Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce CF | Judge: Joseph Yun
The 1AC has used “paralysis” as a metaphor for serial policy failure and with a negative connotation. Using disability as a metaphor perpetuates ableism
Ben-Moshe, Syracuse University, Doctorate in Disabilities studies, 5
(Liat, 4-1-05,“Building Pedagogical Curb Cuts: Incorporating Disability in the University Classroom and Curriculum,” http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Pedagogical20Curb20Cuts.pdf, accessed: 7-5-2012, p.107, CAS)
In the English language, using disability as
AND
and creates an environment of unease and exclusion.

Ableism operates as foundational tactic of oppression that must be resisted
Siebers, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, 9
(Tobin, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCoQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.docandei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQandusg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQandsig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA, accessed 7/7/12, sl)
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group
AND
time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Alternative – Vote for us to reject their speech act - Ableism must be challenged at the level of rhetoric
Cherney, Wayne State University, Department of Communications, Assistant Professor 11
(James L, 2011, Disability Studies Quarterly, “The Rhetoric of Ableism”,Vol 31, No 3, http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1665/1606, accessed 7-4-12 FFF)
In this essay I analyze ableism as a rhetorical problem for three reasons. First, ableist culture
AND
change yet elide a recalcitrant ableist system.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bellarmine MD | Judge: Jon Williams
The failures of green consumerism are a result of an inability to react to the anthropocentric paradigms which plague the status quo – it creates a false imaginary in which exploiting the environment is justified
Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, 12
(Levi Bryant, “Black Ecology: A Pessimistic Moment”, 3/19/12, accessed 12/23/13, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/03/19/black-ecology-a-pessimistic-moment/#more-5924, ST)
So where is my pessimistic moment in all of this? For me the three key political issues are the environment
AND
 thought for the evening. Let the demands for me to done a hair shirt commence.

This repression of the animal other results in the worse types of violence – this creates an authoritarian system which justifies genocides of the other, causes loss of value to life, and makes extinction inevitable
Sanbonmatsu, associate professor of philosophy at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 11
(John Sanbonmatsu, “Critical Theory and Animal Liberation”, January 2011, accessed 10/20/13, ST)
Weisberg, Bell, Davis, and indeed all the contributors to our volume show that
AND
, it is the existential question that haunts: Who, or rather what, are we?

The alternative is animal standpoint epistemology – the viewing of the world through beings other than the human subject best illuminates oppressive systems of power and collapses speciesism through the illuminated contradictions
Best, associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso, 12
(Steven Best, “The Revolutionary Implications of Animal Standpoint Theory”, May 14, 2012, accessed 11/11/13, http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/the-revolutionary-implications-of-animal-standpoint-theory-2/, ST)
The animal standpoint seeks generally to illuminate human
AND
a better culture, humanity, and future for ourselves and all life forms on this planet.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 3 | Opponent: Meadows N and | Judge: Brock Hanson
Economic engagement is anthropocentric – their form of neoclassical economics is based on a utility framework which specifically excludes the environment from its calculus
Roper, professor of economics at the University of Colorado Boulder, 1
(Don Roper, “The Anthropocentric Charge against Economics”, May 2001, accessed 11/2/13, http://www.colorado.edu/econ/courses/roper/sustainable-economics/anthropocentrism/ncvsde.html, ST)
Deep Ecology is intellectually centered as an attack on the
AND
that 'economic science,' as they call it, is anthropocentric.

