Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Jared Nelson
Text: The USFG will engage in prior binding consultation with the Federative Republic of Brazil over whether The United States federal government should approve the Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreements Authorization Act with Mexico.  
The United States will advocate this during the consultative process and will adopt the result of the consultation. We’ll clarify.

Binding consultation with Brazil key to US-Brazil relations
Luigi R. Einuadi, March 2011, ambassador, distinguished fellow at the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, and the National Defense University. Member for the Advisory Council of the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement”, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docupload/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf

A prerequisite for improved mutual engagement AND manufacturing in both their countries?36 Just posing the ¶ question reveals the complexity of the task.

Tournament: Rosemount RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: SPC FF | Judge: -
CP Text: The United States Supreme Court should rule that the State Department’s State Sponsors of Terror list is unconstitutional
The Supreme Court can rule the State Sponsors of Terror list unconstitutional on separation of powers grounds
Kim ’04 (Jeewon, Making State Sponsors of Terrorism Pay: A Separation of Powers Discourse under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, Berkeley Journal of International Law)
The constitutionality of the state-sponsored terrorism exception
AND
the State Department removes Iraq or Libya from the list.

Obama’s presidential power increases with executive orders
Zelizer 9 Julian, professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School “Commentary: Can Obama and Congress Share Power?” CNN Online, January 5, http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/05/zelizer.power/index.html
Obama must be held responsible as well
AND
nation can produce some of its finest and most effective programs.

That ensures constant interventionary wars
Schlesinger 04, (Arthur M. Jr., Professor Emeritus, City University of New York Graduate Center, THE IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY, 2004, p. 497-498.)
There is little more typically American than to despair
AND
involving the United States in useless wars and grandiose dreams.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bloomington FZ | Judge: Aaron Schoeneman
Text: The United States Federal Government should repeal all the embargo restrictions on Cuba except on Cuba’s oil industry. 

The counterplan is competitive-
“Normalize trade relations” means lifting the entire embargo—steps aren’t enough
Bechtel 11 (Marilyn, “Time to normalize relations with Cuba”, People’s World, 1/31/11, http://www.peoplesworld.org/time-to-normalize-relations-with-cuba/)
Longtime supporters of normalizing relations are calling the measures a promising step,
AND
latest announcement was "just one more step" toward normalized relations.

Tournament: Cites Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge:
Email Bree for neg cites at bpeilen17@gmail.com 

Email Samantha for aff cites at samanthah1722@gmail.com

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Jared Nelson
CR has momentum from the Senate to pass—Republican coalition fracturing
McAuliff and Siddiqui 9/27 (Michael and Sabrina, “Senate Votes To Avoid Government Shutdown, But Clock Still Ticking”, HuffPost Politics, 9/27/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/27/government-shutdown-senate_n_4003789.html)
WASHINGTON -- Stalled by tea party-inspired delays, the Senate voted Friday afternoon
AND
still remains likely.

GOP won’t cooperate with Mexico drilling without non-disclosure
Geman 6-25 (Ben Geman, Energy Reporter for The Hill, “White House ‘cannot support’ House US-Mexico drilling bill”, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/307769-white-house-cannot-support-house-us-mexico-drilling-bill)
The White House said Tuesday that it opposes House legislation to implement
AND
collision with confidentiality provisions in the U.S.-Mexico accord. 

PC is finite and key –plan burns up Obama’s limited leverage with House Republicans
Moore 9/10 -~-- Guardian's US finance and economics editor
(Heidi, 9/10/2013, “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security,” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester, CMR
Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at
AND
should have judged his options better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

Shutdown causes cyber attacks
Sideman 11 -~-- (Alysha Sideman is a Federal Computer Week Contributor, February23, 2011, “Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown,” http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1)
With the Wikileaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present
AND
can be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber power causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9 -~-- (Jason Fritz is a Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, July 2009, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf)
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons
AND
compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City SH | Judge: Tom Woodhead
No drilling now due to the embargo- plan creates it
Hatcher ‘10
Monica Hatcher, Energy Reporter for the Houston Chronicle, “Cuba Drilling Poses Spill Issue: Group Says Trade¶ Embargo Could Hinder a Response by the U.S.”, Houston Chronicle; Sept. 6, 2010 – internally quoting Jorge Piñon, a visiting research fellow at the Cuban Research Institute of Florida International University – www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Group-warns-Cuba-trade-embargo-could-hurt-a-spill-1695883.php
Piñon said Cuba has been slow to develop AND by Cubans who have since become U.S. citizens.

oil drilling fractures ocean floor – leads to massive and permanent oil leak
Pravica 12—Professor of Physics and Astronomy @ University of Nevada, Las Vegas Michael Pravica, “Letters: Science, not profit, must lead deep water drilling,” USA Today, Updated 4/24/2012 8:43 PM , pg. http://tinyurl.com/9g8x28q King TS)

There are a few critical points not mentioned in AND  must listen to them and adopt a more rational approach to drilling that places safety above profit.

