1NC- Cap K Coloniality K Human Rights CP Nuclearism on case 2NR- Cap K
Iowa Caucus
1
Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge:
2NR - T
Iowa Caucus
4
Opponent: Maine East SK | Judge:
New Plan Text
NFL Quals
1
Opponent: Bloomington Jefferson | Judge:
2NR Borders
University of Michigan
7
Opponent: Westminster ZW | Judge:
AFF-CCP Collapse Good and Asia Pivot
University of Minnesota
1
Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: Colton Corosis
1AC- TPP new Plan text
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1AC
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet CC | Judge: 1AC Grapevine Contention 1 is Reliability Mexican investment in cross border transmission low now- increased US technical assistance and a comprehensive bilateral strategy are key Wood 13 Duncan. Dir of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Former Director of the IR Program at Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo in Mexico. “Growing Potential for US-Mexico Energy Cooperation” wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf January 2013SLR • The question of cross border electricity transmission has been a feature of bilateral talks since 2010 but little has yet been achieved. AND it is important that all three of the NAFTA partners understand the others’ approach to this issue and monitor future policy developments closely.
The US-Mexico border is becoming a hot spot for solar and wind interests, AND dedicated transmission lines to the US to avoid the expensive and highly bureaucratic relations with Mexico’s Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), which handles all domestic transmission.
Status quo US Grid will be overwhelmed by increased renewable energy Malewitz 13 (Jim, “States Explore New Compact to Increase Renewable Energy Availability”, http://www.governing.com/news/state/sl-states-explore-new-compact-to-increase-renewable-energy.html, 7/26/2013)SLR The nation’s aging power grid wasn’t designed to meet today’s demand. AND“Transmission is one of those issues that often get overlooked in these discussions.”
Boosting renewable production before grid upgrades will crash the system --- triggering blackouts The Electricity Journal, 9 (October 2009, “How Much More Stress Can the Grid Handle?” vol. 22, no. 8, pages 6-7, Science Direct database)
Speaking at an energy conference in Chicago this summer AND Obama was once talking about getting up to 25 percent of U.S. power from renewables by 2025, or roughly 270 GW
US cooperation is imperative for an interconnected smart grid that integrates electricity from renewable sources- Mexico’s electricity demand is massively increasing Wood 13 Duncan. Dir of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Former Director of the IR Program at Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo in Mexico. “Growing Potential for US-Mexico Energy Cooperation” wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf January 2013SLR
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes AND should continue to cooperate on the development of the grid, creating significant opportunities for private firms from both sides of the border
Status quo grid interconnectivity fails- federal action is key to increase reliability and facilitate energy exchanges Ibarra-Yunez 12 (Dr. Alejandro, Professor of Economics and Public Policy – Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Mexico), “Economic and Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities for US-Mexico Electricity Trade and Cooperation,” Policy Research Project Report 174, May, http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/17560/prp_174-econ_reg_challenges_US_Mex_electricity-2012.pdf?sequence=5)//SLR Trade in electricity between Mexico and the United States AND identified “cross-border energy exchanges” as a priority (BGC 2009).
Interconnections between countries help optimize power systems,AND . When completed, this link will supply electricity from a Mexican wind farm to the California market.
Growth in energy demand and generating capacity is outpacing growth in the transmission and distribution system—AND induce capital investment in generation and transmission capacity.
The impact is blackouts – They create military communication breakdowns that go nuclear Andres and Breetz 11 Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability AND be deterred by this possibility.
A 2003 federal analysis looking at how AND , which has the potential to release more radiation.
Extinction Lendman ‘11 (Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan” 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it's coming. In her 1978 book, "Nuclear Madness," she said: "As a physician, I contend that nuclear technology threatens life on our planet with extinction. If present trends continue, theair we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink will soon becontaminated with enough radioactive pollutants to pose a potential health hazard far greater than any plague humanity has ever experienced." More below on the inevitable dangers from commercial nuclear power proliferation, besides added military ones. On March 11, New York Times writer Martin Fackler headlined, "Powerful Quake and Tsunami Devastate Northern Japan," saying: "The 8.9-magnitude earthquake (Japan's strongest ever) set off a devastating tsunami that sent walls of water (six meters high) washing over coastal cities in the north." According to Japan's Meteorological Survey, it was 9.0. The Sendai port city and other areas experienced heavy damage. "Thousands of homes were destroyed, many roads were impassable, trains and buses (stopped) running, and power and cellphones remained down. On Saturday morning, the JR rail company" reported three trains missing. Many passengers are unaccounted for. Striking at 2:46PM Tokyo time, it caused vast destruction, shook city skyscrapers, buckled highways, ignited fires, terrified millions, annihilated areas near Sendai, possibly killed thousands, and caused a nuclear meltdown, its potential catastrophic effects far exceeding quake and tsunami devastation, almost minor by comparison under a worst case scenario. On March 12, Times writer Matthew Wald headlined, "Explosion Seen at Damaged Japan Nuclear Plant," saying: "Japanese officials (ordered evacuations) for people living near two nuclear power plants whose cooling systems broke down," releasing radioactive material, perhaps in far greater amounts than reported. NHK television and Jiji said the 40-year old Fukushima plant's outer structure housing the reactor "appeared to have blown off, which could suggest the containment building had already been breached." Japan's nuclear regulating agency said radioactive levels inside were 1,000 times above normal. Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to then the most costly ever natural disaster. This time, from quake and tsunami damage alone, that figure will be dwarfed. Moreover, under a worst case core meltdown, all bets are off as the entire region and beyond will be threatened with permanent contamination AND , nuclear plants are atom bomb factories Contention 2 is Econ Mexico's economy is collapsing and shows no sign of getting better Market Realists 7/9 (Market Realists, Sr Emerging Markets Analyst, democratizing investment research, Jul 9, 2013, "Why Mexico’s economic slide continues and a recovery isn’t happening", http://marketrealist.com/2013/07/mexico-june-pmi/) The survey is at its lowest point since it started slightly over two years AND This data highlights the weakness in future demand and lack of confidence in future outlook since both input purchases and inventory levels remained unchanged Margins squeezing and weak employment
Three internal links
First, Smart grid provides huge growth opportunities for Mexico—US investment and expertise are key Bennett 11 (Nicholas, University of Arizona, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boom”, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)//AS Mexico’s projections in the smart grid market are strikingly AND brings mutually beneficial smart grid technology to both the United States and Mexico through joint cooperation and 3 information exchange. Smart grid technology provides an unprecedented opportunity for Mexico to improve both functionally and economically
Recent literature points to the positive relationship among electric grids, economic development, and clean energy innovation AND availability of clean energy sources via an integrated market is a step in the right direction.
