Tournament: University of Minnesota | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: Colton Corosis
Adv 1
Is trade
Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness
Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html)
Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade, 

along regional trade lines has proven challenging. 

2 internal links:
a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness
Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG
Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada have each joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations

 toward the strategic goals of both the United States and Mexico. 

Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war
Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008
The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the past three years for the Doha Round

 sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.  

b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation
Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico"
Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have expanded 

regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years. 

That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement
Noriega 12  - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG
Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US economic growth. 

1 Expand Latin American participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership—an initiative to promote stronger economic ties between the Western Hemisphere and the Asia-Pacific region—beyond Peru, Chile, and Mexico; Through the Inter-American Development Bank, increase material and technical support to trade- and business-advocacy groups throughout the region to promote “best practices” among companies, cooperatives, or individuals seeking to export their goods or services.  

Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system
KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC
 The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). 

This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.

Increasing exports decrease the trade deficit and makes growth sustainable –
Istrate et al, 10 -- senior research analyst and associate fellow with the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative (Emilia, "Export Nation: How U.S. Metros Lead National Export Growth and Boost Competitiveness", July, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2010/7/2620mountain20exports20muro/0726_exports_istrate_rothwell_katz.pdf)  NK
Exports Could Contribute to the Rebalancing of the U.S. Economy 

increasing exports relative to imports can be part of the solution to many long-standing difficulties.   

Independently, economic decline triggers great power war
Royal, 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, (Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict. 

political science scholarship links economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels.' This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. This observation is not contradictory to other perspectives that link economic interdependence with a decrease in the likelihood of external conflict, such as those mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter. Those studies tend to focus on dyadic interdependence instead of global interdependence and do not specifically consider the occurrence of and conditions created by economic crises. As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict
Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf)
Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics, macrosociology, or international relations 

Although certitude is beyond reach, it is better to rely on testable, tested and so far supported propositions than on a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.

Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability
Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/
Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring

t war becomes a durable anachronism. 

And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch
Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12.
Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence gathering 

 spending cutbacks, high unemployment, an aging workforce, and shrinking average household net worth. For all of these reasons, the U.S. is widely characterized as “an empire in decline.”

US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism
Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG

The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is broader 

lead the way to a new world order.

A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war
PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)
The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives.

 sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)  
Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. \

What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.   

Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world
Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University
(Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml)
Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without balancing 

it is difficult to see how major power war becomes thinkable again given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005). 

Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key
Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf

Captain of a shrinking ship
As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality 

consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

.
Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico under the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Adv 2
Is China
Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now
Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC
 In recent commentary for the Financial Times, David Pilling argues that the central objective of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations is the exclusion of China. 

China must see in the new trade agenda a deal not unlike its accession to the WTO: while hefty commitments are to be expected, the accompanying domestic reforms will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance. 

US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation
Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG
 The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world

China may decide it has more to gain by joining in than by sitting out, which would in turn create a strong incentive for longstalled progress at the World Trade Organization, strengthening the competitiveness of regional exports. A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.

China’s entrance solves US-Sino relations
Gross 7/9/13 - Senior Associate at the Pacific Forum of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), is a former White House and State Department official (Donald, "Welcoming China to the Trans-Pacific Partnership," The Huffington Post, 7/9/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-gross/trans-pacific-partnership-china_b_3562801.html)//AC-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-gross/trans-pacific-partnership-china_b_3562801.html)//AC

When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington for a new round of their Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. has an excellent opportunity to overcome a deeply divisive 

resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.   

Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation.
Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)

SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described

. Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.

Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia
Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC-
The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders 

This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.  

Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war
CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-)
 Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise 

the fate of the island is intertwined both with the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party and the reliability of U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region. 

Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high
Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211)
Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war 

conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.”
Solvency
US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it
Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf )
After years of slow growth (4.5 percent average annual growth from 2000-2008) and then a 17 percent drop between 2008 and 2009 during the Great Recession, U.S.-Mexico trade is now booming as never before

 competitiveness of our region in the global marketplace.   

You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective?
Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13,  web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy )
Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement

 unique opportunity to forge ahead.

Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bloomington Jefferson | Judge:
ADV 1
Is Heg
Three internal links
1) Is regional influence-engaging Latin America is key to heg
Ben-Ami 6-18-13. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Times of Oman. “Is US losing Latin America?” http://www.timesofoman.com/Columns/Article-1173.aspxMG
It is a mantra increasingly heard around the world: US power is in decline. And nowhere does this seem truer than in Latin America

The US is better positioned than any other power in this respect, particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.

The plan crowds out competitors and increases influence
Benjamin-Alvadaro 6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the United States and Cuba, 

(or at a minimum, balancing) fears of a Chinese incursion in hemispheric affairs. To lessen those fears it may be useful to review the present structure of joint-venture projects in the energy sector in Cuba to ascertain the feasibility and possible success of such an undertaking become available to American firms. Moreover, it is interesting to note that U.S. firms in the agriculture sector have successfully negotiated and consummated sales to Cuba totaling more than $1 billion dollars over the past four years under conditions that are less than optimal circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved. 

2) Is Latina American Relations –Now is the key turning point in relations with Cuba and the rest of the South America
Tisdall 3-5 –13 Simon Tisdall, writer for the Guardian, March 5th, 2013, "Death of Hugo Chávez brings chance of fresh start for US and Latin America" www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print
Hugo Chávez's departure furnishes Barack Obama with an opportunity to repair US ties with Venezuela

 Washington to advance his own reform agenda," Sweig said.

Loosening embargo restrictions solves soft power
Lieutenant Colonel Sergio M. Dickerson 2010 "United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA518053
Conclusion¶ Today, 20 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall – it’s time to chip away at the diplomatic wall that still remains between U.S. and Cuba

 reverse its perceived decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

Soft power is key to global influence
Francis Fukuyama, 2006 Professor International Studies Johns Hopkins, America at the Crossroads, p. 190-1
The most important way that American power can be 

a by-product of a slow process of diplomacy and persuasion.  International institutions exist in part to reduce the transaction costs of achieving consent, but under the best of circumstances they necessarily move less quickly than security requires.

3) Is energy security- oil dependence from the Persian Golf is high-assumes fracking boom
Krauss 12 - (Clifford, correspondent for The New York Times currently is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy, "U.S. Reliance on Oil From Saudi Arabia Is Growing Again" http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/business/energy-environment/us-reliance-on-saudi-oil-is-growing-again.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//AP
The United States is increasing its dependence on oil from Saudi Arabia, 

The development underscores the U.S. difficulty in lowering its dependence on foreign oil — especially the heavy grades of crude that Saudi Arabia exports — even as domestic oil production is soaring.

Plan sufficiently hedges U.S. energy security
Benjamin-Alvarado ‘10
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 118-19
In chapter 1, I spotlighted five “S” characteristics of energy security and the related imperatives of strategic energy policy relevant to both the Cuban case as well as that of the United States. The successful development of Cuban energy 

supply disruptions of refined petroleum products or facilitating the redirection of oil shipments as needed owing to any number of circumstances.

Energy independence protects the U.S. from oil shocks and boosts heg
Graeber 5/15/13 (Daniel J., Senior Analyst at Oil Price; “U.S. Energy Independence Weakens its Power”- Oil Price; May 15, 2013, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/U.S.-Energy-Independence-Weakens-its-Power.html)
U.S. policymakers favouring the oil industry said gains in production would help lead to energy independence and shield the regional economy from oil shocks

, could hold the same geopolitical influence over global markets that OPEC members did in the 1970s.