Oil spill destroys marine ecosystem – modeling proves
ORR, 12 (Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Getting Ready for Offshore Oil Drilling in Cuba and the Bahamas,” 4/27, http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/getting-ready-offshore-oil-drilling-cuba-and-bahamas.html)
For the past year, NOAA and the U.S. Coast Guard have been AND will be ready to share our scientific expertise on oil spill response with the U.S. Coast Guard.

Cuba’s unique location makes it a vital Bio-diversity hotspot
Pinon and Muse 10 (Jorge RPiñon is a Visiting Research Fellow with the Cuban Research institute at Florida international University and former president of amoco oil Latin America, Robert L Muse is a washington, D.C. based attorney with long and substantial experience in U.S.-Cuba legal matters. Both are advisors to the Brookings institution task Force on U.S.- Cuba Relations., “Coping with the Next Oil Spill: Why U.S.-Cuba Environmental Cooperation is Critical”, May 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/5/1820oil20spill20cuba20pinon/0518_oil_spill_cuba_pinon.pdf, JL) 

Shortly after releasing its report, AND before production begins in earnest and the environmental risks rise exponentially

Biodiversity loss guarantees multiple scenarios for extinction
Takacs, 96 - Environmental Humanities Professor at CSU Monterey Bay (David, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise” pg. 200-01)IK

So biodiversity keeps the world running. AND before the end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bloomington FZ | Judge: Aaron Schoeneman
Saudi Arabia has not yet acquired the bomb. Perception of US support is the key factor
Guzansky ‘13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon
Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon, Iraq's increasing alignment
AND
reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105
The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba
AND
US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Perception- Saudi Arabia fears that the US may abandon them for North American supplies
Rogers 3/20
2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-
America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources
AND
will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek NR | Judge: Charlie Cavalier

1. We’re on the brink of peak oil- supply will start falling soon
   Simms 10-Andrew studied at the London School of Economics and has worked for a variety of development and environmental organizations, including Oxfam and the International Institute for Environment and Development and has been a regular contributor to the International Red Cross’s annual World Disasters Report. He is a board member of Greenpeace UK and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Europe. He is also a member of the Green New Deal Group.(Andrew, “Growth Isn’t Possible”, NEF, January 2010, http://neweconomics.org/sites/neweconomics.org/files/Growth_Isnt_Possible.pdf)//sjl

The actual global peak year will only be known when it has passed… even the most optimistic forecasts suggest that world oil peaking will occur in less than 25 years.

2. Even if the Aff wins peak oil isn’t real- new oil drilling methods are cost inefficient drives the price of oil up
Hall 2013
Professor Charles Hall, “Is the idea of peak oil a false projection or impending reality?” The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Sept 1, 2013. Emeritus Professor at State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, USA, http://www.iom3.org/news/idea-peak-oil-false-projection-or-impending-reality?c=574

The world has recently been exposed to many optimistic estimates on the future of oil production and the media has eagerly picked up these projections… If current trends continue, it will take a barrel of oil to extract a barrel of oil. 

B. Peak oil or high oil prices guarantees economic collapse
Simms 10-Andrew studied at the London School of Economics and has worked for a variety of development and environmental organizations, including Oxfam and the International Institute for Environment and Development and has been a regular contributor to the International Red Cross’s annual World Disasters Report. He is a board member of Greenpeace UK and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Europe. He is also a member of the Green New Deal Group.(Andrew, “Growth Isn’t Possible”, NEF, January 2010, http://neweconomics.org/sites/neweconomics.org/files/Growth_Isnt_Possible.pdf)//sjl

The global economy is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels…. widespread panic that the economy would fall into a global depression.

3. A.  Current agricultural practices are environmentally unsustainable—peak oil and increased emissions guarantee collapse of food security
Peters 10 (Kathryn, LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in
Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture
Revolution”, Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 25:203, 2010)

The U.S. agricultural system is becoming increasingly more  concentrated, specialized, and industrialized.10 As of this writing,  … crop and farming practices in response to rapidly changingclimate conditions and will help to ensure food security.46  

B. Industrial agriculture is unsustainable and leads to extinction—climate, biodiversity loss, food supply, environmental degradation—no possible tech solution in time
Ehrlich and Ehrlich 13 (Paul R. and Anne H., Bing Professor of Population Studies in the department of Biological Sciences at Stanford Universityand president of Stanford's Center for Conservation Biology and ssociate director of the Center forConservation Biology at Stanford University respectively, “Can a collapse of global civilization¶ be avoided?”, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1/9/13, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1754/20122845.full.pdf)

How likely is such a collapse to occur?... These pose¶ further potential risks to food production.

4. Peak coal is only a few years away
Patzeka and Croft 2010
Tadeusz W. Patzeka, Gregory D. Croft, Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of California, Berkeley, Davis Hall, CA 94720, USA. “A global coal production forecast with multi-Hubbert cycle analysis”, ScienceDirect, http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/papers/EnergyCoalPaperPublished.pdf 

At a given time, a collection of Hubbert curves that fully describes the existing populations… environmental and water supply concerns in India, Australia, and the United States. 