Manufacturing is key to Mexico’s economy Aeppel ’13 June 28, 2013. Timothy Aeppel is the Economics Bureau Chief at The Wall Street Journal. “Mexico Manufacturing Looks to Gain Competitive Edge on China” The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/06/28/mexico-manufacturing-looks-to-gain-competitive-edge-on-china/ Mexico’s strengthening factory sector is helping boost that nation’s economy AND . “They won’t shut their plants in China,” he says. “But they’ll reconfigure those to supply domestic customers or to export around Asia, because that still makes sense.”
US-Mexico economic integration prevents global recession. Schiffer ’13?Michael Schiffer President of the Inter-American Dialogue "A More Ambitious Agenda: A Report of the Inter-American Dialogue’s commission on Mexico-US relations." February The first is to reinforce and deepen economic cooperation AND and coordination among the United States, Mexico, and Canada in negotiations toward the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).
Mexican is key to the world economy Zehnbacht ’12 November 13, 2012. Gil Zehnbacht is a Search Engine Marketing Expert at ProTradingIndicators. “Will Latin America be the Next Engine for Global Economic Growth?” ProTradingIndicators. http://www.protradingindicators.com/news-market-analysis/will-latin-america-be-the-next-engine-for-global-economic-growth . Mexico, Peru and Chile are also developing into powersAND . With Latin America so important to be China and the United States, its growth will be crucial for leading economic demand around the world in the years ahead.
2 impacts- Economic collapse sparks nuclear war Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)//BB Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is likely to be the result of a number of intersecting and interlocking AND increased tensions, rivalries, and counterbalancing moves, but it also will create opportunities for multinational cooperation in protecting critical sea lanes. With water also becoming scarcer in Asia and the Middle East, cooperation to manage changing water resources is likely to be increasingly difficult both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Statistics prove Royal, 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.
Our authors rely on a testable empirical method – yes, there are counterexamples, but trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf) . We need to know more than the mere existence of some association or correlation between, say, prosperity and democracy, or economic freedom and the avoidance of military conflict AND is better to rely on testable, tested and so far supported propositions than on a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.
. Mexico is the 12th largest economy and second largest trading partner with the U.S. AND drug cartels taking over the country, civil war breaking out on the streets, people fleeing for their lives, not for a job. We have to be prepared in the United States for both and Texas must be prepared.
That causes oil shocks Moran 9 (7/31/09, Michael, executive editor and policy analyst, Council on Foreign Relations, “Six Crises, 2009: A Half-Dozen Ways Geopolitics Could Upset Global Recovery,” http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/six-crises-2009-a-half-dozen-ways-geopolitics-could-upset-global-recovery/) Risk 2: Mexico Drug Violence:¶ At Stake: Oil prices, AND any trouble involving Mexico invariably will cause a bipartisan demand for more security on the southern border, inflame anti-immigrant sentiment and possibly force Obama to remember his campaign promise to “renegotiate NAFTA,” a pledge he deftly sidestepped once in office.
Energy shocks cause great power nuke war Islam Yasin Qasem 7, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm Recognizing the strategic value of oil AND the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high.
Prices stabilizing now-accounts for Syria Leong 9/4 (George, “Why Oil Prices Aren’t Going Anywhere If Syria Stabilizes”, http://www.eurasiareview.com/04092013-why-oil-prices-arent-going-anywhere-if-syria-stabilizes-oped/~~, 9/4/2013)SLR The price chain of the WTI crude oil shows futures oil prices declining AND steadily higher production from domestic reserves, including shale oil from North Dakota and Montana and Canadian oil from the tar sands in Alberta.
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its cooperation to develop interconnected electricity infrastructure in Mexico.
Contention 3 is Solvency
Federal action is key to uniform and effective implementation of grid integration and regulatory frameworks to protect the environment
IEG (2007) notes the importance of national institutions to lead implementation of integration initiatives ( Strong commitment key. Absent that, negative perceptions destroy cooperation BGC 9 (Border Governors Conference, “Strategic Guidelines for the Competitive and Sustainable Development of the U.S.-Mexico Transborder Region,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, September, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/strategic-guidelines-for-the-competitive-and-sustainable-development-the-us-mexico)
To successfully ful?ll the development potential of the region, AND require the engagement of all the region’s stakeholders, in accordance with the cross-cutting and multi-scale nature of the issues faced by the region. The core objective of the Strategic Guidelines, therefore, is to provide a general framework and speci?c policy actions in accordance with mutually agreed upon regional development goals. The scope of the Strategic Guidelines includes the four spatial scales commented above: the totality of the 10-state transborder region, the cross-border metropolitan corridors, the planning area de?ned by the NADB and BECC, and the strip formed by the municipalities adjacent to the international border.
