Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: Marcus Azimi
1AC Normalize Economic relations with Cuba
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Date
1AC MBA
Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all see doc
1/4/14
1AC Wake Forest
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: Marcus Azimi
1ac
Softpower
Contention 1: Soft Power
US credibility on the international stage is low now-increased engagement key
Duddy 26Mora 2013,Patrick Duddy served as U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University. Frank O. Mora is incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, (Western Hemisphere (2009-2013)~¶ ¶ 05.01.2013¶ ¶ ¶ Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning? 5/1/13 http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html, Accessed July 4, 2013, KH) Is U.S. influence in Latin America on the wane? It depends AND and investment remain the most enduring and measurable dimensions of U.S.
International support for lifting the embargo-UN vote proves
Havana Times 12 ("Cuba Embargo Blasted Again at UN 188-3", Havana Times, November 13 2012, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054, Accessed: 7/4/13, EH) HAVANA TIMES (dpa) – The UN General Assembly on Tuesday renewed a demand that the United States lift the economic embargo imposed on Cuba since the 1960s.¶ The 193-nation assembly voted 188-3 to adopt an annual resolution, for the 21st consecutive year, calling for UN members to consider the US embargo against Cuba as illegal and respect international law that reaffirms freedom of trade and navigation. Last year’s vote was 186-2.¶ The United States, Israel and Palau voted against the resolution, while the Marshall Islands and Micronesia abstained.¶ Washington has rejected the repeated UN demands to end the embargo. But it has also improved ties with Havana and allowed US citizens to travel to Cuba.¶ The resolution, like in previous ones, asked all states that have been implementing the US embargo "to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime."¶ The economic embargo against Cuba was strengthened by US President John F Kennedy in February 1962 following the failure of US-backed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.¶ The US embargo was further boosted in 1996 by the Helms-Burton Act with the US Congress demanding compliance by all companies with regard to trade and navigation with Cuba.¶ - See more at: http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054~~23sthash.yJBO6ieX.dpuf
The embargo undermines US influence and soft power
—harms Cuban people economically —makes us look petty —hurts nat. sec. interests can’t coop on crime and terror Hansing 11— Katrin Hansing, Associate Professor of Black and Hispanic Studies at Baruch College ("10 Reasons to Oppose the Embargo", Center for Democracy in the Americas, October 21 2011, http://www.democracyinamericas.org/blog-post/10-reasons-to-oppose-the-embargo/, Accessed: 6/28/13, EH) In light of the UN Secretary-General’s report on the U.S. AND embargo against Cuba."¶ John Adams, Brigadier General US Army (Retired)
====Repealing embargo key to regaining international reputation.==== —pro-democracy —no threat to the US —reflects open market ideology makes US seem more legit Holmes 10- Michael G. Holmes, MA The School of Continuing Studies, Georgetown ("SEIZING THE MOMENT," June 21, 2010, Georgetown, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553334/holmesMichael.pdf?sequence=1-Accessed-7-2-13-RX~~ From an image stand point repealing the sanctions and removing the embargo is symbolic. AND , the two benefits that stand out the most are trade and fuel.
US soft power key to solving a laundry list of international threats.
—empirically proven – couldn’t get turkey to coop because tanked rep —economic competitiveness, terrorism, war, proliferation, disease, human trafficking, and drugs —need china for NK negotiations —failed with Iran Kurlantzick 06- Joshua Kurlantzick visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program and a fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy; previously foreign editor at The New Republic, (The Decline of American Soft Power, carnegieendowment.org, 2006, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kurlantzick.pdf, Accessed: July 10, 2013, KH) A broad decline in soft power has many practical implications. These include the drain AND of terrorism, in addition to rooting out and destroying individual militant cells.
On its own hard power fails – causes backlash.
Bakircioglua 09(Department of Law, Queen’s University Belfast, Onder "The Future of Preventive Wars: the case of Iraq" Third World Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 7 October 2009 , pages 1355-1356) It has now become obvious that the preventive war waged against Iraq has been established AND giving up its nuclear ambitions and to convince North Korea to disarm.102
Soft Power solves Heg
First, builds credibility
—china and india rise = result of soft power —us will lose out to them bc of perception of overbearing hegemon —need to renounce bush administration characterization. Layne, 09 Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service (Christopher, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality", International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2009) In The Post-American World, Fareed Zakaria argues that both China and India AND in the emerging international system is through soft power, not hard power.
Second, media control – legitimizes reputation.
Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. - Distinguished Service Professor and AND , Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM) Politics has become a contest of competitive credibility. The world of traditional power politics AND shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production packages. The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth 13 – *Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College ("Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement", January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
Transition
Contention 2: Transition
Cuba’s government will collapse in 2013 – multiple factors make it inevitable.
—expansion of the private sector, the imposition of taxes, the distribution of land leases to farmers —reforms = ideological weakening —alternative info networks —no future framework established Sánchez 13 (Yoani Sánchez is the Havana-based author of the blog Generation Y and the recently published book Havana Real. This article was translated by Mary Jo Porter. January 02, 2013, "Midnight in Havana: Will the Cuban government fall in 2013?", http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/01/midnight_in_havana_will_the_cu.html-http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/01/midnight_in_havana_will_the_cu.html) It’s increasingly obvious that the biological clock of the Cuban government -a slow and AND on line to buy a couple of pounds of chicken instead of organizing.
Cuba’s economy will collapse – structural failures.
