunity – Infrastructure assets require a tremendous amount of investment capital (
AND
experienced a market run and of the magnitude of an infrastructure market downturn.
That necessitates a trade-off  Investment Capital is finite
Davies 11- program officer at the Institute for Humane Studies (Steve, "How Government Crowds out Private Investment."Learn Liberty. August 19, 2011.  www.learnliberty.org/content/how-government-crowds-out-private-investment)
The phenomenon of crowding out is one of the key things to understanding accounts of
AND
government debt, given that the government activity may not be very productive.
Significant investment is key to green tech- it’s key to solve ghg emissions
Griffith-Jones et al 08- inancial Markets Program Director at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia University (Stephany, "The role of private investment in increasing climate friendly technologies in developing countries." Columbia University and Institute of Development Studies.  11/5/08  www.undp-adaptation.org/undpcc/files/docs/publications/The20role20of20private20investment.pdf)
It is widely recognised that significant increases in financial flows are needed to provide technologies
AND
7 This is one example of linking developed and developing countries’ carbon markets.
Clean tech solves warming—modeled globally
Zervos and Coequyt 7 - European Renewable Energy Council and Climate and Energy Unit @ Greenpeace
Arthouros, and John, Climate and, “Increasing Renewable Energy in U.S. Can Solve Global Warming”, 1-24, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/infocus/story?id=47208
The good news first. Renewable energy, combined with energy efficiency, can meet
AND
that minimise both their energy bills and their impact on the global climate.
Causes extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
1nc – 4

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over High Level Economic Dialogue cooperation over US-Mexican border infrastructure and staffing of ports of entry commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should offer to facilitate improved efficiency and reduced congestion at ports of entry along the U.S. Mexico border.

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

Extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.
1nc – global leadership
Current investments in the border solve the aff — the 21st Century Border Initiative is sufficient – it’s what their solvency advocates want
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, “U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT”, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013)
It is important to examine if the coordination mechanisms established by Presidents Obama and Calderón
AND
enhanced the development of coordinated border policies, the first component of governance. 

Heg doesn’t solve war – Better empirical analysis votes neg
Fettweis 10 – Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College (Chris, Georgetown University Press, “Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace” Google Books)
Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
AND
worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.
Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation's editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.
No internal link—all trade doesn’t collapse, it’s just slightly less efficient—they haven’t read a profit margins impact—
1nc – relations

1. Mexico and US relations high – economically integrated – HLED proves
   Shifter 13 (Michael, Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue, “A More Ambitious Agenda” February 2013 http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9042_USMexicoReportEnglishFinal.pdf)
   Mexico and the United States have forged one of the strongest and most productive relationships
   AND
   closely involved, providing money, technology and intelligence to the Mexican government.
   2. Alt causes tank relations – Wikileaks, drug cartels, dismal production rates, inter-agency rivalries, and a slow army
   Carlson 11 (Laura Carlson, Director of the Americas Program of the Center for International Policy in Mexico City, US-Mexico Relations Back on track in the wrong direction; http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/4068#sthash.F2HKoPpB.dpuf)
   Following a lengthy closed meeting, the presidents stood before the cameras to reaffirm their
   AND
   a lifting of the ban on foreign agents bearing arms within Mexican territory.

