Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee MD | Judge: Sam Shore
1
A. Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.
B. Violation – the aff (isn’t economic)(isn’t gov to gov)
C. Standards

1. Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad --- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison
   2.   Ground – neg loses relations based disads, say no arguments, and non-engagement counterplans. If all the aff has to do is spend money, our only predictable ground is a terrible spending or politics disad.
          D.  Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.

2
The aff’s continuation of security politics makes extinction inevitable
Der Derian, (Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts) 98 (James, On Security, ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security).  
Conventions of security act to suppress rather than confront the fears endemic to life,
AND
as evil, and evil provokes hostility--recycling the desire for security. 

Critical praxis outweighs policy making- voting affirmative guarantees error replication. Only a radical break from dominant paradigms can avoid becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy
Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ‘96 (Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
3
Talks with Iran will succeed in preventing proliferation but Obama still has to hold off new sanctions that would collapse the deal
AFP 11/23
“Major powers try again on Iran deal on nuclear program and sanctions”,  http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/iran-nuclear-talks-hinge-on-rights/story-e6frg6so-1226766392907#sthash.ODxxjJHp.dpuf
US Secretary of State John Kerry and his counterparts from other world powers were trying
AND
the support of arch-conservatives and the supreme leader, experts say.

Plan emboldens foreign policy hawks – makes Obama look weak
Kupchan 2010
(Charles A. Kupchan, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Mar/Apr 2010, “Enemies Into Friends”, Foreign Affairs, Proquest)
IF THE Obama administrations tentative engagement with the United States' rivals is to be more
AND
he will need if he is to succeed in turning enemies into friends.
Political capital key – checks congressional hawks and pro-israel lobbies
Mousavian 10/18, Seyed Hossein “The road to finalizing a nuclear deal with Iran”, 2013 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/18/iran-nuclear-talksgenevauraniumenrichment.html

These ongoing talks have the potential to become a historic moment for the U.
AND
the hawkish pro-Israel lobby and the political capital to end sanctions.
Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy
Press TV 11/13 “Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail”, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/

A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.
Ethanol
Climate change proves Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied
Taylor 10 James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment and Climate News., “Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen,” Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html
With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global
AND
The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.
Food Prices high now and inevitable – 6 reasons.
Corey 8
Corey 6/27/08 America.gov Charles W. Corey, “Africa: Economists Cite Six Factors for Oil, Food Price Hikes,” America.gov, http://allafrica.com/stories/200806271178.html
Members of the group who spoke to America.gov, include Michael J.
AND
influence on prices," by heavily moving into these markets, he said.
No extinction from climate change
NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, “Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC,” online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html
In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
AND
to climate change (e.g. Huntingford et al., 2008)."
On the other hand, they indicate that some biologists and climatologists have pointed out
AND
through using the vast data resource that we can exploit in fossil records."
Going on to do just that, Willis et al. focus on "intervals
AND
very little evidence for broad-scale extinctions due to a warming world."
In concluding, the Norwegian, Swedish and UK researchers say that "based on such evidence we urge some caution in assuming broad-scale extinctions of species will occur due solely to climate changes of the magnitude and rate predicted for the next century," reiterating that "the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

GHG warming is key to prevent an ice age which risks extinction
Hoyle and Wickramashinge in ‘1 (Fred and Chandra, School of Mathematics @ Cardiff U., Astrophysics and Space Science, “Cometary Impacts and Ice-Ages”, Vol. 275, No. 4, March, Springer)
The 18O/16O analysis of Greenland ice cores shows that an immense melting of
AND
unless Man finds an effective way to maintain a suitably large greenhouse effect. 

Ice age is coming now – comparatively outweighs warming and causes extinction – only warming solves
Chapman 08 (Phil Chapman, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh,” 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." 

CO2 emissions are key to preventing billions of deaths from global food shortages                                                                                               
Idso 11 (Sherwood Idso, former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, 7/6/11, “Meeting the Food Needs of a Growing World Population,” http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N27/EDIT.php).
Parry and Hawkesford (2010) introduce their study of the global problem by noting
AND
with more people "hungrier now than at the start of the millennium.”
Biod Makes ecosystems less stable and more prone to collapse
Heath 99, Elizabeth W. Gilloon Professor and Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, 1999 (Jim, Orchids Australia, December, http://www.orchidsaustralia.com/whysave.htm)

Some people say we can’t afford to lose any species, no matter what species
AND
add diversity, and that added diversity makes the biological world more stable. 

Increased biodiversity prevents resiliency and collapses the system
Naeem 2k2, Director of Science at Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC),  Professor and Chair of Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, 2K2 (Shahid Naeem -, 07 March 2002, Nature Magazine, “Biodiversity: Biodiversity equals instability?,” pg. 23)

Pfisterer and Schmid 3 studied biomass production in a combinatorial plant-diversity
AND
by the camp that disagrees with the idea that biodiversity leads to stability. 

Global Engagement
Multilateralism doesn’t solve conflict – It causes delays and people won’t cooperate
Wedgwood 02, Law Professor at Yale and Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Ruth, Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivelent Engagement, edited by: Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman)
The possible debility of multilateral structures should not mask these advantages. To be sure
AND
, and technological obstacles to interoperability add to the problems. 168-9
Hegemony fails at resolving conflicts.
Maher 11—PhD candidate in Political Science @ Brown
Richard, Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science department at Brown University, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States Will Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World, 11/12/2010 Orbis, ScienceDirect
And yet, despite this material preeminence, the United States sees its political and
AND
how best to position itself in the “post-unipolar” world.
Heg is unsustainable
Christopher Layne, Professor, National Security, Texas AandM University, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and Pax Americana,” INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, 2012 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x/full,

Before the Great Recession’s foreshocks in fall 2007, most American security studies scholars believed
AND
following World War II even as the material foundations of American primacy erode.