US Federal Government investment is key to Latin American modeling of Grid regulatory frameworks and to solve energy poverty Porter 7/3- staff writer at the US Embassy (Charlene, “U.S. Works with Latin America to Expand Electric Grid, ” http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2013/07/20130703278096.html#ixzz2c9sGvELE, 7/3/2013)SLR Nations of Latin America take strides toward greater connectivity to a regional electric grid, AND Providing greater economic opportunity for these people begins with electricity, Sherman said.
HVDC solves for reliability-interconnects power without increasing vulnerability Rose 08 (Bill, “Historic HVDC Tie Provides Power Sharing Between U.S. and Mexico Grids”, http://www.elp.com/articles/print/volume-86/issue-5/sections/td/historic-hvdc-tie-provides-power-sharing-between-us-and-mexico-grids.html, 9/1/2008) The $40 million HVDC back-to-back tie connects the state power grid of Texas and the national power grid of Mexico AND its controllability. The basic power control is achieved through a system where one of the converters controls its DC voltage and the other converter controls the current through the DC circuit.
9/14/13
1AC
Tournament: University of Minnesota | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: Colton Corosis Adv 1 Is trade Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html) Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade,
along regional trade lines has proven challenging.
2 internal links: a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada have each joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations
toward the strategic goals of both the United States and Mexico.
Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008 The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the past three years for the Doha Round
sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.
b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico" Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have expanded
regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years.
That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement Noriega 12 - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US economic growth.
1 Expand Latin American participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership—an initiative to promote stronger economic ties between the Western Hemisphere and the Asia-Pacific region—beyond Peru, Chile, and Mexico; Through the Inter-American Development Bank, increase material and technical support to trade- and business-advocacy groups throughout the region to promote “best practices” among companies, cooperatives, or individuals seeking to export their goods or services.
Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).
This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.
increasing exports relative to imports can be part of the solution to many long-standing difficulties.
Independently, economic decline triggers great power war Royal, 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict.
political science scholarship links economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels.' This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. This observation is not contradictory to other perspectives that link economic interdependence with a decrease in the likelihood of external conflict, such as those mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter. Those studies tend to focus on dyadic interdependence instead of global interdependence and do not specifically consider the occurrence of and conditions created by economic crises. As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf) Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics, macrosociology, or international relations
Although certitude is beyond reach, it is better to rely on testable, tested and so far supported propositions than on a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring
t war becomes a durable anachronism.
And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12. Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence gathering
spending cutbacks, high unemployment, an aging workforce, and shrinking average household net worth. For all of these reasons, the U.S. is widely characterized as “an empire in decline.”
US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader
lead the way to a new world order.
A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm) The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives.
sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html) Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. \
What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University (Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml) Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without balancing
it is difficult to see how major power war becomes thinkable again given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005).
Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf
Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality
consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
. Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico under the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Adv 2 Is China Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC In recent commentary for the Financial Times, David Pilling argues that the central objective of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations is the exclusion of China.
China must see in the new trade agenda a deal not unlike its accession to the WTO: while hefty commitments are to be expected, the accompanying domestic reforms will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance.
US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world
China may decide it has more to gain by joining in than by sitting out, which would in turn create a strong incentive for longstalled progress at the World Trade Organization, strengthening the competitiveness of regional exports. A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.
When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington for a new round of their Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. has an excellent opportunity to overcome a deeply divisive
resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.
Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation. Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)
SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described
. Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.
Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC- The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders
This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.
Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-) Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise
the fate of the island is intertwined both with the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party and the reliability of U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region.
Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211) Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war
conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.” Solvency US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) After years of slow growth (4.5 percent average annual growth from 2000-2008) and then a 17 percent drop between 2008 and 2009 during the Great Recession, U.S.-Mexico trade is now booming as never before
competitiveness of our region in the global marketplace.
You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective? Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13, web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy ) Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement
unique opportunity to forge ahead.
10/14/13
1AC
Tournament: University of Minnesota | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: Colton Corosis Adv 1 Is trade Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html) Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade,
along regional trade lines has proven challenging.
2 internal links: a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada have each joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations
toward the strategic goals of both the United States and Mexico.
Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008 The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the past three years for the Doha Round
sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.
b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico" Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have expanded
regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years.
That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement Noriega 12 - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US economic growth.
1 Expand Latin American participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership—an initiative to promote stronger economic ties between the Western Hemisphere and the Asia-Pacific region—beyond Peru, Chile, and Mexico; Through the Inter-American Development Bank, increase material and technical support to trade- and business-advocacy groups throughout the region to promote “best practices” among companies, cooperatives, or individuals seeking to export their goods or services.
Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).
This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.
increasing exports relative to imports can be part of the solution to many long-standing difficulties.
Independently, economic decline triggers great power war Royal, 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict.
political science scholarship links economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels.' This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. This observation is not contradictory to other perspectives that link economic interdependence with a decrease in the likelihood of external conflict, such as those mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter. Those studies tend to focus on dyadic interdependence instead of global interdependence and do not specifically consider the occurrence of and conditions created by economic crises. As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf) Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics, macrosociology, or international relations
Although certitude is beyond reach, it is better to rely on testable, tested and so far supported propositions than on a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring
t war becomes a durable anachronism.
And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12. Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence gathering
spending cutbacks, high unemployment, an aging workforce, and shrinking average household net worth. For all of these reasons, the U.S. is widely characterized as “an empire in decline.”
US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader
lead the way to a new world order.
A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm) The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives.
sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html) Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. \
What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University (Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml) Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without balancing
it is difficult to see how major power war becomes thinkable again given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005).
Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf
Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality
consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
. Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico under the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Adv 2 Is China Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC In recent commentary for the Financial Times, David Pilling argues that the central objective of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations is the exclusion of China.
China must see in the new trade agenda a deal not unlike its accession to the WTO: while hefty commitments are to be expected, the accompanying domestic reforms will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance.