Now the impacts

First scenario is heg
 Statistics prove deep engagement deescalates global conflicts- multipolarity creates crisis instability
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far more dangerous global security environment

 new military capabilities. Alliance ties dissuade partners from ramping up and also provide leverage to prevent military transfers to potential rivals. On top of all this, the United States’ formidable military machine may deter entry by potential rivals. Current great power military expenditures as a percentage of GDP are at historical lows, and thus far other major powers have shied away from seeking to match top-end U.S. military capabilities. In addition, they have so far been careful to avoid attracting the “focused enmity” of the United States. 84 All of the world’s most modern militaries are U.S. allies (America’s alliance system of more than sixty countries now accounts for some 80 percent of global military spending), and the gap between the U.S. military capability and that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Collapse results in global nuclear conflict – ensures the US is drawn back in
Lieber 2005 – PhD from Harvard, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown, former consultant to the State Department and for National Intelligence Estimates (Robert, “The American Era”, pages 53-54, WEA)
Withdrawal from foreign commitments might seem to be a means of evading hostility toward the United States, but the consequences 

could bring “an anarchic new Dark Age of waning empires and religious fanaticism; of endemic plunder and pillage in the world’s forgotten regions; of economic stagnation and civilization’s retreat into a few fortified enclaves.”23 

Second scenario is prolif

First, Heg collapse causes wild-fire proliferation
Stephen Peter Rosen (PhD from Harvard University in 1979 and is currently the Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs in the Department of Government, Harvard University) Spring 2003  “An Empire, If you Can Keep It,” The National Interest, , LN Academic, UK: Fisher
Rather than wrestle with such difficult and unpleasant problems, the United States could give up the imperial mission, or pretensions to it, now

If the logic of American empire is unappealing, it is not at all clear that the alternatives are that much more attractive.

Proliferation causes a use it or lose it mindset-this causes nuclear release and extinction
Horowitz 2009  
(Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257, KR)

The acquisition of nuclear weapons increases 

Acquiring nuclear weapons could alter state preferences and make them more likely to escalate disputes once they start, given their new capabilities.5 

Theater missiles means there’s less time for rational decision-making – guarantees preemption
Cimbala 2005 – Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, author of books and articles in professional journals on topics related to national security, he has served as a consultant on arms control to the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, US Department of State, and private defense contractors (Stephen J., The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, “East Wind Deadly: Nuclear Proliferation in Asia,” vol. 18, issue 4, 12/1/2k5)

Hair triggers may be more the rule than the exception. In addition, many of the land based missiles available 

an institutional military bias for getting in the first blow to maximize the possibility of military victory and avoid

Second, Perception of declining U.S. influence in Latin America causes Brazilian prolif
Travis C. Stalcup, Fellow @ Texas AandM, 10-10-2012, "What is Brazil Up to with Its Nuclear Policy?" Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, http:// journal.georgetown.edu/2012/10/10/what-is-brazil-up-to-with-its-nuclear-policy-by-travis-stalcup/
What is Brazil up to? That is the question national security planners should be asking. Since abandoning its nuclear weapons program in the late 1990s, Brazil has appeared the model for nonproliferation

 prove that it possesses the military capability to contribute to international security.¶ 

Failure to deter Brazilian prolif causes regional arms race and war
Debalina Ghoshal 8/20/23 Ghoshai is an Associate Fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies, India. “South America Goes Nuclear: Now Brazil” –the Gatestone Institute for international politics. http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3941/nuclear-brazil
By stating that submarines would be used for defensive roles only, Brazil apparently tries to make clear, as the analyst William Goncalvez stated, that it has "strategic needs," but no desire to fuel an "arms race….nor does it want to be a military power."24 At a time when countries such as China, Russia, and Iran are intensifying their efforts to deny to their adversaries access to certain areas,25 Brazil's nuclear-powered submarines could also enable the country to enhance its sea-denial capabilities. Brazil's nuclear-powered submarine is expected to have a "world wide reach, 

These nuclear developments in Brazil are worth watching closely: the precariousness of deterrence, or of collapsed or ineffective deterrence, easily leads to all-out war.

Third, Latin America prolif causes global nuclear war-draws in great powers
MIT, 2009, citing Licio da Silva, Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro- Brasil, “The ABC's of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America,”  http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf
There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the effect nuclear weapons would have on the region. Several theorists believed that the introduction of even the hint of a weapons program 

become hostile during the situation. Regions that are economically dependent on each other, such as South America, would have a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.  