—dependency on Venezuela —lack of emergency financing —inflationary pressure Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the short term Political risks arise from the process of transferring leadership from AND within the economies of the growth leaders, China and India. 14 C
Squo reforms are not enough – only lifting the embargo promotes a stable transition
—financing and technical assistance —US market resources —empowers the Cuban people Piccone 13 (Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Opening to Havana, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana) Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
US financing is necessary to avoid hyperinflation and internal violence
—reform - inflation —gives access to multinational and US finances Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the medium term Five years is a very long time in politics, AND exports or removal of restrictions on US and multilateral financial flows to Cuba.
Cuban instability collapse causes Latin American instability and terror attacks
—refugee crisis —insecure drug route —fundamentalism and terrorism —military force Gorrell 05, Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" March 18 2005, Online: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND the Americas. A proactive policy now can mitigate these potential future problems.
====These attacks will deploy biological weapons against the US. ==== Bryan 01, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program (Anthony, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," October 21 2001, Online: http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html) Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the AND else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.
A recent influenza strain causes extinction if bio terrorists obtain the information – this is comparatively the biggest impact Prado 12 (Mark Evan, a physicist in the Washington, D.C. region working for the Pentagon in advanced planning in the space program, citing: The Office of Biological Activities (OSB), a division of the US government’s National Institute of Health (NIH) which promotes science, safety, and ethics in biotechnology, "Human Extinction by Biotechnology and Nanotechnology", http://www.permanent.com/human-extinction-biotechnology-nano.html) As biotechnology has advanced, so has the power of the individual. In the AND Way Back Machine’s archival page on PERMANENT.¶ Then came the year 2001. Defense reports prove bioterror is rapidly growing threat —technical competence is underestimated —biological agents are unsecure —can be released via aerosol cans Telegraph, ’11 (Heidi Blake was The Daily Telegraph’s Investigative Reporter until November 2011. She was nominated for Young Journalist of the Year and Scoop of the Year in the 2010 British Press Awards having joined the paper in 2008. Christopher Hope writes for The Telegraph. "WikiLeaks: al-Qaeda ’is planning a dirty bomb’," February 2, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8296956/WikiLeaks-al-Qaeda-is-planning-a-dirty-bomb.html) At a Nato meeting in January 2009, security chiefs briefed member states that al AND to international security with the potential to cause "extraordinary loss of life".
The plan sends a clear signal to improve Latin American relations
White, 13-Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)//TL FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably AND cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.
Economic growth provides a magnitude filter to all transnational conflicts
—nationalism, ethnic religious hate —undermine attemtps to solve pollution, drugs, crime, sickness, famine, plagues —key to regional security Silk 93 — Leonard Silk, Distinguished Professor of Economics at Pace University, Senior Research Fellow at the Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and former Economics Columnist with the New York Times, 1993 ("Dangers of Slow Growth," Foreign Affairs, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis) Like the Great Depression, the current economic slump has fanned the firs of nationalist AND , a healthier environment, and more liberal and open economies and societies.
Growth eliminates the only rational incentives for war
Gartzke 11 – associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF Erik, "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring AND the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.
Agriculture
Contention 3: Agriculture
The collapse of global agriculture is inevitable with the current model.
—– monocultures, pesticides, soil depletion, climate change, pollinators, peak oil and declining yields all mean a new ag model is key to sustainability Peters, 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution" J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION ~Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) The U.S. agricultural system is becoming increasingly more concentrated, specialized, AND response to rapidly changing climate conditions and will help to ensure food security.
Cuba’s model of urban agriculture is the only sustainable alternative
Peters, 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution" J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION ~Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in Cuba’s history, through AND a new economy for many Cubans without negatively impacting the environment or society.
The plan jumpstarts US investment in Cuban organoponics – causing a widespread global urban agricultural revolution
Shkolnick, 12 - J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School (Jacob, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES" 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, lexis) VI. New Opportunities¶ While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
This prevents the collapse of US agriculture and extinction
Peters, 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, "Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution" J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION ~Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf) An adequate food supply is essential for the survival of the human race. Historically AND urban areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious food.
Access to the US export market is key to the viability of the Cuban model
Kost, 4 – agricultural economist, Specialty Crops Branch, Economic Research. Service, US Department of Agriculture (William, "CUBAN AGRICULTURE: TO BE OR NOT TO BE ORGANIC?" http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume14/pdfs/kost.pdf) In addition to the above European markets, the successful expansion and viability of Cuba’s AND domestic consumption in an environment where other production approaches are just not available.
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba.
Solvency
Contention 4: Solvency Raul wants economic engagement with the US LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, "The Danger of Dependence: Cuba’s Foreign Policy After Chavez" World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) In Cuba, Raúl Castro’s historic economic reforms are moving the island toward a mixed AND economy and open it up to U.S. trade and investment.¶
Plan key, Diaz-Canal doesn’t solve
Allam 13 – writer for Miami Herald (Hannah, Miami Herald, "Even if Raul Castro steps down in 2018, U.S.-Cuba relations may not thaw", 2.25.13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/02/25/3253690/even-if-raul-castro-steps-down.html)//EK WASHINGTON — Cuban President Raul Castro’s announcement over the weekend that he’ll step down in AND bilateral relations include a 2009 essay calling for an end to the embargo.
9/7/13
1ac Blake
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: peeps | Judge: peep see document
12/21/13
1ac New Trier
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: someone | Judge: another someone
1ac
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba.
Softpower
Contention 1: Soft Power
US credibility on the international stage is low now-increased engagement key
Duddy 26Mora 2013,Patrick Duddy served as U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University. Frank O. Mora is incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, (Western Hemisphere (2009-2013)~¶ ¶ 05.01.2013¶ ¶ ¶ Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning? 5/1/13 http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html, Accessed July 4, 2013, KH) Is U.S. influence in Latin America on the wane? It depends how … Trade and investment remain the most enduring and measurable dimensions of U.S.