US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world
China may decide it has more to gain by joining in than by sitting out, which would in turn create a strong incentive for longstalled progress at the World Trade Organization, strengthening the competitiveness of regional exports. A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.
When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington for a new round of their Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. has an excellent opportunity to overcome a deeply divisive
resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.
Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation. Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)
SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described
. Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.
Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC- The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders
This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.
Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-) Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise
the fate of the island is intertwined both with the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party and the reliability of U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region.
Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211) Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war
conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.” Solvency US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) After years of slow growth (4.5 percent average annual growth from 2000-2008) and then a 17 percent drop between 2008 and 2009 during the Great Recession, U.S.-Mexico trade is now booming as never before
competitiveness of our region in the global marketplace.
You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective? Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13, web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy ) Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement
unique opportunity to forge ahead.
10/14/13
1AC Cuba Oil
Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bloomington Jefferson | Judge: ADV 1 Is Heg Three internal links 1) Is regional influence-engaging Latin America is key to heg Ben-Ami 6-18-13. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Times of Oman. “Is US losing Latin America?” http://www.timesofoman.com/Columns/Article-1173.aspxMG It is a mantra increasingly heard around the world: US power is in decline. And nowhere does this seem truer than in Latin America
The US is better positioned than any other power in this respect, particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.
The plan crowds out competitors and increases influence Benjamin-Alvadaro 6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf) Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the United States and Cuba,
(or at a minimum, balancing) fears of a Chinese incursion in hemispheric affairs. To lessen those fears it may be useful to review the present structure of joint-venture projects in the energy sector in Cuba to ascertain the feasibility and possible success of such an undertaking become available to American firms. Moreover, it is interesting to note that U.S. firms in the agriculture sector have successfully negotiated and consummated sales to Cuba totaling more than $1 billion dollars over the past four years under conditions that are less than optimal circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.
2) Is Latina American Relations –Now is the key turning point in relations with Cuba and the rest of the South America Tisdall 3-5 –13 Simon Tisdall, writer for the Guardian, March 5th, 2013, "Death of Hugo Chávez brings chance of fresh start for US and Latin America" www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print Hugo Chávez's departure furnishes Barack Obama with an opportunity to repair US ties with Venezuela
Washington to advance his own reform agenda," Sweig said.
Loosening embargo restrictions solves soft power Lieutenant Colonel Sergio M. Dickerson 2010 "United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA518053 Conclusion¶ Today, 20 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall – it’s time to chip away at the diplomatic wall that still remains between U.S. and Cuba
reverse its perceived decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.
Soft power is key to global influence Francis Fukuyama, 2006 Professor International Studies Johns Hopkins, America at the Crossroads, p. 190-1 The most important way that American power can be
a by-product of a slow process of diplomacy and persuasion. International institutions exist in part to reduce the transaction costs of achieving consent, but under the best of circumstances they necessarily move less quickly than security requires.
The development underscores the U.S. difficulty in lowering its dependence on foreign oil — especially the heavy grades of crude that Saudi Arabia exports — even as domestic oil production is soaring.
Plan sufficiently hedges U.S. energy security Benjamin-Alvarado ‘10 Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 118-19 In chapter 1, I spotlighted five “S” characteristics of energy security and the related imperatives of strategic energy policy relevant to both the Cuban case as well as that of the United States. The successful development of Cuban energy
supply disruptions of refined petroleum products or facilitating the redirection of oil shipments as needed owing to any number of circumstances.
Energy independence protects the U.S. from oil shocks and boosts heg Graeber 5/15/13 (Daniel J., Senior Analyst at Oil Price; “U.S. Energy Independence Weakens its Power”- Oil Price; May 15, 2013, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/U.S.-Energy-Independence-Weakens-its-Power.html) U.S. policymakers favouring the oil industry said gains in production would help lead to energy independence and shield the regional economy from oil shocks
, could hold the same geopolitical influence over global markets that OPEC members did in the 1970s.
Now the impacts
First scenario is heg Statistics prove deep engagement deescalates global conflicts- multipolarity creates crisis instability Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far more dangerous global security environment
new military capabilities. Alliance ties dissuade partners from ramping up and also provide leverage to prevent military transfers to potential rivals. On top of all this, the United States’ formidable military machine may deter entry by potential rivals. Current great power military expenditures as a percentage of GDP are at historical lows, and thus far other major powers have shied away from seeking to match top-end U.S. military capabilities. In addition, they have so far been careful to avoid attracting the “focused enmity” of the United States. 84 All of the world’s most modern militaries are U.S. allies (America’s alliance system of more than sixty countries now accounts for some 80 percent of global military spending), and the gap between the U.S. military capability and that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
Collapse results in global nuclear conflict – ensures the US is drawn back in Lieber 2005 – PhD from Harvard, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown, former consultant to the State Department and for National Intelligence Estimates (Robert, “The American Era”, pages 53-54, WEA) Withdrawal from foreign commitments might seem to be a means of evading hostility toward the United States, but the consequences
could bring “an anarchic new Dark Age of waning empires and religious fanaticism; of endemic plunder and pillage in the world’s forgotten regions; of economic stagnation and civilization’s retreat into a few fortified enclaves.”23
Second scenario is prolif
First, Heg collapse causes wild-fire proliferation Stephen Peter Rosen (PhD from Harvard University in 1979 and is currently the Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs in the Department of Government, Harvard University) Spring 2003 “An Empire, If you Can Keep It,” The National Interest, , LN Academic, UK: Fisher Rather than wrestle with such difficult and unpleasant problems, the United States could give up the imperial mission, or pretensions to it, now
If the logic of American empire is unappealing, it is not at all clear that the alternatives are that much more attractive.