B. Coal is key to the economy and growth
Simms 10-Andrew studied at the London School of Economics and has worked for a variety of development and environmental organizations, including Oxfam and the International Institute for Environment and Development and has been a regular contributor to the International Red Cross’s annual World Disasters Report. He is a board member of Greenpeace UK and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Europe. He is also a member of the Green New Deal Group.(Andrew, “Growth Isn’t Possible”, NEF, January 2010, http://neweconomics.org/sites/neweconomics.org/files/Growth_Isnt_Possible.pdf)//sjl

Geographically, coal reserves are concentrated in just a handful of nations… coal provides over 25 per cent of the world’s primary energy and generates around 40 per cent of electricity. 

5. Industrial growth causes biosphere Collapse
Barry 2010
Glen, R President and Founder of Ecological Internet. Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Resisting Global Ecological Change,” 5 January 2010)

The human family faces imminent and (Copenhagen would suggest) inevitable collapse of the biosphere –… likelihood that a humane and ecologically whole Earth remains to be renewed.

6. Growth drives fossil fuel emissions and warming- the impact is extinction
Taylor 2008
(Graeme, Master’s degree in Conflict Analysis and Management, Coordinator of BEST Future, “Evolution’s Edge: The Coming Collapse and Transformation of Our World,” Pomegranate Press, pg. 35-37, ebrary, pdf, Tashma)

Human economic activities are raising global temperatures through adding greenhouse gases that trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere… oceans will destroy the rainforests, ocean algae and other vital ecosystems that remove carbon from the air. 

7. Growth causes endocrine disruption through chemicals causing extinction
Douthwaite ‘99
Richard Douthwaite, economist employed by Jamaica and Montserrat, journalist, 1999, in Critical Development Theory, ed. Munck and O’Hearn, p. 158

A third reason that the world economy is unsustainable is that some of the chemicals… If the human race is not sustainable then neither is its economic system.

8. Transition is caused by the collapse it solves
Trainer 10
Social Work, University of NSW, Kensington 2052 (Ted F.E., “THE SIMPLER WAY:WORKING FOR TRANSITION FROM CONSUMER SOCIETY TO
?A SIMPLER, MORE COOPERATIVE, JUST AND ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY,” 2010, http://socialsciences.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/)//PN

Change will be rapid when it comes… They can’t run armies and secret police forces very well without lots of oil. 

9. Countries turn inward – solves transition wars
Bennett and Nordstrom 2k
D. Scott Bennett, Ph.D., The U of Michigan, Distinguished prof of Political Science, and Timothy Nordstrom, Associate prof. Director of Graduate Studies @ U of Mississippi, February 2000, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No.1
INTERNAL CONDITIONS AND EXTERNAL  BEHAVIOR: IMPROVEMENTS  

By coming at externalization from the substitutability perspective… has actually failed and we are  looking for correlations between failed externalization attempts and further diversion.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton WD | Judge: Kevin Hirn

1. U.S. is in decline—rise of new powers and domestic economic weakness
   Layne 2012
   Christopher Layne, Professor, National Security, Texas AandM University, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and Pax Americana,” INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, 2012, Wiley, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x/full, accessed 6-9-12.

Some twenty years after the Cold War’s end AND long-term hold on reserve currency status.

2. Allowing the U.S. to fade now is better than later-allies can fill in solves power vacuum arguments
Posen, MIT Political Science Professor, 13
Barry R., Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, “Pull Back,” Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7/2/13,  WD

Shifting to a more restrained global stance  AND That seems like the more dangerous path.

3. Turn-Reinvigorating hegemony causes nuclear weapons proliferation
Weber et. al 2007
(Steven, Professor of Political Science at UC-Berkeley and Director of the Institute of International Studies, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, Ely Ratner, “How Globalization Went Bad”,  January-February 2007, Foreign Policy, DB)

The world is paying a heavy price for the instability AND because it had the Soviet nuclear umbrella.
?

B. American hegemony destabilizes international security- causes massive military spending and arms races
Van Der Linden 2009
(Harry, Professor of Philosophy, Butler University, “Questioning the Resort to U.S. Hegemonic Military Force” Butler University Libraries
http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075andcontext=facsch_papers) 

An important consequence of the AND prestige with military strength is a scenario of destabilization. 

4. Proliferation causes a use it or lose it mindset-this causes nuclear release and extinction
Horowitz 2009  
(Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257, KR)

The acquisition of nuclear weapons increases AND likely to escalate disputes once they start, given their new capabilities.5 

5. Turn-Allowing U.S. influence to fade and the transition to multipolarity is key to preventing nuclear war
Dyer 2004
(Gwynne, military historian and lecturer on international affairs, “The End of War”, Toronto Star, 12/30/2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1230-05.htm, LH)

War is deeply embedded in our history AND avoid a drift back into alliance systems and arms races. 

?
6. Allowing the world to enter a multipolar era doesn’t cause transition wars-leads to regional hubs of power
Kupchan 2003
(Charles A. Kupchan, Political Science Quarterly, , “The Rise of Europe, America's Changing Internationalism, and the End of U.S. Primacy”, Summer 2003, http://www.cfr.org/us-strategy-and-politics/rise-europe-americas-changing-internationalism-end-us-primacy/p6720 EL)

As this new century progresses AND great power war in the past.

