Tournament: JV Nationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Maine East LP | Judge: Kai Yan
1AC
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase incentives for the export of coal toward the United Mexican States.

Contention one is Inherency:

The United States has more coal than it’ll ever need
Hieb 10 (Monte Heib, “America is the Saudi Arabia of Coal,” http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/Energy.html, 2/20/2010)
Plant fossils of West Virginia are examples of the fossil flora that comprise the vast
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doing during World War II and like the South Africans are doing today.

But, US coal industry is failing now, because of little promotion of coal usage
Krauss 13
(Clifford, is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy. He covered the State Department, Congress and the New York City police department before serving as Buenos Aires bureau chief and Toronto bureau chief. Before working at The Times, he worked as a foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, “U.S. Coal Companies Scale Back Export Goals” NYT, 9/13/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/business/energy-environment/us-coal-companies-scale-back-export-goals.html)
The ailing American coal industry, which has pinned its hopes on exports to counter
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reason for the slumping prices is China’s softening demand growth, experts say. 

This is causing coal to be surpassed by natural gas in the United States
Plumer 13
(Washington Post’s Brad Plumer, “Remember the ‘war on coal’? Coal is losing — but only in the U.S.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/12/16/remember-the-war-on-coal-coal-is-losing/, 12/16/2013)
How's that "war on coal" going? It all depends where you look
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to come,” said Maria van der Hoeven, the agency's executive director.¶ 

Mexico needs more coal and will say yes to the plan
Wallace 10
(Robert-Bruce,Head of faculty of economics at the university of Mexico city, “COAL IN MEXICO” Economia, http://www.economia.unam.mx/publicaciones/econinforma/pdfs/359/brucelish.pdf)
Nevertheless, after many decades of virtual stagnation or low growth, beginning in 1983
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furnaces, providing about 60 of its crude steel production.18  

Contention Two is Economy:

Currently Uncertainty in coal is causing a shift to natural gas—the two are zero-sum
Weiss 10 - Senior Fellow and the Director of Climate Strategy at American Progress (Daniel, “Efforts to Save Coal Could End Up Destroying It,” Center for American Progress, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/09/coal_senators.html)
But even without global warming pollution reductions the U. S. Energy Information Administration
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pollution would only prolong uncertainty and further delay investments in new coal plants.

The current coal market allows the US to expand its energy markets globally – this is key to the US economy
Marquardt 8-Katy Marquardt, June 5, 2008, 6/5/08  “Skip Alternative Energy—Dig for Coal Stocks”, jlk, http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/your-money/2008/06/05/skip-alternative-energy~-~-dig-for-coal-stocks.html  
Rather than focus on a specific region of the world, global fund managers roam
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their partial ownership of one of the nation's busiest coal ports in Virginia.    

US economy relies on coal
Rose and Wei 6, (Adam Z. Rose, Professor of Energy, Environmental and Regional Economics, Dan Wei, Graduate Assistant in the Department of Geography at the Pennsylvania State University, “The Economic Impacts of Coal Utilization and Displacement in the Continental United States, 2015”, Report prepared for the Center of Energy and Economic Development Inc., 2006)
Our analysis shows that, in 2015, U.S. coal production,
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utilize fuel sources and generating technologies more costly than coal-based electricity.

Without coal economic contraction would cause collapse, mass starvation, totalitarianism, and nuclear war
Nyquist ‘5
(J.R, expert in geopolitics and international relations, WorldNetDaily contributing editor, “The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash,” 2-4-05, http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2005/0204.html)
Should the United States experience a severe economic contraction during the second term of President
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recently lamented, “We drank the poison and now we must die.”

Economic decline causes nuclear and bio-war
National Review ‘8
National Review Online, October 28, 2008 Kerpen, policy director for Americans for Prosperity From Panic to Depression?, http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQ3ZGYzZTQyZGY4ZWFiZWUxNmYwZTJiNWVkMTIxMmU=
It’s important that we avoid all these policy errors — not just for the sake
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of such extended duration would risk armed conflicts on an even greater scale.