Proliferation causes a use it or lose it mindset-this causes nuclear release and extinction Horowitz 2009 (Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257, KR)
The acquisition of nuclear weapons increases
Acquiring nuclear weapons could alter state preferences and make them more likely to escalate disputes once they start, given their new capabilities.5
Theater missiles means there’s less time for rational decision-making – guarantees preemption Cimbala 2005 – Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, author of books and articles in professional journals on topics related to national security, he has served as a consultant on arms control to the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, US Department of State, and private defense contractors (Stephen J., The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, “East Wind Deadly: Nuclear Proliferation in Asia,” vol. 18, issue 4, 12/1/2k5)
Hair triggers may be more the rule than the exception. In addition, many of the land based missiles available
an institutional military bias for getting in the first blow to maximize the possibility of military victory and avoid
Second, Perception of declining U.S. influence in Latin America causes Brazilian prolif Travis C. Stalcup, Fellow @ Texas AandM, 10-10-2012, "What is Brazil Up to with Its Nuclear Policy?" Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, http:// journal.georgetown.edu/2012/10/10/what-is-brazil-up-to-with-its-nuclear-policy-by-travis-stalcup/ What is Brazil up to? That is the question national security planners should be asking. Since abandoning its nuclear weapons program in the late 1990s, Brazil has appeared the model for nonproliferation
prove that it possesses the military capability to contribute to international security.¶
Failure to deter Brazilian prolif causes regional arms race and war Debalina Ghoshal 8/20/23 Ghoshai is an Associate Fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies, India. “South America Goes Nuclear: Now Brazil” –the Gatestone Institute for international politics. http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3941/nuclear-brazil By stating that submarines would be used for defensive roles only, Brazil apparently tries to make clear, as the analyst William Goncalvez stated, that it has "strategic needs," but no desire to fuel an "arms race….nor does it want to be a military power."24 At a time when countries such as China, Russia, and Iran are intensifying their efforts to deny to their adversaries access to certain areas,25 Brazil's nuclear-powered submarines could also enable the country to enhance its sea-denial capabilities. Brazil's nuclear-powered submarine is expected to have a "world wide reach,
These nuclear developments in Brazil are worth watching closely: the precariousness of deterrence, or of collapsed or ineffective deterrence, easily leads to all-out war.
become hostile during the situation. Regions that are economically dependent on each other, such as South America, would have a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.
Fourth, Heg deters conflict escalation and prevents Allied proliferation Brooks et al., Dartmouth government professor, et al., 13 Brooks, Stephen G., Ikenberry, G. John, Wohlforth, William C., STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward”, Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7-2-13, AFB ¶ KEEPING THE PEACE¶ Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall far below what advocates of retrenchment claim, they would not be worth bearing unless they yielded greater benefits. In fact, they do. The most obvious benefit of the current strategy is that it reduces the risk of a dangerous conflict. The United States' security commitments deter states
, irrational decisions, accidents, and unforeseen crises goes up.
Allied prolif escalates to global nuclear arms races
Michael Mandelbaum, Professor of Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p. 22
The emergence of Germany and Japan as major nuclear powers would likely set off a chain reaction.
throughout Europe and Asia, which would have to take into account not only the retreat of American military power but also a sharp rise in the military status of Germany and Japan.
That causes nuclear war
Steven Lee, Professor, Ethics, Hobart and Smith College, Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons, 1993, p. 299
First, nuclear war could result from the behavior of other states
uncertainties on all sides may make major nuclear war more likely that it was prior to the nation's unilateral nuclear disarmament.
Fifth, U.S. hegemony key to check Chinese aggression against Taiwan Brookes 8 - Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs at The Heritage Foundation, member of the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (Peter, "Why the World Still Needs America's Military Might," http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/Why-the-World-Still-Needs-Americas-Military-Might, 11/24/08)
Further to the south, what about stability across the Taiwan Strait?
absent American military might, China would quickly unite Taiwan with the main land under force of arms. In general, the system of military alliances in Asia that the United States maintains provides the basis for stability in the Pacific, since the region has failed to develop an overarching security architecture such as that found in Europe in NATO.
Taiwan isolation causes a legitimacy crisis Brookes 2005 Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs and Director of the Asian Studies Center, Heritage Foundation (Peter, “China's Influence in the Western Hemisphere,” April 19, Heritage Lecture #873, http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/hl873.cfm) One of China's tactics is an effort to politically isolate Taiwan
would be seriously undermined in Taipei's estimation. And, this causes Taiwan proliferation Galante and Chen 2006 James and Shieuan-Ju Center for Advanced Defense Studies (“Bubble Tea Diplomacy: The Nuclear Solution to Taiwan's International Recognition," Defense Concepts Serious August 2006http:www.c4ads.org/files/cads_report_bteadiplo_aug06.pdf) Taiwan’s unique status, denied the status of nation-state the island nation might engage in this new form of brinksmanship. This incentivizes regional Asian proliferation and nuclear war Sokolski 2009 Executive Director, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (Henry, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)
Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next two to three decades. Among these might be Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Algeria, Brazil (which is developing a nuclear submarine and the uranium to fuel it), Argentina, and possibly Saudi Arabia (courtesy of weapons leased to it by Pakistan or China),Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. All of these states have
— could easily prompt nuclear weapons deployments with “strategic” consequences (arms races, strategic miscues, and even nuclear war).
Heg independently solves Asian proliferation Wortzel 03 Ph.D VP of Foreign Policy and Defense Studies at The Heritage Foundation (Larry, “United States Military Forces in Asia Maintain the Peace and Advance Democracy”)
America’s primary regional security interests are best served by preserving the stability of Northeast Asia, an area plagued by war for most of the past century. Without an American military presence, =
to recognize the stability and security that the U.S. presence in Korea provides. It is imperative for Americans to remember that in the final analysis, the forward deployment of U.S. troops serves American interests even as it advances our values.