Same alt and impact as on Animal Liberation

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 6 | Opponent: Saint Georges | Judge: Josh Miller
US ag is the crux of global food prices and production
Coleman 12(Isobel, August 2, 2012, Senior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, Council on Foreign relations, “U.S. Drought and Rising Global Food Prices” http://www.cfr.org/food-security/us-drought-rising-global-food-prices/p28777 MB accessed: 11/15/13)
The ongoing drought in the Midwest has affected
AND
devastated by drought, what is going to happen to the rest of the world?

lack of food causes insecurity and increases the likelihood of war- extinction
Cribb 10 (Julian, August 24, 2010, New York Times, Director at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Founding editor of Science Alert, Bachelors at the The University of Western Australia ‘The Coming Famine’
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/books/excerpt-the-coming-famine.html?pagewanted=all,and_r=0 MB Accessed: 11/14/13)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since
AND
greatest threat the human race has ever faced.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
If you value life- vote neg to ensure CIR gets passed
Editors at AZ Central, 9/23
“If immigration reform fails, more people die”, http://www.azcentral.com/opinions/articles/20130923immigration-reform-border-deaths-editorial.html, accessed 9/26, CC
If you value human life, demand a change
AND
bitter testimony to the failure of our current border policies.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge: Chris Roberds
C02 is key to agriculture and their impact predictions are wrong- turns the case
Schmitt and Happer 13 (May 8, Schmitt, an adjunct professor of engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was an Apollo 17 astronaut and a former U.S. senator from New Mexico. Mr. Happer is a professor of physics at Princeton University and a former director of the office of energy research at the U.S. Department of Energy, “Harrison H. Schmitt and William Happer: In Defense of Carbon Dioxide”, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323528404578452483656067190, MK)
Of all of the world's chemical compounds, none has a worse reputation than carbon
AND
will bring the world is pure belief disguised as science.

Independently- lack of food causes insecurity and increases the likelihood of war- extinction
Cribb 10 (Julian, August 24, 2010, New York Times, Director at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Founding editor of Science Alert, Bachelors at the The University of Western Australia ‘The Coming Famine’
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/books/excerpt-the-coming-famine.html?pagewanted=all,and_r=0 MB Accessed: 11/14/13)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more wars
AND
are probably the greatest threat the human race has ever faced.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic BH | Judge: John MacMillan

Capitalism

Postcolonialism's focus on cultural representations excludes Marxist analysis by denying the existence of material origins to issues, ensuring that the plan only retrenches colonial domination
Sahay, Marxist scholar, 02
Amrohini, September 2002, The Red Critique, “Edward Said's (Class) "Politics", http://redcritique.org/SeptOct02/printversions/edwardsaidsclasspoliticsprint.htm, accessed 7-18-13, GSK
Over the years, especially since the publication of his book, Orientalism, in 1978, Edward Said has insisted
AND
 deploy "culture" to cover over the contradictions of class.

Capitalist violence is everywhere and nowhere – it infects every area of the globe, producing billions of anonymous victims beyond the reach of our moral concern.
Di Leo and McClennen 2012
(Jeffrey R., Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences and Professor of English and Philosophy at the University of Houston–Victoria; Sophia A. professor of international affairs and  directs Penn State's Center for Global Studies as well as its Latin American Studies program; Postscript on Violence symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, pp. 241-250 (Article))
Violence is everywhere. It could be argued that we are in one of the most¶ violent eras in human history. The scope
AND
than a market-driven embrace of our¶ increasingly militarized, violent, and jingoistic culture.

The alternative is to vote negative- Endorsing the negative project of historical totalizing is the only way to recognize the continuity of class domination.
San Juan 6 (Epifanio, Jr., Fulbright Lecturer in American Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, “Crisis and Contradiction in Globalization Discourse” http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/crisisandcontradictioninglobalizationdiscourse.htm)
In order to probe and analyze the multilayered contradictions of any phenomenon,
AND
and all the excluded and marginalized peoples of the planet.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge: Chris Roberds
COUNTERPLAN TEXT: The United States federal government should establish an economy wide upstream, auctioned system of tradable carbon permits requiring a gradual decrease in carbon emissions to eventually reach an 80 reduction of C02 relative to current levels. 

CAP AND TRADE SOLVES WARMING BEST- EMPIRICS PROVE
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists 08 (“Carbon Tax vs. Cap And Trade” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/carbon-tax-vs-cap-and-trade)
Cap and trade sometimes seems like the Rodney Dangerfield
AND
emissions enough to avoid exceeding dangerous thresholds in the climate system.

