Tournament: TFA State | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Katy Taylor DK | Judge: Jishnu, Ziegler, Segura

1NC

Their method of resistance plays right into the hands of global capitalism. Focus on individual experiences and epistemologies fractures resistance because once a certain group has gotten their say, or won their battle, the revolution is over for them. Universalization may not be perfect, but it is the only method for a mass overthrow of capitalism

Zizek 97, Slavoj Senior Researcher, Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana, 1997, "Multiculturalism, or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism."

IT is not the primacy of economic motives in historical explanation that constitutes the decisive
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issue of ’idealism’ versus ’materialism’ this corrective proved even more salutary and decisive. 

We have an ethical obligation to reject global capitalism because of the suffering it imposes upon millions across the globe and because of the way it circumscribes the very field of political possibilities

Zizek and Daly 04 (Slavoj Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, 2004, Conversations With Zizek, p. 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol
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abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to embrace a Marxist methodology by rejecting the affirmative’s ideological mystification of capitalism’s material base. Only by rejecting this ideology can we lay bare the structural causes of oppression and spark the revolutionary praxis necessary to build a classless society

Tumino 01 (Stephen, prof. of English at Pitt, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before," The Red Critique 1, http://www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm)

The "original" ideas of Marxism are inseparable from their effect as "demystification
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Communist Party, Selected Works, 45) to end social inequality forever.   

1NC

Democratic pressure will force compromise over immigration reform, but maintaining unity is key

Sargent 3/4
~Greg, Washington Post, "Dems expected to move forward with discharge petition on immigration", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/03/04/dems-expected-to-move-forward-with-discharge-petition-on-immigration/~~
In an interview with satellite radio this morning, Nancy Pelosi said a decision will
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the petition or take meaningful steps to press the GOP leadership to act.

Drains PC — Backlash and hostage-taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, Rubio proves – Cuba policy is unique

LeoGrande, 12 — William M. LeoGrande, School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 2012 ("Fresh Start for a Stale Policy: Can Obama Break the Stalemate in U.S.-Cuban Relations?", December 18 2012, Available Online at http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf)
The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Political capital is key

Orlando Sentinel 11-1-13 "What we think: It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam" articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-01/news/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031_1_immigration-reform-comprehensive-reform-house-republicans

For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
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earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president’s message.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
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of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

1NC

Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
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are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

They must be trade promotion

Celik 11 (Arda Can, MA in Political Economy/IR, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11) 

Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves the target state.  Engagement policies
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position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction."

Impact Framing

Util key to equality

Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
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which dictates that some must sometimes give way for the sake of others. 

The DA isn’t short-termism, it’s risk management—-the inherent unpredictability of social events is all the more reason for creating optimal resiliency through scenario planning

Cochrane 2011
Cochrane 11 John H. Cochrane is a Professor of finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a contributor to Business Class "IN DEFENSE OF THE HEDGEHOGS" July 15 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/15/john-h-cochrane/in-defense-of-the-hedgehogs/
Risk Management Rather than Forecast-and-Plan The answer is to change the
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contingency plans, both personal and public policies might be a lot better.

Extinction outweighs – we can’t come back from it and it affects everyone

Bostrom 2011
~Nick, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, "The Concept of Existential Risk," Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html~~
Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the
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larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.

Great power war isn’t any less likely than in the past– "this time is different" rhetoric is empirically denied

Emmerson, senior research fellow at Chatham House, 1-4-13 (Charles, "Eve of Disaster," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/04/why_2013_looks_a_lot_like_1913?page=full
The leading power of the age is in relative decline, beset by political crisis
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over. We need to prepare ourselves for a much rougher ride ahead.

Predictions are key to rational decision-making—even if they’re not accurate you shouldn’t reject them

Fitzsimmons 7 (Michael, "The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning", Survival, Winter 06/07) 

Much has been made about the defining role of uncertainty in strategic plan-  ning
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discipline applied to the difficult judgements about the future upon which strategy depends. 

War turns structural violence

Bulloch 2008 
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
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problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

War is the root cause of exclusion

Mertus, ethics prof, 99 – Professor and co-director of the Ethics and Peace program, American University’s School of International Service (Julie, The Role of Racism as a Cause or Factor in Wars and Civil Conflict, International Council on Human Rights Policy, http://www.ichrp.org/paper_files/112_w_01.pdf, AG)

The war impacted on national identity in three ways. First, it accomplished the
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, extremist élites played upon the deep fears and frustrations of the populace. 

Case

The world is systematically getting better because of Western values

Pinker 07 (Steven, Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology – Harvard University, "A History of Violence", Edge: The Third Culture, 3-28, http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pinker07/pinker07_index.html, CAT)

In sixteenth-century Paris, a popular form of entertainment was cat-burning
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the number of campaigns of mass killing of civilians decreased by 90 percent.

The status quo is structurally improving

Dash 2013 Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I’ve been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, "THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.," http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html)
The world is getting better, faster, than we could ever have imagined.
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of resources, time and effort to tackling the problems we have left.

Ethics can’t guide public policy

Posner 99 – highly influential legal theorist; Chicago Law School professor (Richard, The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory, p vii-x, AG)

The book is in two parts, each containing two chapters. The first part
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by reference to the "real world" effects of constitutional criminal procedure.  

The overwhelming consensus of scholarship is that hegemony uniquely solves great power conflict

Murray 12 – Professor of Political Science @ Alberta
Robert, "Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences," The Polar Journal, 2.1
It is no overstatement to say that the end of the Cold War was one
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the structure are very likely to translate into changes to state security strategies.

Empirics go neg

Wohlforth 8—Daniel Webster Professor of Government,  Dartmouth.  BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in  pol sci, Yale (William, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest, AMiles)

Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research
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are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.

Prefer empiricism

Rodwell 5—PhD candidate, Manchester Met.  (Jonathan, Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm, AMiles)

The larger problem is that without clear causal links between materially identifiable events and factors
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? Or perhaps it’s actually born of utilisation of many different possible explanations. 

Ethical obligations construct the idea that there is one correct mode of thought. This idea culminates in crisis between populations with different ideals, and perpetuating wars to colonize and teach the "correct" ethic.

Franke 2k Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, "Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics", 2k.
The grounds that propel International Relations and, consequently, the general concern of international
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no one place, life or vision in which all humans commonly partake.

Capitalism solves all global problems—the environment, structural violence, disease, and freedom—things are getting better as a function of globalization

Goklany 7 (Indur Goklany, scholar – 25 years of experience working and writing on global and national environmental issues, published several peer-reviewed papers and book chapters on an array of issues Author of The Improving State of the World: Why We’re Living Longer, Healthier, More Comfortable Lives on a Cleaner Planet, Mar. 23, http://www.reason.com/news/show/119252.html)

Environmentalists and globalization foes are united in their fear that greater population and consumption of
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important ideas and institutions that caused it, and ensuring that they endure. 

Realism is inevitable

Thayer 4 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota ~Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 75-76 adi~

The central issue here is what causes states to behave as offensive realists predict.
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their family’s or tribes need for food, shelter, or other resources).

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Octas | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge: Mahoney, Barnes, Roark

1NC

====Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy====
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Violation: The aff uses technical assistance to achieve economic means, but it does not use tangible incentives

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Some scholars have excessively narrowed the definition of engagement by defining it according to the
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effectiveness of engagement relative to other policies in achieving an array of ends.

1NC

Security is a psychological construct — scenarios for war and conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other — These paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Mack 91 (John, Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University, "The Enemy System", http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified, RS)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
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, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

Vote negative to interrogate cycles of enemy creation—this can create a fissure in dominant narratives that make war inevitable— this is a litmus test to determine if the 1AC’s framing was productive and should be a prior question to their advantages and solvency claim

Byles 3 (Joanna, English, U Cyprus, Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml, RS)

It is here of course that language plays an important role in imagining the other
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a state of mind and, most importantly, a way of thinking.

1NC

Democratic pressure will force compromise over immigration reform, but maintaining unity is key

Sargent 3/4
~Greg, Washington Post, "Dems expected to move forward with discharge petition on immigration", http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/03/04/dems-expected-to-move-forward-with-discharge-petition-on-immigration/~~
In an interview with satellite radio this morning, Nancy Pelosi said a decision will
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the petition or take meaningful steps to press the GOP leadership to act.

Economic engagement with Mexico makes Obama look weak on foreign policy – kills PC

Shear 13
Michael, "In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy" ~http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all~~ May 5 mtc
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
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in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Political capital is key

Orlando Sentinel 11-1-13 "What we think: It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam" articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-01/news/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031_1_immigration-reform-comprehensive-reform-house-republicans

For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president’s message.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

1NC

Text: The Department of Defense should substantially increase allocation of DOD funding towards nanotech and set up all necessary scientific infrastructure and regulations following National Research Council directives.