1nc – solvency
The government fails at implementing border infrastructure — coordination failures turn the case
Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, “U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT”, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 |)
Bureaucracies on both sides of the border struggle to coordinate policies across and within various
AND
, roles, responsibilities, and which department should coordinate with what department.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Westminster CD | Judge:
1nc – da
Engagement’s limited now because of opposition by protectionist lobbies
Gvosdev 12 – Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Faculty of the U.S. Naval War College and Former Editor of the National Interest, “The Realist Prism: To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big”, World Politics Review, 4-20, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere has suffered a series of setbacks
AND
through the prism of domestic politics -- in this case Florida’s electoral votes.
Plan inflames domestic protectionism
McGinnis 00 – Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, “The World Trade Constitution”, Harvard Law Review, December, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511, Lexis
It is true that free trade does not make everyone within a nation better off
AND
are designed to benefit interest groups at the expense of the public. 66
Lobbies will push restrictive regulatory measures --- wrecks trade and the economy
Watson 13 – K. William Watson and Sallie James, Trade Policy Analysts at the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, “Regulatory Protectionism A Hidden Threat to Free Trade”, Cato Policy Analysis, 4-9, http://heartland.org/sites/default/files/pa723.pdf
Despite the impressive success of trade liberalization, domestic industries continue to find ways to
AND
the product of privilege-seeking special interests disguised as altruistic consumer advocates.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.
1nc – da
Cuba’s close relationship with Venezuela will continue – U.S. is odd one out.
Richard Gott, 2-25-2013, the guardian, “Cuba looks forward to closer US ties in a post-Castro world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul
Diaz-Canel has also been a strong advocate of the existing close relationship with
AND
in the US have begun to forget what the quarrel was all about.
Cuban shift towards the U.S. would sour relations and embolden Venezuela to become aggressive against U.S. interests – strengthens alliances with Iran.
Stratfor 10, 9-21-2010, “A Change of Course in Cuba and Venezuela?,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100920_change_course_cuba_and_venezuela
Venezuela's open-door policy to Cuba was intended to bolster the regime's security,
AND
that are adversarial to the United States, Venezuela has them in abundance.
Iran-Venezuela relations ensure Venezuelan and Iranian nuclearization
Noriega, 10 (Roger, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program”, former U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States from 2001 to 2003 and U.S. assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere from 2003 to 2005. He is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/05/chavez_s_secret_nuclear_program?page=0,0
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez admitted last week that his government is "carrying out the
AND
"Atomic Energy Committee" has been managing the nuclear program since 2007.
Extinction
Shepard-Durini 9 (Suzana, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, 2009, B.A. Political Science and Latin America Studies @ Wellesey College, M.A. Latin America Studies (security) @ Georgetown, Research Associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs)
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

1nc – cp

A. Text –In an appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court should issue a narrow ruling that federal authority over trade relations with Cuba commandeers the states’ legislative functions in violation of the 10th and 11th Amendments. The Supreme Court should devolve authority of this narrow ruling to the State Governments and United States Territories. The 50 States and relevant U.S. territories should normalize their trade relations with Cuba. 

B. Solvency – 

1. The Court can make this ruling and devolve power to the states – it won’t be rolled back
   Miller ’98 (Mark A., Attorney at Law – Baker Botts LLP, Cleveland State Law Review, Lexis)
   The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
   AND
   any attempt by Congress to pierce the shield of federalism with Article I. 

2. Currently all 50 states and US territories conduct foreign policy on a wide array of issues especially in the realm of economy and trade – they have acted collectively in these areas and in Latin America
Daniel Halberstam, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School, 46 Vill. L. Rev. 1015 2001
State and local governments have also engaged in foreign policy initiatives with more "political
AND
and in some cases embraced subnational government views in resolving the underlying issue.

C. Competition – Raich crushed Federalism – extending Lopez is critical to revive it
Brandon J. Stoker, J.D. Candidate 2010, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 23 BYU J. Pub. L. 317 2009
When the Supreme Court decided Gonzales v. Raich n2 in 2005, it marked
AND
in United States v. Lopez n6 and United States v. Morrison. 

Federalism is key to prevent federal overstretch – controls root cause of general terrorism, economic collapse, and Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan
Nivola 10 (Pietro S. Nivola, senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” The American Interest, March-April 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787)
Thinking along those lines warrants renewed emphasis today. America’s national government has had its
AND
, an overstretched and distracted government stands less chance of mitigating such tragedies.

1nc – cp

Text: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with Cuba with the exception of agriculture products imports and exports.
Normalized trade relations mean the whole enchilada- includes agriculture trade
Gerz-Escandon 08 (Jennifer Gerz-Escandon, B.A., Government with a minor in Psychology, Georgetown University
M.A., International Relations, University of Miami
Ph.D., International Relations, University of Miami. 10/9/08. "End the US-Cuba embargo: It's a win-win". CS Moniter. www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2008/1009/p09s02-coop.html)
Even as Cubans recover from hurricanes Gustav and Ike, their desire to end the
AND
development, and immigration – could provide the foundation for a postembargo relationship.
Domestic agriculture is high now but remains volatile
White House 13 (3/13/13. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN U.S. AGRICULTURE". www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_8.pdf)
U.S. agriculture fared better during the Great Recession than many ¶ other
AND
are expected to have generally detrimental ¶ effects on most crops and livestock.
Plan wrecks US agriculture
Suchlicki 2k (Jaime Suchlicki, founding Director of the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. He is also the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor of History . June 2000. "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba". University of Miami. www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf)
No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in
Cuba.
Cuba would export to the U.S. most of its products, cigars
AND
become an important client like China, Russia, ¶ or even Vietnam. 