?
7. Allowing hegemony to fade allows for multilateral institutions to arise and become powerful
Castells 2010
(Manuel, University Professor and Wallis Annenberg Chair of Communication Technology and Society, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, “The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity,” Blackwell Publishing Ltd. http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=_Fku1IXZ3_cCandoi=fndandpg=PR7anddq=22united+states22+unilateralism+conflicts+power+wars+middle+east+andots=3zxR9aRl4nandsig=9beG24Op_cwqdXWZM2W2-W1hjnM#v=onepageandq=unilateralismandf=false YT)

The main challenge to multilateralism comes AND transformation of inter-state relationships.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bloomington DG | Judge: Matt Casas
Particular narratives of social struggles reinforce discrimination –they exclude the Other by default  
Žižek 2 (Slavoj,  International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, inteview with Bad Subjects, “I am a Fighting Atheist: Interview with Slavoj Žižek,” Bad Subjects, Issue #59, February, http://eserver.org/bs/59/Žižek.html).
My opponent here is the widely accepted position that we should leave behind the quest for universal truth
AND
We have to insist on this universal dimension.

The aff’s focus on gaining human rights is a mask to facilitate the larger capitalist problem
Hickle and Khan ’12,  PhD in Anthropology @ University of Virginia; teaches labor, development globalization, and Africa and graduate in anthro @ University of Virginia (Jason and Arsalan, “The Culture of Capitalism and the Crisis of Critique” Anthropological Quarterly Vol. 85 Issue 1 Winter 2012 ProQuest pgs. 203-227 http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/922765734/1378A440A8F56FBE423/12?accountid=14667)//JES
This is partly the unfortunate, and unintended, legacy of some strands of thinking located within the New Left of the 1960s
AND
and we are not free to reconsider the fundamental violence at the heart of our capitalist society. 

The spectral logic of Capitalism justifies realities of poverty, violence, and injustices – sweeps them under the rug
Zizek 08 - senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, Violence, 2008, p. 12-13, CH)jc
The notion of objective violence needs to be thoroughly historicised:
AND
fluctuations, but about real people and their products. This really is ideology at its purest. 

Our alternative is to break down the structures of transnational capitalism -resisting capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility– the human cost of capitalism cannot be calculated within existing frameworks  
 Zizek and Daly, 04 – *Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana and Glyn Daly: Having taught at Essex and Manchester Universities, Glyn joined the Politics course team in 1999. Glyn is responsible for the Level 2 core module in International Studies, Global Imaginations: Ideas and Identities. He is also active in the area of Political Theory, and teaches and co-ordinates SOC1001 Introduction to Political Theory, SOC3006 Making of Modern Political Thought, and offers a specialist option on SOC3028 Ideology, Fantasy and Film in the final year. He has published a range of articles on Political Theory, Marxism and Post-Marxism and the Politics of Ideology and Fantasy and is currently writing a book on the work of the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek for Sage. Glyn has recently completed a training course for supervising PhD students.(“Risking the Impossible”, 2004, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-daly.htm)//MP
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
would not attempt to conceal this fact or to reduce the status of the abject Other to that of a "glitch" in an otherwise sound matrix.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek NR | Judge: Charlie Cavalier
The aff’s call for salvation betrays an obsessive drive towards infinity – humanity subjugates itself to a calculative rationality which bleaches the value from life in favor of hollow promises of immortality – vote negative to engage in orgiastic sacrifice of the 1AC – this is critical to reclaiming the transgressive beauty of existence
Biles 11 – teaches on religion, popular culture, and art at DePaul University
(Jeremy, “The Remains of God: Bataille/Sacri?ce/Community”, Culture, Theory and Critique, 52:2-3, 127-144, dml)

Bataille argues that the divide between the sacred and the profane arises in conjunction with the advent of labour…. he undergoes a ?eeting experience of dissolution in the realm of the sacred.

Our sovereignty stems from our willingness to confront the unknowability of death – debate is theater and thus provides us a space to do this through sacrifice of the plan text
Razinsky 9 – post-doctoral researcher and teaching fellow at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University
(Liran, “How to Look Death in the Eyes: Freud and Bataille”, SubStance, Issue 119 (Volume 38, Number 2), 2009, pp. 63-88, dml)

Hegel praises the Spirit’s ability to maintain itself in the presence of death, to be near death… paradoxically enables us to really get a taste of death. Bataille radicalizes that possibility.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Daryl Burch
The only starting point for a productive mode of politics is an analysis of capital’s structural nature. The only objective reality is that of labor.    
Zavarzadeh 94
(Mas'Ud Zavarzadeh, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994) http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Literature/16408664.html Accessed 7/29/13)

The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation...the labor theory of value, displaces production with consumption, and resituates the citizen from the revolutionary cell to the ludic shopping mall of France.