Nanotech solves their biotech impacts better

Vinluan ’12— Frank Vinluan is the North Carolina Bureau Chief for MedCity News.
(Vinluan, Frank. "Why Nanotech Will Eclipse Biotech in Size and Scope: A CEO’s Perspective." MedCity News Why Nanotech Will Eclipse Biotech in Size and Scope a CEOs Perspective Comments. N.p., 04 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Dec. 2013. http://medcitynews.com/2012/04/why-nanotech-will-eclipse-biotech-in-size-and-scope-a-ceos-perspective/.) JO
Nanotechnology products from Liquidia Technologies will first find their way to most Americans in medicine
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up to three times larger than biotechnology because nanotechnology spans across many industries.

Case — Cooperation

Turn — Enforcing IPRs kills small farms around the world

Kuyek 01 (Devlin Kuyek, "Intellectual Property Rights," March 1 2001, http://www.grain.org/article/entries/30-intellectual-property-rights-ultimate-control-of-agricultural-r-d-in-asia)

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) and plant breeding have, historically, had nothing
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, but it appears increasingly likely that it will meet the same end.

Small farms prevent extinction

Altieri 8 — Miguel Altieri, Professor of Agroecology at University of California, Berkeley, President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA) ("Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South," Food First, May 9 2008, http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115, nikp)

The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their
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on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.

Diseases burn out – no spread

Morse, 04 (Stephen, PhD, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, May 2004, "Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: A Global Problem," http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html)

Morse: A pandemic is a very big epidemic. It requires a number of
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We also get complacent and do not take steps to prevent its spread.

Identifying disease as a threat to the nation-state stagnates health policy improvement.

Davies 10 (Sara E., Prof. Poli. Sci. And Int’l Studies @ U of Queensland-Australia, Centre for Governance and Public Policy @ Griffith U, "Global Politics of Health," p. 20-21)

Colin Mclnnes (20042 53-55) contends that the securitization argument elevates the
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level threats rather than treating an individual’s health as an end in itself.

No correlation with ecosystem stability

Calgary Herald, August 30, 1997
Ecologists have long maintained that diversity is one of nature’s greatest strengths, but new
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high biodiversity as a controller of ecosystem function and insurance against ecological collapse." 

Climate change proves Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied

Taylor 10 ~James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment 26 Climate News., "Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen," Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html~~
With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global
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The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.

Robust peer reviewed evidence indicates ecosystems are resilient

Matthew McDermott, 09, "Good news: most ecosystems can recover in one lifetime from human induced or natural disturbance" www.treehugger.com/files/2009/05/most-ecosystems-can-recover-from-disturbance-in-one-lifetime.php~
There’s a reason the phrase "let nature take its course" exists: New
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that live in that ecosystem turn over more rapidly than in the forest.

Oceans are resilient – BP oil spill proves

No Impact – Your authors are paid off and don’t use good data

Ridley, 10 (Matt, PhD, Zoology, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, June 15, 2010, "Threat From Ocean Acidification Greatly Exaggerated," http://www.thegwpf.org/the-observatory/1106-matt-ridley-threat-from-ocean-acidification-greatly-exaggerated.html, Hensel)
Lest my critics still accuse me of cherry-picking studies, let me refer
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latest empirical and theoretical research suggests that the likely impact has been exaggerated.

Oceans are resilient

ITOPF, 10 (International Tanker Owners Federation Ltd., February 2010, "Recovery," http://www.itopf.com/marine-spills/effects/recovery/, Hensel)
Marine organisms have varying degrees of natural resilience to changes in their habitats. The
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of the habitat and are functioning normally in terms of biodiversity and productivity. 

Case — Trade

No war or escalation

a. Mutually assured destruction.

Economic Times 11 5/17, "No chance of Indo-Pak nuclear war despite ’sabre rattling’: Pak nuclear scientist A Q Khan," http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-17/news/29552014_1_nuclear-blackmail-nuclear-secrets-india-and-pakistan, AJ
NEW YORK: Pakistan’s disgraced nuclear scientist A Q Khan has said that despite "
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40, years ago when we were subjected to embargoes," he said. 

b. No first-strike and US intervention.

Enders ’02 (David Enders the Daily News editor, "Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,", January 30^th 2002, DA: 7/26/10, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/experts-say-nuclear-war-still-unlikely?page=0,0)CG
University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of
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command control system has strengthened. The trigger is in very safe hands." 

Trade as peace economizes the process of life rendering inefficient ways of life superfluous and expendable.

Sachs 92 Fellow – Institute for Cultural Studies 1992, The Development Dictionary ed. Sachs 

With a naivete hardly distinguishable from deception, the prophets of development polished up a
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destructive mania of accelerated production, for the sake of protecting their markets.

Protectionism is rising—Long term trends

Samaha ’14—Journalist and stock broker (Samaha, Lee. "Protectionism Is on the Rise and Coming to a Stock Near You."Protectionism Is on the Rise and Coming to a Stock Near You. N.p., 10 Jan. 2014. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/01/10/protectionism-is-on-the-rise-and-coming-to-a-stock.aspx.) JO
Since the recession of 2008 the main debating point of the investment community has been
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since the recovery took place. Cargo revenue is particularly susceptible to protectionism. 

Trade does not solve war—both world wars and fifty years of other conflicts disprove this

TAN ’99 (MAJ Tan Yan Yee attended the Royal Military College in Duntroon, Australia from 1987-1988. He graduated from the London School of Economics and Political Science with a B.Sc. (Econs) degree in 1992. An infantry officer by vocation, he attended the Singapore Command and Staff College in 1998 and is presently the S3 of 10 SIB, Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces, Jan-March)
Events leading up to the two World Wars amply illustrates the weaknesses of both theories
AND
numerous conflicts over the last 50 years does not point to that conclusion. 

Interdependence fails—Actors don’t perceive it as important

Copeland ’96 – Assistant Prof. of Govt. and Foreign Affairs @ Univ. of Virginia (Dale, International Security, "Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations", Volume 20, Number 4, Spring, JSTOR, RG)
World War II, for Rosecrance, was ultimately domestically driven. The main aggressors
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phenomena such as misperceptions, authoritarianism, ideology, and internal social conflict. 

Increased trade has no effect on decreasing risk of conflict between nations – prefer stats

Gelpi and Greico 5 ~Chris, Joseph,  Associate Professor and Professor of Political Science, Duke University, "Democracy, Interdependence, and the Sources of the Liberal Peace", Journal of Peace Research~
As we have already emphasized, increasing levels of trade between an autocratic and democratic
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at 0.33 regardless of the challenger’s level of trade dependence. 

Turn — Western IPR is protectionist and slows innovation

Boldrin and Levine 5
Michele Blodrin and David K. Levine. "Intellectual Property, International Trade and Economic Development." ¶ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126cad=rja26ved=0CCoQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Fwww.micheleboldrin.com2FPapers2Fip_china.doc26ei=qDjvUf7xJ-nh4AO89IG4BQ26usg=AFQjCNGNnkdoWO8VNsY5YXIk4Gj_PlzJ2w26sig2=n8IU2pDktsI8EzgAgPFngA26bvm=bv.49641647,d.dmg
Economic analysis shows that, in more than a metaphorical sense, patents and copyrights
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immediate economic interest but also the long run interest of economic growth worldwide. 

Tech innovation solves extinction

Zhong 07 (Roger Zhong, CEO at Jade Bird Dashing, "The Effects and Influences of Technology on Society and Humyn Kind," July 31 2007, http://scienceray.com/technology/applied-science/the-effects-and-influences-of-technology-on-society-and-humyn-kind/")
The question that persists however, is, "Is technology in fact harming our
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advancing technology, can we as humyns, and as humynity, succeed.

IPR impossible – coordination and permanence

*tech low—too broad
Yager 08 - Loren Yager, Director, International Affairs and Trade ~"INTELLECTUAL ¶ PROPERTY ¶ Leadership and ¶ Accountability Needed to ¶ Strengthen Federal ¶ Protection and ¶ Enforcement" http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/120379.pdf~~
The coordinating structure that has evolved for protecting U.S. intellectual ¶ property
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their roles in relation to it, and staff ¶ levels have declined.

Tournament: Arlington | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Jesuit TW | Judge: Panel

1NC

Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

Resnick 2001
~Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco~
DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO BROADLY A second problem associated with various scholarly treatments of engagement is
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to a significant degree on positive incentives to achieve its objectives."(n16)
As policymakers possess a highly differentiated typology of alternative options in the realm of negative
AND
could be analyzed by distinguishing among them and comparing them as separate policies.

1NC

The affirmative’s attempt to theorize Latin America for the purpose of normative intervention is the perfect example of the Discourse of the University, a discourse which wields expert knowledge with the goal of suturing the lack and achieving society’s collective desire—this causes serial policy failure

Williams, 08 (Gareth, U of Michigan, Deconstruction and Subaltern Studies, or, a Wrench in the Latin Americanist Assembly Line, Originally pub. In Treinta años de estudios literarios/culturales latinoamericanistas en Estados Unidos. Memorias, testimonios, reflexiones críticas by Hernán Vidal, http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jbmurray/blog/williams_wrench.pdf)

However, my ultimate interest in these pages is to insist on the Latin Americanist’s
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let us say, is the underlying wager of the pages that follow.