Nat Security
No nuclear terror.
Chapman 12 Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.
Cultural mismatch means no risk whatsoever
John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, "The Terrorism Delusion," Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
AND
took a tram going the wrong way and dynamited a mosque instead.15

OFAC Plauged by Bureaucracy kills solvency—chilling effect blocks applications and links to politics.
Ellen Creager¶ Detroit Free Press travel writer Michigan State University¶ BA, Journalism 8-24-2012 “Cuba US People to People Partnership”¶ http://cubapeopletopeople.blogspot.com/2012/08/people-to-people-in-bureaucratic-danger.html
 Why it is happening, nobody is sure. But the Cuba "People
AND
People trips to Cuba lose money, customers and confidence in their government.

A Terrorist attack will stimulate the economy.
Mieszkowski ‘1, Senior Staff Writer for Salon, (http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2001/09/21/fiscal_stimulus/index.html)
Will last week's terrorist attacks and the coming war effort finally plunge the U.
AND
fairly confident that they'll do what it takes to prevent a sustained recession."
Economic decline causes war—4 reasons
Royal, 10 (Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, pg. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels.5 

OFAC is ineffective—Shift in resources cant resolve impact
John McAuliff 10/24/2012 (Director of the Fund for Reconciliation and Development, "People to people travel rescued but not safe",cubapeopletopeople.blogspot.com/2012/10/peopleto-people-travel-rescued-but-not.html)

In January of 2011 President Obama finally returned travel for most Americans to more or less the situation under President Clinton. “More” in that universities and religious organizations received general, no need to apply, licenses. “Less” because third party providers of study abroad were shut out completely and licenses were issued for only one year. The category that opened the door to all Americans to visit Cuba was people to people, in which the only prerequisite was willingness and ability to pay for a group trip with a “full-time schedule of educational exchange activities...that will result in meaningful interaction between the traveler and individuals in Cuba.” The devil was in the details, how would such amorphous language be implemented. What subjective and political screen would be in place behind the very closed doors of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), still led by a Bush appointee. In the first year OFAC approved about one in three license applications, and imposed a one year time limit. It seemingly had more enthusiasm for trips that looked more like high end educational tourism, and less for those focused on substantive interaction. http://www.thehavananote.com/2012/01/one_year_semi_opening_cuba_travel But even that was too much for the hard liners in Congress. They hid behind the claim that the small increment of Americans in a universe of 2.5 million tourists significantly subsidized the regime they hate. In reality their accurate fear was that the more people travel to Cuba the more challenge will arise to the US diplomatic and economic embargo. The ultras tried to slip in a rider to the comprehensive appropriations bill in December that would gut travel, but the President faced them down.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 6 | Opponent: ICW ST | Judge: Jon Voss
1
The affirmative must specify what means of engagement they utilize – this is the only way to effectively create engagement based policies
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)
Some scholars have excessively narrowed the definition of engagement by defining it according to the
AND
circumstances under which each policy is relatively more or less effective.(n18)

Reject the Team

1. Limits – the definition of engagement must be specific and narrowed down – the number of different possible mechanisms blows the for negative research burden

2. Ground – we get no engagement based PIC’s and specific DA’s if they don’t specify – these are core debates in the literature the neg must test

2
The aff’s continuation of security politics makes extinction inevitable
Der Derian, (Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts) 98 (James, On Security, ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security).  
Conventions of security act to suppress rather than confront the fears endemic to life,
AND
as evil, and evil provokes hostility--recycling the desire for security. 

Critical praxis outweighs policy making- voting affirmative guarantees error replication. Only a radical break from dominant paradigms can avoid becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy
Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ‘96 (Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
3
Obama pressure key to stop new round of sanctions
Dennis 11/23
Steven Dennis, Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated), http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
not less, and called on Congress to vote on tougher sanctions instead.

Plan emboldens foreign policy hawks – makes Obama look weak
Kupchan 2010
(Charles A. Kupchan, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Mar/Apr 2010, “Enemies Into Friends”, Foreign Affairs, Proquest)
IF THE Obama administrations tentative engagement with the United States' rivals is to be more
AND
he will need if he is to succeed in turning enemies into friends.
Political capital key – checks congressional hawks and pro-israel lobbies
Mousavian 10/18, Seyed Hossein “The road to finalizing a nuclear deal with Iran”, 2013 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/18/iran-nuclear-talksgenevauraniumenrichment.html

These ongoing talks have the potential to become a historic moment for the U.
AND
the hawkish pro-Israel lobby and the political capital to end sanctions.
Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy
Press TV 11/13 “Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail”, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/

A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added. 

4
CP Text: The People’s Republic of China should invest and engage in economic cooperation and institutional reform with Cuba.
Turns and solves Cuban transition – Chinese investment ensures reforms
Hearn 12 (Dr. Adrian H. Hearn is Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellow at the University of Sydney and co-chair of the Latin American Studies Association “China, Global Governance and the Future of Cuba,” http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jcca/article/viewFile/498/496)  

Sino-Cuban cooperation is indeed driven by a political strategy, but it is
AND
to guiding the Western hemisphere’s only communist nation toward reconciliation with international conventions. 

Cred
No Middle East impact
Cook 7—CFR senior fellow for Mid East Studies. BA in international studies from Vassar College, an MA in international relations from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and both an MA and PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania(Steven, Ray Takeyh, CFR fellow, and Suzanne Maloney, Brookings fellow, 6 /28, Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast, http://www.iht.com/bin/print.php?id=6383265, AG)
Underlying this anxiety was a scenario in which Iraq's sectarian and ethnic violence spills over
AND
its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
No conflict and no nuclear escalation in Indo-Pak - deterrence
A. Vinod Kumar 6/30/13 MPhil in disarmament studies and an Associate Fellow at Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, 6/30/13, "Nuclear Deterrence Works in Indo-Pak Ties," http://www.indepthnews.info/index.php/global-issues/1650-nuclear-deterrence-works-in-indo-pak-ties
NEW DELHI (IDN | IDSA) - For over two decades, a dominant
AND
once had their leaderships lost complete faith in the efficacy of mutual deterrence.
Heg is unsustainable
Christopher Layne, Professor, National Security, Texas AandM University, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and Pax Americana,” INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, 2012 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x/full,