U.S. agriculture solves global instability that escalates into great power war — independently resolves famine which results in extinction
Klare, 12 (professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College (Michael T., “Michael T. Klare: The Hunger Wars in Our Future”, 8/8/12, http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/michael-t-klare-the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/, Deech)
This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history
AND
continues to fuel the insurgency of the Maoist-inspired Naxalites of India.¶ 

1nc – multilat

Embargo is essential to Cuban democracy
Fitzgerald 13 (Democracy Advocates Urge Obama to Keep Cuban Trade Ban Friday, 05 Jul 2013 10:23 AM By Sandy Fitzgerald http://www.newsmax.com/us/cuba-embargo-democracy-farinas/2013/07/05/id/513503#ixzz2Z9O8XIvH nkj)

The trade embargo on Cuba must stay to starve Havana's communist government of cash,
AND
embargo needs to continue until "Cuba becomes a free and democratic society."
US commitment to Latin American democracy key to global democracy
Fauriol and Weintraub ‘95
(Georges, Dir – CSIS Americas Program and Sidney, Chair Political Economy – CSIS, Washington Quarterly, Summer)
The democracy theme also carries much force in the hemisphere today. The State Department
AND
on all three in Latin America will compromise progress elsewhere in the world.
Democracy solves extinction
Diamond, prof of pol sci, 95—prof of political science and sociology, Stanford. Senior research fellow at Hoover. (Larry, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.html) 

Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of
AND
their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. 

No solvency—other U.S. policies crush multilat and conflict rez
Greenwald 12—Glenn Greenwald is an American political journalist, lawyer, columnist, blogger, and author June 25, 2012, “Collapsing U.S. credibility,” http://www.salon.com/2012/06/25/collapsing_u_s_credibility/
Two Op-Eds in The New York Times this morning both warn of the
AND
longer speak with moral authority on these critical issues. . . . .¶ 

US is isolated from allies now because the embargo
Piccone 09 – senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings, specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations (Ted, “The United Nations Denounces the U.S. Embargo on Cuba … Again,” 10/27/9, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2009/10/27-cuba-un-vote-piccone)

For the 18th year in a row, the United Nations General Assembly unequivocally calls
AND
vote, very little will have changed, in Havana or in Washington.

Unilateralism is critical to preserve heg --- multilateralism fractures perception of U.S. power --- empirics prove
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)
Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.
Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
1nc – transition
Alt causes to the Cuban economy and if the aff solves them, so does the status quo
Bloomberg 08 (Bloomberg Business Week. "Cuba: Snuff Out the Embargo". www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/06/cuba_snuff_out_the_embargo.html)
The embargo is not the cause of the
and
 embargo, the U.S. is Cuba’s sixth-largest trading partner and biggest food supplier.
Ending any trade restrictions undermines US competitiveness – Cuba will just flood US markets
Suchlicki, 7-Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, “Implications of Lifting the U.S. Embargo and Travel Ban of Cuba”, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, 12/11/07, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/website_documents/SenateTestimony.pdf)
Trade¶ • No foreign trade that is independent from the state is permitted in
AND
to become an important client like China, Russia, or even Vietnam.
Nuclear war
Khalilzad, 11 — former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations, former director of policy planning at the Defense Department (Zalmay, “The Economy and National Security”, The National Review, 2/8/2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Improving relations is impossible without reforming the entire foreign policy apparatus
Gvosdev, 12 - former editor of the National Interest, and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media. He is currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (Nikolas, “To Reset Latin America Policy, U.S. Must Think Big,” 4/20, World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11867/the-realist-prism-to-reset-latin-america-policy-u-s-must-think-big)
More generally, Obama’s Latin America policy is suffering from a lack of what George
AND
and energy; an arrangement that mimics the pre-Maastricht European Community.
Laundry list of alt causes to economic collapse
Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy”, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)//eek
There are game-changing events outside of Cuba’s control that can negatively affect the
AND
health will sever the lifeline of petroleum that flows from Caracas to Havana.
No Shutdown—Maduro will continue to supply Cuba
Xinhua 13 News industry, citing Diosadado Cabello, the president of Venezuela’s National Assembly (Xinhua News Agency 6/7/13 “Venezuela-Cuba ties to stay strong: official” http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/787836.shtml#.UczWuGR0wao ) KY
HAVANA, June 7 (Xinhua) -- Friendship between Venezuela and Cuba will continue
AND
more than 45,000 professionals, mainly in medical and healthcare fields.