University Discourse’s hidden mastery is an exercise in power over populations which reduces subjects to bare life

Zizek, 04 (Slavoj, Prof @ U of Ljubljana, Phd, "From Politics to Biopolitics…and Back", The South Atlantic Quarterly, Muse) 

The university discourse is enunciated from the position of "neutral" Knowledge; it
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"no-casualties-on-our-side" military doctrine.

Interpretation: The judge should assume the position of an analyst—interrogating the aff’s psychological investment in the politics of the status quo should be a prior question to their advantages and solvency claims—it’s not about what the neg does it’s about what the aff needs to do better—makes the alt a more productive way to engage the resolution

Our alternative is to adopt the role of the analyst—policy planning isn’t objective or neutral—it is motivated by underlying structures of ideology that can only be unraveled by the alternative

Gunder, 06 (Michael Gunder, a Senior planning lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, and is a past president of the New Zealand Planning Institute. He has a BA, MA and PhD in Planning. "Lacan, Planning and Urban Policy Formation.," 22 Aug 2006http:dx.doi.org/10.1080/0811114042000335287)

The analyst’s discourse for Lacan is "the only ultimately effective means for countering the
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after the imposition of this hegemonic American motorway cure (ARC, 2003).

1NC

Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening — moral obligation to shun.

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22^nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)

The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to
AND
who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

1NC

CP Text: The United States federal government should solely maintain human trafficking sanctions on Cuba.

Solves for the entirety of the aff, make them prove human trafficking sanctions are uniquely good.

Sanctions against Cuba in the squo for Human trafficking

Enos 11 (Shame on Cuba: Blind Eye to Human Trafficking Olivia Enos, July 6, 2011 at 6:45 pmhttp://blog.heritage.org/2011/07/06/shame-on-cuba-blind-eye-to-human-trafficking/- AG)
In order to fight human trafficking, the State Department annually presents its Global Trafficking
AND
. in its efforts to eliminate the vestiges of modern-day slavery.

The plan lifts these sanctions legitimizes the sex trafficking and symbolizes that we do not condemn it.

You have a moral obligation to reject human trafficking, it causes the worst forms of invisible violence, sucking the value to life out and reducing humans to tools. This is modern day slavery.

Royal 05 (Meghan J. Royal, THE SCOURGE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING:
AN INTERNATIONAL EPIDEMICDec. 2005.https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~~royal20m/index.htm- AG)
Human trafficking is a moral outrage. Its victims are de-humanized. They
AND
a level that human trafficking, like genocide, will no longer be tolerated

Case

Impact — Utilitarianism Good

Utilitarianism is the only way to frame decisions including multiple moralities—singular moralities are counterproductive

Greene, 02 (Joshua David Greene, John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 11/2002, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, "The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About It, A Dissertation Presented To The Faculty Of Princeton University In Candidacy For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy," http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf nimo)
The evolutionary perspective makes one curious about and receptive to information concerning moral psychology.
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divides and that therefore utilitarianism is a shareable moral framework furthers its appeal.

Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism

Cummiskey 96 (David Cummiskey, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College 26 a Ph.D. from UM, 1996, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145-146)

In the next section, I will defend this interpretation of the duty of beneficence
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Util key to morality—absolutist ethics risk the death of millions for one selfish person

Nye, 86 (Joseph S. 1986; PhD Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; "Nuclear Ethics" pg. 18-19)
The significance and the limits of the two broad traditions can be captured by contemplating
AND
bear a heavier burden of proof in the nuclear age than ever before.

Agriculture

Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture

Gonzalez 03 — Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University,  B
AND
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944 | NikP)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Cuba is the key model for global organic polyculture agriculture

Patel 13 — Raj Patel is a fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change", July 19 2013, Slate, Available Online at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html  | NikP)

The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and
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another and with scientists, which has helped agro-ecological systems spread.

Industrial agriculture causes environmental collapse

Wright, 9 — Julia Wright, Ph.D. in Ecological Agriculture, Knowledge Systems and Food Security in Post-Crisis Cuba, from Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2005), and on the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Cuban Studies, Governing Board of Writtle College, Essex, Member of Research Advisory Board, Permaculture Association ("Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity", pg. 15-16)

Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide
AND
if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).

THE 1AC IS NOT BENIGN BUT PART OF A LARGER PROCESS OF GREEN GEOPOLITICS THAT GREEN-WASHES INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS AND JUSTIFIES CONTINUED IMPERIALISM – UNDERSTANDING ITS IDEOLOGY IS KEY

Guyot ’11 (Sylvain, Prof. @ U. of Limoges, "The Eco-Frontier Paradigm: Rethinking the Links between Space, Nature and Politics" Geopolitics, Vol. 16.3, pp. 687-688)
The new dimensions of green geopolitics are not innocent constructions of the environment. They
AND
the specific representations and ideologies of nature underlying these contemporary eco-frontiers.

Capitalism controls modern agriculture – profit maximization leads to exploitation of humans and the environment.

Hammers 2k, Corrie Hammers, department of sociology, University of Oklahoma, 2000, Contemporary Human Ecology, review of Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment, edited by Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel, pg. 68, http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her92/92bookreviews.pdf (ED) 

Hungry for Profit is an expose of the agro-industrial apparatus and the myriad
AND
associated with this contact in terms of human health are not fully known.

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction

Lander ’2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, "Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the "Natural" Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South", 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.

Security

Realism and power politics are inevitable — this means the United States will inevitably act to ensure its own security and so will foreign powers — the only question is whether we can back it up

Mearsheimer 05 (John Mearsheimer, Political Science at University of Chicago, "The Rise of China will not be peaceful at all," The Australian, November 18 2005, LexisNexis)

The question at hand is simple and profound: can China rise peacefully? My
AND
the hegemon – that is, the only great power in the system. 

Neoliberalism

Liberalism inevitable—the liberal international order is inescapable

Ikenberry 10 (G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, Korea"The Liberal International Order and its Discontents," Millennium,Journal of International Studies, 2010, Vol. 38, pg. 509)

There are also reasons to think that this liberal order will persist, even if
AND
provides attractions and benefits to most states within it and on its edges.

Violence has massively decreased because of economic growth/modernization/interdependence—best data proves

Gat, 12 (Azar, Tel Aviv political science professor, "Is war declining – and why?" Journal of Peace Research, December, SAGE)
When quite a number of scholars simultaneously and independently of one another arrive at very
AND
But as already noted, the information on the subject is quite clear.

Markets key to peace

Chen, 2K (Jim, "ESSAY: PAX MERCATORIA: GLOBALIZATION AS A SECOND CHANCE AT "PEACE FOR OUR TIME", 24 Fordham Int’l L.J. 217, lexis)

The antiglobalization movement has made some extraordinary claims. Let us transplant a precept of
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unjustly privileged few. That way runs anew the road to serfdom. n197 

American Exceptionalism good

Wickman 13 ("Wickham: U.S. exceptional in good ways, bad"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/article/20130924/OPINION/309240022/Wickham-U-S-exceptional-good-ways-bad)
In fact, as exceptional nations go, the U.S. ranks right
AND
act. That’s what makes America different. That’s what makes us exceptional."

Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—no alternative economic system.

Jones, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph’s ’Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left’ for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class",  2011 (Owen, The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html)
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
AND
of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose.¶ 

Neoliberalism is moral, it has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty.

Pipe 11, staff writer at The South Australia Globalist, 2011
(Nicholas, The South Australia Globalist, "The Global Financial Crisis", 2011, www.perspectivist.com/business/the-global-financial-crisis)

When assisted by the other neo-liberal views of globalisation and foreign investment,
AND
the neo-liberalism system is, and how its influence lives on.

The state is inevitable – our obligation is to make it as ethical as possible, the neoliberal status quo does that

Simmons 99 (William Paul, current Associate Professor of Political Science at ASU, formerly at Bethany College in the Department of History and Political Science, "The Third: Levinas’ theoretical move from an-archical ethics to the realm of justice and politics," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism November 1, 1999 vol. 25 no. 6)
Since ’it is impossible to escape the State’, 70 Levinas insists that the
AND
to itself, only hastens the contrary of what it wants to secure.

The Neoliberal Machine attacks that which displays itself as a solution to it. This prevents speech acts from solving and commodifies their efforts

Frank, 1997 – prof of American History at Univ of Chicago ~Thomas The Business of Culture in the new Gilded Age Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler ed. By Frank and Weiland; "Why Johnny Can’t Dissent"; Pages 31-32)

CAPITALISM IS CHANGING, obviously and drastically. From the moneyed pages of the Wall
AND
not yet landed an endorsement contract from a soda pop or automobile manufacturer.

Radical opposition to institutions of power only affirms its existence and structural assumptions on which it operates. This allows the system to simulate its own death, magnifying its power, turns the aff

Baudrillard, Jean. 1990. ~French Philosopher and Cultural Theorist. Simulacra and Simulations. www.thelogician.net/5b_ruminate/5b_foucault.htm~
The conjunction of the system and its extreme alternative like two ends of a curved
AND
fundamental nonexistence, of its deja-vu and its deja-mort.