International support for lifting the embargo-UN vote proves
Havana Times 12 ("Cuba Embargo Blasted Again at UN 188-3", Havana Times, November 13 2012, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054, Accessed: 7/4/13, EH) HAVANA TIMES (dpa) – The UN General Assembly on Tuesday renewed a demand that the United States lift the economic embargo imposed on Cuba since the 1960s.¶ The 193-nation assembly voted 188-3 … with the US Congress demanding compliance by all companies with regard to trade and navigation with Cuba.¶ - See more at: http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054~~23sthash.yJBO6ieX.dpuf
The embargo undermines US influence and soft power
Hansing 11— Katrin Hansing, Associate Professor of Black and Hispanic Studies at Baruch College ("10 Reasons to Oppose the Embargo", Center for Democracy in the Americas, October 21 2011, http://www.democracyinamericas.org/blog-post/10-reasons-to-oppose-the-embargo/, Accessed: 6/28/13, EH) In light of the UN Secretary-General’s report on the U.S. embargo of Cuba … It is long past time to repeal the U.S. embargo against Cuba."¶ John Adams, Brigadier General US Army (Retired)
Griswold05 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, "Four Decades of Failure: The U.S. Embargo against Cuba", 10/12, http://www.cato.org/publications/speeches/four-decades-failure-us-embargo-against-cuba) Economic sanctions rarely work. Trade and investment sanctions against Burma, Iran, and North Korea … Cuba that warrants the drastic option of a total embargo.
US soft power key to solving a laundry list of international threats.
Kurlantzick 06- Joshua Kurlantzick visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program and a fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy; previously foreign editor at The New Republic, (The Decline of American Soft Power, carnegieendowment.org, 2006, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kurlantzick.pdf, Accessed: July 10, 2013, KH) A broad decline in soft power has many practical implications … the ideological roots of terrorism, in addition to rooting out and destroying individual militant cells.
On its own hard power fails – causes backlash.
Bakircioglua 09(Department of Law, Queen’s University Belfast, Onder "The Future of Preventive Wars: the case of Iraq" Third World Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 7 October 2009 , pages 1355-1356) It has now become obvious that the preventive war waged against Iraq … its nuclear ambitions and to convince North Korea to disarm.102
Soft Power solves Heg
First, builds credibility
Layne, 09 Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service (Christopher, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality", International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2009) In The Post-American World, Fareed Zakaria argues that both … the emerging international system is through soft power, not hard power.
Second, media control – legitimizes reputation.
Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. - Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, co-founder of neoliberalist theory in IR, former Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and Technology, former chair of the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, former chair of the National Intelligence Council, and former chair of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM) Politics has become a contest of competitive credibility … (as shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production packages. The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth 13 – *Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College ("Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement", January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Since the end of World War II, … liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
Disregard their generic defense we cite specific scenarios for conflict
Cuba’s economy will collapse – structural failures.
Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the short term Political risks arise from the process of transferring … OECD countries fragile and signs of strain within the economies of the growth leaders, China and India. 14 C
Squo reforms are not enough – only lifting the embargo promotes a stable transition
Piccone 13 (Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Opening to Havana, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana) Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued … engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
US financing is necessary to avoid hyperinflation and internal violence
Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the medium term Five years is a very long time in politics … restrictions on US and multilateral financial flows to Cuba. Raul wants economic engagement with the US LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, "The Danger of Dependence: Cuba’s Foreign Policy After Chavez" World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) In Cuba, Raúl Castro’s historic economic reforms are moving … the Cuban economy and open it up to U.S. trade and investment.¶
Cuban instability collapse causes Latin American instability and terror attacks
Gorrell 05, Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" March 18 2005, Online: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy … . A proactive policy now can mitigate these potential future problems.
====These attacks will deploy biological weapons against the US. ==== Bryan 01, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program (Anthony, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," October 21 2001, Online: http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html) Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean … to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.
Cuba has the facilities and tech to produce bioweapons now
Robles 07 (Miami Herald, Ex-insider: Cuba has bioweapons, Feb 28 2007, Robles is news reporter, and Miami Herald is a newspaper in Miami, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/cuba/sfrc060502.pdf) The former chief of Cuba’s military medical services is calling … high-level spies in Cuba feeding it ¶ information on what must be, if it exists, a highly secret program.
A recent influenza strain causes extinction if bio terrorists obtain the information – this is comparatively the biggest impact Prado 12 (Mark Evan, a physicist in the Washington, D.C. region working for the Pentagon in advanced planning in the space program, citing: The Office of Biological Activities (OSB), a division of the US government’s National Institute of Health (NIH) which promotes science, safety, and ethics in biotechnology, "Human Extinction by Biotechnology and Nanotechnology", http://www.permanent.com/human-extinction-biotechnology-nano.html) As biotechnology has advanced, so has the power of the individual. … ) on the Way Back Machine’s archival page on PERMANENT.¶ Then came the year 2001.
The plan sends a clear signal to improve Latin American relations
White, 13-Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)//TL FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably … of partners cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.
Economic growth provides a magnitude filter to all transnational conflicts
Silk 93 — Leonard Silk, Distinguished Professor of Economics at Pace University, Senior Research Fellow at the Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and former Economics Columnist with the New York Times, 1993 ("Dangers of Slow Growth," Foreign Affairs, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis) Like the Great Depression, the current economic slump has fanned … , and more liberal and open economies and societies.
Growth eliminates the only rational incentives for war
Gartzke 11 – associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF Erik, "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring … , that war becomes a durable anachronism.
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba.
