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1ACTournament: Monticello | Round: 2 | Opponent: University AM | Judge: Cuba Exchanges – 1AC1AC – Cuba Exchanges1AC – Plan TextThe United States federal government should substantially increase its academic exchanges with Cuba.1AC – Marine Science AdvADVANTAGE ONE – MARINE SCIENCE – Global coral reef erosion is happening now.Paul Robinson, 3-19-2013, a news, blog and encyclopedia editor at The Earth Times, "Reef Destruction is Ecological," http://www.earthtimes.org/pollution/reef-destruction-ecological/2297/ One of those reefs in the Red or the South China Sea to die for That collapses marine biodiversity.Anup Shah, 3-03-2013, degree in computer science, writer of the website Global Issues and has written articles for other publications, and multiple radio interviews, "Coral Reefs: Ecosystems of Environmental and Human Value," http://www.globalissues.org/article/173/coral-reefs Coral reefs cover an area of over 280,000 km2 and support thousands of Cuban reef protection is key to prevent global reef destruction.Ishaira Nieto-Rosas, 3-02-2012, writer of Cuban Transitions, researcher of coral symbiosis @ Vassar, "Cuba’s Coral Reef System an Anomaly in World Trends," http://pages.vassar.edu/cubantransitions/cubas-coral-reef-system-an-anomaly-in-world-trends/ Coral reefs are fragile, slow growing but complex communities containing great biodiversity and serve US-Cuba cooperative reef research provides a key model for creation of international policy.Dr. David E. Guggenheim, 7-13-2008, is a marine scientist, conservation policy specialist, submarine pilot and ocean explorer. He is president of 1planet1ocean, a project of The Ocean Foundation where he is a Senior Fellow and director of its Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Program. He is currently leading a major project to elevate collaboration in marine science and conservation among Cuba, Mexico and the U.S. to a new level and leading the first-ever comprehensive research and conservation program in Cuba’s Gulf of Mexico region, a joint effort with the University of Havana. Also known as the "Ocean Doctor" and host of the ExpeditionCasts podcast series, Dr. Guggenheim is currently engaged in a special "expedition" to all fifty U.S. states visiting schools and bringing special programs about ocean exploration and conservation to young students. So far he has traveled more than 35,000 miles, visited 13 states, made 39 speeches and reached more than 10,000 students in schools ranging from the northernmost community in North America, Barrow, Alaska, to Macksville, Kansas, close to the geographic center of the lower 48 states, to the southern tip of Florida. In 2007 he served as a scientific advisor to Greenpeace for its expedition to map deepwater corals in the Bering Sea where he piloted the first-ever manned submersible dives into the Bering Sea’s largest underwater canyons. Guggenheim played a lead role in building the recently-formed Gulf of Mexico Alliance, a partnership among the U.S. Gulf states and 13 federal agencies and Mexico. Guggenheim is also working to introduce cutting-edge technologies for sustainable aquaculture practices to the Americas to reduce pressure on overfished wild fish stocks. Guggenheim previously served as Vice President at The Ocean Conservancy, President and CEO of The Conservancy of Southwest Florida, co-chair of the Everglades Coalition and president of the Friends of Channel Islands National Park. Guggenheim holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Public Policy from George Mason University in Virginia, a Master’s in Aquatic and Population Biology from University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Master’s in Regional Science and Bachelor’s in Environmental Studies from the University of Pennsylvania. "Can Cuba’s Mysteries Help Save the World’s Coral Reefs?" http://oceandoctor.org/cuba-mysteries-save-coral-reefs/ It is often said that those 90 miles of open water south of the Florida However, US-Cuba cooperative coral reef research is low now.Nick Miroff, 12-08-2009, correspondent for the Washington Post, National Public Radio, "Scientists Work To Protect Cuba’s Unspoiled Reefs," http://www.scpr.org/news/2009/12/08/8828/scientists-work-to-protect-cubas-unspoiled-reefs/ When Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba, he named the island’s south-central coastal area Los Jardines de la Reina, or The Queen’s Gardens. Five centuries later, the extensive and pristine coral reefs are still here. Rare cooperation between U.S. and Cuban research scientists is seeking to save them. Cuba has some the most extensive coral reefs in the hemisphere, but political strains between Washington and Havana largely have kept American scientists away. That prevents Cuban reef protection and research – Cuba can’t solve alone.Pedro M. Alcolado et al1, Rodolfo Claro-Madruga2 and Reynaldo Estrada3, 8-05-2002, from the Instituto de Oceanología, Ave. 1ra, No. 18406, Reparto Flores, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana1, also from the Instituto de Oceanología, Ave. 1ra, No. 18406, Reparto Flores, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana2, Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Calle 18ª, No. 4114, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba3, "Status and Prospective of Coral Reef Management in Cuba," http://www.denix.osd.mil/nr/crid/Coral_Reef_Iniative_Database/Cuba_files/Alcolado20et20al.,202000.pdf STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE OF CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN CUBA Diving tourism in Cuba, in Ocean collapse causes extinction – reefs are key.Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they Collapse of Coral reefs triggers a global extinction event – adaptation research is key – brink is now.Ben Block, 12-12-2008, staff writer with the Worldwatch Institute, "Coral Reef Loss Suggests Global Extinction Event," http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/38850 Coral Reef Loss Suggests Global Extinction Event Coral Photo courtesy Great Barrier Reef MPA A The Caribbean is a hotspot for marine biodiversity – current isolated management strategies fail.Miloslavich and Klein, 2004 (Universidad Simo ?n Bol ??var, Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Cara- cas, Venezuela, "Linking marine biodiversity research and conservation in the Caribbean," Caribbean Marine Biodiversity Workshop in Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, 15-17 June, 2004, http://cbm.usb.ve/CoMLCaribbean/pdf/I-01_introduction.pdf;) The Caribbean Region extends over about 2,754,000 Km2 in which 36 Hotspot collapse causes extinction.Sternlof, 2000, 2k (Kurt Sternlof, Executive Director, Earth System Initiative at MIT, "Tropical Habitat Loss Threatens Mass Extinction Akin To Fall Of The Dinosaurs," Columbia University News, March 1, 2000, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/00/03/extinction.html;) The relationship between habitat loss and extinction is nonlinear. Initial destruction of a habitat The problem is US policy – multiple barriers prevent US-Cuba scientific exchange.Rex Dalton, 7-22-2009, ~QUALS NEEDED~, writer for Nature International Weekly Journal of Science, "Scientists strive to boost US–Cuban collaboration," http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090722/full/460447a.html A drive to increase scientific exchange between the United States and Cuba is off to Scientific exchange is the key internal link into marine science cooperation – solves coral reefs.Edward W. Lempinen, 3-1-2012, Public Information Officer TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world, senior writer, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National Association of Science Writers (US), Northern California Science Writers Association, University of Illinois Springfield M.A., public affairs reporting, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, B.A., journalism, political science, economics, "Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues," http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml At the same time, the U.S. embargo of Cuba makes it Removing restrictions on scientific exchange solves reef protection and marine biodiversity – any delay kills solvency.Environmental Defense Fund, 10-22-2009, leading national nonprofit organization, has linked science, economics, law and innovative private-sector partnerships to create breakthrough solutions to the most serious environmental problems, "United States Scientists Visit Cuba to Discuss Overfishing, Coral Reefs, Ocean Energy and Ocean Issues," http://www.edf.org/news/united-states-scientists-visit-cuba-discuss-overfishing-coral-reefs-ocean-energy-and-ocean-issu Environmental Defense Fund will send a team of experts to Havana, Cuba, on 1AC – Hemispheric Energy AdvADVANTAGE TWO – HEMISPHERIC ENERGY – engagement with Latin America is low now – puts US energy security at risk.Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365 For more than a decade, America’s relationship with Latin America could most accurately be Specifically – other countries are forming energy relationships with Latin America now – inaction causes US crowd-out.Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365 Scientific exchanges with Cuba lead to alternative energy cooperation.Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf In a special section on U.S.-Cuban relations, Rethinking U. That’s key to Latin American alternative energy development – only engagement with Cuba removes negative perceptions of the US in the region and provides the technological expertise to diversify.Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf At present Cuba possesses an estimated 4.6 million barrels of oil and 9 Engaging Cuba opens the door for hemispheric cooperation on alternative energy development – strengthens US energy links in the region.Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf Because of recent developments in Cuba and the growing investments being made there made by Hemispheric energy engagement solidifies US regional ties – secures American access to energyEric Farnsworth, 4-11-13, Vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society, "ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN," http://www.as-coa.org/articles/energy-security-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean Mr. Chairman, if I may give you the bottom line first: energy Now is the time – renewed US energy linkages with Latin America are key to energy security – alternative energy’s key.Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365 In many ways, the fate of Latin America and the US are strongly linked US energy insecurity causes global conflict and instability – alternative energy provides a key cushion.Nader Elhefnawy, Ph.D in Literature from the University of Miami, as well as a B.A. in International Relations from Florida International University, and has published widely on both literature and international affairs, 03-05-2006, "US: Army War College on energy security" http://www.resilience.org/stories/2006-03-05/us-army-war-college-energy-security Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy Events in recent decades have produced a Energy shocks spark US lash-out and national outrage.King 2008 (Neil, Wall Street Journal analyst regarded as being in the "economic mainstream," whose involvement as an analyst has enhanced greatly the credibility of peak oil concerns, "Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns," Center for a New American Security Working Paper, September 08, http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=7D4B6FDF-1951-EBEC-FA16-8A86D1F7408726lng=en) In the United States, the prospect of diminished oil supplies and skyrocketing prices raises US lash-out for energy sparks global conflicts.King 2008 (Neil, Wall Street Journal analyst regarded as being in the "economic mainstream," whose involvement as an analyst has enhanced greatly the credibility of peak oil concerns, "Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns," Center for a New American Security Working Paper, September 08, http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=7D4B6FDF-1951-EBEC-FA16-8A86D1F7408726lng=en) An energy-restricted future will greatly enhance Russia’s clout within settings like the UN Those conflicts go nuclear.Islam Yasin Qasem 2007, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, "The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage," online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate | 10/13/13 |
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