Attempts to emancipate subjects only reinforces biopolitical regulation – illusions of liberation and free thought deter action, turns the aff

Zizek, Slavoj.  2002. ~Senior Researcher at the University of Ljubljana, Ph. D in kicking your ass. Welcome to the Desert of the Real. p. 2~
Is this not the matrix of an efficient critique of ideology – not only in
AND
you like, and as freely as you like, just obey21’

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Vashon SZ | Judge: Oliver He

1NC

====Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy====
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Violation: The aff uses technical assistance to achieve economic means, but it does not use tangible incentives

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Some scholars have excessively narrowed the definition of engagement by defining it according to the
AND
effectiveness of engagement relative to other policies in achieving an array of ends.

1NC

Security is a psychological construct — scenarios for war and conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 (John, Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University, "The Enemy System", http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified, RS)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

These paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Hollander 3 (Nancy, professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror: In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf, RS)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
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believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia.

Vote negative to interrogate cycles of enemy creation—this can create a fissure in dominant narratives that make war inevitable

Byles 3—English, U Cyprus (Joanna, Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml, RS)

It is here of course that language plays an important role in imagining the other
AND
a state of mind and, most importantly, a way of thinking.

1NC

Obama is winning the fight against a new Iran sanctions bill but PC is key to sustain democratic momentum against its passage

AlArabiya 1-30
~"Obama repels new Iran sanctions push, for now", http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/01/30/Obama-repels-new-Iran-sanctions-push-for-now-.html~~
President Barack Obama appears to have prevailed, for now, in a campaign to
AND
and sought to convince waverers he would back new sanctions if diplomacy failed.

Economic engagement with Mexico makes Obama look weak on foreign policy – kills PC

Shear 13
Michael, "In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy" ~http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all~~ May 5 mtc
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Sanction bill guarantees US backing of Israeli strikes on Iran – encourages Israel to act

Perr 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Global war

Trabanco 9 – Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs (1/13/09, José Miguel Alonso Trabanco, "The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at anytime," http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=11762**)

In case of an Israeli and/or American attack against Iran, Ahmadinejad’s government
AND
to be playing with fire right in the middle of a powder keg.

1NC

Uncertainty over funding and lack of regulation prevent nanotech industry viability. Increased federal research solves potential hazards.

National Research Council 12- ("Health and environmental effects of nanomaterials remain uncertain;¶ cohesive research plan needed to help avoid potential risks from rapidly evolving technology." Jan 25, 2012. News from the National Academies. August 12, 2013. http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13347. FS)

Despite extensive investment in nanotechnology and increasing commercialization over the last decade, insufficient understanding
AND
accountability between promoting nanotechnology and assessing potential environmental and safety risks is essential.

Warming

Warming is irreversible — consensus of most qualified scientists

Romm 13 (Joe Romm, PhD in Physics from MIT, Senior Fellow at American Progress, editor of Climate Progress, former acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, "The Dangerous Myth that Climate Change is Reversible", March 18 2013, http://theenergycollective.com/josephromm/199981/dangerous-myth-climate-change-reversible)

The CMO (Chief Misinformation Officer) of the climate ignorati, Joe Nocera,
AND
than high discount rates or uncertainty about the risks of harmful climate change.

Most of the world won’t act to solve warming — aff not enough

Loris 13 (Nicolas Loris, Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow at Heritage, master’s degree in economics from George Mason University, "No ’Following the Leader’ on Climate Change", Heritage Foundation, January 30 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/1/no-following-the-leader-on-climate-change)

In his second inaugural address, President Obama pledged that the United States "will
AND
near universal disinclination to sacrifice economic growth on the altar of global warming.

Status quo carbon emissions will prevent future agriculture crisis – they kill millions via starvation

Idso and Idso 2000
~Ph.D.’s in Botany and Geography, Keith and Craig, November, "The Neglected Issue of Global Change Debate: Food Security" CO2 Science. Volume 3, Number 32. http://www.co2science.org/articles/V2/N19/EDIT.php~~**
In this regard, we note that we have also conducted an analysis of world
AND
atmospheric CO2 enrichment; and that need will only increase as time progresses. 

Food crisis causes extinction

Plumb 08 ~George, Environmental Activist, may 18, "Was Malthus just off a few decades?" http://www.timesargus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080518/FEATURES05/805180310/1014/FEATURES05**
Once again the world’s food situation is bleak. According to the Food and Agriculture
AND
states will likely increase dramatically, threatening the very stability of civilization itself.

Diseases burn out – no spread

Morse, 04 (Stephen, PhD, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness, at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, May 2004, "Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: A Global Problem," http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/morse.html)

Morse: A pandemic is a very big epidemic. It requires a number of
AND
We also get complacent and do not take steps to prevent its spread. 

Government responses solve

Zakaria 9 - Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard (Fareed, "The Sky Isn’t Falling," 5/16/9,  Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/197922)//WL
It certainly looks like another example of crying wolf. After bracing ourselves for a
AND
far better than anything Britain or France had in the early 20th century.

No risk of resource wars — historical evidence all concludes neg — cooperation is way more likely and solves

Allouche 11 (Jeremy Allouche, a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade", Food Policy, Vol. 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3-S8 Accessed via: Science Direct Sciverse)

Water/food resources, war and conflict The question of resource scarcity has led
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007~ and ~Kevane and Gray, 2008~). 

Cooperation in the interim solves any risk of conflict

Bernauer 26 Siegfried 13 (Thomas Bernauer, professor of political science at ETH Zurich, research group is based at the Center for Comparative and International Studies, and Tobias Siegfried, adjunct assistant professor at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University and a fellow at the Earth Institute, "Climate change and international water conflict in Central Asia," January 2013, Journal of Peace Research Vol. 49, Issue 1, Sage Journals)

Conclusions¶ In this article we have engaged in a critical assessment of the neo
AND
-induced militarized interstate dispute over water resources in Central Asia is unlikely.

No water wars — empirics prove and not economically viable — cooperation is the result

Kramer et al. 13 (Annika Kramer, Adelphi Senior Project Manager, Aaron Wolf, Oregon State University Professor of Geography, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, and Director, Program in Water Conflict Management, Alexander Carius, Adelphi Director, and Geoff Dabelko, "The key to managing conflict and cooperation over water", Jan/March 2013, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002191/219156E.pdf)

No evidence of coming ’water wars’ International basins that include political boundaries of two
AND
have created often prove to be resilient, even when relations are strained.

Mexico Relations

Relations high and resilient — economy

Wilson 11 – MA in International Affairs @ American U, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs
(Christopher, "Working Together," Mexico Institute @ Woodrow Institute, Scholar)BB
The economic ties between the United States and Mexico are reinforced by a large web
AND
understanding derived from the geographic and cultural proximity of United States and Mexico.

Relations high – our evidence is predictive and discusses the segregation of issues

Selee and Diaz-Cayeros 13 (Andrew and Alberto) "The Dynamics of US Mexico Relations" Mexico and the United States: the politics of partnership. 2013. Book
Yet positive factors favor prospects for more effective partnership and are likely to drive cooperation
AND
whose relationship is guided by a common vision of mutually beneficial shared outcomes. 

No nuke terror — can’t use, steal, or transfer bombs

Clarke 13 — Michael Clarke, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute with a special focus in terrorism, Griffith University, Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Asian and International Studies )"Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?" Comparative Strategy, April 17 2013, 32:2, 98-114)

Although the acquisition of an intact nuclear weapon would be "the most dif?cult¶
AND
, the production of medical isotopes, and to fuel Russian icebreakers.23

No nuclear terror.

Chapman 12 ~Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html~~

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

Ethical obligations construct the idea that there is one correct mode of thought. This causes constant wars in an attempt to teach the correct ethic

Franke 2k Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, "Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics", 2k.
The grounds that propel International Relations and, consequently, the general concern of international
AND
no one place, life or vision in which all humans commonly partake.

Tournament: Plano East | Round: 1 | Opponent: Berkner SL | Judge: John Hill

1NC

Our interpretation is the affirmative has to defend the USfg substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba, Venezuela, or Mexico

The USfg is the federal government in Washington DC

"Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision

Parcher 1 Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html
Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
or ’no’ - which, of course, are answers to a question.   

Prefer our interpretation

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact—-T debates also solve any possible turn

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, Switch-side is key and solves all offense—-Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions

And independently a voting issue for limits and ground—-our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

Effective decision-making outweighs—-

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
AND
made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
AND
decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
AND
do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

1NC

Anonymous advocates affirm the resolution as a whole and the revolutionary ethics of Assata

The concept of identity inherent in the 1AC creates an "us" versus "them" mentality and ensures worldwide violence

Boudreau 2k (Nikki citing Amin Maalouf author of In the Name of Identity: Violence and the Need to Belong, 2000, http://www.csustan.edu/honors/documents/journals/entries/Boudreau.pdf, "Violence in the Name of Identity") 

Ask anyone to define their identity and they will immediately rattle off a list of
AND
of whichever one of their allegiances is most under attack" (26). 