Before the Great Recession’s foreshocks in fall 2007, most American security studies scholars believed
AND
following World War II even as the material foundations of American primacy erode.
Hegemony fails at resolving conflicts.
Maher 11—PhD candidate in Political Science @ Brown
Richard, Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science department at Brown University, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States Will Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World, 11/12/2010 Orbis, ScienceDirect
And yet, despite this material preeminence, the United States sees its political and
AND
how best to position itself in the “post-unipolar” world.
Regionalism coming now – best model, no big war – locally activates the aff warrants for cooperation solving warming, disease, energy crisis, and food
Krishnan Srinivasan, "International Conflict and Cooperation in the 21st Century," THE ROUND TABLE v. 98 n. 400, 2--09, pp. 37-47.
The new world order of the ?rst half of the present century will be one
AND
ascendancy ?rst regionally, then continentally and ?nally globally over all the others.
Effective diplomacy and legitimacy are PARALLEL – U.S. legitimacy failure preserves the trend toward regionalism – plan can’t create functional diplomacy, America just gets soft-balanced
Michael J. Mazarr, Professor, National Security Strategy, U.S. National War College, "The Risks of Ignoring Strategic Insolvency," WASHINGTON QUARTERLY v. 35 n. 4, Fall 2012, p. 14-15.
Diplomacy increasingly fails. A parallel risk has to do with the ebbing force of
AND
shift to a lesser role with more limited ambitions and more sustainable legitimacy.
Multilateralism doesn’t solve conflict – It causes delays and people won’t cooperate
Wedgwood 02, Law Professor at Yale and Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Ruth, Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivelent Engagement, edited by: Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman)
The possible debility of multilateral structures should not mask these advantages. To be sure
AND
, and technological obstacles to interoperability add to the problems. 168-9

Transition
Economic interdependence prevents Taiwan war
Bremmer and Gordon 12 Ian, president of Eurasia Group and author of ''Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World” and David, head of research at Eurasia Group and former director of policy planning at the State Department, "Where Commerce and Politics Collide," October 15, China US Focus, www.chinausfocus.com/uncategorized/where-commerce-and-politics-collide/
Whatever happened to the reassuring view that expanding trade ties make for a safer and
AND
. Deepening trade relations give each side a stake in the other’s success.
Latin America is empirically denied—no escalation
Hartzell 2k (Caroline A, Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies Latin American Essays, “Latin America's civil wars: conflict resolution and institutional change.” http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28765765_ITM, 2000)

Latin America has been the site of fourteen civil wars during the post-World
AND
are the factors that are responsible for shaping post-war institutional change?
Increase in US influence in Latin America directly trades off with Chinese influence
Ellis 12
Dr. R. Evan Ellis is a professor of national security studies, modeling, gaming, and simulation with the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, with a research focus on Latin America’s relationships with external actors, including China, Russia, and Iran. holds a Ph.D. in political science with a specialization in comparative politics. May 2012- The Inter-American Dialogue - “The United States, ¶ Latin America and China: ¶ A “Triangular Relationship”?” http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8661_China_Triangular0424v2e-may.pdf

At the political level, US engagement with Latin American ¶ countries has impacted the
AND
blocked it from acquiring a comparable ¶ aircraft from the Czech Republic.30

Chinese influence is key to Chinese growth
Armony 12 (Ariel Armony is Weeks Professor in Latin American Studies, Professor of International Studies and Director of the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) at the University of Miami. Spring 2012 “What Is China to Latin America”, http://lacc.fiu.edu/hemisphere/hemisphere_vol_21.pdf nkj) Note—Please excuse the capitalization issues—the article wouldn’t copy right

What is China to Latin America? Among other things, China represents a market
AND
satisfy the Chinese leadership’s demand for “equality, fairness, and justice,” 

That solves global economic collapse and nuclear lashout
Buzan and Foot 04 – professor of International Relations  at the London School of Economics and Political Science; professor of International Relations at St. Anthony College, (Barry and Rosemary, “Does China Matter? A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal”, ed., Questia, p. 145-147, USC Libraries)JK

China, East Asia and the world The underlying argument in this section is that
AND
of just such a sequence was what underpinned Gerry's concern to promote constrainment.

Even if Cuba cooperates, lifting the embargo will result in Cuba taking tight control over any aid we offer them—that strengthens the regime and makes Cuba more oppressive and less democratic
Suchlicki, 2000
(“The U.S. Embargo of Cuba,” JAIME SUCHLICKI is Emilio Bacardi Moreau Professor of History ¶ and International Studies and the Director of the Institute for Cuban ¶ and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. He was the ¶ founding Executive Director of the North-South Center. For the past ¶ decade he was also the editor of the prestigious Journal of ¶ Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf, Hannah)

A change in U.S. policy toward Cuba may have different and ¶
AND
,” and ¶ reward him with tourism, investments, and economic aid.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cassady SP | Judge: Nick Burr

1NC

====Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy====
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, and#34;Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,and#34; Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Violation – the aff (isn’t economic)(isn’t gov to gov)

Standards

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

2.   Ground – neg loses relations based disads, say no arguments, and non-engagement counterplans. If all the aff has to do is spend money, our only predictable ground is a terrible spending or politics disad.

D.  Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.

1NC

Obama’s push ensures compromise to avoid default

Kuhnenhenn 9/8
Jim, and#34;Issues test Obama’s persuasion, mobilizing skillsand#34;, http://www.salon.com/2013/09/08/issues_test_obamas_persuasion_mobilizing_skills/-http://www.salon.com/2013/09/08/issues_test_obamas_persuasion_mobilizing_skills/, MCR

Win or lose, Obama and lawmakers then would run headlong into a debate over
AND
. Donohue pledged to find primary challengers against lawmakers who threaten a default.

The plan drains political capital

Rubinstein, ’12 (Dana, Reporter for Capital New York, has written for Bloomberg Businessweek, the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, the New York Observer, and the Brooklyn Paper  and#34;When is Obama going to have his Eisenhower moment?and#34; March 27, 2012 http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/politics/2012/03/5524547/when-obama-going-have-his-eisenhower-moment)

Ask a transportation expert who the last great transportation president was, and you’re not
AND
as to propose eliminating mass-transit financing entirely from the gas tax.