Plan The United States federal government should substantially ease its economic restrictions towards the Republic of Cuba on offshore oil development.
No offense- pursuit of hegemony is inevitable Mearsheimer 11 John J. Mearsheimer, the “R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago” Jan/Feb 2011 “Imperial By Design” http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0059.pdf The downward spiral the United States has taken was anything but inevitable
no serious attempt is made to prioritize U.S. interests, because they are virtually limitless. This grand strategy is “imperial” at its core; its proponents believe that the United States has the right as well as the responsibility to interfere in the politics of other countries. One would think that such arrogance might alienate other states, but most American policy makers of the early nineties and beyond were confident that would not happen, instead believing that other countries—save for so-called rogue states like Iran and North Korea—would see the United States as a benign hegemon serving their own interests.
The world is realist – we need to engage it. Mearsheimer, ’95 (Chicago Poli Sci Prof, Winter, International Security, p. 44-5) Three points are in order regarding the critical theorists’ interpretation of history. First, one cannot help but be struck by the sheer continuity of realist behavior
Realism, not critical theory, appears best to explain international politics in the five centuries of the feudal era.
Biology proves realism inevitable Thayer 4 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 70-71
Evolutionary theory offers two sufficient explanations for the trait of egoism. The first is a classic Darwinian argument: Darwin argued that an individual organism is concerned for its own survival in an environment where resources are scarce. It has to ensure that its physiological needs—for food, shelter, and so on—are
also do not expect individuals or states to show this type of behavior beyond their own self-interest. Thus, evolutionary theory can explain egoism and suggests why cooperation between unrelated individuals is very often difficult and remarkably unlike the behavior one encounters within the family.
1/25/14
1AC- Valley
Tournament: Iowa Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East RT | Judge: Elise Conklin TRADE Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html) Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade, ability to make genuine progress along regional trade lines has proven challenging.
2 internal links: a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada f both the United States and Mexico.
Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008 The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the
breathe new life into a system that is sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.
b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico" Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years.
That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement Noriega 12 - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US individuals seeking to export their goods or services.
Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).
This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.
Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf) Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics,
a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in
We must all hope that the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.
And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12. Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence
“an empire in decline.”
US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is , lead the way to a new world order.
A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm) The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives
-based multilateral trading system, greatly increasing the chances for world prosperity and peace. There is a growing realization that — in our interdependent world — sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html) Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University (Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml) Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005).
Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf
Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality
consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
. PLAN
The United States federal government should negotiate as an economic partner with Mexico in the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
CHINA Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance.
US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world, A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.
When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington
resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.
Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation. Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)
SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described as . Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.
Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC- The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders .This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.
Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-) Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise without the serious risk of conflict and tension those relations entail. Unfortunately, the significant sources of tension and disagreement
f U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region.
Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211) Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.” SOLVENCY US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) After years of slow growth
our region in the global marketplace.
You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective? Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13, web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy ) Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement,
unique opportunity to forge ahead.
The status quo is structurally improving due to globalization Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years. Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA. Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?” 2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf) Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled
(economic development) and time, a surrogate for technological change (Goklany 2007a). Other indicators of human well-being that improve over time and as affluence rises are: access to safe water and sanitation (see below), literacy, level of education, food supplies per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).
10/1/13
1AC- Valley
Tournament: Iowa Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East RT | Judge: Elise Conklin TRADE Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html) Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade, ability to make genuine progress along regional trade lines has proven challenging.
2 internal links: a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada f both the United States and Mexico.
Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008 The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the
breathe new life into a system that is sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.
b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico" Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years.
That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement Noriega 12 - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US individuals seeking to export their goods or services.
Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).
This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.
Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf) Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics,
a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in
We must all hope that the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.
And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12. Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence
“an empire in decline.”
US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is , lead the way to a new world order.
A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm) The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives
-based multilateral trading system, greatly increasing the chances for world prosperity and peace. There is a growing realization that — in our interdependent world — sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html) Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University (Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml) Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005).
Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf
Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality
consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
. PLAN
The United States federal government should negotiate as an economic partner with Mexico in the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
CHINA Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance.
US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world, A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.
When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington
resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.
Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation. Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)
SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described as . Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.
Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC- The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders .This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.
Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-) Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise without the serious risk of conflict and tension those relations entail. Unfortunately, the significant sources of tension and disagreement
f U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region.
Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211) Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.” SOLVENCY US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) After years of slow growth
our region in the global marketplace.
You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective? Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13, web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy ) Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement,
unique opportunity to forge ahead.
The status quo is structurally improving due to globalization Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years. Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA. Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?” 2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf) Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled
(economic development) and time, a surrogate for technological change (Goklany 2007a). Other indicators of human well-being that improve over time and as affluence rises are: access to safe water and sanitation (see below), literacy, level of education, food supplies per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).
10/1/13
AFF contact info
Tournament: - | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: - contact shanelleroman@gmail.com (if you don’t get a response, email anja.beth@gmail.com)
10/5/13
New Plan Text
Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Maine East SK | Judge: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement towards Mexico under the existing framework of the Trans Pacific Partnership negotiations.
10/26/13
Whiteness
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS | Judge: Contention One: The History of America’s engagement with Cuba
We begin our discussion of the resolution with an examination of the United States 1912 military intervention in the Cuban Government’s repression of the island’s first black political party. Like so many other times throughout history American racism overshadowed liberal democracy in the violent oppression of minority rights. De la Fuente 1999 (Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900-1912, Alejandro de la Fuente, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1999), pp. 39-73)
The Partido Independiente de Color had been founded in 1908 by a number of Afro-Cuban veterans, most of them former Liberals who, de-spite their patriotic merits, had been overlooked by the dominant parties in the distribution of patronage.
" could not afford the humiliation of a military intervention, particularly in an election year.