Softpower
Contention 1: Soft Power
US credibility on the international stage is low now-increased engagement key
Duddy 26Mora 2013,Patrick Duddy served as U.S. ambassador to Venezuela from 2007 until 2010 and is currently visiting senior lecturer at Duke University. Frank O. Mora is incoming director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, and former deputy assistant secretary of Defense, (Western Hemisphere (2009-2013)~¶ ¶ 05.01.2013¶ ¶ ¶ Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning? 5/1/13 http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html, Accessed July 4, 2013, KH) Is U.S. influence in Latin America on the wane? It depends AND and investment remain the most enduring and measurable dimensions of U.S.
International support for lifting the embargo-UN vote proves
Havana Times 12 ("Cuba Embargo Blasted Again at UN 188-3", Havana Times, November 13 2012, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054, Accessed: 7/4/13, EH) HAVANA TIMES (dpa) – The UN General Assembly on Tuesday renewed a demand that the United States lift the economic embargo imposed on Cuba since the 1960s.¶ The 193-nation assembly voted 188-3 to adopt an annual resolution, for the 21st consecutive year, calling for UN members to consider the US embargo against Cuba as illegal and respect international law that reaffirms freedom of trade and navigation. Last year’s vote was 186-2.¶ The United States, Israel and Palau voted against the resolution, while the Marshall Islands and Micronesia abstained.¶ Washington has rejected the repeated UN demands to end the embargo. But it has also improved ties with Havana and allowed US citizens to travel to Cuba.¶ The resolution, like in previous ones, asked all states that have been implementing the US embargo "to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime."¶ The economic embargo against Cuba was strengthened by US President John F Kennedy in February 1962 following the failure of US-backed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.¶ The US embargo was further boosted in 1996 by the Helms-Burton Act with the US Congress demanding compliance by all companies with regard to trade and navigation with Cuba.¶ - See more at: http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=82054~~23sthash.yJBO6ieX.dpuf
The embargo undermines US influence and soft power
—harms Cuban people economically —makes us look petty —hurts nat. sec. interests can’t coop on crime and terror Hansing 11— Katrin Hansing, Associate Professor of Black and Hispanic Studies at Baruch College ("10 Reasons to Oppose the Embargo", Center for Democracy in the Americas, October 21 2011, http://www.democracyinamericas.org/blog-post/10-reasons-to-oppose-the-embargo/, Accessed: 6/28/13, EH) In light of the UN Secretary-General’s report on the U.S. AND embargo against Cuba."¶ John Adams, Brigadier General US Army (Retired)
====Repealing embargo key to regaining international reputation.==== —pro-democracy —no threat to the US —reflects open market ideology makes US seem more legit Holmes 10- Michael G. Holmes, MA The School of Continuing Studies, Georgetown ("SEIZING THE MOMENT," June 21, 2010, Georgetown, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553334/holmesMichael.pdf?sequence=1-Accessed-7-2-13-RX~~ From an image stand point repealing the sanctions and removing the embargo is symbolic. AND , the two benefits that stand out the most are trade and fuel.
The embargo crushes foreign policy coherence
— China worse abuser and larger security threat, yet is our third largest trading partner — Venezuela actively tries to undermine the US, but we buy their oil, let them invest in our energy sector and allow free travel to Venezuela Griswold05 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, "Four Decades of Failure: The U.S. Embargo against Cuba", 10/12, http://www.cato.org/publications/speeches/four-decades-failure-us-embargo-against-cuba) Economic sanctions rarely work. Trade and investment sanctions against Burma, Iran, and AND nothing special about Cuba that warrants the drastic option of a total embargo.
US soft power key to solving a laundry list of international threats.
—empirically proven – couldn’t get turkey to coop because tanked rep —economic competitiveness, terrorism, war, proliferation, disease, human trafficking, and drugs —need china for NK negotiations —failed with Iran Kurlantzick 06- Joshua Kurlantzick visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program and a fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy; previously foreign editor at The New Republic, (The Decline of American Soft Power, carnegieendowment.org, 2006, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kurlantzick.pdf, Accessed: July 10, 2013, KH) A broad decline in soft power has many practical implications. These include the drain AND of terrorism, in addition to rooting out and destroying individual militant cells.
On its own hard power fails – causes backlash.
Bakircioglua 09(Department of Law, Queen’s University Belfast, Onder "The Future of Preventive Wars: the case of Iraq" Third World Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 7 October 2009 , pages 1355-1356) It has now become obvious that the preventive war waged against Iraq has been established AND giving up its nuclear ambitions and to convince North Korea to disarm.102
Soft Power solves Heg
First, builds credibility
—china and india rise = result of soft power —us will lose out to them bc of perception of overbearing hegemon —need to renounce bush administration characterization. Layne, 09 Professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service (Christopher, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality", International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2009) In The Post-American World, Fareed Zakaria argues that both China and India AND in the emerging international system is through soft power, not hard power.
Second, media control – legitimizes reputation.
Nye, 08 (Joseph S. Nye Jr. - Distinguished Service Professor and AND , Volume 616 Number 1, p. 94-109, CM) Politics has become a contest of competitive credibility. The world of traditional power politics AND shown in interviews or polls), not dollars spent or slick production packages. The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable, sustainable, and prevents great power war Ikenberry, Brooks, and Wohlforth 13 – *Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College ("Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement", January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single AND an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
Disregard their generic defense we cite specific scenarios for conflict
Cuba’s government will collapse in 2013 – multiple factors make it inevitable.