Particular narratives of social struggles reinforce discrimination –they exclude the Other by default
Žižek 2 (Slavoj,  International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, inteview with Bad Subjects, “I am a Fighting Atheist: Interview with Slavoj Žižek,” Bad Subjects, Issue #59, February, http://eserver.org/bs/59/Žižek.html).

My opponent here is the widely accepted position that we should leave behind the quest for universal truth... We have to insist on this universal dimension

The aff’s focus on individual narratives is a mask to facilitate the larger capitalist problem
Hickle and Khan ’12,  PhD in Anthropology @ University of Virginia; teaches labor, development globalization, and Africa and graduate in anthro @ University of Virginia (Jason and Arsalan, “The Culture of Capitalism and the Crisis of Critique” Anthropological Quarterly Vol. 85 Issue 1 Winter 2012 ProQuest pgs. 203-227 http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/922765734/1378A440A8F56FBE423/12?accountid=14667)//JES

This is partly the unfortunate, and unintended, legacy of some strands of thinking located within the New Left of the 1960s, and even within the much-lauded Frankfurt School...we are not free to reconsider the fundamental violence at the heart of our capitalist society.
 

Rap and hip hop are tools to be exploited by corporations- images of rap as a platform just entrench racism
Kitwana 2- fellow at the Jamestown Project, think tank @ Harvard
(Bakari, “The Hip Hop Generation,” p. 9-11MGD)

Let us begin with popular culture and the visibility of Black youth within it.... global corporate structure that gave young Blacks a platform was the driving force behind our plight.

Identity politics fails at universalizing struggle – It accepts capitalism which will replicate displaced populations and further dehumanization
Zizek 97 (Slavoj, The Plague of Fantasies, 1997. pg. 127-128HH)jc

In the paragraphs on civil society in his Philosophy of Right.... tacit acceptance of capitalist economic relations and liberal-democratic politics as the unquestioned framework of our social life.

The spectral logic of Capitalism justifies realities of poverty, violence, and injustices – sweeps them under the rug
Zizek 08 - senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, Violence, 2008, p. 12-13, CH)jc

The notion of objective violence needs to be thoroughly historicised... about real people and their products. This really is ideology at its purest

Our alternative is to break down the structures of transnational capitalism -resisting capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility– the human cost of capitalism cannot be calculated within existing frameworks  
 Zizek and Daly, 04 – *Slavoj Žižek is a researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana and Glyn Daly: Having taught at Essex and Manchester Universities, Glyn joined the Politics course team in 1999. Glyn is responsible for the Level 2 core module in International Studies, Global Imaginations: Ideas and Identities. He is also active in the area of Political Theory, and teaches and co-ordinates SOC1001 Introduction to Political Theory, SOC3006 Making of Modern Political Thought, and offers a specialist option on SOC3028 Ideology, Fantasy and Film in the final year. He has published a range of articles on Political Theory, Marxism and Post-Marxism and the Politics of Ideology and Fantasy and is currently writing a book on the work of the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek for Sage. Glyn has recently completed a training course for supervising PhD students.(“Risking the Impossible”, 2004, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-daly.htm)//MP

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through... would not attempt to conceal this fact or to reduce the status of the abject Other to that of a "glitch" in an otherwise sound matrix.

we ask that you, the judge to vote affirmative to endorse our methodology of Marxist  revolutionary pedagogy against capitalism and the state
McLaren 05 Peter McLaren, professor of urban education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Capitalist and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005, page 66-67

Keening the death of Marxism will do little more than momentarily stir the ghost of the old bearded devil...struggle that is always in process, always moving forward as long as people are committed to keeping the dream alive.

Capitalism drives militaristic imperialism –root cause
Foster ‘05 (John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, September, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm).

Even as a massive antiglobalization movement was emerging, .... standpoint of most of the world, a more exploitative economic imperialism had raised its ugly head.

Unbridled capitalist growth results in ecological extinction
Boggs 05 Carl Boggs, professor of Social Sciences at National University, Capitalist and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005, pages xii

If unbridled capital accumulation gives rise to such a nightmarish world... a discursive paradigm that engages creatively and progressively the epic contributions of Marx, Gramsci, and Freire.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrolton WD | Judge: Kevin Hirn
The only starting point for a productive mode of politics is an analysis of capital’s structural nature. The only objective reality is that of labor.    
Zavarzadeh 94  (Mas'Ud Zavarzadeh, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994) http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/College-Literature/16408664.html Accessed 7/29/13)

The unsurpassable objectivity which AND the citizen from the revolutionary cell to the ludic shopping mall of France.

Economic engagement over renewables greenwashes the status quo of hegemonic inequalities and frenetic consumerism in capitalism
Luke, 08 (Timothy W, Department of Political Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, The Politics of True Convenience or Inconvenient Truth: Struggles Over How to Sustain Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology in the 21st Century, Environment and Planning, Vol. 40, pg 1811-1824SG)
This analysis is a brief critique of AND decisive conjuncture that demands radical action.

unless you destroy the state, the unequal basis of power and capitalistic labor relations capitalism will continually reassert and manifest itself- incremental changes don't change that the root of the problem is the state which rules on behalf of capital
McLaren 05 Peter McLaren, professor of urban education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Capitalist and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005, pages 85-86

 It is undeniably the case that the capitalist class is more odious AND “veto power” of global capital.46

U.S. primacy produces an endless cycle of genocidal wars in the name of sustaining capital
Meszaros 7 (Professor Emeritus, Philosophy and Political Theory, University of Sussex, “The Only Viable Economy,” Monthly Review,
http://www.monthlyreview.org/0407meszaros.htm)

In our time, by contrast AND growth must be also positively sustainable in the future on a long-term basis.