The 1ACs usage of identity locates politics in a representational manner and prevents imperceptible political activism —- turns case

Tsianos 08 (Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University and Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales, "Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century" Pluto Press)

In this sense imperceptible politics does not necessarily differ from or oppose other prevalent forms
AND
this void into everyday politics that becomes the vital force for imperceptible politics.

The counterplans pseudonym of anonymous solves their affirmative —- web activism proves

Halupka 11 (Max, The Flinders University of South Australia Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences School of Social and Policy Studies Honours Program in Political Studies application for BA, http://www.academia.edu/1220969/The_Evolution_of_Anonymous_as_a_Political_Actor, "The Evolution of Anonymous as a Political Actor")

As a virtual community, Anonymous exists without traditional form or function, adhering only
AND
opponents through theemployment of online activist techniques, also known as cyber activism. 

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should affirm the resolution as a whole and the revolutionary ethics of Assata.

A focus on reforming policies is necessary to fix societal problems – other criticisms are irrelevant to the day-to-day affairs that we confront

McClean, 01 – Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York
(David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP)

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
. That is to say, they are not easily explained at all.

Advocacy

The aff’s focus on whiteness creates a "black-white paradigm" that excludes the oppression of other races—turns the advocacy

Perea, 97 (Juan F. Perea, Professor of Law University of Florida, "RACE, ETHNICITY 26 NATIONHOOD: ARTICLE: The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought", October 1997, California Law Review 1213)
Thomas Kuhn, in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, n4 describes the properties of
AND
sake of a paradigmatic, linear presentation of the evolution of equality doctrines.

The state must be engaged—-action can be reoriented away from past abuses, the alt goes too far

Williams and Krause 97 Michael, assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine and Keith, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, associate professor of political science at York University, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Krause and Williams, p. xvi
Many of the chapters in this volume thus retain a concern with the centrality of
AND
of influencing what remains the most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.

Mono-causal theories like whiteness shut down communication by making our self-defense automatically biased—this reifies racism and leads to endless squabbling about authenticity

Jack Niemonen 10, American Sociologist, 41(1), 48-81, "Public Sociology or Partisan Sociology? The Curious Case of Whiteness Studies", Online
Despite recognition that racial classification systems are not constant, proponents of whiteness studies treat
AND
underpins a political project that could not succeed in the absence of reification. 

The "black-white paradigm" pushes non-black racism "out of the box"—discounts and marginalizes racism

Perea, 97 (Juan F. Perea, Professor of Law University of Florida, "RACE, ETHNICITY 26 NATIONHOOD: ARTICLE: The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought", October 1997, California Law Review 1213)
Paradigms of race shape our understanding of race and our definition of racial problems.
AND
those that will not fit the box are often not seen at all."

The K’s attempt to open the debate activity to questions of race, racism and to challenge the dominant ideology will result in a buttressing of white privilege—they ignore the ontologically expansive nature of whiteness and in their attempt to create an environment to disrupt white privilege, which provides the perfect means for whiteness to assert itself

Sullivan, 07 (Shannon Sullivan, associate Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at Penneysylvania State University, "Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege", 2007, pg. 10-11)
In particular, relocating out of geographical, literary, political, and other environments
AND
in an ongoing struggle to find ways to use white privilege against itself.  

Their critiques of the exclusionary nature of a framework read debate as monolithic forms of power, but this misunderstands instrumental play, which introduces far more radical politics into debate—the claim that debate should be limitless and free leads to a dead end of infinite possibility that is self-defeating

Armstrong, 2000 (Paul B. Armstrong, Professor of English at SUNY-Stony Brook, "The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory," New Literary History, 31.1, 2000, pg. 217-219
Free play and instrumental play are inextricably intertwined in the games texts play as they
AND
indifferent tolerance of the other but ironic and energetic engagement with difference. 6

Positing whiteness as the source of all violence obscures the historical process of racial reification and dooms any attempt at intersectional analyses of oppression

Niemonen, 10 (Jack Niemonen, American Sociologist, "Public Sociology or Partisan Sociology? The Curious Case of Whiteness Studies", 41(1), pg. 48-81, EBSCOhost)
Despite recognition that racial classification systems are not constant, proponents of whiteness studies treat
AND
arguments inevitably result in anger and bafflement (Gillborn 1996; Kolchin 2002).

Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism

Cummiskey 96 (David Cummiskey, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College 26 a Ph.D. from UM, 1996, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145-146)

In the next section, I will defend this interpretation of the duty of beneficence
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Tournament: Arlington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wakeland DK | Judge: Megan Overheim

1NC

Immigration reform will pass—new senate bill and pressure on House Republicans

Sherfinski 11-14 (David, Wash Post, "Schumer: Immigration reform still possible this year", Wash Post, 14 November 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/nov/14/sen-charles-schumer-immigration-reform-still-possi/)

Sen. Charles E. Schumer, New York Democrat, said Thursday that he’d
AND
leaders were working on a bill that would have legalized young illegal immigrants.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Capital is finite and key to immigration – Obama compromising on other fights to preserve his PC – only plan breaks his strategy

Sanghoee, 13
Sangay Sanghoee, Political Commentator, has worked at leading investment banks as well as at a multi-billion dollar hedge fund. He has an MBA from Columbia Business School, Huffington Post, 4/10/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sanjay-sanghoee/compromise-reform-how-oba_b_3055100.html
There is only one thing that President Obama can truly rely on, and that
AND
. It is being pragmatic and smart. It is also being Presidential.
motives of those wanting to block the bill.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
AND
the confusion of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between
governments.

1NC

Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Engagement and Appeasement are distinct strategies

Dueck 6 (Colin, assistant professor of political science at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the author of Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture and Change in American Grand Strategy, "Strategies for Managing Rogue States," Orbis Volume 50, Issue 2, Spring 2006, Pages 223–241, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030438706000056)

The term "rogue state," which has come into wide usage only over the
AND

appeasement, engagement, containment, rollback, and non-entanglement.

Violation – the aff is appeasement, which is a different category of economic engagement

Standards

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

Resnick 2001
~Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco~
DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO BROADLY A second problem associated with various scholarly treatments of engagement is
AND
to a significant degree on positive incentives to achieve its objectives."(n16)
As policymakers possess a highly differentiated typology of alternative options in the realm of negative
AND
could be analyzed by distinguishing among them and comparing them as separate policies.

2.   Ground – neg loses relations based disads, say no arguments, and non-engagement counterplans. If all the aff has to do is spend money, our only predictable ground is a terrible spending or politics disad.

Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.

1NC

Mexico is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — abuses are widespread—moral obligation to shun.

Pachico 13 — Elyssa Pachico, Analyst at InSight Crime—a think tank about organized crime in the Americas, 2013 ("Amnesty International Critiques Human Rights Abuses of Mexico Drug War," InSight Crime, May 23^rd, Available Online at 

In its annual report, Amnesty International criticized Mexico for human rights abuses committed during
AND
both in terms of protecting human rights and fighting organized crime more effectively. 

1NC

The assumption that Mexico is in favor of the aff’s agreement substitutes Mexican elite interests for majority public opinion – their evidence is propaganda used to gut public institutions and cement an alliance between US and Mexican capital

Shor 12 
~Francis, Professor of History at Wayne State University— http://newpol.org/content/us-economic-imperialism-and-resistance-global-south-prelude-ows Summer 2012~

The devastation and disruption wrought by U.S. economic imperialism was obviously co
AND
, the Zapatistas also looked forward to creating a new and better world. 

Economic rationality prioritizes short term profit over the well-being of environment and human life-makes extinction inevitable

Nhanenge, 07 (Jytte, South Africa development studies masters, "Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The Concerns Of Women, Poor People And Nature Into Development", February 2007, http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1, DOA: 7-4-12)

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modern society
AND
models, which can support women, Others and nature, are presented. 

Neoliberalism has created a false illusion of progress-reject their internal links as they are grounded in a neoliberal mindset. The aff undermines those in poverty and cause democracy to become meaningless. Only a rejection of Neoliberal epistemology can cause real knowledge production and change in the round

Bauzon, 08 (Kenneth E., Ph.D. Professor of Political, "Race, Poverty, and the Neoliberal Agenda in the United States: Lessons from Katrina and Rita", MR Zine, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2008/bauzon130208.html)

The gravity of the problems attendant to contemporary neoliberal globalization may easily be brushed aside
AND
people at the grassroots level for their own needs and well-being.

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should enter into prior binding consultation with Canada over providing necessary funds for the Norms Program. The United States will advocate the proposal during the consultation process.