—expansion of the private sector, the imposition of taxes, the distribution of land leases to farmers —reforms = ideological weakening —alternative info networks —no future framework established Sánchez 13 (Yoani Sánchez is the Havana-based author of the blog Generation Y and the recently published book Havana Real. This article was translated by Mary Jo Porter. January 02, 2013, "Midnight in Havana: Will the Cuban government fall in 2013?", http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/01/midnight_in_havana_will_the_cu.html-http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/01/midnight_in_havana_will_the_cu.html) It’s increasingly obvious that the biological clock of the Cuban government -a slow and AND on line to buy a couple of pounds of chicken instead of organizing.
Cuba’s economy will collapse – structural failures.
—dependency on Venezuela —lack of emergency financing —inflationary pressure Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the short term Political risks arise from the process of transferring leadership from AND within the economies of the growth leaders, China and India. 14 C
Squo reforms are not enough – only lifting the embargo promotes a stable transition
—financing and technical assistance —US market resources —empowers the Cuban people Piccone 13 (Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Opening to Havana, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana) Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
US financing is necessary to avoid hyperinflation and internal violence
—reform - inflation —gives access to multinational and US finances Morris 11 (Emily, London Metropolitan University UK, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium "Cuba Futures: Past and Present," organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf) Risks in the medium term Five years is a very long time in politics, AND exports or removal of restrictions on US and multilateral financial flows to Cuba. Raul wants economic engagement with the US LeoGrande, 13 - professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C. (William, "The Danger of Dependence: Cuba’s Foreign Policy After Chavez" World Politics Review, 4/2, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) In Cuba, Raúl Castro’s historic economic reforms are moving the island toward a mixed AND economy and open it up to U.S. trade and investment.¶
Cuban collapse destroys effective counter-terror policy – makes conflicts in hotspots around the globe more likely – specifically Taiwan, Africa, the Caucusus, and North Korea
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074 Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
====Increased terrorist activity in the region will lead to a bioterror attack==== Bryan 01, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program (Anthony, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," October 21 2001, Online: http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html) Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the AND else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.
Cuba has the facilities and tech to produce bioweapons now
Robles 07 (Miami Herald, Ex-insider: Cuba has bioweapons, Feb 28 2007, Robles is news reporter, and Miami Herald is a newspaper in Miami, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/cuba/sfrc060502.pdf) The former chief of Cuba’s military medical services is calling for international weapons inspections of AND on what must be, if it exists, a highly secret program.
A recent influenza strain causes extinction if bio terrorists obtain the information – this is comparatively the biggest impact Prado 12 (Mark Evan, a physicist in the Washington, D.C. region working for the Pentagon in advanced planning in the space program, citing: The Office of Biological Activities (OSB), a division of the US government’s National Institute of Health (NIH) which promotes science, safety, and ethics in biotechnology, "Human Extinction by Biotechnology and Nanotechnology", http://www.permanent.com/human-extinction-biotechnology-nano.html) As biotechnology has advanced, so has the power of the individual. In the AND Way Back Machine’s archival page on PERMANENT.¶ Then came the year 2001.
The plan sends a clear signal to improve Latin American relations
White, 13-Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)//TL FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably AND cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.
Economic growth provides a magnitude filter to all transnational conflicts
—nationalism, ethnic religious hate —undermine attemtps to solve pollution, drugs, crime, sickness, famine, plagues —key to regional security Silk 93 — Leonard Silk, Distinguished Professor of Economics at Pace University, Senior Research Fellow at the Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and former Economics Columnist with the New York Times, 1993 ("Dangers of Slow Growth," Foreign Affairs, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis) Like the Great Depression, the current economic slump has fanned the firs of nationalist AND , a healthier environment, and more liberal and open economies and societies.
Growth eliminates the only rational incentives for war
Gartzke 11 – associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF Erik, "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring AND the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.
C/I - Economic engagement is aid, trade, lifting sanctions, and entry into economic institutions
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies" Survival vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer haass/2000survival.pdf Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement might offer tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion, access to technology, loans and economic aid.3 Other equally useful economic incentives involve the removal of penalties such as trade embargoes, investment bans or high tariffs, which have impeded economic relations between the United States and the target country. Facilitated entry into the economic global arena and the institutions that govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’s global market. Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional or international institutions, the scheduling of summits between leaders – or the termination of these benefits. Military engagement could involve the extension of international military educational training in order both to strengthen respect for civilian authority and human rights among a country’s armed forces and, more feasibly, to establish relationships between Americans and young foreign military officers. While these areas of engagement are likely to involve working with state institutions, cultural or civil-society engagement entails building people-to-people contacts. Funding nongovernmental organisations, facilitating the flow of remittances and promoting the exchange of students, tourists and other non-governmental people between countries are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.
3. Reasons to prefer –
a. Limits - Breadth over depth –wider variety of affs results in a more holistic view of the topic, that’s more real world
====b. Ground – Cuba is the core of the topic and the neg eliminates them. Also zero link it is a Cuba aff you get links to all topic generics like politics, oil, XO, and Neolib====
c. Predictability – this is a Cuba aff…seriously the core of the topic
d. prefer reasonability, competing interps lead to a race to the bottom
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND economic growth and well?being may be at risk (Stern 2006). These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem AND range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.
Coloniality
Framework – Aff should win if the plan is better than the status quo or a competitive policy option – anything else moots the 1AC – that’s key to predictability and kills topic specific education
Ethical policymaking requires calculation of our impacts—refusing consequentialism allows atrocity in the name of ethical purity
Nikolas Gvosdev, ’5 (Nikolas, Exec Editor of The National Interest, AND —and the one that had also been roundly condemned on moral grounds.