Food insecurity is caused by capitalist resource dependence and the agribusiness industry
McMichael 09 (Philip, Professor of Developmental Sociology at Cornell, “A food regime analysis of the ‘world food crisis’” , Agricultural and Human Values 26, 2009, http://author.cals.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/research/research-projects/upload/McM-FR-analysis-of-food-crisis.pdf)

The food regime concept is AND  inflate food prices, globally transmitted under the liberalized terms

Capitalism creates the economic and social inequalities that are the root cause of terror
Slater 06-Slater has an A.B. and Ph. D. from Harvard and taught sociology at Harvard, Brandeis, and UCSC (Phillip, “The Root Causes of Terrorism and Why No One Wants to End Them”, The Huffington Post 10/25/06, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-slater/the-root-causes-of-terror_b_32466.html, MB)¶ 

The people who do most to AND  than their ideologies.

Capitalism destroys all value to life –it turns workers into slaves, their very consciousness turned into a means for profit while money takes precedent over human life
Marsh 95, Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University
(James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 277)

Ideally, nature, workers' own bodies AND that it is the source of their value.

Capitalist expansion will result in an inevitable ecological collapse –it pillages and destroys the environment to fulfill its insatiable desire for growth–we must revolt against this hegemonic corporate system
Boggs 05 Carl Boggs, professor of Social Sciences at National University, Capitalist and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005, pages xii

If unbridled capital accumulation gives rise AND the epic contributions of Marx, Gramsci, and Freire.

Capitalism drives neo-imperialist wars, the destruction of the natural world and the subjugation and genocide of entire sections of the population
Everest 12 (Larry; correspondent for Revolution newspaper; 5/24/12; “WAR AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM: “Money for Jobs Not for War”: American Chauvinism and Reformist Illusions” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=31024)//RSW

“Money for Jobs and Education! Jobs and Education, AND  U.S. and around the world.

Capitalism is the most malevolent form of oppression, furthering dehumanization, environmental destruction, poverty and violence –we must endorse a revolutionary Marxist critical pedagogy against the state and capitalism, challenging capitalism’s ideological formulations in educational spaces like debate
McLaren 05 Peter McLaren, professor of urban education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Capitalist and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005, pages 22-23

Today’s international political economy is the toast of the global ruling class AND its major terrain of struggle.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Jared Nelson
US led economic cooperation and integration reifies neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp in Latin America – destroys alternative political movements
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf) 

The economic, political and social development of the Latin American AND uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Neoliberalism’s endpoint is extinction – no reform
Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research and Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, “The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43

In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003 AND thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

Vote negative to endorse our criticism of Westernized neoliberal logic---the alternative’s knowledge production re-politicizes capitalism and produces real-world alternatives
Sheppard and Leitner 9 (Eric Sheppard, PhD, geographer and Regents Professor of Economic geography at the University of Minnesota,  Helga Leitner “ Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus,” http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/7235/496.pdf) 

We have argued that the shifting global governance discourses AND so as to undo the vicious circle of economic and cultural subordination” (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Jared Nelson
The Aff represents the Socratic Will to Order in its attempt to control the world. This manifests in our attempts to resolve the chaotic aspects of life and avoid suffering. This requires the construction of an ideal real world toward which our apparent world aspires, creating life as negative vis-à-vis our internalization of ressentiment
Paul Saurette, 1996, “I mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory.” Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25, number 1. pp. 3-6

The Philosophical Foundation of the Will to Truth/Order: ‘I mistrust all systematizers AND denies, affirms and sanctions solely from the point of view of its interpretation.’

The desire for mastery and control the affirmative replicates only creates ressentiment for our current existence. Such hatred and search for a new life makes life laughable and makes extinction desirable.
Friedrich Nietzsche, German Philosopher, 1886, “Beyond Good and Evil”, p. 342

Whether hedonism, or pessimism, or utilitarianism, or eudaimonianism AND through the cultivation of great suffering?

Thus the Alternative – Embrace the 1AC impacts as way of accepting the unknowable aspects of life. You must take the risk of exposing yourself to violent impacts and abandon the desire for control. This risks danger but your mortality is a certainty. The alternative is the only way to bring meaning to life by living life eventfully through a rolling of the dice.
Gilles Deleuze, French Philosopher, 1983, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, p. 25-27

The game has two moments which are those of a dicethrow AND the repetition of a dicethrow by the nature of the fatally obtained number.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek NR | Judge: Charlie Cavalier
The affirmative is one more instance of the neoliberal project’s quest for total global supremacy. The calculative ontology the affirmative endorses is not benign; it is the same logic which has guided U.S. economic intervention throughout our long history of brutal interventions in the name of economic stability
Neocleous 2008
(Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy Politics and History. He is also a professor of Government at Brunel University, Critique of Security, page 95)

The reshaping of global capital, international order and the exercise of state power could thus look decidedly liberal and ‘humanitarian’…. underpinned by a notion of liberal order-building based on a certain vision of ‘economic order’. 