Fourth, Heg deters conflict escalation and prevents Allied proliferation
Brooks et al., Dartmouth government professor, et al., 13
Brooks, Stephen G., Ikenberry, G. John, Wohlforth, William C., STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, “Lean Forward”, Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7-2-13, AFB
¶ KEEPING THE PEACE¶ Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall far below what advocates of retrenchment claim, they would not be worth bearing unless they yielded greater benefits. In fact, they do. The most obvious benefit of the current strategy is that it reduces the risk of a dangerous conflict. The United States' security commitments deter states

, irrational decisions, accidents, and unforeseen crises goes up.

Allied prolif escalates to global nuclear arms races

Michael Mandelbaum, Professor of Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p. 22 

The emergence of Germany and Japan as major nuclear powers would likely set off a chain reaction. 

throughout Europe and Asia, which would have to take into account not only the retreat of American military power but also a sharp rise in the military status of Germany and Japan.

That causes nuclear war

Steven Lee, Professor, Ethics, Hobart and Smith College, Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons, 1993, p. 299

First, nuclear war could result from the behavior of other states

 uncertainties on all sides may make major nuclear war more likely that it was prior to the nation's unilateral nuclear disarmament.

Fifth, U.S. hegemony key to check Chinese aggression against Taiwan
Brookes 8 - Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs at The Heritage Foundation, member of the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (Peter, "Why the World Still Needs America's Military Might," http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/Why-the-World-Still-Needs-Americas-Military-Might, 11/24/08)

Further to the south, what about stability across the Taiwan Strait? 

absent American military might, China would quickly unite Taiwan with the main land under force of arms. In general, the system of military alliances in Asia that the United States maintains provides the basis for stability in the Pacific, since the region has failed to develop an overarching security architecture such as that found in Europe in NATO.

Taiwan isolation causes a legitimacy crisis
Brookes 2005
Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs and Director of the Asian Studies Center, Heritage Foundation (Peter, “China's Influence in the Western Hemisphere,” April 19, Heritage Lecture #873, http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/hl873.cfm)
One of China's tactics is an effort to politically isolate Taiwan 

 would be seriously undermined in Taipei's estimation.
And, this causes Taiwan proliferation
Galante and Chen 2006
James and Shieuan-Ju Center for Advanced Defense Studies (“Bubble Tea Diplomacy: The Nuclear Solution to Taiwan's International Recognition," Defense Concepts Serious August 2006http:www.c4ads.org/files/cads_report_bteadiplo_aug06.pdf)
Taiwan’s unique status, denied the status of nation-state
 the island nation might engage in this new form of brinksmanship.
This incentivizes regional Asian proliferation and nuclear war
Sokolski 2009
Executive Director, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center
(Henry, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next two to three decades. Among these might be Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Algeria, Brazil (which is developing a nuclear submarine and the uranium to fuel it), Argentina, and possibly Saudi Arabia (courtesy of weapons leased to it by Pakistan or China),Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. All of these states have 

— could easily prompt nuclear weapons deployments with “strategic” consequences (arms races, strategic miscues, and even nuclear war). 

Heg independently solves Asian proliferation
Wortzel 03  Ph.D VP of Foreign Policy and Defense Studies at The Heritage Foundation (Larry, “United States Military Forces in Asia Maintain the Peace and Advance Democracy”)

America’s primary regional security interests are best served by preserving the stability of Northeast Asia, an area plagued by war for most of the past century. Without an American military presence, =

 to recognize the stability and security that the U.S. presence in Korea provides. It is imperative for Americans to remember that in the final analysis, the forward deployment of U.S. troops serves American interests even as it advances our values.

Plan
The United States federal government should substantially ease its economic restrictions towards the Republic of Cuba on offshore oil development. 

No offense- pursuit of hegemony is inevitable
Mearsheimer 11 John J. Mearsheimer, the “R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago” Jan/Feb 2011 “Imperial By Design” http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0059.pdf
The downward spiral the United States has taken was anything but inevitable

no serious attempt is made to prioritize U.S. interests, because they are virtually limitless. This grand strategy is “imperial” at its core; its proponents believe that the United States has the right as well as the responsibility to interfere in the politics of other countries. One would think that such arrogance might alienate other states, but most American policy makers of the early nineties and beyond were confident that would not happen, instead believing that other countries—save for so-called rogue states like Iran and North Korea—would see the United States as a benign hegemon serving their own interests.