THIS VERSION OF CAP AND TRADE SOLVES BEST
Robert Stavins 09 (Professor of Business and Government at Harvard and Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program,February 6, “Opportunity For a Defining Moment”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/analysis/stavins/?p=8)
The only politically feasible approach that can make a real dent
AND
this defining moment provides an important opportunity for serious and sensible action.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame CC | Judge: Jon Williamson

China

A. China is increasing influence in Latin America while US engagement is faltering
Mallen 13 (June 28, Patricia Mallen- Covers Latin America for the International Business Times, “Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?”, http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981)
As if to confirm the declining hegemony of the United States
AND
China makes sure that its policy is not based on conditionalities.”

B. Link- Empirics prove US-China influence is zero-sum – economic engagement is key
Frost 09 (April 18, Patrick, “Latin America: Bush, China, and Obama,” Hello, I’m Patrick Frost the creator, writer, and host for GPP. I’m a Californian who has a BA in modern history, a MA in International Relations from NYU, write for Foreign Policy Association’s blog network, and have taught political science/international relations at San Diego City College, http://greatpowerpolitics.com/?p=1282)
The Bush administration’s track record in Latin America had its moments
AND
 domestic changes in return for the financial resources.

C. Latin American influence is key to global PRC power projection
Malik 06 (June 12, Mohan Malik- PhD in International Relations, "China's Growing Involvement in Latin America,", http://uyghuramerican.org/old/articles/300/1/info@uyghuramerican.org)
China's forays into Latin America are part of its grand strategy to acquire "comprehensive national power"
AND
free trade agreements), and mutual security pacts, intelligence cooperation and arms sales.

D. Chinese leadership turns case and solves global stability, econ, warming, and terrorism
Zhang 12 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world
AND
it will continue to surprise the world.

E.The magnitude of warming outweighs all other impacts
Curtis Doebbler 11 (July 7-13, Al-Ahram Weekly Issue No. 1055, International Human Rights Lawyer, "Two Threats To Our Existence", http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/envrnmnt.htm)
Climate change is widely acknowledged to be the greatest threat
AND
neighbours in developing countries. They continue in this vein.

Tournament: what | Round: 1 | Opponent: what | Judge: what
Carmela Chaney

carmela.chaney(at)gmail.com

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
The affirmative utilizes a flawed ethics which are premised solely on the values of human beings – that reduces the world to the human correlate and denies the ethics of non-human objects
Bogost, Ph.D. in comparative literature from UCLA, 12
(Ian Bogost, “Alien Phenomenology: What’s it Like to Be a Thing?” , 2012, accessed 1/2/14, ST)
Things become more difficult when we move beyond the animate and into the great outdoors. Metaphorism
AND
encounter, exploding the very idea of ethics to infinity. 

The affirmative is premised on a value system where only beings which are tied to the human can have value – they reduce nature to how it is perceived and necessitated by the human
Sivil, studied at University of Durban, 2000
(Richard Sivil , “WHY WE NEED A NEW ETHIC FOR THE ENVIRONMENT”, 2000, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-7/chapter_vii.htm, RECUT, ST)
 Three most significant and pressing factors contributing to the environmental crisis are the ever increasing human population, the e
AND
provide a stable ground for the development of an environmental ethic.

The alternative is to embrace a non-anthropocentric ethic – it is the self-realization that humans are not isolated egos but rather part of a larger community of beings – humans are the rocks, quarks, and mountains which have existed millions of years in the past
Seed, founder of the Rainforest Information Centre, 1995
(John Seed, “Beyond Anthropocentrism”, 1995, accessed 1/4/13, RECUT, http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/deep-eco/Anthropo.htm, ST)
"Anthropocentrism" or "homocentrism" means human chauvinism. Similar to sexism, but substitute
AND
that is sustainable and in harmony with life again.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame CC | Judge: Jon Williamson

Counter Plan

CP text: The United States federal government should   substantially reduce its economic restrictions on the Republic of Cuba but maintain sanctions on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides

Sanctions prevent access to agricultural chemicals that destroy coral reefs
Wood, Turks and Caicos Director of the Department of Environment and Maritime Affairs, 10
(Kathleen, 11/23/10, Turks and Caicos Official Website, “Environmental Impact Of Landscaping In The Princess Alexandra National Park”, http://www.fptci.com/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=1982:environmental-impact-of-landscaping-in-the-princess-alexandra-national-parkandcatid=34:environmentandItemid=75, accessed 9/17/13, JZ)
The recent Public Broadcasting Service television series “Nature” focused
AND
resorts that line the TCI’s most visited Princess Alexandra National Park.

Cuba is a keystone area – supports over 200 unique species and supports the Caribbean region
Waitt Foundation 12
(Waitt, environmental organization, detailing a science expedition to Cuba founded by the foundation, 2011-2012, Waitt Foundation website, “CUBA’S UNIQUE MARINE RESOURCES”, http://waittfoundation.org/cubas-unique-marine-resources, accessed 9/17/13, JZ)
Cuba’s natural marine environment is world class, but at a critical juncture. During five
AND
and Mexico as well as the rest of the insular Caribbean.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic BH | Judge: John MacMillan

Framework

Interpretation: “Federal Government” means the United States government
Black’s Law 99 (Dictionary, Seventh Edition, p.703)
The U.S. government—also termed national government

“Should” is mandatory
Nieto 9 – Judge Henry Nieto, Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009)
"Should" is "used . . . to express duty
AND
"should" be allocated for the purpose of parents' federal tax exemption to be mandatory).

Increase means to become bigger or larger in quantity
Encarta 7 – Encarta World English Dictionary, 7 (“Increase”, 2007, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)
Increase
AND
number, quantity, or degree

Undermining switch side debate destroys critical activism – debating both sides of democracy assistance empirically creates powerful liberal coalitions
Guilhot ‘5
Nicolas. Prof Sociology and Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. The Democracy Makers, 2005, Pg 13-4
Finally, there can be double agents only
AND
changed its signification, if not its sides.

– focusing on the details and inner-workings of government policy-making is productive – critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism and war
McClean, Mollow College Philosophy Professor, 01
David E., Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York, 2001 “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Available Online at www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP, Accessed on July 5, 2013)SP
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country, a book that I
AND
snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Following the resolution is the best way to engage politics – key to discussion, community, and problem solving.
Chandler 9
David, Professor of International Relations at the University
of Westminster,  “Questioning Global Political
Activism” in “What is Radical Politics Today”, , p 76 – 84, accessed 8/30, CC
Conclusion¶ I have attempted to argue that there is a lot at stake in the radical
AND
ultimately overcome the practices¶ and subjectivities of our time.

Roleplaying gives an accurate education about indigenous cultures – following resolution is key – allows time to research before and has multiple education benefits.
NORMAN 4
Heidi, Lecturer at the Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning at the University of Technology Sydney, awarded the UTS Vice-Chancellors Teaching¶ Award and is currently enrolled in her doctorate. She is a¶ descendant of the Gamilaroi nation in northwest New¶ South Wales., the AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL of INDIGENOUS EDUCATION,  “EXPLORING EFFECTIVE TEACHING¶ STRATEGIES: SIMULATION CASE¶ STUDIES and INDIGENOUS STUDIES ¶ at the UNIVERSITY LEVEL”, http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/research/bitstream/handle/10453/5921/2004002371.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 9/3, CC
Indigenous studies has a dif?cult place in Western¶ academies
AND
they could see critical issues for their¶ professional practice.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Greenvalley BH | Judge: Nathaniel Haas, Roman Kezios, Nathanial Saxe
Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
Mercier and Landemore, professors of political science, 11
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications

Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used
AND
group to defend an alternative opinion (e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, and Ragan, 1986).