Multilateralism is benign imperialism—faith in moderate multilateralism prevents questioning imperial domination.
Shaikh 7—Nermeen Shaikh, @ Asia Source Development 50, “Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire,” palgrave-journals

And where, again, does this power for benevolent goodwill reside? In the post-war period, and.. begs the question: is radical structural change necessary before the possibility of justice in the realm of collateral damage can be born?

 The Affirmative's call to action in the name of averting ecological disaster is reflective of a thoughtless and Western managerial approach that created such catastrophe in the first place—only be questioning the "need to act" can we release ourselves from this disastrous mode of thought
McWhorter 92 (Ladelle, Asst Prof of Philosophy @ Northeast Missouri State Univ., Heidegger and the Earth, p. vii-viii)

When we attempt to think ecologically and within Heidegger's discourse (or perhaps better: when we attempt to think Heideggerly within ecological concerns… to release ourselves to thinking without provision or predetermined aim.

And, the affirmative’s predictions are bunk; calculative scientific thought is a justification for violence and control, not an accurate depicter of reality
Burke 2007 – Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney
(Anthony, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10:2)

This essay describes firstly the ontology of the national security state… the resort to violence becomes an equally essential predicate of its perpetuation. 

And the impact, ontological damnation outweighs nuclear war, it denaturizes the world of meaning and makes life hellish
Caputo 93 — professor of Humanities at Syracuse
(John Caputo, Demythologizing Heidegger, 1993 p. 136-141)

 In his essay "The Thing" Heidegger remarks upon the prospect of a nuclear conflagration… afterthought, a less subtle counterpart to a more inward, profound, essential, authentic, ontological destruction.

Alt text – Embrace meditative thought.

In the context of the aff this means to do nothing – this solves their harms which will replicate themselves in the world of the aff
McWhorter 92 (Ladelle, Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at Richmond, Heidegger and the earth: Essays in environmental philosophy, Thomas Jefferson University Press, pp. 2-3)

Our usual response to such prophecies of doom is… one of the power configurations of current thinking that must be allowed to dissipate.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sequoyah CM | Judge: Austin Ross
Approaching death as a knowable controlling event misunderstands the chaotic nature of the world- there is no impact to death, it is unknowable and inevitable. Only by embracing death, which is a possibility at all times do we have an authentic relationship to being and death and do we stop living in a permanent state of standing reserve and perpetual terror
Nadal 2011
Paul Nadal, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Rhetoric, U.C. Berkeley, “Heidegger and the Being-Possible of Death: A Reading of Part I Division II of Being and Time”, http://belate.wordpress.com/2011/12/26/heidegger-being-time-death/

If for Aristotle actual being is authentic being AND an omnipresent, immanent possibility to which I am always already thrown. 

By positing death and security as the ultimate question of this debate the affirmative replicates the ontology of the national security state- being simply becomes a question of constant survivability. This approach towards being in the world creates the necessary knowledge and justification for endless violence in the name of the almighty state.
Burke 2007 – Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney
(Anthony, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10:2)

This essay describes firstly the ontology AND the resort to violence becomes an equally essential predicate of its perpetuation. 

And, instrumental rationality and the transformation of the world into standing reserve destroys being’s intrinsic value and legitimizes the mass disposability of populations and endless warfare
Chwastiaka and Lehmanb 2008
Michele University of New Mexico, Anderson School of Management, United States, Glen, School of Accounting, University of South Australia, “Accounting for war,” Accounting Forum,Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2008, Pages 313–326 

Many peace researchers argue AND employing a dehumanized rhetoric and creating a distance between the perpetrator and the victim. 

In the face of the aff this means do nothing –we must reject calculative thought
McWhorter 92 (Ladelle, Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at Richmond, Heidegger and the earth: Essays in environmental philosophy, Thomas Jefferson University Press, pp. 2-3)

Our usual response to such prophecies of doom is to AND thinking that must be allowed to dissipate.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bloomington DG | Judge: Matt Casas
Utilizing the state to combat violence expresses a desire for mastery that reinforces state power – turns the aff
Anker 12 – Assistant Professor of American Studies at The George Washington University
(Elisabeth, “Heroic Identifications: Or, ‘You Can Love Me Too – I am so Like the State’”, Theory and Event Vol 15, Issue 1 2012, dml)
The post-9/11 desire for mastery derives from the juxtaposition between a desire for freedom and generalized conditions of political powerlessness in contemporary life
AND
possibility of unrestrained power over the contingencies of the world, where the ability to control others and the world still gains credence. 