The world is realist – we need to engage it.
Mearsheimer, ’95 (Chicago Poli Sci Prof, Winter, International Security, p. 44-5)
Three points are in order regarding the critical theorists’ interpretation of history. First, one cannot help but be struck by the sheer continuity of realist behavior 

Realism, not critical theory, appears best to explain international politics in the five centuries of the feudal era.

Biology proves realism inevitable
Thayer 4 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota
Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 70-71

Evolutionary theory offers two sufficient explanations for the trait of egoism. The first is a classic Darwinian argument: Darwin argued that an individual organism is concerned for its own survival in an environment where resources are scarce. It has to ensure that its physiological needs—for food, shelter, and so on—are 

also do not expect individuals or states to show this type of behavior beyond their own self-interest. Thus, evolutionary theory can explain egoism and suggests why cooperation between unrelated individuals is very often difficult and remarkably unlike the behavior one encounters within the family.

Tournament: Iowa Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East RT | Judge: Elise Conklin
TRADE
Status quo bilateral agreements decimate multilateral trade effectiveness
Wagner and Parker 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html)
Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade,
ability to make genuine progress along regional trade lines has proven challenging. 

2 internal links:
a. Joint negotiations with Mexico are vital to trade credibility—props up WTO effectiveness
Cowan 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG
Policy oPtion: Mexico and Canada
f both the United States and Mexico. 

Independently WTO credibility is key to every facet of global trade—the alternative is tit-for-tat retalitation and global trade war
Bluestein 8 Paul. Economic Scholar at Brookings. "Doha Trade Talks Collapse: What’s Next for Global Trade" Brookings, August 2008
The breakdown in Geneva was the third that in the 

breathe new life into a system that is sadly underappreciated for its role in keeping bad things from happening.  

b. Mexico is key—spills over to broader Latin American participation
Selee and Wilson, 12 - Andrew Selee is Vice President for Programs and Senior Advisor to the Mexico Institute and Christopher Wilson is an associate with the Mexico Institute, (Andrew and Christopher, Wilson Center, November 2012, "A New Agenda with Mexico"
Over the past few years, the U.S. and Mexican governments have
regional supply chains to international finance—promises significant mutually beneficial results in the coming years. 

That’s key to overall trade sustainability and multilateral engagement
Noriega 12  - former assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs and a former U.S. ambassador to the OAS (Robert, "An action plan for US policy in the Americas," American Enterprise Institute, 12/05/12, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/ ) JG
Expanding regional economic cooperation is crucial to US
individuals seeking to export their goods or services.  

Integrating Latin America into the TPP is vital to the global trading system
KOTSCHWAR 26 SCHOTT 13 - *research associate at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and adjunct professor of Latin American studies and economics at Georgetown University AND senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (Barbara, Jeffrey, "The Next Big Thing? The Trans-Pacific Partnership 26 Latin America," America’s Quarterly, Spring, 2013, http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC-http://www.americasquarterly.org/next-big-thing-trans-pacific-partnership)//AC
 The hottest topic in world trade these days is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). 

This initiative represents a formal effort to synchronize members’ trade commitments, with the aim of using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for enhanced trade with their most dynamic trading partner—East Asia.

Globalization takes out your offense—Our authors rely on a testable empirical method –trade has the strongest overall correlation with a reduction in conflict
Weede 2004 (Erich, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University, “BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE,” http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf)
Unfortunately, almost no theory in macroeconomics, 

a hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.

Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability
Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/
Almost as informative as the decline in 

We must all hope that the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism. 

And, U.S. is in decline--fiscal and military overstretch
Richard Heinberg, senior fellow, Post Carbon Institute, "Geopolitical Implications of 'Peak Everything'," SOLUTIONS JOURNAL, 1--12, www.postcarbon.org/article/660520-geopolitical-implications-of-peak-everything, accessed 4-9-12.
Yet despite America’s gargantuan expenditures on intelligence 

“an empire in decline.”