Contention Three is Russia:

Increasing US natural gas, including LNG exports breaks European dependence on Russia
Ratner et al, 12 specialist in energy policy, other authors include *Paul Belkin, analyst in European affairs, *Jim Nichol, specialist in Russian and Eurasian affairs, and *Steven Woehrel, specialist in European Affairs (Michael, “Europe’s Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification,” Congressional Research Service, 3/13/12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf)//AM
The 27 member-state European Union (EU) has been a growing natural
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gas giant Gazprom, have adamantly defended oil-indexed natural gas prices.

Ending Russian Dependence allows Western pro-democracy efforts; they don’t access democracy good because these attempts will fail
Baran, 7 - senior fellow and director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C. (Zenyo, “ EU Energy Security: Time to End Russian Leverage,” THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY AUTUMN 2007, http://ao.hudson.org/files/publications/07autumn_baran.pdf)
Engaging the Caspian Enshrined as the second of the three pillars of the EU,
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extremism, and drug traf?cking in Central Asia and the Caucasus would increase.

The efforts will kill US-Russia relations
Asmus, 8 - Executive Director of the Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, in Brussels, From 1997 to 2000, he served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs (Ronald, “ Europe's Eastern Promise; Rethinking NATO and EU Enlargement,”  Foreign Affairs. New York: Jan/Feb 2008. http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/stable/pdfplus/20020270.pdf?acceptTC=true)
By 2012, a reunified West would have begun to build an arc of democratic
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from one in which an autocratic, nationalist Russia is on the rise.

Relations key to prevent nuke war
Allison and Blackwill, ’11 Graham, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School, former assistant secretary of defense in the Clinton administration, Robert D., Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy -- Council on Foreign Relations, served as U.S. ambassador to India and as deputy national security adviser for strategic planning in the Bush administration, both co-chairmen of the Task Force on Russia and U.S. National Interests, co-sponsored by the Belfer Center and the Center for the National Interest, 10-30-11 Politico, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
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.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

Relations solve accidental nuclear war
Cohen 10 Stephen F. Cohen, prof, Russian Studies and History, NYU, Prof emeritus, Princeton, May 25, 2010, “ US-Russian Relations in an Age of American Triumphalism: An Interview with Stephen F. Cohen”, http://www.thenation.com/article/us-russian-relations-age-american-triumphalism-interview-stephen-f-cohen
Cohen: The real concern I have with this "we won the Cold War
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, I should add in the think tanks, can connect these dots. 

Extinction happens in thirty minutes
Mintz 1 Morton Mintz, write for the American Prospect February 26, 2001, “Tow Minutes to Launch”, The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch,
 Hair-trigger alert means this: The missiles carrying those warheads are armed
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would be, basically, a nuclear war by checklist, by rote.” 

Accidents are likely
Cimbala, 8  Stephen, Distinguished Prof. Pol. Sci. – Penn. State Brandywine, Comparative Strategy, “Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia”, 27, InformaWorld
If the possibility existed of a mistaken preemption during and immediately after the Cold War
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could overturn these expectations for the obsolescence or marginalization of major interstate warfare.

Contention Four is China:

Oil Prices are Extremely High because of Mid-East Tension
The Economist 9/4
(“Worried wells” The Economist, September 4th, 2013, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/09/oil-prices?zid=298andah=0bc99f9da8f185b2964b6cef412227be)
OVER the past month the price of Brent crude oil has risen by five dollars
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lowest level since 2008. That will keep oil floating to the surface.

Plan is key- Uncertainty in coal is causing a shift to natural gas- coal doesn’t trade off with oil
Weiss 10 - Senior Fellow and the Director of Climate Strategy at American Progress (Daniel, “Efforts to Save Coal Could End Up Destroying It,” Center for American Progress, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/09/coal_senators.html)
But even without global warming pollution reductions the U. S. Energy Information Administration
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pollution would only prolong uncertainty and further delay investments in new coal plants.

But, Natural Gas trades off with oil
Evans 12 Pickens is Major Oil investor, 328th richest man in America (Huw, March 1, 2012, “Oil Addiction? T. Boone Pickens Thinks So,” http://www.hybridcars.com/news/could-natural-gas-solve-our-oil-addiction-t-boone-pickens-thinks-so-42004.html)//DR. H
Boone Pickens, a former geologist turned billionaire energy investor, believes that one way
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from a much cheaper alternative fuel will likely cause gasoline prices to drop.