Consultation solve tri-lateral cooperation, and Canada says yes

Ayon et al 2009
(David R. Ayon, is a political analyst and writer, who serves as a Senior Research Associate at the Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University and as the U.S. Director of the Focus Mexico/Enfoque México Project. Robert Donnely, is Program Associate of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and was previously the Coordinator of the Justice in Mexico Project at the University of San Diego’s Transborder Institute. DoliaEstevez, is a career journalist who currently writes tor Poder magazine and El Semanario and serves as the consulting coordinator of the U.S.-Mexico Journalism Initiative at the Woodrow Wilson Center. Eric Olson, is Senior Advisor to the Security Initiative of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and has held senior positions at the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and the Washington Office on Latin America. Andrew Seele, is Director of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and an Adjunct Professor at Johns Hopkins University. "THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership", January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
Crises offer challenges and opportunities ¶ for long term strategies. The current downturn ¶
AND
. Extraordinary¶meetings can be called for in moments of crisis. ¶

Case

Impact — Utilitarianism Good

Utilitarianism is the only way to frame decisions including multiple moralities—singular moralities are counterproductive

Greene, 02 (Joshua David Greene, John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 11/2002, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, "The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About It, A Dissertation Presented To The Faculty Of Princeton University In Candidacy For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy," http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf nimo)
The evolutionary perspective makes one curious about and receptive to information concerning moral psychology.
AND
divides and that therefore utilitarianism is a shareable moral framework furthers its appeal.

Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism

Cummiskey 96 (David Cummiskey, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College 26 a Ph.D. from UM, 1996, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145-146)

In the next section, I will defend this interpretation of the duty of beneficence
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Util key to morality—absolutist ethics risk the death of millions for one selfish person

Nye, 86 (Joseph S. 1986; PhD Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; "Nuclear Ethics" pg. 18-19)
The significance and the limits of the two broad traditions can be captured by contemplating
AND
bear a heavier burden of proof in the nuclear age than ever before.

Extinction of the species is the most horrible impact imaginable, putting rights or ontology first is putting a part of society before the whole

Schell, 82 (Jonathan Schell, Professor at Wesleyan University, "The Fate of the Earth", pg. 136-137)
Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has
AND
about, coloring our thoughts and moods  with its presence throughout our lives.

Utilitarianism is inevitable it will indefinitely permeate human thought

Allison, 90 (Lincoln Allison, Professor of Political Philosophy at University of Warwick, "The Utilitarianism Response")
And yet if an idea can be compared to a castle, though we find
AND
Bentham and to judge actions on there consequences for people’s well-being.

Gender — A2: Patriachy Root Cause

Turn—Designating patriarchy as the sole cause of oppression denies privileged women’s participation in systems of domination like racism and classism—this abdicates responsibility and reinforces oppression.

Crenshaw, 02 (Carrie Crenshaw, Director of Debate at University of Alabama, "Dominant Form and Marginalized voices:  Argumentation about Feminism(s)", 2002, CEDA Yearbook, 14, p. 76-77)
Debate arguments that assume a singular conception of feminism include and empower the voices of
AND
.  It casts the struggle against class exploitation and racism as secondary concerns.

A2: Morality/Ethics First

Policy analysis is preferable to prioritization of morality

Michael J. Glennon 11, Tufts University - The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, "Pre-Empting Proliferation: International Law, Morality, and Nuclear Weapons", November 23, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1963849
Michael Walzer is right that dwelling the United Nations Charter’s use-of-force
AND
national interest ? can eliminate the need for judicious choice and subjective judgment.

Plan Can’t Solve

Plan doesn’t solve—can’t challenge hegemonic practices

Saloom, 06 (Rachel Saloom, JD University of Georgia School of Law and M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from U of Chicago, Fall 2006, A Feminist Inquiry into International Law and International Relations, 12 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 159, Lexis)
Because patriarchy is embedded within society, it is no surprise that the theory and
AND
question women’s ability to speak up, challenge, and change the system.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine SW | Judge: Stephen Garrett

1NC T-EE

Interpretation: Economic engagement includes tangible incentives- they are cultural engagement

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
AND
govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’s global market.’
Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional
AND
of the incentives that might be offered under a policy of cultural engagement.
This brief overview of the various forms of engagement illuminates the choices open to policymakers
AND
a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

Resnick 2001~Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco~ 

DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO BROADLY A second problem associated with various scholarly treatments of engagement is
AND
could be analyzed by distinguishing among them and comparing them as separate policies.

1NC Politics

Will pass house now

Kiefer 1/30
~Francine is a staffwriter for CSM. 14. "Immigration reform: Why are House Republicans poised to act now?" http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2014/0130/Immigration-reform-Why-are-House-Republicans-poised-to-act-now~~
Now, with the legislative decks relatively clear, House Republicans in the "move
AND
of 2013~ all over again? So I think now’s the moment."

Education funding unpopular—fiscally conservative republicans oppose increased spending

Brower 11 (Kate, "Obama Headed for Fight Over School Spending and Laws" ~http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-24/duncan-obama-headed-for-fight-in-congress-on-education-policy-funding.html~~ Jan 24) 

President Barack Obama, who has adopted such traditionally Republican principles as charter schools and
AND
hard truth is this: In the race for the future, America is 

Capital is finite and key to immigration – Obama compromising on other fights to preserve his PC – only plan breaks his strategy

Sanghoee, 13
Sangay Sanghoee, Political Commentator, has worked at leading investment banks as well as at a multi-billion dollar hedge fund. He has an MBA from Columbia Business School, Huffington Post, 4/10/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sanjay-sanghoee/compromise-reform-how-oba_b_3055100.html
There is only one thing that President Obama can truly rely on, and that
AND
. It is being pragmatic and smart. It is also being Presidential.
motives of those wanting to block the bill.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
AND
the confusion of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between
governments.

1NC Kritik

Security is a psychological construct — scenarios for war and conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 (John, Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University, "The Enemy System", http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified, RS)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

These paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Hollander 3 (Nancy, professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror: In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf, RS)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
AND
believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia.

Vote negative to interrogate cycles of enemy creation—this can create a fissure in dominant narratives that make war inevitable

Byles 3—English, U Cyprus (Joanna, Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml, RS)

It is here of course that language plays an important role in imagining the other
AND
a state of mind and, most importantly, a way of thinking.

1NC CP

National standards solve STEM proficiency and competitiveness

McKinney, ’09 ~Jessica McKinney is a Master of Public Policy candidate in the Trachtenberg School, "K–12 Education in the United States Should We Implement National Standards and Assessments?" July 28, 2009, http://www.policy-perspectives.org/article/view/4242/10.4079pp.v16i1.4242~~

An effective policy will ensure that students across the United States learn a rigorous level
AND
. This could improve student achievement and, by extension, international competitiveness.   

Case — Relations

Impact inevitable—their own evidence says in order to strengthen relations we have to open the borders. That opens up a floodgate for terrorists to cross the border.

Relations inevitable

Hakim, 13 (Peter is president emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue, a Washington-based think tank on Western Hemisphere affairs. He served as president of the Dialogue from 1993 to 2010, "Which Mexico for Obama?", 1 May 2013, Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/05/01/which-mexico-for-obama/) 

Washington has viewed Mexico largely as a source of problems for the United States in
AND
. No two nations have more to gain from energetically pursuing closer cooperation. 

Cuba, not Mexico, is key to Latin American Relations

Shifter, 12 (Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service; member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council’s journal Foreign Affairs, "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," IAD Policy Report, April 12, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)

Cuba, too, poses a significant challenge for relations between the United States and
AND
as in the leakage—or transfer of nuclear materials—to terrorists. 

The worst case scenario happened – no extinction

Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~
The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

Attack would fail

Mueller 6 - John Mueller, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Ohio State, 06, Overblown p. 20-22
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
AND
casualties among Japanese troops and seem to have had little military impact.20
For the most destructive results, biological weapons need to be dis¬persed in very low
AND
effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteoro¬logical conditions.21
After assessing, and stressing, the difficulties a nonstate entity would find in obtaining
AND
know about biological warfare the easier he seems to think the task is."

Alt causes tank relations – Wikileaks, drug cartels, dismal production rates, inter-agency rivalries, and a slow army

Carlson 11 (Laura Carlson, Director of the Americas Program of the Center for International Policy in Mexico City, US-Mexico Relations Back on track in the wrong direction; http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/4068~~23sthash.F2HKoPpB.dpuf)
Following a lengthy closed meeting, the presidents stood before the cameras to reaffirm their
AND
a lifting of the ban on foreign agents bearing arms within Mexican territory.

Case – STEM

Mexico not key—Students from other countries solve

Institute of International Education ’11— An independent not-for-profit founded in 1919, IIE is among the world’s largest and most experienced international education and training organizations. ("Press Release." International Student Enrollments Increase in 2010/11. N.p., 14 Nov. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://www.iie.org/Who-We-Are/News-and-Events/Press-Center/Press-Releases/2011/2011-11-14-Open-Doors-International-Students.) JO
November 14, 2011—The number of international students at colleges and universities in
AND
international students receive the majority of their funds from personal and family sources. 