The revolutionaries appealed to the liberal nature of the United States; they assumed that the US would intervene on their behalf in order to ensure black and minority political representation. Instead when US property became threatened massive political pressure was brought to bear by the US on the Cuban government to exterminate and detain massive numbers of oppressed minorities Pérez 1986 Politics, Peasants, and People of Color: The 1912 "Race War" in Cuba Reconsidered Author(s): Louis A. Pérez, Jr. Source: The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Aug., 1986), pp. 509-539
The uprising began as an organized political protest, an armed movement designed to force the Gomez administration to repeal the Morua law
Race and gender converged in deadly combination: black men were killed summarily.' Nor were security forces inclined to make distinctions be-tween black Cubans and black foreigners. Scores of Haitian contract workers fell victim to government repression.' Few prisoners were taken, and only in the larger provincial towns. The government reported modest casualties: two rural guards dead, a few wounded.92 By the end of the summer, peace returned to Oriente. "The movement fell away," wrote a slightly baffled Hugh Thomas 6o years later, "almost as mysteriously as it had begun."93 Just in time, too, for preparations for the 1912-13 zafra were about to begin.
? Even today when the United States supposedly has no relations with the island of Cuba we see fit to base a torture and indefinite detention facility in Guantanamo Bay against the wishes of the Sovereign Cuban government. Guantanamo, however, is not an exception, the US domestic prison system is being exported around the world causing a global penal order based around white supremacy. Jiwani 2011 “Trapped in the Carceral Net: Race, Gender, and the “War on Terror””, Yasmin Jiwani , Concordia University, Canada, Global Media Journal -- Canadian Edition, 2011.
In his analysis of the rise of the carceral state, Michel Foucault (1978/1995) argues that the prison serves as a paradigm of sorts—organizing the particular ways in which society objectifies the criminal while congealing and legitimizing disciplinary functions.
, “even if Guantánamo eventually closes, the problem that Guantánamo symbolises—the lawlessness, racism and imperialist mentality of the powerful—remains” (2010: 31).
We offer this historical analysis of our past and current engagements with the island of Cuba in order to reflect on the historical influence of whiteness and white supremacy and the constant contradiction with the supposed values of liberal democracy. White supremacy creates itself in opposition to sub-human others through a genocidal process of incarceration in a penal system that operates on the assumption guilty until proven innocent for minorities.
The prison industrial complex stands at both the heart of white supremacy and the American State. Minority bodies compromise the vast majority of prison populations compared to societal averages. The modern war against the black, red and brown body can only be seen as a core integral function of the current American State. Rodriguez 2007 (Dylan Rodriguez, American Globality and the U.S. Prison Regime: State violence and White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to Bagong Diwa, PhD. Department of Ethnic Studies, University Of California, Riverside. Kritika Kultura. 2007)
For the theoretical purposes of this essay, white supremacy may be understood as a logic of social organization that produces
brutality, torture, and excess should be understood as an essential element of American statecraft, not its corruption or deviation.
? Contention Two: Privilege in Debate
Shanelle and I understand our privilege. We benefit from the social structure of whiteness—we don’t have to worry about being stopped by police on the street for “random checks” or that our skin color will prevent us from getting a job or getting into college. We recognize that we are fundamentally incapable of understanding what it’s like to be silenced by the racism of the state, but what we believe we need to do is to acknowledge that whiteness and abolish it, breaking it down from inside by abandoning our very identities as white and Latina.
The resolution is a forced choice towards endorsing whiteness. It asks us to engage with the topic countries yet the debates we have all year long are about U.S. hegemony and the merits of policymaking in order to further American empire. Never are we forced to ask the question “why are we, as in the individual debaters, in social location to say that one day they might become policymakers?” Our affirmative asks some of the necessary questions about how white privilege and a discourse of whiteness creates and shapes the carceral system that undergirds modern society.
Thus, we ask that you, the judge vote affirmative to endorse our methodology for abolishing whiteness. We must be traitors to whiteness, attacking the pedagogical institutions like debate that maintain whiteness and disrupting them—an anti-whiteness stance on an individual level is the only way to create the critical mass that will dissolve the white race Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf)
The white race is a club. Certain people are enrolled in it at birth, without their consent, and brought up according to its rules. For the most part they go through life accepting the privileges of membership, without reflecting on the costs.
building a new human community.
Educational institutions are the place to begin—the state uses them to maintain white supremacist structures—no strategy that does not oppose the state can destroy whiteness for it is the root Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf) If abolitionism is distinct from White Studies, it is also distinct from what is called “anti-racism.” There now exist a number of publications
are doing more harm to black children than all the “racist” groups combined.
Although we acknowledge the inevitability of the state we should work outside of it in order to develop alternative modes of knowledge production in order to deconstruct whiteness—the prison system demonstrates the necessity of abolishing whiteness in order to dismantle the racial, capitalist prison industrial complex Davis 98 (Angela, Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, “Masked Racism: ¶ Reflections on the ¶ Prison Industrial Complex”, ColorLines, Fall 1998, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Prison_System/Masked_Racism_ADavis.html) Mass incarceration is not a solution to unemployment, nor is it a solution to the vast array of social problems that are hidden away in a rapidly growing network of prisons and jails. However, the great majority of people have been tricked into believing in the efficacy of imprisonment, even
. To safeguard a democratic future, it is possible and necessary to weave together the many and increasing strands of resistance to the prison industrial complex into a powerful movement for social transformation.
12/20/13
Whiteness
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS | Judge: Contention One: The History of America’s engagement with Cuba
We begin our discussion of the resolution with an examination of the United States 1912 military intervention in the Cuban Government’s repression of the island’s first black political party. Like so many other times throughout history American racism overshadowed liberal democracy in the violent oppression of minority rights. De la Fuente 1999 (Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900-1912, Alejandro de la Fuente, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1999), pp. 39-73)
The Partido Independiente de Color had been founded in 1908 by a number of Afro-Cuban veterans, most of them former Liberals who, de-spite their patriotic merits, had been overlooked by the dominant parties in the distribution of patronage.