The alt alone fails devolves into endless reflection and navel-gazing—only practical political solutions can solve the epistemology critique (—prefer this evidence, it is from a leader in epistemic criticism)
—the alt is a call to a new epistemic order without creating any way to incorporate it —no practical response to change military industrial complex/approach to LA/the minds of politicians – cedes politics to the right without left —re-entrenches conservative militant approach without concrete political action just high theory Gordon 4 (Lewis, Professor of Philosophy at University of Connecticut, Fanon and Development: A Philosophical Look, http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/4-3.pdf) Democracy and Development: Irene Gendzier Although Sylvia Wynter qualified her conclusions by reminding us that we should work through epistemological categories and ’not merely economic’ ones, her dis- cussion so focuses on the question of conceptual conditions that it is difficult to determine how those economic considerations configure in the analysis. Irene Gendzier, author of one of the early studies of Fanon’s life and thought, took on this task, in addition to elaborating its political dimensions as well, in her 1995 history of the field of development studies, Development against Democracy: Manipulating Political Change in the Third World. Gendzier first points out that development studies emerged in elite, First World universities as an attempt to offer their vision of modernisation over the Marxist ones of the U.S.S.R., Communist China, and Cuba. Their model was resolute: A capitalist economy and elite (oligarchical) democracy. We see here the normative telos writ large: The United States. Although Gendzier does not present this as a theodicean argument, those elements are unmistakable. The initial phase of development studies granted the United States the status of utopia, which means that both its contradictions and those that emerge from its application abroad must be functions of the limitations of the people who manifest them. In effect, Gendzier’s study is an empirical validation of much of Wynter’s and Fanon’s arguments. The record of those development policies is universally bad, although there seems to be no example that could meet any test of falsification that would convince, say, mem- bers of the Council for Foreign Relations, many of whom are from the neoliberal and conservative wings of the North American academic elite. Gendzier uses an apt term to describe the work such policies have done: maldevelopment. Here is her assessment of their record:¶ For many, terms like Development and Modernization have lost their meaning. They have become code words. They refer to policies pursued by governments and international agencies that enrich ruling elites and technocrats, while the masses are told to await the benefits of the ’trickle down’ effect. For many, Development and Modernization are terms that refer to a politics of reform designed to preserve the status quo while promising to alter it. And for many social scientists, those who have rationalized the interests of governments committed to such policies are accom- plices in deception (Gendzier 1995:2).¶ North American and European development studies set the foundations for U.S. policies that supported antidemocratic regimes for the sake of preserving the eco- nomic hegemony of American business elites, and the supposed dilemma emerged, in many countries under the yoke of First World developmental dictates, of whether to reduce social inequalities, which often led to economic decline on the one hand, or increase economic prosperity, which often led to social inequalities on the other. The problem, of course, is that this is a false dilemma since no nation attempts either pole in a vacuum. How other countries respond to a nation’s social and eco- nomic policy will impact its outcome. It is not, in other words, as though any nation truly functions as a self-supporting island anymore. A good example is the small Caribbean island of Antigua. To ’normalise’ relations with the United States, that island was forced to create immigration laws that would stimulate the formation of an underclass, which U.S. advisors claimed would create a cheap labour base to stimulate economic investment and an increase in production and prosperity. There is now such a class in Antigua, but there has, in fact, been a decline in prosperity. The reason is obvious: There was not an infrastructure of capital in need of such a labour force in the first place. The island of Antigua has a good education base, which makes the type of labour suitable for its economy to be one of a trained profes- sional class linked in with the tourist economy and other high-leveled service-ori- ented professions such as banking and trade, all of which, save tourism, the United States does not associate within a predominantly black country. The creation of an underclass without an education or social-welfare system to provide training and economic relief, conjoined with an absence of investments from abroad, has cre- ated a politically and economically noxious situation, and the quality of life in Anti- gua now faces decline.8 This story is no doubt a familiar one in nations with very modest prosperity as in Africa.¶ There has been a set of critical responses to development theory, the most influential of which has been those by theorists of dependency.9 The obvious situa- tion of epistemological dependence emerges from the United States as the standard of development, both economic and cultural. The economic consequence is a func- tion of the international institutions that form usury relationships with countries that are structurally in a condition of serfdom, where they depend on loans that it is no longer possible to believe they can even pay back. Fanon would add, however, that we should bear in mind that in the case of many African countries who re- ceived such loans, the situation might have been different had those funds been spent on infrastructural resources instead of as a source of wealth for neocolonial elites. That European and American banks hold accounts for leaders who have, in effect, robbed their countries and have left their citizens in near perpetual debt to the World Bank reveals the gravity of Fanon’s warnings of forty years past. An additional Fanonian warning has also been updated by sociologist Paget Henry, who warns us that the epistemological struggle also includes fighting ’to save the sciences from extreme commodification and instrumentalisation’ (Henry 2002–2003:51).¶ To these criticisms, Gendzier poses the following consideration. The critics of development have pointed out what is wrong with development studies, particularly its project of modernisation, but their shortcoming is that many of them have not presented alternative conceptions of how to respond to the problems that plague most of Africa and much of the Third World. Think, for example, of Wynter’s call for a new epistemic order. Calling for it is not identical with creating it. This is one of the ironic aspects of the epistemological project. Although it is a necessary reflec- tion, it is an impractical call for a practical response. Perm – Do both
Perm – Do the Plan and ~ ~ – have a high threshold for link arguments – they need to win the Plan MAKES things worse –
the Plan eliminates and gets rid of bad drone strikes that kill innocent people everyday –
we do not endorse or strengthen the state – they need to prove the Plan directly causes worse oppression to win a link
Their notion of colonial difference is inconsistent and ambiguous – creates a moving target that we can never meet AND takes out their alt’s solvency
—nebulous claims of coloniality make it impossible to structure a political approach —too many different interps of colonial beings Grossberg10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265) This key notion of the colonial difference is described in different ways, although it AND the Other comes from outside or beyond the system’s institutional and normative frame"
Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66) This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised by the assumption that AND ) open up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?