Their infatuation to theoretical purity makes political and institutional engagement impossible.  Political engagement is always cast against the theoretical purity of abstract philosophizing.  This also turns their argument because, despite their radical aspirations, critique smuggles metaphysical distinctions between thinking and acting, purity and impurity, and truth and falsity into the judge’s decisionmaking calculus.
Yar 2k (Majid, Ph.D in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, “Arendt's Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical' Political Theory?,” Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1, January, Academic Search Complete)
Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this 'ontological substitution' for the essence
AND
divesting politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.21

The political is value to life—it is how originally solipsistic lives become incarnate and real to themselves.By engaging in politics able to access individual alue to life – turns the K
Arendt 1958 Hannah, The Human Condition, pp. 196-199
The original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailty had
AND
and exclusively our own but without reality.29

Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants.  Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process.  The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning.
Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature”, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/ thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf)
Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important
AND
acquisition and retention of  knowledge.

No solvency for their critique without institutional focus.  We must try to change policy in order to change the world—the concentration of power in the hands of political elites is inevitable, so we must work within that system to check oppression and violence.
Themba-Nixon 2k Makani, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, Colorlines 3.2, pg. 12
The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction
AND
closer to our vision of how things should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

Institutions are inevitable – have to work through them in order to solve the affirmative.
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute
AND
This new reality is society…It becomes necessary to reflect upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Nothing that the K says about voting for the plan is true.  The affirmation of the plan is only as a productive, contextual sentence, a tool to make sense of causal relationships and predict behavior, not a rejection of other potential truth claims.  To say that the plan has any representational or epistemological meaning beyond a pragmatic statement is to reduce theory to wordplay, and prevent productive philosophy and politics by reducing the world to a sterile Cartesianism.
Rorty 1999 (Richard, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia, Philosophy and Social Hope, pp. xii-xv)
So far I have been sketching the pragmatists'
AND
theory' which is not wordplay is always already practice.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 6 | Opponent: Saint Georges | Judge: Josh Miller
The affirmative’s framing of the Third World as needy, destitute, and oppressed is the result of the mediation of Western episteme and historicity that results in the separation of the First from the Third; modernity constructs the Third World through the glass displays of exhibitions and the creation of the colonial “Other.” The impact is the paternalistic homogenization of the Third World as unable to care for itself, which justifies Western cultural domination. Reject the aff in favor of a new form of discourse
Escobar 95 (Arturo, 1995 _{Professor of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,  Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, pg 8.)
Critical work of this kind, Mudimbe
AND
“space for `subject peoples' “ that ensures certain control over it.}

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic BH | Judge: John MacMillan

Politics

Immigration will pass now but Obama’s political capital is key
Politico 13 (9/27, “White House preps fall immigration push”, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/immigration-reform-white-house-fall-push-97490.html)
The White House is getting ready
AND
and on both sides of the aisle.”

Economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration bill - Perceived as kowtowing, downplaying emphasis and focus on key security issues and drug war
Shear, 13
(Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America
AND
said in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

IF YOU VALUE HUMAN LIFE, VOTE NEG TO ENSURE CIR GETS PASSED
Editors at AZ Central, 9/23
“If immigration reform fails, more people die”, http://www.azcentral.com/opinions/articles/20130923immigration-reform-border-deaths-editorial.html, accessed 9/26, CC
If you value human life, demand a change in our border policies
AND
deaths are bitter testimony to the failure of our current border policies.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame CC | Judge: Jon Williamson

Politics

Immigration will pass now but Obama’s political capital is key
Politico 13 (9/27, “White House preps fall immigration push”, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/immigration-reform-white-house-fall-push-97490.html)
The White House is getting ready to launch a major
AND
overall there is a desire to get it done in both houses and on both sides of the aisle.”