" could not afford the humiliation of a military intervention, particularly in an election year.
The revolutionaries appealed to the liberal nature of the United States; they assumed that the US would intervene on their behalf in order to ensure black and minority political representation. Instead when US property became threatened massive political pressure was brought to bear by the US on the Cuban government to exterminate and detain massive numbers of oppressed minorities Pérez 1986 Politics, Peasants, and People of Color: The 1912 "Race War" in Cuba Reconsidered Author(s): Louis A. Pérez, Jr. Source: The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Aug., 1986), pp. 509-539
The uprising began as an organized political protest, an armed movement designed to force the Gomez administration to repeal the Morua law
Race and gender converged in deadly combination: black men were killed summarily.' Nor were security forces inclined to make distinctions be-tween black Cubans and black foreigners. Scores of Haitian contract workers fell victim to government repression.' Few prisoners were taken, and only in the larger provincial towns. The government reported modest casualties: two rural guards dead, a few wounded.92 By the end of the summer, peace returned to Oriente. "The movement fell away," wrote a slightly baffled Hugh Thomas 6o years later, "almost as mysteriously as it had begun."93 Just in time, too, for preparations for the 1912-13 zafra were about to begin.
? Even today when the United States supposedly has no relations with the island of Cuba we see fit to base a torture and indefinite detention facility in Guantanamo Bay against the wishes of the Sovereign Cuban government. Guantanamo, however, is not an exception, the US domestic prison system is being exported around the world causing a global penal order based around white supremacy. Jiwani 2011 “Trapped in the Carceral Net: Race, Gender, and the “War on Terror””, Yasmin Jiwani , Concordia University, Canada, Global Media Journal -- Canadian Edition, 2011.
In his analysis of the rise of the carceral state, Michel Foucault (1978/1995) argues that the prison serves as a paradigm of sorts—organizing the particular ways in which society objectifies the criminal while congealing and legitimizing disciplinary functions.
, “even if Guantánamo eventually closes, the problem that Guantánamo symbolises—the lawlessness, racism and imperialist mentality of the powerful—remains” (2010: 31).
We offer this historical analysis of our past and current engagements with the island of Cuba in order to reflect on the historical influence of whiteness and white supremacy and the constant contradiction with the supposed values of liberal democracy. White supremacy creates itself in opposition to sub-human others through a genocidal process of incarceration in a penal system that operates on the assumption guilty until proven innocent for minorities.
The prison industrial complex stands at both the heart of white supremacy and the American State. Minority bodies compromise the vast majority of prison populations compared to societal averages. The modern war against the black, red and brown body can only be seen as a core integral function of the current American State. Rodriguez 2007 (Dylan Rodriguez, American Globality and the U.S. Prison Regime: State violence and White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to Bagong Diwa, PhD. Department of Ethnic Studies, University Of California, Riverside. Kritika Kultura. 2007)
For the theoretical purposes of this essay, white supremacy may be understood as a logic of social organization that produces
brutality, torture, and excess should be understood as an essential element of American statecraft, not its corruption or deviation.
? Contention Two: Privilege in Debate
Shanelle and I understand our privilege. We benefit from the social structure of whiteness—we don’t have to worry about being stopped by police on the street for “random checks” or that our skin color will prevent us from getting a job or getting into college. We recognize that we are fundamentally incapable of understanding what it’s like to be silenced by the racism of the state, but what we believe we need to do is to acknowledge that whiteness and abolish it, breaking it down from inside by abandoning our very identities as white and Latina.
The resolution is a forced choice towards endorsing whiteness. It asks us to engage with the topic countries yet the debates we have all year long are about U.S. hegemony and the merits of policymaking in order to further American empire. Never are we forced to ask the question “why are we, as in the individual debaters, in social location to say that one day they might become policymakers?” Our affirmative asks some of the necessary questions about how white privilege and a discourse of whiteness creates and shapes the carceral system that undergirds modern society.
Thus, we ask that you, the judge vote affirmative to endorse our methodology for abolishing whiteness. We must be traitors to whiteness, attacking the pedagogical institutions like debate that maintain whiteness and disrupting them—an anti-whiteness stance on an individual level is the only way to create the critical mass that will dissolve the white race Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf)
The white race is a club. Certain people are enrolled in it at birth, without their consent, and brought up according to its rules. For the most part they go through life accepting the privileges of membership, without reflecting on the costs.
building a new human community.
Educational institutions are the place to begin—the state uses them to maintain white supremacist structures—no strategy that does not oppose the state can destroy whiteness for it is the root Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf) If abolitionism is distinct from White Studies, it is also distinct from what is called “anti-racism.” There now exist a number of publications
are doing more harm to black children than all the “racist” groups combined.
Although we acknowledge the inevitability of the state we should work outside of it in order to develop alternative modes of knowledge production in order to deconstruct whiteness—the prison system demonstrates the necessity of abolishing whiteness in order to dismantle the racial, capitalist prison industrial complex Davis 98 (Angela, Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, “Masked Racism: ¶ Reflections on the ¶ Prison Industrial Complex”, ColorLines, Fall 1998, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Prison_System/Masked_Racism_ADavis.html) Mass incarceration is not a solution to unemployment, nor is it a solution to the vast array of social problems that are hidden away in a rapidly growing network of prisons and jails. However, the great majority of people have been tricked into believing in the efficacy of imprisonment, even
. To safeguard a democratic future, it is possible and necessary to weave together the many and increasing strands of resistance to the prison industrial complex into a powerful movement for social transformation.