That causes Saudi Arabia to flood the oil market and collapse prices
MORSE AND RICHARDS 2002 (Edward L. Morse is Executive Adviser at Hess Energy Trading Company and was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Energy Policy in 1979-81. James Richard is a portfolio manager at Firebird Management, an investment fund active in eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, Foreign Affairs, March/April)
A simple fact explains this conclusion: 63 percent of the world's proven oil reserves
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lost in the preceding four years, mainly to non-OPEC countries.

High oil prices key to the Canadian stock market
Lam 13 (Eric, Correspondent – Bloomberg, “Canada Stocks Rise as Crude Prices Bolster Oil, Gas Producers”, Bloomberg, 6-17, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-17/canada-stocks-rise-as-crude-rally-bolsters-oil-gas-producers.html, Deech)
Canadian stocks rose, following the third weekly drop for the benchmark index, as
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pretty resilient. Crude is at a high and that doesn’t hurt either.” 

And --- that’s critical to alleviate Chinese monopoly on rare earth minerals --- 

Canada is key
Simms 10 (Dave, Correspondent – CBC News, “Investors rush into rare earth element mining”, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2-17, http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2010/02/12/f-rare-earth-rush.html, Deech)
Currently, China controls between 95 and 97 per cent of world REEs production.
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be less able to weather downturns in their industry or the wider economy.

Rare earth shortage triggers US/China war
Commiso 10 (Katharine Comisso, contributing writer for New Scientist, “Is This the Start of Element Wars?” September 2010, http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2010/09/is-this-the-start-of-the-eleme.html)
China has just 37 percent of the world's estimated reserves of rare Earth elements (
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the U.K.’s Royal Society of Chemistry, Richard Pike. 

Extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History – State University of New York Albany and Former Editor – Peace and Change Journal, “Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?”, 11-28, www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
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—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: Niles Township Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cedar Rapids Washington BL | Judge: Brad Meloche
The United States Federal Government should repeal Section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998.

U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.
New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

Maintaining a credible dispute settlement system is critical to avoiding unilateral retaliation to trade obstructions that collapse multilateral trade
Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)

Multilateral trade is benevolent – it de-escalates conflict and is an impact filter
Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The impact is also reverse causal – dissolution of the WTO causes nuclear war
Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Multiple studies prove that the risk of war is less probable in a world of multilateral trade
Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.
Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ‘Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

The Havana Rum case spills over -~-- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee, Domestic and International Trademark Implications of Havana Club and Section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Chaired by Representative John Conyers (D-MI), Witnesses: Mark Orr – Vice President of North American Affairs at Pernod Ricard USA, Bruce Lehman – former assistant secretary of commerce and expert counsel for Bicardi USA, Mark Esper – executive vice president of the Global Intellectual Property Center at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, William Reinsch – president of the National Foreign Trade Council, John Veroneau – partner at Covington and Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.
Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Subpoint A – Biotech
U.S. credibility is critical to strong IP protections for agriculture.
Stein, Spring 2005 (Haley – J.D. Northwestern University School of Law, Intellectual Property and Genetically Modified Seeds: The United States, Trade, and the Developing World, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, p. Lexis-Nexis)

IPR harmonization is a pre-requisite for the development of innovative and widespread biotech.
Kerle 2007 (Clemens – research fellow at the Institute for Public International Law and International Relations at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, International IP Protection for GMO – a Biotech Odyssey, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Biotech prevents food security
Pinstrup-Anderson, 3/2/2006 (Per – professor at Cornell University, The Impact of Technological Change in Agriculture on Poverty and Armed Conflict, Charles Valentine Riley Memorial Lecture Series, p. http://intlag.tamu.edu/images/riley06.pdf)

Food insecurity causes nuclear conflict between failed states
Brown 2k9 (Lester Brown, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute, 2009, Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American)

Biotech innovations solve multiple internal links to extinction
Trewavas ‘2k
(Anthony, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology – University of Edinburgh, “GM Is the Best Option We Have”, AgBioWorld, 6-5, http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)
There are some Western ..
.of it is and#34;be preparedand#34;. 

Subpoint B – Disease

Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

A strong IPR regime solves disease-- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html#axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Disease spread will cause extinction
Leather, 11 10/12/11 (Tony, “The Inevitable Pandemic” http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/the-inevitable-pandemic/, PZ)