Cuba drains capital – empirics
LeoGrande, 12 William M. LeoGrande, School of Public Affairs, American University, Professor of Government and specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba
AND
capital rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Key to cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are
AND
then, obviously, that's going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Nuke war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)
Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level
AND
confusion of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Greenvalley BH | Judge: Nathaniel Haas, Roman Kezios, Nathanial Saxe
Irony results in confusion and nihilism that recreates the oppression the aff seeks to resolve
Quinlan and Frank ‘5
(Adriane and Hannah, Yale Daily News, 11-11-05)
 "The true mark of hipsterdom is … treating everything
AND
They have everything -- taste, style and cultural cache -- and they have done everything.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: lane tech college prep MS | Judge: Daniel Abbas
Energy reform will pass but its not guaranteed
Flannery 13 (October 28, Nathaniel Flannery- Forbes contributor, specializing in Latin American Companies, “Investor Insight: Why The Time May Be Right For Energy Reform In Mexico”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/10/28/investor-insight-why-the-time-may-be-right-for-energy-reform-in-mexico/, MK)

In my article for Americas Quarterly I explain:¶ Although Peña Nieto’s
AND
will fade as we communicate our ideas.”

US policy is always controversial- that hurts Nieto’s capital
O’Neil 13 (Shannon O’Neil- PhD in government from Harvard University, Senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Director of the US-Mexico Institute at the Council on Foreign Relations, interests and expertise include politics and economics in Latin America and immigration, Two Nations Indivisible- Mexico, The United States, and the Road Ahead, p. 164-166, MK)

How viable is this vision? It faces inertia bred
AND
rhetoric not diplomatic niceties but diabolical plans.

Nieto’s political capital is key to successful reforms
Financial Times 13 (November 7, “Peña Nieto gets serious on Mexico’s energy reform”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd14d0e8-477d-11e3-9398-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2jzbRwKfI, MK)

It may be by cunning design. Or it may only be
AND
accompanying political reform the PRI is reluctant to endorse in full.

Pemex reform is vital to the US and Mexican economies
Hale 13 (August 15, “Mexico's Energy Reforms: What Does It Mean For The U.S.?”, Colin Hale- Executive Producer at Annenberg News Service, http://www.neontommy.com/news/2013/08/mexicos-energy-reforms-what-does-it-mean-us, MK)

For Mexico's northern neighbor, the question is how do these
AND
electricity utility on Monday, but to much less fanfare.

Economic decline causes war
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, )
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses
AND
increasinthgly difficult both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 3 | Opponent: Meadows N and | Judge: Brock Hanson
Text: The United States federal government should increase its investment in Joint Seabasing.

CP creates a transition to multilateralism and disaster relief operations
Nash 6 (Major General Gordon C Nash,  29 March 2006 “Seabasing: an international aspect” Director of Expeditionary Warfare (N85) in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations ftp://c-68-51-41-59.hsd1.ar.comcast.net/Seagate_Backup_Plus_Drive/Books/Magazines/Janes.Defence.Weekly.Magazine.March.29.2006.PDF MB accessed: 1/17/13)
That understanding is shaping US Navy and Marine Corps’strategies, concepts, plans
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 partnerships into enduring and meaningful relationships.    

Disaster relief is comparatively the best way to generate soft power- That prevents terrorism
Harman 12 (July 10, Jane Harman- a nine-term Congresswoman and former ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, is president and chief executive of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Fighting Terrorism Softly”, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/10/fighting-terrorism-softly-opinion/)
Unfortunately, one of the greatest security
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When we fail to step up and define ourselves, the extremists will be happy to do it for us.

Terrorism causes extinction – draws in Russia and China
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons
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form of sympathy or support for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce CF | Judge: Joseph Yun
Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits- political engagement explodes the topic
Haass 00 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety
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engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwood HS | Judge: FORREST FULGENZI

T- QPQ

“Engagement” requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized
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countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis
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unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame CC | Judge: Jon Williamson

Topicality

Interpretation- “Toward” means “in the direction of” -~-- this is the commonly understood and ordinary meaning
Campbell 13 – Tena Campbell, United States District Judge, “Econova, Inc., Plaintiff, v. DPS Utah, Collier GROUP, and Kevin E. Collier, Defendants”, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2730, 1-4, Lexis
5. "Extending From Toward . . . ."
The disputed term "extending from toward
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described has an extent along the direction from the rotational axis to the peripheral wall."