Their monolithic view of modernity is bad—it ignores the emancipatory nature it has for new social movements
Domingues 9 (Jose, Rio de Janeiro University Research Institute, Global Modernization, `Coloniality’ and a Critical Sociology for Contemporary Latin America, Theory Culture Society 2009 26: 112, 2009) The opening of identities and the very emergence of ethnic movements,¶ which the state AND to indigenous traditions, which have by now¶ been radically modernized themselves.
Their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity
Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7) Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge AND zoo6, r89) declares, "other stories to be told.’’
====Eurocentrism is key to multicultural knowledge production- its just a locus point- it doesn’t produce "evil" or "westernized" knowledge==== O’Brien, Professor of Economic History, London School of Economics, 10 (Patrick Karl, Centennial Professor of Economic History, London School of Economics, Fellow of the British Academy and Academia Europaea,. Doctorates honoris causa from Carlos III University Madrid and Uppsala University, Sweden; Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, President of British Economic History Society, 9/7/10, Global History for the London School of Economics, "How Do You Study Global History? Comparisons, Connections, Entanglement’s and Eurocentrism," http://globalhistoryatlse.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/how-do-you-study-global-history-comparisons-connections-entanglements-and-eurocentrism/-http://globalhistoryatlse.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/how-do-you-study-global-history-comparisons-connections-entanglements-and-eurocentrism/, Accessed: 7/6/13, LPS.) ¶ The US is the uebermost case of a nation defined on a centred historical AND to where we are, however narrowly or broadly "we" are defined
C/I - Economic engagement is aid, trade, lifting sanctions, and entry into economic institutions
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies" Survival vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer haass/2000survival.pdf Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement might offer tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion, access to technology, loans and economic aid.3 Other equally useful economic incentives involve the removal of penalties such as trade embargoes, investment bans or high tariffs, which have impeded economic relations between the United States and the target country. Facilitated entry into the economic global arena and the institutions that govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’s global market. Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional or international institutions, the scheduling of summits between leaders – or the termination of these benefits. Military engagement could involve the extension of international military educational training in order both to strengthen respect for civilian authority and human rights among a country’s armed forces and, more feasibly, to establish relationships between Americans and young foreign military officers. While these areas of engagement are likely to involve working with state institutions, cultural or civil-society engagement entails building people-to-people contacts. Funding nongovernmental organisations, facilitating the flow of remittances and promoting the exchange of students, tourists and other non-governmental people between countries are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.
3. Reasons to prefer –
a. Limits - Breadth over depth –wider variety of affs results in a more holistic view of the topic, that’s more real world
====b. Ground – Cuba is the core of the topic and the neg eliminates them. Also zero link it is a Cuba aff you get links to all topic generics like politics, oil, XO, and Neolib====
c. Predictability – this is a Cuba aff…seriously the core of the topic
d. prefer reasonability, competing interps lead to a race to the bottom
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND economic growth and well?being may be at risk (Stern 2006). These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem AND range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.
Coloniality
Framework – Aff should win if the plan is better than the status quo or a competitive policy option – anything else moots the 1AC – that’s key to predictability and kills topic specific education
Ethical policymaking requires calculation of our impacts—refusing consequentialism allows atrocity in the name of ethical purity
Nikolas Gvosdev, ’5 (Nikolas, Exec Editor of The National Interest, AND —and the one that had also been roundly condemned on moral grounds.
The alt alone fails devolves into endless reflection and navel-gazing—only practical political solutions can solve the epistemology critique (—prefer this evidence, it is from a leader in epistemic criticism)
—the alt is a call to a new epistemic order without creating any way to incorporate it —no practical response to change military industrial complex/approach to LA/the minds of politicians – cedes politics to the right without left —re-entrenches conservative militant approach without concrete political action just high theory Gordon 4 (Lewis, Professor of Philosophy at University of Connecticut, Fanon and Development: A Philosophical Look, http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/4-3.pdf) Democracy and Development: Irene Gendzier Although Sylvia Wynter qualified her conclusions by reminding us that we should work through epistemological categories and ’not merely economic’ ones, her dis- cussion so focuses on the question of conceptual conditions that it is difficult to determine how those economic considerations configure in the analysis. Irene Gendzier, author of one of the early studies of Fanon’s life and thought, took on this task, in addition to elaborating its political dimensions as well, in her 1995 history of the field of development studies, Development against Democracy: Manipulating Political Change in the Third World. Gendzier first points out that development studies emerged in elite, First World universities as an attempt to offer their vision of modernisation over the Marxist ones of the U.S.S.R., Communist China, and Cuba. Their model was resolute: A capitalist economy and elite (oligarchical) democracy. We see here the normative telos writ large: The United States. Although Gendzier does not present this as a theodicean argument, those elements are unmistakable. The initial phase of development studies granted the United States the status of utopia, which means that both its contradictions and those that emerge from its application abroad must be functions of the limitations of the people who manifest them. In effect, Gendzier’s study is an empirical validation of much of Wynter’s and Fanon’s arguments. The record of those development policies is universally bad, although there seems to be no example that could meet any test of falsification that would convince, say, mem- bers of the Council for Foreign Relations, many of whom are from the neoliberal and conservative wings of the North American academic elite. Gendzier uses an apt term to describe the work such policies have done: maldevelopment. Here is her assessment of their record:¶ For many, terms like Development and Modernization have lost their meaning. They have become code words. They refer to policies pursued by governments and international agencies that enrich ruling elites and technocrats, while the masses are told to await the benefits of the ’trickle down’ effect. For many, Development and Modernization are terms that refer to a politics of reform designed to preserve the status quo while promising to alter it. And for many social scientists, those who have rationalized the interests of governments committed to such policies are accom- plices in deception (Gendzier 1995:2).