US leadership is unsustainable without a highly visible commitment to multilateralism
Lake, 10– Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego (David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG

The safeguarding of US authority requires multilateralism that is
, lead the way to a new world order.

A Strong US commitment to the international trading system is the lynchpin of effective multilateralism – alternative is great power war
PANITCHPAKDI ’4 (Supachai Panitchpakdi, secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 2/26/2004, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)
The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider global objectives

 -based multilateral trading system, greatly increasing the chances for world prosperity and peace. There is a growing realization that — in our interdependent world — sovereignty is constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Reliance on unilateralism will collapse US leadership and cause global wars with weapons of mass destruction
Montalván, 10 - a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master's of science from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Luis, “Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century” Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html)  
Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy
What would happen if our National Security Strategy became a multilateral one of economic engagement, and used the brain power and resources available to mitigate these issues?" -- Lt. Col. Matthew Canfield, U.S. Army (Currently on his second tour in Iraq) Concerns over economic stability, limited resources and security have divided us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.   

Multilateralism makes war unthinkable – American liberal order is key to a peaceful multipolar world
Schweller 10 – Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University
(Randall, “Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 23, Number 1, March 2010, dml)
Though rarely mentioned, system equilibrium can emerge without
given the intolerably high costs of war and the obvious destructiveness of nuclear weapons, the benefits of peace grounded in the perceived decoupling of territorial conquest from national prosperity, and the shared values and beliefs about how the world works among the leading states (Jervis 2005). 

Unipolarity causes lashout– managed decline is key
Quinn, 11 – Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, having previously worked at the University of Leicester and the University of Westminster alongside his graduate studies at the LSE. His chief area of interest is the role of national history and ideology in shaping US grand strategy (Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power”, International Affairs 87:4 (2011) 803–824 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf

Captain of a shrinking ship
As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline and Obama’s restraint are distinct but also crucially connected. Facing this incipient period of decline, America’s leaders may walk one of two paths. Either the nation can come to terms with the reality 

consider American power a scarce resource—in short, leaders who can master the art of declining politely. At present it seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

.
PLAN

The United States federal government should negotiate as an economic partner with Mexico in the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

CHINA
Lack of incentives means China sidesteps TPP negotiations now
Solís 13 - senior fellow at the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and associate professor at American University PhD in government and an MA in East Asian Studies from Harvard University, and a BA in international relations from El Colegio de México (Mireya, "The Containment Fallacy: China and the TPP," Brookings Institute, 5/24/13, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/24-china-transpacific-partnership-solis)//AC
 will pay off handsomely in terms of improved economic performance. 

US-Mexican TPP negotiations incentivize Chinese participation
Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf ) JG
 The United States and Mexico are among the most open economies in the world,
A similarly continental approach might also be considered as the U.S. gets ready to begin negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union.

China’s entrance solves US-Sino relations
Gross 7/9/13 - Senior Associate at the Pacific Forum of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), is a former White House and State Department official (Donald, "Welcoming China to the Trans-Pacific Partnership," The Huffington Post, 7/9/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-gross/trans-pacific-partnership-china_b_3562801.html)//AC-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-gross/trans-pacific-partnership-china_b_3562801.html)//AC

When senior officials from the United States and China meet this week in Washington 

resolve an issue that has hurt U.S. relations with China for far too long.   

Relations are not stable- increased tensions risk crisis escalation.
Dingli 13 (Shen, professor and associate dean at Fudan University’s Institute of International Studies, interviewed by Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri, La Trobe University, May 21, 2013, Retrieved from May 24, 2013, from http://www.thepowerofideas.com/post/50987680565/the-future-of-us-sino-relations-an-interview-with)

SD: Current Sino-US relations can be described as
. Such deep mutual suspicion and subsequent hedging, if poorly managed, could lead to serious crisis escalation.

Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race- it’s independently key to US credibility in East Asia
Roy 12 - senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, three-time ambassador, Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., Chairman of the Hopkins-Nanjing Advisory Council (J. Stapleton, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf)//AC-
The United States and China are both in the process of selecting the leaders
.This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.  