 “Engagement” requires direct talks with the target government
Crocker 9 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, “Terms of Engagement”, New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving
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is to change the other country’s perception of its own interests and realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior

Tournament: Golden D | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Greenvalley BH | Judge: Nathaniel Haas, Roman Kezios, Nathanial Saxe
The 1AC paints a narrative of history that effaces the lived continuities of slavery. The freedmen’s bureau did not produce images of suffering that catalyzed social welfare programs but was instead a liberal narrative that disciplined recently freed slaves into economic subjects to repay the debt of the civil war
Hartman ’97 (Saidiya, Scenes of Subjection p.121-122)
The mantle of individuality effectively conscripted the freed as indebted
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the fleshy substance that enable the universal to achieve its ethereal splendor.  

Colonialism represents the end point of history. This is the point in which everything that isn’t white, male, European, and human is permanently devalued to always be inferior. This has and will cause an eruption in colonialist violence.
Quijano, professor of the Department of Sociology at Binghamton University, 2000
 (Anibal, Peruvian sociologist and humanist thinker, known for having developed the concept of "coloniality of power". His body of work has been influential in the fields of post-colonial studies and critical theory, 2000, Duke University Press, “Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America”,http://www.unc.edu/~aescobar/wan/wanquijano.pdf, Accessed 7/5/13, JB)
Parallel to the historical relations between capital
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because of that inferior, if not always primitive.

The alternative is to embrace the blues – a method of relating to history that transforms suffering while keeping loss and anguish present. In the context of Richard Wright’s Novel Black Boy, Ellison Argues:
Ellison 1945 Ralph, novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer |"Richard Wright's Blues" The Antioch Review 5.2 (1945): 198-211; amc
The Blues is an impulse to keep the painful details
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has been his need to give that violence significance which has shaped his writings.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwood HS | Judge: FORREST FULGENZI

CP

President Obama should pass an executive order to substantially increase its investment towards developing cross-border and interconnected smart grid, transmission, and distribution infrastructure in Mexico through joint and technical cooperation and information sharing.
Obama passed executive order increasing economic engagement with Mexico.
Sunisten 12
Cass R., May 1, Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, “Eliminating Red Tape Through International Regulatory Cooperation”, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/speeches/eliminating-red-tape-through-international-regulatory-cooperation.pdf, accessed 9/23, CC
My principal goal here is to announce
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 United ¶ States and Mexico over a period of two years. 

Strong presidential powers are critical to the global economy and preventing global wars
South China Morning Post 2K
Editorial, December 11th 2000, South China Morning Post, “Position of weakness,” lexis, Accessed 7/7/13, CB
The rest of the world is right to feel a twinge of alarm at the incredible twists the US presidential race is continuing to take
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it seems increasingly unlikely that the next US president will be in a position to do so.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: lane tech college prep MS | Judge: Daniel Abbas
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to plan

XO solves 100 of case-has authority to create law.
Nelson 2009
Anne E. J.D. Candidate, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law, 2010, “Muddled to Medellin: A Legal History of Sole Executive Agreements”, http://www.arizonalawreview.org/pdf/51-4/51arizlrev1035.pdf, 1036-1027, accessed 9/21, CC
Can the President of the United States unilaterally make federal law
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sole executive agreements without any meaningful limitations.

Effective executive response is key to prevent global crises --- specifically: Iranian nuclearization, North African terrorism, Russian aggression, and Senkaku conflict
Ghitis 13
Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. “World to Obama: You can't ignore us,” 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world
And while Obama plans to dedicate his efforts to the domestic agenda, a number
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small a portion of his attention to foreign policy as he did during his inaugural speech.

Senkaku conflict is on the brink --- quick U.S. intervention is key to prevent global nuclear escalation.
Klare, Five College professor of peace and world security studies @ Hampshire College, ‘13
Michael, He holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. “The Next War”, 1/23, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html
Don't look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific.
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 but the whole planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved