Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenvalley BH | Judge: Clara Purk
same as the Bronx Science 1AC PLUS this card PLUS the posen card

Value to life is inevitable
Torchia 2, (Professor of Philosophy, Providence College, Phd in Philosophy, Fordham College (Joseph, “Postmodernism and the Persistent Vegetative State,” The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly Summer 2002, Vol. 2, No. 2, http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/torc/torc_01postmodernismandpvs1.html)
Ultimately, Aquinas' theory of personhood requires a
AND
 but rather in the simple unqualified presence the person is.43

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: Elsa Givan
Plan: The United States federal government should implement a renewable, uncapped, portable guest worker visa program for workers from the United Mexican States.

US farms face massive labor shortages– most recent evidence.
Stallman 14
Bob, February, “Ag Labor: Congress Needs to get the Job Done”, President American Farm Bureau, Voice of Agriculture, http://www.fb.org/index.php?action=newsroom.agendasandyear=2014andfile=ag02-2014.html, accessed 1/31, CC
¶ From a Colorado potato grower
AND
farmers, ranchers and growers have operated under for many years.

Agriculture will collapse absent an increase in guest workers
Clemens 13 (Michael A. Clemens, May 5,2013. Clemens has a PHD from Harvard in Economics and is a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development where he leads the Migration and Development initiative. “INTERNATIONAL  HARVEST:  A Case Study of How Foreign Workers Help American  Farms Grow Crops – and the Economy”. http://www.renewoureconomy.org/sites/all/themes/pnae/nc-agr-report-05-2013.pdf; MB Accessed  11/13/13)
The data show this is not a case of farmers preferring foreign
AND
equipped to get us the workers we need.

US ag is the crux of global food prices and production
Coleman 12(Isobel, August 2, 2012, Senior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, Council on Foreign relations, “U.S. Drought and Rising Global Food Prices” http://www.cfr.org/food-security/us-drought-rising-global-food-prices/p28777 MB accessed: 11/15/13)
The ongoing drought in the Midwest
AND
what is going to happen to the rest of the world?

Price Volatility leads to Pakistani instability
Aslam et al 12 (Manan Aslam, Abdul Ghafoor, and Shafqat Rasool, PK Economists. “Food Price Volatility in Pakistan.” January 13th, 2012. http://pkeconomists.com/food-price-volatility-in-pakistan)
The current volatility of domestic staple food prices appears
AND
when their prices are escalating remain the main issues.

Pakistani instability results in Indo-Pak nuclear war
Morgan 2007  (Stephen John, Former Member of British Labour Party Executive Committee; political psychologist; researcher of Chaos/Complexity Theory, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
Fundamentalism is deeply rooted
AND
new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US. 

Indo-Pak war outweighs and causes extinction
Robock and Toon 9 (Alan Robock and Brian Toon,“local NUcleaR WaR” Robock is a professor of climatology and associate director of the Center for Environmental Prediction at Rutgers University. He is a fellow of the American meteorological Society and a participant in the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at the university of colorado at Boulder and a fellow of the laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics there.
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAmJan2010.pdf MB Accessed: 11/11/13)
Twenty-five years ago international teams
AND
potential to erupt suddenly.

Independently- lack of food causes insecurity and increases the likelihood of war- extinction
Cribb 10 (Julian, August 24, 2010, New York Times, Director at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Founding editor of Science Alert, Bachelors at the The University of Western Australia ‘The Coming Famine’
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/books/excerpt-the-coming-famine.html?pagewanted=all,and_r=0 MB Accessed: 11/14/13)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since
AND
threat the human race has ever faced.

Renewable, portable, and uncapped visas are the only way to overcome bureaucracy and streamline immigration
Nowrasteh 13 (Alex Nowrastehn January 31, 2013. Nowrasteh is an immigration policy analyst with the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity at the Cato Institute.         “How to Make Guest Worker Visas Work”http:www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa719_1.pdf MB accessed: 11/5/13)
Guest Worker Visas and Reform Options A successful guest
AND
worker visa solves this problem.  

MANUFACTURING

Labor shortages will devastate advanced manufacturing
Perry et al 13 (January 28, Thomas A. Hemphill is an associate professor of strategy, innovation, and public policy at the University of Michigan’s Flint campus. Waheeda Lillevik is an assistant professor of human resources and management at the College of New Jersey. Mark Perry is a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a professor of economics at the University of Michigan “Confronting the U.S. Advanced Manufacturing Skills Gap”, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/january/confronting-the-u-s-advanced-manufacturing-skills-gap, MK)
While BCG estimates a current shortage of between 80,000 and 100,000 skilled manufacturing
AND
challenges in the coming decade because of the pending wave of retirements.
Mexican workers key to solve labour shortages- empirics prove
O’Neil 13 (Shannon O’Neil- PhD in government from Harvard University, Senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Director of the US-Mexico Institute at the Council on Foreign Relations, interests and expertise include politics and economics in Latin America and immigration, Two Nations Indivisible- Mexico, The United States, and the Road Ahead, p. 32-35, MK)
Transitory demographic dynamics aside
AND
 and Vicente Fox have cousins in “el norte.”
Scenario 1 is the economy
Manufacturing is vital to economic stability
Ettlinger and Gordon 11 (April 7, Michael Ettlinger is the Vice President for Economic Policy and Kate Gordon is the Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress, “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing”, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/04/07/9427/the-importance-and-promise-of-american-manufacturing/, MK)
Manufacturing is critically important
AND
 doesn’t mean America must leave the field.
Economic decline causes war
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, From Colombia International Affairs “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, )
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more
AND
states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Scenario 2 is advanced manufacturing
A strong manufacturing base is critical to innovation and advanced manufacturing
Lind 12 (Michael Lind- policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program. “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
Manufacturing, RandD and the U.S. Innovation
AND
to rise from 20-30 percent in 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33
Independently, tech innovation is necessary to maintain US leadership and the global economy
Taylor 04 (April 1, Mark- Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor)
Technological innovation is of central importance
AND
war, international systems would not exist in the first place

Heg is a greater internal link to all of their impacts
Keck 14 (Zachary Keck,  1/24/14 ,Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”
http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/
 MB accessed: 1/26/14)
Still, China’s relative rise and the United States’ relative
AND
markets that also inhibit trade.

Statistical data proves hege prevents war- prefer our study
Owen 11(February 11, John Owen- Associate professor in the University of Virginia's Department of Politics, recipient of fellowships from the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard, and the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, and the Center of International Studies at Princeton, PhD in international relations from Harvard, “Don’t Discount Hegemony, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do
AND
of the United States as the global hegemon.

Pursuit of heg is inevitable
Posen 13 – Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Barry R. Posen, January/February 2013, “Pull Back: The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138466/barry-r-posen/pull-back)
Despite a decade of costly and indecisive warfare and mounting fiscal pressures
AND
institutions it helped create.

Advanced manufacturing solves war- it deters aggressors
Paone 09 (August 10, Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, Citing Dr. Canton who is a consultant to the US government and US military on technological matters, Addressed the Air Force Command and Control Intelligence, Survelliance and Reconnaissance Symposium, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,” http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)
The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies
AND
says, even if people don't know it.

Advanced manufacturing solves bioterror
Morgan et al. 03 (Sarah Morgan East Texas Baptist University, Silverio Colon, Arizona State University Department of Bioengineering College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Judith A. Ruffner and John A. Emerson Organic Materials Department, Ramona L. Myers Nuclear Safety Assessment Department, “Biomanufacturing: A State of the Technology Review “September 2003, http://www.che.ncsu.edu/academics/concentrations/documents/Biomanufacturing-AStateofTechRev.pdf)
Biomanufacturing is an advanced manufacturing
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expertise to contribute to ¶ any one of these fields.  

Bioterrorism causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war
Ochs 02 (Richard, June 9, Acting Member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group, former president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, "Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately", http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many without a known cure or vaccine, are an extreme danger
AND
EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE. 

CIR would fail- the visas are capped, don’t include agriculture provisions, and aren’t enacted until 2015
Yellin 13 (Jessica Yellin, 1 April 2013, CNN Chief White House Correspondent “Sides reach broad agreement on immigrant guest workers”
http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/30/politics/immigration-guest-workers/ MB Accessed: 11/5/13 MB)
The source said the agreement would
AND
workers, the AFL-CIO said.

Tournament: Golden D | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Ben Wolch
This went in the Manufacturing advantage in place of the Paone and Posen cards- everything else was the same as Glenbrooks. 

The Aff proceeds questions of epistemology and ontology
Owen 02  (David Owen, Ph.D. Head of the Division of Politics and International Relations, Professor of Social and Political Philosophy at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that
AND
so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Rational considerations that are key to ethical policymaking.
Gvosdev 05 (Nikolas K. Gvosdev is executive editor of The National Interest, “the Value(s) of Realism”, SAIS Review 25.1 (2005) 17-25)
As the name implies, realists focus on promoting policies
AND
and the one that had also been roundly condemned on moral grounds

Tournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Damien AJ | Judge: Chris Thiele
same plus this at the bottom

The pursuit of hegemony is inevitable
Posen 13 – Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Barry R. Posen, January/February 2013, “Pull Back: The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138466/barry-r-posen/pull-back)
Despite a decade of costly and indecisive warfare and mounting fiscal pressures
AND
maintain its outsized influence in the international institutions it helped create.

CIR would fail- the visas are capped, don’t include agriculture provisions, and aren’t enacted until 2015
Yellin 13 (Jessica Yellin, 1 April 2013, CNN Chief White House Correspondent “Sides reach broad agreement on immigrant guest workers”
http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/30/politics/immigration-guest-workers/ MB Accessed: 11/5/13 MB)
The source said the agreement
AND
would go to construction workers, the AFL-CIO said.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Blue Valley CH | Judge: Jordan Epstein
Plan: The United States federal government should implement a renewable, uncapped, portable guest worker visa program for workers from the United Mexican States.

Agriculture - 6
Immigration enforcement and border security are discouraging illegal migration-that means US farms face massive labor shortages.
AP 13 ( Associated Press, 3/11/13 “California farms face labor shortage as farmworkers age”http:www.mercurynews.com/ci_22764267/ MB accessed 11/3/13)
"Basically, we're running out of low-skilled workers
AND
 drug traffickers and human traffickers."

Agriculture will collapse absent an increase in guest workers
Clemens 13 (Michael A. Clemens, May 5,2013. Clemens has a PHD from Harvard in Economics and is a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development where he leads the Migration and Development initiative. “INTERNATIONAL  HARVEST:  A Case Study of How Foreign Workers Help American  Farms Grow Crops – and the Economy”. http://www.renewoureconomy.org/sites/all/themes/pnae/nc-agr-report-05-2013.pdf; MB Accessed  11/13/13)
The data show this is not a case of farmers
AND
sure our immigration policies are equipped to get us the workers we need.

US ag is the crux of global food prices and production
Coleman 12(Isobel, August 2, 2012, Senior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, Council on Foreign relations, “U.S. Drought and Rising Global Food Prices” http://www.cfr.org/food-security/us-drought-rising-global-food-prices/p28777 MB accessed: 11/15/13)
The ongoing drought in the Midwest has affected
AND
drought, what is going to happen to the rest of the world?

Price Volatility leads to Pakistani instability
Aslam et al 12 (Manan Aslam, Abdul Ghafoor, and Shafqat Rasool, PK Economists. “Food Price Volatility in Pakistan.” January 13th, 2012. http://pkeconomists.com/food-price-volatility-in-pakistan)

The current volatility of domestic staple food
AND
hoarding of wheat and other food stuffs by the stockiest when their prices are escalating remain the main issues.
?
Pakistani instability results in Indo-Pak nuclear war
Morgan 2007  (Stephen John, Former Member of British Labour Party Executive Committee; political psychologist; researcher of Chaos/Complexity Theory, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
Fundamentalism is deeply rooted
AND
Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US. 

Indo-Pak war outweighs and causes extinction
Robock and Toon 9 (Alan Robock and Brian Toon,“local NUcleaR WaR” Robock is a professor of climatology and associate director of the Center for Environmental Prediction at Rutgers University. He is a fellow of the American meteorological Society and a participant in the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at the university of colorado at Boulder and a fellow of the laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics there.
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAmJan2010.pdf MB Accessed: 11/11/13)
Twenty-five years ago international teams of
AND
with little warning. These points of conflict have the potential to erupt suddenly.

Independently- lack of food causes insecurity and increases the likelihood of war- extinction
Cribb 10 (Julian, August 24, 2010, New York Times, Director at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Founding editor of Science Alert, Bachelors at the The University of Western Australia ‘The Coming Famine’
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/books/excerpt-the-coming-famine.html?pagewanted=all,and_r=0 MB Accessed: 11/14/13)
Despite the global food crisis of 2007–8, the coming famine
AND
increased the number of undernourished people by as much as 100 million from its pre-price-spike level of 850 million.”
Renewable, portable, and uncapped visas are the only way to overcome bureaucracy and streamline immigration
Nowrasteh 13 (Alex Nowrastehn January 31, 2013. Nowrasteh is an immigration policy analyst with the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity at the Cato Institute.         “How to Make Guest Worker Visas Work”http:www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa719_1.pdf MB accessed: 11/5/13)
Guest Worker Visas and Reform Options A successful guest worker
AND
visa solves this problem.  

Manufacturing – 540 

Labor shortages will devastate advanced manufacturing
Perry et al 13 (January 28, Thomas A. Hemphill is an associate professor of strategy, innovation, and public policy at the University of Michigan’s Flint campus. Waheeda Lillevik is an assistant professor of human resources and management at the College of New Jersey. Mark Perry is a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a professor of economics at the University of Michigan “Confronting the U.S. Advanced Manufacturing Skills Gap”, http://www.american.com/archive/2013/january/confronting-the-u-s-advanced-manufacturing-skills-gap, MK)
While BCG estimates a current shortage of between 80,000 and 100,000 skilled manufacturing
AND
challenges in the coming decade because of the pending wave of retirements.

Mexican workers key to solve labour shortages- empirics prove
O’Neil 13 (Shannon O’Neil- PhD in government from Harvard University, Senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Director of the US-Mexico Institute at the Council on Foreign Relations, interests and expertise include politics and economics in Latin America and immigration, Two Nations Indivisible- Mexico, The United States, and the Road Ahead, p. 32-35, MK)
Transitory demographic dynamics aside
AND
 and Vicente Fox have cousins in “el norte.”

Scenario 1 is the economy
Manufacturing is vital to economic stability
Ettlinger and Gordon 11 (April 7, Michael Ettlinger is the Vice President for Economic Policy and Kate Gordon is the Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress, “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing”, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/04/07/9427/the-importance-and-promise-of-american-manufacturing/, MK)
Manufacturing is critically important
AND
 doesn’t mean America must leave the field.

Economic decline causes war
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, From Colombia International Affairs “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, )
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more
AND
states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Scenario 2 is advanced manufacturing
A strong manufacturing base is critical to innovation and advanced manufacturing
Lind 12 (Michael Lind- policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation. Joshua Freedman is a program associate in New America’s Economic Growth Program. “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf)
Manufacturing, RandD and the U.S. Innovation
AND
to rise from 20-30 percent in 2007 to 50 percent by 2020.33

Independently, tech innovation is necessary to maintain US leadership and the global economy
Taylor 04 (April 1, Mark- Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions”, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor)
Technological innovation is of central importance
AND
war, international systems would not exist in the first place

Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts
Brooks et al 13
(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents
AND
measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Statistical data proves hege prevents war- prefer our study
Owen 11(February 11, John Owen- Associate professor in the University of Virginia's Department of Politics, recipient of fellowships from the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard, and the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, and the Center of International Studies at Princeton, PhD in international relations from Harvard, “Don’t Discount Hegemony, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do
AND
of the United States as the global hegemon.

Advanced manufacturing solves war- it deters aggressors
Paone 09 (August 10, Chuck, 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force, Citing Dr. Canton who is a consultant to the US government and US military on technological matters, Addressed the Air Force Command and Control Intelligence, Survelliance and Reconnaissance Symposium, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,” http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)

The convergence of "exponentially advancing
AND
he says, even if people don't know it.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: Octas | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Jon Williamson

Plan Text

The Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control should use its licensing authority and enforcement discretion to exempt transactions from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations as they pertain to information and communication technology investment in the Republic of Cuba.

Inherency

Previous reforms failed- depoliticized investment in ICT infrastructure is key
Piccone et al 10 (Theodore J. Piccone, Christopher Sabatini and Carlos Saladrigas. July 15th, 2010, “Bridging Cuba’s Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help”
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf Accessed: 9/3/12 MB)
It is unreasonable to hope for the development of other ICTs, such as the internet and social media, without economic models to make
AND
Cubans to engage in ecommerce, thus helping to lessen individual citizens’ dependency on the state.

China

Cuba is key- proximity gives China the ability to intercept US messages
Simmons 12 (Chris, June 11, 2012 , Chris Simmons a retired Counter-intelligence Special Agent with 28 years service in the Army, Army Reserve, and the Defense Intelligence Agency, and has testified on the subject of Cuban espionage before members of U.S. House Foreign Affairs “Dirty Little Secret: Why China Needs Cuba” http://cubaconfidential.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/dirty-little-secret-why-china-needs-cuba/ Accessed: 8/27/13 MB)
As China continues its quest to replace the U.S. as the world’s only superpower, spying remains a core means in fulfilling its
AND
presence significantly smaller and less visible, providing China plausible deniability about its role.

Two scenarios- 

First is military power

Huawei has the capability to cut off all US military communications
O’Connor, et al 13 (Nicholas C., Wade Huntley, Linda Kalister March, 2013 .Naval Postgraduate School. Senior lecturer in the National Security Affairs department at the Naval Postgraduate School. Independent consultant on international security issues. Previously was Director of the Simons Centre for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Research at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Kalister is an Analyst at DoD and Defense Intelligence Agency. “THE LONG-TERM U.S. STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF HUAWEI’S PENETRATION IN LATIN AMERICA”
http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/32876/13Mar_O'Connor_Nicholas.pdf?sequence=1 Accessed: 8/26/13 MB)

While Huawei has purportedly been very successful at illegally using its equipment and access to collect information, it has been surrounded
AND
An attack on the infrastructure there could have serious impact on military communications.

That kills heg- a cyberattack shuts down the entire economy and decimates the military
Wolter 13 (Rachel, March 1st, 2013, master's degree from the University of Massachusetts Boston in Public Affairs and International Relations. Master's of Science in International Relations with a focus on Chinese foreign policy. “China Hackers Could Neutralize U.S. Defenses With a Few Button Clicks”
http://www.policymic.com/articles/28295/china-hackers-could-neutralize-u-s-defenses-with-a-few-button-clicks Accessed 9/4/13 MB)

The United States is heavily dependent on information technology
AND
eutralize the U.S. military giving China a greater chance of winning a war against the United States.

Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts
Brooks et al 13
(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents theemergence of a far more dangerous globalsecurityenvironment.
AND
and the gap between the U.S. military capability and that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 

Heg is inevitable and sustainable but ONLY with economic and military strength
Kagan 12 Robert Kagan, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, B.A., Yale University, M.P.P., John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Ph.D., American University, January 17, 2012, “Not Fade Away: Against the Myth of American Decline”, Brookings Institute, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/17-us-power-kagan)
Less than a decade ago, most observers spoke not of America’s decline but of its enduring primacy. In 2002, the historian Paul Kennedy
AND
It is more like Britain circa 1870, when the empire was at the hiegth of its power. 

Second is US-Sino War

Uncertainty surrounding cyber attacks ensures miscalculation and retaliation- that escalates
Eaves 13 (David, March 12, 2013, Master’s of International Relations at Oxford. Former Sauvé Scholar at McGill University. Program Director for the Code for America Institute. Works with the Harvard Negotiation Project.“Cyberwarfare's "Cuban Missile Crisis" Moment” http://techpresident.com/news/23599/cyberwarfares-cuban-missile-crisis-moment Accessed: 9/2/13 MB)
The United States and China seem poised to begin negotiations around the militarization
AND
 miscalculate a target's reaction to cyber attack with potentially deadly consequences. 

US- China war is the most likely extinction scenario
Wittner 11 ( Lawrence S., 10/29/11, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany “Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?” http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
But what would that victory entail? A nuclear attack
AND
be working to encourage these policies

Recent tech developments make US cyberdefenses weak
Lieberthal and Singer 12 (Kenneth and Peter, February 2012, director of the John L. Thornton China Center and senior fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at Brookings. Singer is Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative and a senior fellow in Foreign Policy Served on the National Security Council.   “Cybersecurity and U.S.-China Relations” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/2320cybersecurity20china20us20singer20lieberthal/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf Accessed: 8/30/13 MB)
Offense has the advantage. In any issue of
AND
operates on the assumption that its networks are compromised—but most other agencies and users around the world do not.

Removing telecom sanctions removes China’s competitive advantage in Cuba
Stratfor 1 ("China: Huawei's massive US connections" Global Intelligence Update, March 20, 2001. www.atimes.com/china/CC21Ad02.html)
Huawei is a prime example of this new dynamic.
AND
emerging markets could increase pressure on the Bush administration to abandon sanctions. 

Permitting US companies in Cuba allows them to control the market
Bloomberg 1/26/11 (“Chavez Beats ATandT to Cuban Telecom `Gold Mine' as Dispute on Pricing Bites” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-26/chavez-beats-at-t-to-cuba-telecom-market-as-price-dispute-bites.html)
U.S. companies had been backing a separate venture by Miami-based
AND
revenue could still reach $400 million by 2013 from the current $80 million, Pyramid said.

Now is key- ZTE and Huawei are on the brink
Morgon 13 Micheal, ABI Researcher,  August 21, Fierce Wireless, “Analyzing the world's 14 biggest handset makers in Q2 2013”, http://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/special-reports/analyzing-worlds-14-biggest-handset-makers-q2-2013#ixzz2eMOq2VU, accessed 9/7, CC
Despite a drop in handset and smartphone shipments in Q2, ZTE
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share against the likes of Coolpad and Xiaomi, Huawei will be in a very tight spot.

Advantage 2

OFAC is overstretched—the plan is key to effective sanctions
Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf, Accessed 7/02/13)
Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US
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threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks

That revamps sanctions on Iran – previous lack of focus and disorganization
Maberry and Jensen 13 – J. Scott Maberry, J.D, Georgetown University Law Center, International Trade partner in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, Mark L. Jensen, J.D, Harvard Law School, International Trade associate in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, (“OFAC gets hot, bothered on Iran and Cuba: how economic sanctions work today”, Report for Sheppard Mullin Richter and Hampton LLP, 5/7/13, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8657e6ce-454a-4eaf-ba8b-d225ea59ecdd, Accessed 7/9/13)
People who practice U.S. economic sanctions law like to talk about how sanctions
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further, it seems likely that additional sanctions will be applied.

Iran already has capabilities for a bomb – only increasing sanctions can solve for increasing nuclear capabilities
Albright et al., Master of Science at Wright State University, 13
(David Albright, Mark Dubowitz, Orde Kittrie, Leonard Spector, Michael Yaffe, “The Project on U.S. Middle East Nonproliferation Strategy”, January 2013, accessed 9/17/13, http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/FinalReport.pdf)
Given the progress that Tehran has already made with its nuclear plans—still-hidden centrifuge manufacturing plants, enrichment
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once the regime acquires such fissile material, it becomes far more difficult to stop the program militarily.