Economies among nations aren’t zero-sum – competitiveness theory is a flawed metric for evaluating macro-economic trends

Wilson 08 (James Wilson, Basque Inst. of Competitiveness ’8 "Territorial Competitiveness and Development Policy" http://www.tips.org.za/files/Wilson_James_Paper.pdf p. 7)

Three central inter-related issues are evident in the dominant, yet contested,
AND
-term decline and exclusion if they cannot ’compete’ directly with others. 

Competitiveness theory wrong – offers a poor framework for policymakers to follow

Wilson 08 (James Wilson, Basque Inst. of Competitiveness ’8 "Territorial Competitiveness and Development Policy" http://www.tips.org.za/files/Wilson_James_Paper.pdf p. 7)
Use of the concept of competitiveness in economic policy circles has subsequently seen an explosion
AND
, analyse and compare relative competitive performance" (ibid.: 286).11

Specifically, the U.S. is number one in tech leadership

Preston ’11— VP 26 Editor in Chief, InformationWeek (Preston, Rob. "InformationWeek: The Business Value of Technology." InformationWeek. N.p., 27 Sept. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://www.informationweek.com/global-cio/interviews/us-ranked-no-1-in-tech-competitiveness/231602174.) JO
Amid continued economic upheaval, is the U.S. losing its lead when
AND
low-cost technology center and one focused on invention and true innovation. 

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

Heg decline is inevitable and trying to maintain heg makes transition worse

Pape 9 (Robert, Pape professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago Empire Falls, National Interest, 1/22/09)

Clearly, major shifts in the balance of power in the international system often lead
AND
much of its strategic freedom. Washington must adopt more realistic foreign commitments.  

No STEM shortage now—Skills need to be improved, not number of graduates

Schalin 12 ~Jay Schalin, writer for the Pope Center for Higher Education Policy and former software engineer, "The Myth of STEM Labor Shortages," May 31 2012, http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2701~~
Everybody knows that the best way to get ahead today is to get a college
AND
and that the myth continues despite expansion and contraction of the labor market.

China was just roasted by a cyber attack—They’re tech is too far behind to be a threat

RT News 8-27—International news source ("’Largest Hack’ in Chinese History Has Beijing Stumped - RT News." ’Largest Hack’ in Chinese History Has Beijing Stumped - RT News. N.p., 27 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://rt.com/news/china-biggest-cyber-attack-history-034/.) JO
A massive section of the Chinese Internet was knocked out Sunday in what authorities are
AND
Tibet, the Middle East and, of course, the United States." 

Impact empirically denied—Their Lips and McNeill 9 evidence says China has already launched four separate cyber attacks against the U.S.

Snowden leak proves—U.S. is miles ahead of China in the Cyber race

RT News 8-27—International news source ("’Largest Hack’ in Chinese History Has Beijing Stumped - RT News." ’Largest Hack’ in Chinese History Has Beijing Stumped - RT News. N.p., 27 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://rt.com/news/china-biggest-cyber-attack-history-034/.) JO
Beijing responded, claiming it had "mountains" of data on US hacks into
AND
, dates of attacks and whether a computer was still being monitored remotely.

They only solve the impact of a cyber attack, they don’t stop it from actually happening, meaning they don’t solve U.S. lashout

Space militarization is inevitable—Aff can’t solve

France-Presse ’09—Journalist quoting a top Chinese Air Force commander (France-Presse, Agence. "China Commander Says Space Weapons Inevitable." DefenceTalk Defense Military News Forums Pictures Weapons. N.p., 03 Nov. 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. http://www.defencetalk.com/china-commander-says-space-weapons-inevitable-22844/.) JO
Beijing: A top China air force commander has called the militarization of space an
AND
United States, as a possible trigger of an arms race in space.

Tournament: McMillen | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill BM | Judge: Ryan Tan

1NC

A. Interpretation – Economic Engagement must be long term

Pollins 3 (Brian M., Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and a Research Fellow at the Mershon Center, Edward Deering Mansfield, Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania, Michigan Studies in International Political Economy, Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate, 2003, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=L53fR-TusZAC26oi=fnd26pg=PA17526dq=22economic+engagement22+22long+term2226ots=Ew9tnp8GvC26sig=a0LuxuxsKyh1OvAhS3UjiPvV8B8~~23v=onepage26q=long20term26f=false)

The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
AND
chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

Violation — Removing barriers is appeasement

Mitchell 12 (Rodger, a "turnaround specialist", who saves troubled companies. He is the author of the book, "Free Money, Plan for Prosperity" and founder of his own blog, Rodger M Mitchell.com, contains quotes from Leigh Ann Caldwell, multimedia journalist covering politics for CBS news, Neville Chamberlain and Barack Obama Are Known for Appeasement, 4/8/12, http://econintersect.com/b2evolution/blog2.php/2012/04/08/neville-chamberlain-and-barack-obama-are-known-for-appeasement)

Chamberlain and Obama are known for appeasement, Chamberlain to Hitler and Obama to the
AND
restrictions were not the cause of our recession or small business startup difficulties.

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

Resnick 2001
~Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco~
DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO BROADLY A second problem associated with various scholarly treatments of engagement is
AND
to a significant degree on positive incentives to achieve its objectives."(n16)
As policymakers possess a highly differentiated typology of alternative options in the realm of negative
AND
could be analyzed by distinguishing among them and comparing them as separate policies.

1NC

Immigration Reform Will Pass — Boehner onboard to work on Immigration Reform — Tallent hiring, criticism of Tea Party prove

Schear and Parker 1/2 (Michael D. Shear and Ashley Parker, NY Times, "Boehner Is Said to Back Change on Immigration", 1/2/14, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/politics/boehner-is-said-to-back-change-on-immigration.html?_r=0~~23h~~~~, nikp)  

Speaker John A. Boehner of Ohio has signaled he may embrace a series of
AND
the Hispanic vote — a key reason for his loss to President Obama.

Plan drains PC—Cuba empirically unpopular

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Political capital key

Epstein 13 (Reid, writer at Politico, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy," http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html)

President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. "And I think that it would win significant Republican votes."

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

1NC

Security is a psychological construct — scenarios for war and conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 (John, Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University, "The Enemy System", http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified, RS)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

These paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Hollander 3 (Nancy, professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror: In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf, RS)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
AND
believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia.

Our alternative is to adopt the role of the analyst—- planning isn’t objective or neutral—-it is motivated by underlying structures of ideology and fantasy that can only be unraveled by the alternative

Gunder, 06 (Michael Gunder, a Senior planning lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, and is a past president of the New Zealand Planning Institute. He has a BA, MA and PhD in Planning. "Lacan, Planning and Urban Policy Formation.," 22 Aug 2006http:dx.doi.org/10.1080/0811114042000335287 |rsak)

The analyst’s discourse for Lacan is "the only ultimately effective means for countering the
AND
after the imposition of this hegemonic American motorway cure (ARC, 2003).

1NC

Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — moral obligation to shun

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22^nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)

The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to
AND
who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

1NC — Multilateralism

The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional

Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, "The Devolution of American Power" 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the
AND
multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.

—Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, "Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony" Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence
Brooks ’9 Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation "Keep the Embargo, O" April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

—DON’T READ IF HEG IMPACT - US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File~

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Heg is sustainable and high—their authors misunderstand geopolitics—no challengers

Kagan 12 (Robert Kagan, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe Brookings, "New Year, Old Foreign Policy Problems," http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0105_international_relations_kagan)
Meanwhile, the much-discussed "rise of the rest" has been overhyped
AND
will be the year Americans gain a renewed understanding of that enduring reality. 

Social sciences and psychological studies prove multi-polarity will always fail

Wohlforth, 09 (William C. Wohlforth, professor of government at Dartmouth College, January 2009, "UNIPOLARITY, STATUSCOMPETITION, AND GREAT POWER WAR", pg. 28-30)
When applied to the setting of great power politics, these propositions suggest that the
AND
a relatively clear status ordering or to engage in strategies of social creativity.

1NC — Ag

Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture

Gonzalez 03 — Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University,  B
AND
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944 | NikP)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Cuba is the key model for global organic polyculture agriculture

Patel 13 — Raj Patel is a fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change", July 19 2013, Slate, Available Online at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html  | NikP)

The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and
AND
another and with scientists, which has helped agro-ecological systems spread.

Industrial agriculture causes environmental collapse

Wright, 9 — Julia Wright, Ph.D. in Ecological Agriculture, Knowledge Systems and Food Security in Post-Crisis Cuba, from Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2005), and on the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Cuban Studies, Governing Board of Writtle College, Essex, Member of Research Advisory Board, Permaculture Association ("Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity", pg. 15-16)

Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide
AND
if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).