Specifically US-Sino relations de-escalate Taiwan conflicts and Chinese rise—the impact is nuclear war
CSIS 13 (Center for Strategic 26 International Studies, "Nuclear Weapons and US-China Relations",03/2013, http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-)
 Considerations of U.S.-China nuclear relations would be a largely academic exercise without the serious risk of conflict and tension those relations entail. Unfortunately, the significant sources of tension and disagreement 

f U.S. defense commitments in the Asia-Pacific region. 

Taiwan is uniquely likely to escalate to nuclear war – risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding is high
Lowther, 3/16 (William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211)
Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war
conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.”
SOLVENCY
US-Mexican trade inevitable—plan key to support it
Wilson 13 - Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Christopher, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," New Ideas for a New Era: Policy Options for the Next Stage in U.S.-Mexico Relations, May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_new_era.pdf )
After years of slow growth 

our region in the global marketplace.   

You have no unique offense—plan just makes the TPP effective?
Shapiro 13 - President of the Institute of the Americas a public policy think tank at UCSD (Charles, "Time to shift focus in relations with Mexico," San Diego Union Tribune, 2/6/13,  web.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Feb/06/mexico-trade-economy/?23article-copy )
Nearly 20 years after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, 

unique opportunity to forge ahead.  

The status quo is structurally improving due to globalization
Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?”  2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf)
Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled 

(economic development) and time, a surrogate for technological change (Goklany 2007a). Other indicators of human well-being that improve over time and as affluence rises are: access to safe water and sanitation (see below), literacy, level of education, food supplies per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Maine East SK | Judge:
The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement towards Mexico under the existing framework of the Trans Pacific Partnership negotiations.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS | Judge:
Contention One: The History of America’s engagement with Cuba 

We begin our discussion of the resolution with an examination of the United States 1912 military intervention in the Cuban Government’s repression of the island’s first black political party. Like so many other times throughout history American racism overshadowed liberal democracy in the violent oppression of minority rights.
De la Fuente 1999
(Myths of Racial Democracy: Cuba, 1900-1912, Alejandro de la Fuente, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1999), pp. 39-73)

The Partido Independiente de Color had been founded in 1908 by a number of Afro-Cuban veterans, most of them former Liberals who, de-spite their patriotic merits, had been overlooked by the dominant parties in the distribution of patronage. 

" could not afford the humiliation of a military intervention, particularly in an election year.

The revolutionaries appealed to the liberal nature of the United States; they assumed that the US would intervene on their behalf in order to ensure black and minority political representation. Instead when US property became threatened massive political pressure was brought to bear by the US on the Cuban government to exterminate and detain massive numbers of oppressed minorities  
 Pérez 1986
Politics, Peasants, and People of Color: The 1912 "Race War" in Cuba Reconsidered
Author(s): Louis A. Pérez, Jr. Source: The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Aug., 1986), pp. 509-539

The uprising began as an organized political protest, an armed movement designed to force the Gomez administration to repeal the Morua law

Race and gender converged in deadly combination: black men were killed summarily.' Nor were security forces inclined to make distinctions be-tween black Cubans and black foreigners. Scores of Haitian contract workers fell victim to government repression.' Few prisoners were taken, and only in the larger provincial towns. The government reported modest casualties: two rural guards dead, a few wounded.92 By the end of the summer, peace returned to Oriente. "The movement fell away," wrote a slightly baffled Hugh Thomas 6o years later, "almost as mysteriously as it had begun."93 Just in time, too, for preparations for the 1912-13 zafra were about to begin.

?
Even today when the United States supposedly has no relations with the island of Cuba we see fit to base a torture and indefinite detention facility in Guantanamo Bay against the wishes of the Sovereign Cuban government. Guantanamo, however, is not an exception, the US domestic prison system is being exported around the world causing a global penal order based around white supremacy.   
Jiwani 2011
“Trapped in the Carceral Net: Race, Gender, and the “War on Terror””, Yasmin Jiwani , Concordia University, Canada, Global Media Journal -- Canadian Edition, 2011. 

In his analysis of the rise of the carceral state, Michel Foucault (1978/1995) argues that the
prison serves as a paradigm of sorts—organizing the particular ways in which society objectifies  the criminal while congealing and legitimizing disciplinary functions. 

, “even if Guantánamo eventually closes, the problem that Guantánamo symbolises—the lawlessness, racism and imperialist mentality of the powerful—remains” (2010: 31).

We offer this historical analysis of our past and current engagements with the island of Cuba in order to reflect on the historical influence of whiteness and white supremacy and the constant contradiction with the supposed values of liberal democracy. White supremacy creates itself in opposition to sub-human others through a genocidal process of incarceration in a penal system that operates on the assumption guilty until proven innocent for minorities. 

The prison industrial complex stands at both the heart of white supremacy and the American State. Minority bodies compromise the vast majority of prison populations compared to societal averages. The modern war against the black, red and brown body can only be seen as a core integral function of the current American State.
Rodriguez 2007
(Dylan Rodriguez, American Globality and the U.S. Prison Regime: State violence and White Supremacy from Abu Ghraib to Stockton to Bagong Diwa, PhD. Department of Ethnic Studies, University Of California, Riverside. Kritika Kultura. 2007)

For the theoretical purposes of this essay, white supremacy may be understood as a logic of social organization that produces 

brutality, torture, and excess should be understood as an essential element of American statecraft, not its corruption or deviation. 

?
Contention Two: Privilege in Debate

Shanelle and I understand our privilege. We benefit from the social structure of whiteness—we don’t have to worry about being stopped by police on the street for “random checks” or that our skin color will prevent us from getting a job or getting into college. We recognize that we are fundamentally incapable of understanding what it’s like to be silenced by the racism of the state, but what we believe we need to do is to acknowledge that whiteness and abolish it, breaking it down from inside by abandoning our very identities as white and Latina.

The resolution is a forced choice towards endorsing whiteness. It asks us to engage with the topic countries yet the debates we have all year long are about U.S. hegemony and the merits of policymaking in order to further American empire. Never are we forced to ask the question “why are we, as in the individual debaters, in social location to say that one day they might become policymakers?” Our affirmative asks some of the necessary questions about how white privilege and a discourse of whiteness creates and shapes the carceral system that undergirds modern society.  

Thus, we ask that you, the judge vote affirmative to endorse our methodology for abolishing whiteness.
We must be traitors to whiteness, attacking the pedagogical institutions like debate that maintain whiteness and disrupting them—an anti-whiteness stance on an individual level is the only way to create the critical mass that will dissolve the white race
Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf)

The white race is a club. Certain people are enrolled in it at birth, without their consent, and brought up according to its rules. For the most part they go through life accepting the privileges of membership, without reflecting on the costs. 

building a new human community.

Educational institutions are the place to begin—the state uses them to maintain white supremacist structures—no strategy that does not oppose the state can destroy whiteness for it is the root
Ignatiev 97 (Noel, “The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To Abolish It”, Talk given at the Conference “The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness”University of California, Berkeley, April 11-13, 1997, http://racetraitor.org/abolishthepoint.pdf)
If abolitionism is distinct from White Studies, it is also distinct from what is called “anti-racism.” There now exist a number of publications

are doing more harm to black children than all the “racist” groups combined.

Although we acknowledge the inevitability of the state we should work outside of it in order to develop alternative modes of knowledge production in order to deconstruct whiteness—the prison system demonstrates the necessity of abolishing whiteness in order to dismantle the racial, capitalist prison industrial complex
Davis 98 (Angela, Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, “Masked Racism: ¶ Reflections on the ¶ Prison Industrial Complex”, ColorLines, Fall 1998, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Prison_System/Masked_Racism_ADavis.html)
Mass incarceration is not a solution to unemployment, nor is it a solution to the vast array of social problems that are hidden away in a rapidly growing network of prisons and jails. However, the great majority of people have been tricked into believing in the efficacy of imprisonment, even 

. To safeguard a democratic future, it is possible and necessary to weave together the many and increasing strands of resistance to the prison industrial complex into a powerful movement for social transformation.