Now is key- international support
Kroenig, assistant professor of government at Georgetown University, 12
(Matthew Kroenig, January/February 2012, “Time to Strike Iran: Why a Strike is the Least Bad Option”, accessed 9/15/13, http://people.reed.edu/~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-422-2012-S1_NP/Syllabus/EReadings/10.2/10.2.Kroenig2012Time.pdf, ST)
Years of international pressure have failed to halt Iran’s attempt to build a nuclear program. The Stuxnet
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resulting in a war far more costly and destructive than the one that critics of a preemptive strike on Iran now hope to avoid.

Recent Iranian tactics are a ploy- increasing sanctions is key
AP, Boston Herald 9/25/13 (Associated Press, “Iran tries to shine light on Isreali nukes” http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2013/09/iran_tries_to_shine_light_on_israeli_nukes acessed 9/26/13 KR)
JERUSALEM — With a few words in a largely conciliatory speech to
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Mark Regev, would only say that Iran would be judged not by words, but by its actions.

Current sanctions work but arent sufficient
Albright et al., Master of Science at Wright State University, 13
(David Albright, Mark Dubowitz, Orde Kittrie, Leonard Spector, Michael Yaffe, “The Project on U.S. Middle East Nonproliferation Strategy”, January 2013, accessed 9/17/13, http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/FinalReport.pdf)
 Iran’s oil exports have been halved by economic sanctions, leaving
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immediately. Implementation also could be adjusted in light of any meaningful concessions by Iran. 

Iran nuclearization causes extinction – Israel preemptive strikes, Middle Eastern instability, and Saudi Arabian nuclear response
Edelman et al., U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005 to 2009, 11
(Eric S. Edelmen, Andrew F. Krepinevich, and Evan Braden Montgomery, “The Dangers of Nuclear Iran: The Limits of Containment”, January/February 2011, accessed 9/15/13, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=4andved=0CEkQFjADandurl=http3A2F2Fwww.csbaonline.org2F4Publications2FPubLibrary2FA.20101227.The_Dangers_of_a_N2FA.20101227.The_Dangers_of_a_N.pdfandei=lj02UoB-woKLAt3YgIgFandusg=AFQjCNGATJneFTswWWxqO6Qz3_m25ehV5gandsig2=idc6UocQTkHGJMX9PwkSDAandbvm=bv.52164340,d.cGEandcad=rja, ST)
Given Israel’ s status as an assumed but undeclared nuclear weapons state, the most immediate consequence
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could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences. 

OFAC is distinct –leads to allied cooperation
DoT 05 – United States Department of Treasury, (“OFAC”, Report Written for the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, June 2005, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Documents/ofac_sec_frb.pdf, )
OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions 

Solvency

the aff solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect the
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produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. 

Cuba will say yes
Sabatini 10 – Christopher Sabatini is senior director of policy at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas and editor in chief of Americas Quarterly. (“Havana Calling”, July/August 2010, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/15/havana_calling?page=0,0)
Would the Cuban government allow this? Some things -- such
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 (with all the economic implications) will outweigh the benefits to the government.

OFAC solves the China advantage- past instances of targeted communications licenses.
Piccone et al 10 (Theodore J. Piccone, Christopher Sabatini and Carlos Saladrigas. July 15th, 2010, “Bridging Cuba’s Communication Divide: How U.S. Policy Can Help”
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2010/7/1520cuba20communications/07_cuba_telecommunications_piccone.pdf Accessed: 9/3/12 MB)
In accordance with this directive, on September 3, 2009, the Treasury
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services between the United States and Cuba.  

OFAC decisions are binding and final.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
Licensing decisions are "final agency actions," and OFAC's regulations do not provide for a formal appeals process.
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the applicant's described activity does not comport with U.S. foreign policy.

Tournament: what | Round: 1 | Opponent: what | Judge: what
Michelle Borbon

michelle.borbon(at)gmail.com

see also Kailyn Revenew-Michelle Borbon aff (but probably not)