¶ North American and European development studies set the foundations for U.S. policies that supported antidemocratic regimes for the sake of preserving the eco- nomic hegemony of American business elites, and the supposed dilemma emerged, in many countries under the yoke of First World developmental dictates, of whether to reduce social inequalities, which often led to economic decline on the one hand, or increase economic prosperity, which often led to social inequalities on the other. The problem, of course, is that this is a false dilemma since no nation attempts either pole in a vacuum. How other countries respond to a nation’s social and eco- nomic policy will impact its outcome. It is not, in other words, as though any nation truly functions as a self-supporting island anymore. A good example is the small Caribbean island of Antigua. To ’normalise’ relations with the United States, that island was forced to create immigration laws that would stimulate the formation of an underclass, which U.S. advisors claimed would create a cheap labour base to stimulate economic investment and an increase in production and prosperity. There is now such a class in Antigua, but there has, in fact, been a decline in prosperity. The reason is obvious: There was not an infrastructure of capital in need of such a labour force in the first place. The island of Antigua has a good education base, which makes the type of labour suitable for its economy to be one of a trained profes- sional class linked in with the tourist economy and other high-leveled service-ori- ented professions such as banking and trade, all of which, save tourism, the United States does not associate within a predominantly black country. The creation of an underclass without an education or social-welfare system to provide training and economic relief, conjoined with an absence of investments from abroad, has cre- ated a politically and economically noxious situation, and the quality of life in Anti- gua now faces decline.8 This story is no doubt a familiar one in nations with very modest prosperity as in Africa.¶ There has been a set of critical responses to development theory, the most influential of which has been those by theorists of dependency.9 The obvious situa- tion of epistemological dependence emerges from the United States as the standard of development, both economic and cultural. The economic consequence is a func- tion of the international institutions that form usury relationships with countries that are structurally in a condition of serfdom, where they depend on loans that it is no longer possible to believe they can even pay back. Fanon would add, however, that we should bear in mind that in the case of many African countries who re- ceived such loans, the situation might have been different had those funds been spent on infrastructural resources instead of as a source of wealth for neocolonial elites. That European and American banks hold accounts for leaders who have, in effect, robbed their countries and have left their citizens in near perpetual debt to the World Bank reveals the gravity of Fanon’s warnings of forty years past. An additional Fanonian warning has also been updated by sociologist Paget Henry, who warns us that the epistemological struggle also includes fighting ’to save the sciences from extreme commodification and instrumentalisation’ (Henry 2002–2003:51).¶ To these criticisms, Gendzier poses the following consideration. The critics of development have pointed out what is wrong with development studies, particularly its project of modernisation, but their shortcoming is that many of them have not presented alternative conceptions of how to respond to the problems that plague most of Africa and much of the Third World. Think, for example, of Wynter’s call for a new epistemic order. Calling for it is not identical with creating it. This is one of the ironic aspects of the epistemological project. Although it is a necessary reflec- tion, it is an impractical call for a practical response. Perm – Do both
Perm – Do the Plan and ~ ~ – have a high threshold for link arguments – they need to win the Plan MAKES things worse –
the Plan eliminates and gets rid of bad drone strikes that kill innocent people everyday –
we do not endorse or strengthen the state – they need to prove the Plan directly causes worse oppression to win a link
Their notion of colonial difference is inconsistent and ambiguous – creates a moving target that we can never meet AND takes out their alt’s solvency
—nebulous claims of coloniality make it impossible to structure a political approach —too many different interps of colonial beings Grossberg10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265) This key notion of the colonial difference is described in different ways, although it AND the Other comes from outside or beyond the system’s institutional and normative frame"
Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66) This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised by the assumption that AND ) open up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?
Their monolithic view of modernity is bad—it ignores the emancipatory nature it has for new social movements
Domingues 9 (Jose, Rio de Janeiro University Research Institute, Global Modernization, `Coloniality’ and a Critical Sociology for Contemporary Latin America, Theory Culture Society 2009 26: 112, 2009) The opening of identities and the very emergence of ethnic movements,¶ which the state AND to indigenous traditions, which have by now¶ been radically modernized themselves.
Their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity
Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10 (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7) Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge AND zoo6, r89) declares, "other stories to be told.’’
====Eurocentrism is key to multicultural knowledge production- its just a locus point- it doesn’t produce "evil" or "westernized" knowledge==== O’Brien, Professor of Economic History, London School of Economics, 10 (Patrick Karl, Centennial Professor of Economic History, London School of Economics, Fellow of the British Academy and Academia Europaea,. Doctorates honoris causa from Carlos III University Madrid and Uppsala University, Sweden; Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, President of British Economic History Society, 9/7/10, Global History for the London School of Economics, "How Do You Study Global History? Comparisons, Connections, Entanglement’s and Eurocentrism," http://globalhistoryatlse.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/how-do-you-study-global-history-comparisons-connections-entanglements-and-eurocentrism/-http://globalhistoryatlse.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/how-do-you-study-global-history-comparisons-connections-entanglements-and-eurocentrism/, Accessed: 7/6/13, LPS.) ¶ The US is the uebermost case of a nation defined on a centred historical AND to where we are, however narrowly or broadly "we" are defined