Ecological collapse triggers wars, spreads epidemics, and destroys trade

Ehrlich 26 Ehrlich 13 — Paul R. Ehrlich, Professor of Biology at Stanford University, President of the Center for Conservation Biology; Annie H. Ehrlich, Senior Research Scientist in Biology at Stanford University ("Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?", Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, Proc. R. Soc. B 2013 280, January 9 2013)

Virtually every past civilization has eventually undergone collapse, a loss of socio-political
AND
of the vast majority of people would disappear. pg. 1-2

Tournament: McMillen | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks GP | Judge: Ryan Gorman
Couldn't find the 1NC speech doc on computer

Tournament: Plano East | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jesuit FW | Judge: Sam Shore

1NC

Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Violation — Removing barriers is appeasement

Mitchell 12 (Rodger, a "turnaround specialist", who saves troubled companies. He is the author of the book, "Free Money, Plan for Prosperity" and founder of his own blog, Rodger M Mitchell.com, contains quotes from Leigh Ann Caldwell, multimedia journalist covering politics for CBS news, Neville Chamberlain and Barack Obama Are Known for Appeasement, 4/8/12, http://econintersect.com/b2evolution/blog2.php/2012/04/08/neville-chamberlain-and-barack-obama-are-known-for-appeasement)

Chamberlain and Obama are known for appeasement, Chamberlain to Hitler and Obama to the
AND
restrictions were not the cause of our recession or small business startup difficulties.

1NC

Don’t allow new clarifications because legal code supports this

GovTrack 13 (GovTrack, official government policy statements, "H.R. 1917: United States-Cuba Normalization Act of 2013," 9 May 2013, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1917/text |rsak)

(A) Extension of nondiscriminatory treatment Nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) shall apply to the products of Cuba. 

Chinese steel rising—it hinges on access to imported nickel

Marron 13 (Jim, Analyst at Salva Report – a Minerals Market Consulting Firm, "Chinese Nickel Imports Take Market by Surprise," 21 August 2013, https://salvareport.com/chinese-nickel-imports-take-market-by-surpise/ |rsak *Graphics were eliminated)

China’s economic growth over the past decade has fundamentally changed how it sources commodities.
AND
52,000 in 2007, and Chinese buyers went looking for solutions.

Lifting the embargo opens US markets to Cuban nickel

Krisher 05 (Ben, B.A. In political Science from University of Vermont, 12/6/5, "Lifting the U.S-Cuban Embargo: A Case of Current Events", http://voices.yahoo.com/lifting-us-cuban-embargo-case-current-events-12262.html?cat=37 |rsak)

A lifting of the embargo would have serious economic consequences for Cuba, allowing businesses
AND
, according to the Latin American Economy and Business article, are plentiful.

That trades off with the Chinese market

Burns 10 (Stuart, Analyst at Metal Miner, "Nickel the One Export Success Story in a Struggling Cuban Economy", http://agmetalminer.com/2010/06/24/nickel-the-one-export-success-story-in-a-struggling-cuban-economy/ |rsak)

On balance Cuba isn’t having a great time. True nickel prices are doing okay
AND
the most obvious market for the country’s nickel exports is closed to them.

Tradeoff risks Chinese economy—multiple warrants

Zhang 12 (Changfu, Secretary General of China Iron and Steel Association, "THE ROLE OF THE IRON and STEEL INDUSTRY IN CHINA’S FUTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT," http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/downloads/media-centre/06-EN-Changfu-Zhang-CISA/Speech20at20the20E2809CLCA20and20SteelE2809D20Seminar-by20CISA.pdf |rsak)

Firstly, the iron and steel industry is important in the Chinese economy and plays
AND
, and serves as the pillar of local economic development and social stability. 

Chinese economic collapse kills CCP stability – causes massive refugee flows and escalates to war

Kane 01 (Thomas M., Security Studies @ Hull, "China’s Hunger," Parameters, Fall, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/01autumn/Kane.htm |rsak)

Despite China’s problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be
AND
means to loosen one’s grip; shou means to tighten it.)~51~

CCP instability goes nuclear

Rexing 05 (San, Staff – Epoch Times, The CCP’s Last Ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War, 8-5, http://english.epochtimes.com/ news/5-8-5/30975.html)

What, then, is the gist of this wild, last-ditch gamble
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

1NC

Security is a psychological construct — scenarios for war and conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 (John, Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University, "The Enemy System", http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified, RS)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

These paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Hollander 3 (Nancy, professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror: In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf, RS)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
AND
believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia.

Vote negative to interrogate cycles of enemy creation—this can create a fissure in dominant narratives that make war inevitable

Byles 3—English, U Cyprus (Joanna, Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml, RS)

It is here of course that language plays an important role in imagining the other
AND
a state of mind and, most importantly, a way of thinking.

1NC

Will Pass — Boehner onboard to work on Immigration Reform — Tallent hiring, criticism of Tea Party prove

Schear and Parker 1/2 (Michael D. Shear and Ashley Parker, NY Times, "Boehner Is Said to Back Change on Immigration", 1/2/14, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/politics/boehner-is-said-to-back-change-on-immigration.html?_r=0~~23h~~~~, nikp)  

Speaker John A. Boehner of Ohio has signaled he may embrace a series of
AND
the Hispanic vote — a key reason for his loss to President Obama.

Plan drains PC—Cuba empirically unpopular

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Political capital key

Epstein 13 (Reid, writer at Politico, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy," http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html)

President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. "And I think that it would win significant Republican votes."

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts – solves cyber security

McLarty, 09 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-terrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the "Dead Hand" and nuclear war

Fritz, 09 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to achieve
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Case — Multilateralism

The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, "The Devolution of American Power" 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)
The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the
AND
multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy — other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers — moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable

Seldena, 13 — Zachary Seldena, assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Florida ("Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony", Security Studies, Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

Social sciences and psychological studies prove multi-polarity will always fail

Wohlforth, 09 (William C. Wohlforth, professor of government at Dartmouth College, January 2009, "UNIPOLARITY, STATUSCOMPETITION, AND GREAT POWER WAR", pg. 28-30)
When applied to the setting of great power politics, these propositions suggest that the
AND
a relatively clear status ordering or to engage in strategies of social creativity.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence
Brooks ’9 Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation "Keep the Embargo, O" April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File~

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Single instances of action do not change international perceptions of the United States.

Fettweis 8 (Christopher Fettweis, professor of political science at Tulane, "Credibility and the War on Terror", Winter 2008 Political Science Quarterly)

Since Vietnam, scholars have been generally unable to identify cases in which high credibility
AND
a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.40

Case — Public Health

The Cuban health care industry guarantees basic health coverage – it provides exceptional preventative medicine for all citizens.

Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010
(Laurie, "Castrocare in Crisis," Foreign Affairs, 89:4, July/August, EBSCOhost) 

The two keys to Cuba’s medical and public health achievements are training provided by the
AND
125 per 100,000 live births to 55 per 100,000.

Lifting the embargo leads to medical tourism which overstretches healthcare system

Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010
(Laurie, "Castrocare in Crisis," Foreign Affairs, 89:4, July/August, EBSCOhost) 

Cuba’s economic situation has been dire since 1989, when the country lost its Soviet
AND
its overall economy, it may be the better of two bad options.

Easing the embargo would cause Cuban healthcare professionals to leave the country – this would collapse the public healthcare system.

Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 (Laurie, "Castrocare in Crisis," Foreign Affairs, 89:4, July/August, EBSCOhost) 

According to Steven Ullmann of the University of Miami’s Cuba Transition Project, if Washington
AND
with funding as long as the regime restricts the travel of its citizens.

Virulent diseases burn out before causing pandemics

Carlson 06 (Shawn Carlson, PhD MacArthur Fellow,
The Citizen Scientist, "Dealing with Doctor Doom," 2006 http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2006/2006-04-07/editorial-p/index.html)
The data stand utterly against this idea. Plagues have run rampant through human populations
AND
ground traffic except for emergency vehicles and so on, to stop contagion.

Virulent diseases cannot cause extinction because of burnout theory

Leah R. Gerber, PhD. Associate Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Sciences, 05
Ecological Society of America, "Exposing Extinction Risk Analysis to Pathogens: Is Disease Just Another Form of Density Dependence?" August 2005, Jstor
The density of it population is an important parameter for both PVA and host-
AND
extent to which transmission depends on the density of the endangered host species.

Solvency

Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture

Gonzalez 03 — Carmen Gonzalez, Professor of International Law at Seattle University,  B
AND
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944 | NikP)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Cuba is the key model for global organic polyculture agriculture

Patel 13 — Raj Patel is a fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change", July 19 2013, Slate, Available Online at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html  | NikP)

The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and
AND
another and with scientists, which has helped agro-ecological systems spread.

Industrial agriculture causes environmental collapse

Wright, 9 — Julia Wright, Ph.D. in Ecological Agriculture, Knowledge Systems and Food Security in Post-Crisis Cuba, from Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2005), and on the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Cuban Studies, Governing Board of Writtle College, Essex, Member of Research Advisory Board, Permaculture Association ("Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity", pg. 15-16)

Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide
AND
if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).

Turn — plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence in the region

Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, "What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?", February 26 2013, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)

Lifting the ban for U.S. tourists to travel to Cuba would be
AND
, and investments in Cuba would develop. Yet there are significant implications.