Reliance on the state guarantees mass violence and destroys value to life
Shaffer 7 (Butler teaches at the Southwestern University School of Law. B.S., Law, 1958, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; B.A., Political Science, 1959, and J.D., 1961, University of Chicago; Member, Colorado and Nebraska State Bars. “Identifying With the State” June 29th 2007. http://www.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html, MT)
One of the deadliest practices we engage in is that of identifying ourselves with a collective entity
AND
without division and conflict – to a centered, self-directed integrity in our lives.

State power is only as inevitable as we think it is – vote negative to withdraw support from the state in favor of a grassroots struggle
Martin 90 – research associate in the Dept. of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University
(Brian, “The State”, from Uprooting War, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/90uw/uw07.html, dml)
What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self-reliance and self-management
AND
withdrawing support from the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power.

Tournament: Rosemount RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: SPC FF | Judge: -
First is the State  
The State only worsens the violence described by the 1AC –it coopts any internal attempts to reform
Baudrillard, 10 (Jean, Carnival and Cannibal; Ventriloquous Evil, p. 13-18 LH)
This is the whole paradox of power. We have to rid
AND
without any power I would say that all is not lost' (Elias Canetti).

Utilizing the state to combat violence expresses a desire for mastery that reinforces state power and aggression
Anker 12 – Assistant Professor of American Studies at The George Washington University
(Elisabeth, “Heroic Identifications: Or, ‘You Can Love Me Too – I am so Like the State’”, Theory and Event Vol 15, Issue 1 2012, dml)
The post-9/11 desire for mastery derives from the juxtaposition
AND
where the ability to control others and the world still gains credence. 

Use of the State for transformative politics trades-off with micropolitical activism. We ask you to dismiss the promise of future change to join the already existing struggle of revolution against the State
Deleuze and Parnet 87  (Gilles and Claire, profs of philosophy: Dialogues II: p. 146-147)
What characterizes our current situation is both
AND
becoming of people, at every level, in every place.

Working within the State to change terror talk fails –the State’s control of knowledge production about the War On Terror enables Otherizing practices to continue
Van Veeren ‘11
(ELSPETH VAN VEEREN, PhD in Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Bristol, Banting Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for International and Security Studies at York University in Canada and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for Conflict and Security  Research at the University of Sussex in the UK,  “Captured by the camera's eye: Guantánamo and the shifting frame of the Global War on Terror”, Review of International Studies, 37, pp 17211749 doi:10.1017/S0260210510001208, 2011)
The creation of this interpretive frame is therefore
AND
‘is embedded in the frame itself’.20

Second is Advocacy  

Their act of roleplaying erases the distinction between the individual and institution. This Egocentric-Identification with the State continually baits us into its madness and continued violence
Shaffer 7 (Butler teaches at the Southwestern University School of Law. B.S., Law, 1958, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; B.A., Political Science, 1959, and J.D., 1961, University of Chicago; Member, Colorado and Nebraska State Bars. “Identifying With the State” June 29th 2007. http://www.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html)
One of the deadliest practices we engage in is that of identifying ourselves
AND
to a centered, self-directed integrity in our lives.

Role-playing within the State disengages ourselves from reality, foreclosing authentic relation towards the Other which destroys value to life and creates violence –turns case
Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic
AND
new type of tyrant (Nietzsche 1986, pp. 137, 168; 1974, pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

Microfascism is proliferated through everyday communication –their State-centric discourse perpetuates the violence they criticize  
Guattari, 92 (Felix, Pour une refondation des pratiques socials, 1992, reprinted in The Guattari Reader, p. 265 LH)
Social and moral progress is inseparable from the collective
AND
subjective music remains to be thereby composed.

Their advocacy becomes corrupted by the State, suppressing life and freedom –we must revolt to regain our own control of speech
Deleuze and Negri, 90 (Gillex and Antonio, Control and Becoming, http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze3.htm)
Deleuze: What I've been interested in are collective creations
AND
vacuoles of noncommunication, circuit breakers, so we can elude control.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City SH | Judge: Tom Woodhead
A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as AND If this isn't appeasement, I don't know how better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can AND exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement
C. Voting issue

1. Limits – infinite amount of restrictions the aff can remove – explodes neg research burden
   2. Ground – Lose spending links based off of increases in funding

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bloomington DG | Judge: Matt Casas
Economic engagement is distinct from diplomatic and military engagement
Derrick 98 (Robert, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “ENGAGEMENT: THE NATIONS PREMIER GRAND STRATEGY, WHO'S IN CHARGE?,” 1998, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA342695)
Economic engagement covers a wide range of programs
AND
are a few examples of how the US uses these powers to stay engaged.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sequoyah CM | Judge: Austin Ross
A. Interpretation – toward means in the direction of
Michigan Supreme Court 1914 Michigan Reports: Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Michigan, Volume 180, Google Books

Under 3 Comp. Laws AND means in a course or line leading in the direction of.

B. Violation – the resolution says economic engagement TOWARD Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela, means the engagement can only be uni-directional.  The aff’s engagement is multilateral.

C. Voting Issue 

1. Limits – tons of bi-directional affs that they could read – explodes the neg research burden
   2. Ground – they jack bi-directional CP ground and DA links based off of uni-directional action