Syria speech freed up Obama’s attention for debt talks – PC is key and finite

Bohan 9/11 
Caren, and#34;Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agendaand#34;, http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932-http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932, MCR

(Reuters) - Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows President
AND
Obama has said he has no intention of negotiating over the borrowing limit.

Shutdown causes cyber attacks

Sideman 11 —- (Alysha Sideman is a Federal Computer Week Contributor, February23, 2011, and#34;Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown,and#34; http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1-http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1)**
With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber power causes great power nuclear war

Fritz 9 —- (Jason Fritz is a Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, July 2009, and#34;Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,and#34; http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf)**
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

CP

Text: The United States federal government should increase the cap on H-1B Visas to 195,000.

H-1B workers don’t displace US jobs – paid the same, create more jobs, and key to higher from US universities

Dunn 12 – recognized as one of the Country’s leading Immigration Lawyers, co-chair of the New York State Bar Association’s Immigration and Nationality Law Committee, partner Kramer Levin Naftalis 26 Frankel, LLP (June 19, Matthew, Forbes, and#34;Drive Business Back To The U.S., Reform H-1B Visa Laws,and#34; http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/06/19/drive-business-back-to-the-u-s-reform-h-1b-visa-laws/)
For those who argue that H-1B workers take jobs from U.S
AND
scientists and engineers in the U.S. who have a doctorate.

Increase to 195,000 solves—increases economy, doesn’t steal jobs or decrease wages

Sherk and Nguyen 09 (James Sherk is Bradley Fellow in Labor Policy in the
AND
business-and-the-economy, accessed August 14, 2011)
Reports have indicated that Senators Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Dick Durbin
AND
can ensure that American businesses have the workforces necessary for further economic growth.

1NC

Security driven economic engagement with Latin America authorizes international violence while criminalizing dissent – the 1AC exhibits a discourse of security that provides the rationale for global domination.

Figueredo 7 ~Darío Salinas, Professor in the Graduate Program in Social Sciences at the Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, specialist in Latin American Studies at the CONACYT National System of Researchers, Latin American Perspectives, Issue 152, Vol. 34 No. 1, January, and#34;Hegemony in the Coordinates of U.S. Policy: Implications for Latin America,and#34; Translated by Marlene Medrano, p. 95-98~
The mobilization of an external threat, real or fictitious, and the belief in
AND
the capacity to produce dynamics that unbalance the strategic perspective of regional stability.

Security politics authorizes limitless global destruction.

Der Derian 98 (James, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts, On Security, Ed. Lipschutz, p. 24-25)
No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary
AND
on the otherness of death, and identities calcifying into a fearful sameness. 

Reject the Aff’s security discourse – abandoning the attempt to eradicate insecurity is a prerequisite to meaningful political engagement.

Neocleous 8 ~Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University, Critique of Security, p. 185-186~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143

Manufacturing

Interdependence means zero chance that economic decline causes war

Leslie H. Gelb 10, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations; was a senior official in the U.S. Defense Department from 1967 to 1969 and in the State Department from 1977 to 1979, November/December 2010, and#34;GDP Now Matters More Than Force,and#34; Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6
To an unprecedented degree, the major powers now need one another to grow their
AND
not help one another, they rarely oppose one another in explosive situations.
Given the receding threat of great-power war, leaders around the world can
AND
additional riches for the rich, and a better life for the rest.
This trend is plain among the rising regional powers known as the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and among such others as Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. Although these countries’ leaders have major security concerns—such as India with regard to Pakistan—their paramount objective has become economic strength. For most, economic growth is their prime means of fending off internal political opposition.
China makes perhaps the best case for the primacy of economics. Although it might
AND
might; they fear its ability to give or withhold trade and investments.

Every economy impact is overwhelmingly empirically denied

Moisés Naím 10, editor in chief of Foreign Policy, January/February 2010, and#34;It Didn’t Happen,and#34; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Just a few months ago, the consensus among influential thinkers was that the economic crisis would unleash a wave of geopolitical plagues. Xenophobic outbursts, civil wars, collapsing currencies, protectionism, international conflicts, and street riots were only some of the dire consequences expected by the experts.
It didn’t happen. Although the crash did cause severe economic damage and widespread human suffering, and though the world did change in important ways for the worse — the International Monetary Fund, for example, estimates that the global economy’s new and permanent trajectory is a 10 percent lower rate of GDP growth than before the crisis — the scary predictions for the most part failed to materialize.
Sadly, the same experts who failed to foresee the economic crisis were also blindsided by the speed of the recovery. More than a year into the crisis, we now know just how off they were. From telling us about the imminent collapse of the international financial system to prophecies of a 10-year recession, here are six of the most common predictions about the crisis that have been proven wrong:
The international financial system will collapse. It didn’t. As Lehman Brothers, Bear
AND
Depression, and comparing the situation to the demise of the Soviet Union.
The natural corollary of such doomsday scenarios was the possibility that depositors would lose access
AND
use or that it can suddenly crash out of existence has largely dissipated.
The economic crisis will last for at least two years and maybe even a decade
AND
more effective than anyone had expected in shortening the life of the recession.
The U.S. dollar will crash. It didn’t. Instead, the
AND
and facilitate the correction of the global ’imbalances’ that helped cause the crisis.and#34;
Protectionism will surge. It didn’t. Trade flows did drop dramatically in late 2008
AND
trade barriers cannot be ruled out. But it has not happened yet.
The crisis in rich countries will drag down developing ones. It didn’t. As
AND
emerging economies could and#34;decoupleand#34; from the advanced ones was widely mocked.
But decouple they did. Some emerging economies relied on their domestic markets, others
AND
— but many others managed to avoid the fate of the advanced economies.
Violent political turmoil will become more common. It didn’t. Electorates did punish governments
AND
and bring in governments that are extreme. These things are pretty predictable.and#34;
No, it turns out: They aren’t.

Airpower fails – doesn’t deter conflict

Clodfelter 6 (Mark, professor of military history at the National War College, and#34;The limits of air power: the American bombing of North Vietnamand#34;, Google Books, Page xi, AV)

Unfortunately, precision bombing may not be the answer. Despite being several technological generations
AND
Vietnam will continue to restrict its utility in the twenty-first century.

Experts vote neg – no impact

McPeak 4 (Merrill A, and#34;Hit or Miss: A Neater Way to Winand#34;, Sept/Oct, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/60107/merrill-a-mcpeak-and-robert-a-pape/hit-or-miss?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/60107/merrill-a-mcpeak-and-robert-a-pape/hit-or-miss?page=show, AV)

Robert Pape (and#34;The True Worth of Air Power,and#34; March/April 2004)
AND
F-15s),and#34; but mostly lots of relatively cheap and#34;bomb trucks.and#34;

Heg doesn’t solve conflict.

Fettweis 11 ~Christopher, Prof. of Political Science – Tulane, Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace Page 73-6~
The primary attack on restraint, or justification for internationalism, posits that if the
AND
are less frightening than ever before, no matter which country is strongest.

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, and#34;Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,and#34; International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

Heg decline is inevitable and trying to maintain heg makes transition worse

Pape 9 (Robert, Pape professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago Empire Falls, National Interest, 1/22/09)

Clearly, major shifts in the balance of power in the international system often lead
AND
much of its strategic freedom. Washington must adopt more realistic foreign commitments.  

Trade

No Asian war.

Acharya 12 ~Amitav Acharya is Professor of International Relations at American University, Washington, DC. This article is from East Asia Forum (www.eastasiaforum.org) at the Crawford School, ANU. China’s rise and security in the Asian century May 6th, 2012 Author: Amitav Acharya, AU http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/05/06/china-s-rise-and-security-in-the-asian-century/~~
The problem with these scenarios is that they ignore significant changes that have taken place
AND
itself to guarantee order, but together they create the conditions for stability.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: Makuch, Fl

Obama focused on debt ceiling now – it will be close

Koring, 9/16/13 (Paul, and#34;Obama faces fall showdown with Congress,and#34; http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-faces-fall-showdown-with-congress/article14329090/, bgm)

With war against Syria averted, or perhaps postponed, U.S. President
AND
long expected to be the big legislative issue this fall, are fading.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, and#34;A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,and#34; http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Syria speech freed up Obama’s attention for debt talks – PC is key and finite

Bohan 9/11 
Caren, and#34;Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agendaand#34;, http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932-http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932, MCR

(Reuters) - Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows President
AND
Obama has said he has no intention of negotiating over the borrowing limit.

Shutdown causes cyber attacks

Sideman 11 —- (Alysha Sideman is a Federal Computer Week Contributor, February23, 2011, and#34;Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown,and#34; http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1-http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1)**
With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber power causes great power nuclear war

Fritz 9 —- (Jason Fritz is a Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, July 2009, and#34;Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,and#34; http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf)**
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

1NC

Economic engagement is directly engaging in trade, grants and loans, and investment

GAO 13 United States Government Accountability Office, Trends in U.S. and Chinese Economic Engagement¶ February 2013 http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-199-http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-199
Since 2001, China has rapidly increased its economic engagement with sub-Saharan African
AND
U.S. and Chinese security engagement in the scope of this study

B. Violation—the plan simply lifts an embargo

A. Interpretation – toward means in the direction of

Michigan Supreme Court 1914 ~Michigan Reports: Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Michigan, Volume 180, Google Books~
Under 3 Comp. Laws, § 11510 (5 How. Stat. ~
AND
towardand#34; means in a course or line leading in the direction of.

B. Violation – the resolution says economic engagement TOWARD Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela, means the engagement can only be uni-directional.  The aff’s engagement is multilateral.

C. Voting Issue 

1. Limits – tons of bi-directional affs that they could read – explodes the neg research burden
   2. Ground – they jack bi-directional CP ground and DA links based off of uni-directional action

1NC’s

The European Union should establish a bilateral human trafficking prevention partnership with the government of Mexico.

Mexican Gov. says yes to EU relations

HSU 4/18/13
(Hispanic speaking news is a anon. reporter for the Latino daily newspaper and is an expert on foreign affairs with Mexico, Venezuela, and Columbia http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/04/mexico-wants-to-deepen-trade-relations-with-european-union-2624002.html-http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/04/mexico-wants-to-deepen-trade-relations-with-european-union-2624002.html)

The Mexican government plans to and#34;deepenand#34; its trade relations with the European Union
AND
agricultural chapterand#34; in the talks with the EU, Guajardo said. JW

EU leadership key to preventing warming

Ischinger 7
(Wolfgang, German ambassador to Britain, The Guardian, and#34;Can the EU Fill Leadership Void Left by US?and#34; March 22, http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/203945.htm-http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/203945.htm)

In 1990, Charles Krauthammer published his famous essay on the and#34;unipolar momentand#34;,
AND
, embrace a European willingness to lead, and welcome the European moment.

Warming causes Extinction

Tickell 08 
(Oliver Tickell, British journalist, author and campaigner on health and environment issues, and author of the Kyoto2 climate initiative and#34;On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction,and#34; The Guardian, 8-11-08  http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

1NC

First, Mexico is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — abuses are widespread.

Pachico 13 — Elyssa Pachico, Analyst at InSight Crime—a think tank about organized crime in the Americas, 2013 (and#34;Amnesty International Critiques Human Rights Abuses of Mexico Drug War,and#34; InSight Crime, May 23^rd, Available Online at 

In its annual report, Amnesty International criticized Mexico for human rights abuses committed during
AND
both in terms of protecting human rights and fighting organized crime more effectively. 

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (and#34;On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,and#34; Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)

A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

1NC

The 1AC’s forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations – reluctance to defend their assumptions proves anthropocentric logic

Bell and Russell 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)//RSW

For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1

Anthropocentric logic dooms us to a world of calculation and domination—all life on earth is reduced and banished

DeLuca 5 (Kevin Michael DeLuca, Associate Professor of Speech Communication and adjunct in the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia, author of Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism and numerous articles exploring humanity-nature relations and technology, 2005, and#34;Thinking with Heidegger Rethinking Environmental Theory and Practiceand#34;, in Ethics 26 the Environment 10.1 p. 67-87)

Machination is unconditional controllability, the domination of all beings, the world, and
AND
here translating Erlebnis as adventure. Others translate it as lived-experience.) 

Reject the aff to make them and#34;start overand#34; with a new value system that includes the human as a plain member of the biotic community

Seed 88 (John Seed, founder and director of the Rainforest Information Centre in Australia, 1988, and#34;Introduction,and#34; from Thinking Like A Mountain - Towards A Council Of All Beings, also by John Seed, Joanna Macy, Pat Fleming, and Arne Naess http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/deep-eco/TLAM20text.htm nimo)

The other root of the Council of All Beings, is a new philosophy of
AND
capture a glimpse of the possibilities of Self which are open to us.

Framing

Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism

Cummiskey 1996 
(David, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College and Ph.D. from UM, and#34;Kantian Consequentialismand#34;, p. 145-146)
In the next section, I will defend this interpretation of the duty of beneficence
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Privileging ethics over political consequences dooms the affirmative to political irrelevance

Isaac, 02  (Jeffrey, Professor of  Political Science and director of the Center for  the Study of Democracy and Public Life at  Indiana University, Dissent, and#34;Ends, Means, and Politicsand#34;, Spring, ebsco)
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate  feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And  it undermines political effectiveness. 

Crisis politics is necessary to bring attention to a situation:

Karen Engle, 2007 (Professor in Law @ University of Texas).   and#34;and#34;Calling in the Troopsand#34;: The Uneasy Relationship Among Women’s Rights, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Intervention.and#34;  Harvard Human Rights Journal, Spring 2007.  Accessed Sept. 9, 2010, Lexis Academic Universe

Perhaps human rights activism, however, can only operate in a and#34;crisisand#34;
AND
rights activism, given the popular, public responses it hopes to invoke.

Even if strategizing is uncertain, we should plan for the MOST LIKELY future events by looking at a robust range of evidence.

Fitzsimmons 2006 (Michael, defence analyst in Washington DC) :The problem of uncertainty in strategic planningand#34;  Survival, Winter 2006-2007.  Accessed via EBSCO Host. ) 

Much has been made about the defining role of uncertainty in strategic planning since the
AND
are still tailored to meet the challenges of the most likely future events.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier LO | Judge: Whisenhunt, Toby

1NC

Obama focused on debt ceiling now – it will be close

Koring, 9/16/13 (Paul, "Obama faces fall showdown with Congress," http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-faces-fall-showdown-with-congress/article14329090/, bgm)

With war against Syria averted, or perhaps postponed, U.S. President
AND
long expected to be the big legislative issue this fall, are fading.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Syria speech freed up Obama’s attention for debt talks – PC is key and finite

Bohan 9/11 
Caren, "Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda", http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932-http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=52932, MCR

(Reuters) - Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows President
AND
Obama has said he has no intention of negotiating over the borrowing limit.

Shutdown causes cyber attacks

Sideman 11 —- (Alysha Sideman is a Federal Computer Week Contributor, February23, 2011, "Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown," http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1-http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1)**
With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber power causes great power nuclear war

Fritz 9 —- (Jason Fritz is a Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, July 2009, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf)**
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

1NC

Interpretation –Economic engagement is tangible economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

B. Violation – the plan passes the entire Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement – that’s extra topical, the agreement goes beyond the scope of engagement

C. This kills our research burden – they open the possibility to tons of new advantages based in the THA that are not germane to the resolution – Section 1 alone has three possible advantages that aren’t based in engagement

This is the text of the bill that they pass, accessed today (H.R. 1613, http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc113/h1613_eh.xml-http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc113/h1613_eh.xml)

"(1) IN GENERAL.—No later than 180 days after all parties to a transboundary hydrocarbon agreement have agreed to its terms, a transboundary hydrocarbon agreement that does not constitute a treaty in the judgment of the President shall be submitted by the Secretary to—
"(A) the Speaker of the House of Representatives;
"(B) the Majority Leader of the Senate;
"(C) the Chair of the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; and
"(D) the Chair of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate.
"(2) CONTENTS OF SUBMISSION.—The submission shall include—
"(A) any amendments to this Act or other Federal law necessary to implement the agreement;
"(B) an analysis of the economic impacts such an agreement and any amendments necessitated by the agreement will have on domestic exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbon resources on the outer Continental Shelf; and
"(C) a detailed description of any regulations expected to be issued by the Secretary to implement the agreement.
"(c) Implementation Of Specific Transboundary Agreement With Mexico.—The Secretary may take actions as necessary to implement the terms of the Agreement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, signed at Los Cabos, February 20, 2012, including—
"(1) approving unitization agreements and related arrangements for the exploration, development, or production of oil and natural gas from transboundary reservoirs or geological structures;
"(2) making available, in the limited manner necessary under the agreement and subject to the protections of confidentiality provided by the agreement, information relating to the exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas from a transboundary reservoir or geological structure that may be considered confidential, privileged, or proprietary information under law;
"(3) taking actions consistent with an expert determination under the agreement; and
"(4) ensuring only appropriate inspection staff at the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement or other Federal agency personnel designated by the Bureau, the operator, or the lessee have authority to stop work on any installation or other device or vessel permanently or temporarily attached to the seabed of the United States, which may be erected thereon for the purpose of resource exploration, development or production activities as approved by the Secretary.

1NC

Text: The Department of Defense should substantially increase allocation of DOD funding towards nanotech and set up all necessary scientific infrastructure and regulations following National Research Council directives.

Nanotech solves oil spills

Mahajan 11
YR Mahajan, "Nanotechnology-based solutions for oil spills," http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=20215.php
(Nanowerk Spotlight) The recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is widely
AND
economic loss suffered by oil companies resulting from oil-spillage is enormous.
Numerous solutions have been proposed for dealing with the problem of oil spills. These include
use of microorganisms to digest the oil
mechanical means like skimmers, booms, pumps, mechanical separators etc.
sorbents to remove oil from water through adsorption and/or absorption and
use of chemical dispersants like detergents etc.
Conventional techniques are not adequate to solve the problem of massive oil spills. In
AND
of finding suitable solutions to clean up oil spills through use of nanomaterials.

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should enter into prior binding consultation with Canada over whether the United States federal government should pass the Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement. The United States will advocate the proposal during the consultation process.

Consultation solve tri-lateral cooperation, and Canada says yes

Ayon et al 2009
(David R. Ayon, is a political analyst and writer, who serves as a Senior Research Associate at the Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University and as the U.S. Director of the Focus Mexico/Enfoque México Project. Robert Donnely, is Program Associate of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and was previously the Coordinator of the Justice in Mexico Project at the University of San Diego’s Transborder Institute. DoliaEstevez, is a career journalist who currently writes tor Poder magazine and El Semanario and serves as the consulting coordinator of the U.S.-Mexico Journalism Initiative at the Woodrow Wilson Center. Eric Olson, is Senior Advisor to the Security Initiative of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and has held senior positions at the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and the Washington Office on Latin America. Andrew Seele, is Director of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and an Adjunct Professor at Johns Hopkins University. "THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership", January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
Crises offer challenges and opportunities ¶ for long term strategies. The current downturn ¶
AND
. Extraordinary¶meetings can be called for in moments of crisis. ¶

Trilateral cooperation is key to North American economic integration

Barrio-Terrazas 2012
~Francisco,  the Mexican Ambassador to Canada, "North America: Continental competitiveness, trilateral cooperation", Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.2020magazine.ca/en/magazine/january-february-2012/north-america-continental-competitiveness-trilateral-co-operation/-http://www.2020magazine.ca/en/magazine/january-february-2012/north-america-continental-competitiveness-trilateral-co-operation/~~
Our common objective was clear: we needed to cement historical trends in the movement
AND
Rio Grande and the Great Lakes. Let’s produce and buy North America.

That’s key to competitiveness – turns the aff

Pastor 2013
~Robert is a Professor and Founding Director of the Center for North American Studies at American University, "Shortcut to U.S. Economic Competitiveness: A Seamless North American Market", March 2013, http://www.cfr.org/competitiveness/shortcut-us-economic-competitiveness-seamless-north-american-market/p30132-http://www.cfr.org/competitiveness/shortcut-us-economic-competitiveness-seamless-north-american-market/p30132~~
In looking abroad to promote economic growth, the United States need go no further
AND
trade has since declined by two-thirds and foreign investment by half.

Environment

Climate change proves Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied

Taylor 10 ~James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment 26 Climate News., "Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen," Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html~~
With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global
AND
The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.

Studies prove that modern ag techniques have massively cut erosion rates
Dennis Avery (Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute) , 2—9—2005  "It’s Time to Tell the World How High-Yield Farming Saves Nature," Presentation to Canadian Association of Agri-Retailers, Winnipeg, www.cgfi.org/2005/02/09/its-time-to-tell-the-world-how-high-yield-farming-saves-nature/-http://www.cgfi.org/2005/02/09/its-time-to-tell-the-world-how-high-yield-farming-saves-nature/
4. Myth: Modern Farming Causes Soil Erosion In a piece of elegant ’soil
AND
sustainable, more productive job of farming today than ever before in history.

Renewables transition coming, but continued investment is key

Mitchell 2013 
(Travis, associate editor for all FierceEnergy and FierceFinance publications and is based in the Washington, DC office. Before joining FierceMarkets, Travis worked as an editorial/communication intern at the Rural Community Assistance Partnership, a national non-profit focusing on clean water and has also worked on the multimedia desk for the Washington bureau of Agence France-Presse. Travis holds a B.A. in journalism from American University in Washington, DC, where he also spent four years as a student DJ for WVAU. He is fluent in French, a music lover and enjoys eating his way around the District, Facts show renewable energy success, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/facts-show-renewable-energy-success/2013-02-19)
There are plenty of misconceptions about the costs and benefits of renewable energy. But
AND
make the argument against these generation sources and the policies that support them.

Plan causes investment in Mexican oil – revives the industry

Krauss and Malkin ’10 ("Mexico Oil Politics Keeps Riches Just Out of Reach" New York Times, Clifford Krauss and Elisabeth Malkin, March 8, 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/business/global/09pemex.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)
 To the Mexican people, one of the great achievements in their history was
AND
an embarrassing disaster for Pemex, the latest in a string of them.    

That kills renewables transition – key to solve warming

Haug 2011
~Marianne, Former Director at the International Energy Agency, chairs Advisory Group on Energy of the EC, and is Senior Research Advisor at the Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 2011, Oxford Journals, "Clean energy and international oil," http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/92.full-http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/92.full~~
Developing and commercializing clean energy is one of the basic strategies to combat climate change
AND
and help accelerate market readiness and market opportunities of backstop technologies for oil.

Tons of alt causes

Edmonton Journal 8 (Elaine O’Connor, "World’s oceans at risk of becoming soupy swill; Rising temperatures, runoff toxins creating ’dead zones’" 9/15/2008, www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=3c40fbee-40e4-443a-b736-c70c6072649e)
VANCOUVER - Sally Cole came home from a sailing trip in August looking forward to
AND
sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

Oceans are resilient – BP oil spill proves
National Geographic, 11 (Brian Handwerk – staff writer, April 19, 2011, "Gulf Oil Spill Anniversary: Resilience Amid Unknowns," http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/04/110420-gulf-oil-spill-anniversary-year-later-science-nation-environment/, Hensel)
On the first anniversary of the Gulf oil spill, scientists caution that it could
AND
bounce back from the damage—at least in the short-term.

Marine ecosystems are resilient
Kennedy ’2
Victor Kennedy, PhD Environmental Science and Dir. Cooperative Oxford Lab., 2002, "Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Global Climate Change," Pew, http://www.pewclimate.org/projects/marine.cfm
There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991) hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.

Econ

No global economic collapse and it wouldn’t cause conflict

Drezner ’11 (Daniel Drezner, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 8-12-2011, "Please come down off the ledge, dear readers," Foreign policy, http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/-http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/)

So, when we last left off this debate, things were looking grim.
AND
, based on the data we’ve got, that’s not going to happen. 

Hegemony fails at resolving conflicts.

Maher 11—PhD candidate in Political Science @ Brown
Richard, Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science department at Brown University, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States Will Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World, 11/12/2010 Orbis, ScienceDirect

And yet, despite this material preeminence, the United States sees its political and
AND
how best to position itself in the "post-unipolar" world.

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

Heg decline is inevitable and trying to maintain heg makes transition worse

Pape 9 (Robert, Pape professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago Empire Falls, National Interest, 1/22/09)

Clearly, major shifts in the balance of power in the international system often lead
AND
much of its strategic freedom. Washington must adopt more realistic foreign commitments.  

No scenario for conflict

Fettweis, 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO, CMR)

Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments
AND
keeping the peace? With one exception, these questions are rarely addressed.
That exception is in the Pacific Rim. Some analysts fear that a de facto
AND
dangers contained in the terrestrial security environment are less severe than ever before.
Believers in the pacifying power of hegemony ought to keep in mind a rather basic tenet: When it comes to policymaking, specific threats are more significant than vague, unnamed dangers. Without specific risks, it is just as plausible to interpret U.S. presence as redundant, as overseeing a peace that has already arrived. Strategy should not be based upon vague images emerging from the dark reaches of the neoconservative imagination.
Overestimating Our Importance
One of the most basic insights of cognitive psychology provides the final reason to doubt
AND
, the most obvious and parsimonious explanation is that he was responsible."57
It is natural, therefore, for U.S. policymakers and strategists to
AND
S. hegemony in contributing to international stability is therefore almost certainly overrated.
In the end, one can never be sure why our major allies have not
AND
their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.

Tournament: Hockaday | Round: 4 | Opponent: ST Marks GP | Judge:
1 - T
A. Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.
2 – DA
PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital --- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)

The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.
Cooperation with the US is unpopular --- particularly with the PRI
Long 13 (Tom Long 4-16-2013 Doctoral research fellow, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University, "Will tensions over security spoil the Obama-Peña Nieto Summit?” American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, aulablog.net/2013/04/16/will-tensions-over-security-spoil-the-obama-pena-nieto-summit/)

Peña Nieto’s political incentives do not point to the same, high-profile cooperation
AND
violations and the slow pace of judicial reform could also grow more serious.
PEMEX reform solves US oil dependence
Hakim 11-26 (Peter 2012, president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/won_t_you_be_my_neighbor?page=0,0)

Beyond immigration, Peña Nieto and his advisors consider energy policy one of their highest
AND
Middle East and other distant and/or troubled parts of the world.
Oil dependence causes extinction
Lendman 7 (Stephen, renowned author and research associate at the Center for Research on Globalization, “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?”, July 2007, http://www.rense.com/general76/-resrouce.htm)
*This card edited to remove holocaust rhetoric which we do not endorse

With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
3 – CP
CP Text: The United States Federal Government should repeal Section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998.
The Havana Rum case spills over --- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
and Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.

4 – K
The aff’s continuation of security politics makes extinction inevitable
Der Derian, (Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts) 98 (James, On Security, ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security).  
Conventions of security act to suppress rather than confront the fears endemic to life,
AND
as evil, and evil provokes hostility--recycling the desire for security. 

Critical praxis outweighs policy making- voting affirmative guarantees error replication. Only a radical break from dominant paradigms can avoid becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy
Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ‘96 (Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

Econ

No retaliation—definitely no escalation
Mueller 5 (John, Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University, Reactions and Overreactions to Terrorism, http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/NB.PDF)

However, history clearly demonstrates that overreaction is not necessarily inevitable. Sometimes, in
AND
after the obligatory (and inexpensive) expressions of outrage are prominently issued.

Basing policy on the possibility of terrorism encourages them to see a potential threat everywhere leading to an array of state violence which can exceed the magnitude of the impact they were trying to prevent
Campbell 02 (David, professor of IR at Newcastle, Theory and Event 5.4)
 #  While the current operations of the war machine do not represent a changed
AND
that dare criticize this complicity will be labeled fellow travelers of the terrorists.
A Terrorist attack will stimulate the economy.
Mieszkowski ‘1, Senior Staff Writer for Salon, (http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2001/09/21/fiscal_stimulus/index.html)
Will last week's terrorist attacks and the coming war effort finally plunge the U.
AND
fairly confident that they'll do what it takes to prevent a sustained recession." 

Biotech
No supervolcanos
U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/2005/docudrama.html
QUESTION: What is the chance of another catastrophic volcanic eruption at Yellowstone? ANSWER
AND
the Earth. Moreover, catastrophic geologic events are neither regular nor predictable.
Global pandemics unlikely, don’t cause extinction
Ridley 2012 Matt Ridley, columnist for The Wall Street Journal and author of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/
The emergence of AIDS led to a theory that other viruses would spring from tropical
AND
genome and devise a vaccine or cure is getting better all the time.
TB threat overblown
States News Service, 07 (States News Service GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMIC LEVELLING OFF: NEW REPORT March 22, 2007 Thursday)
The following information was released by the World Health Organization: The global tuberculosis (
AND
detected, and out of those, the vast majority are cured. 

The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human”
Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042)
In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years,
AND
the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.
Biotech inevitable.
D'Haeze, ‘7 Wim, Bio-Engineer in Chemistry and received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology at Ghent University, Senior Technical Writer in the pharmaceutical, "Blooming Biotech and Pharmaceutical Industries," 10-15, The Science Advisory Board, http://www.scienceboard.net/community/perspectives.193.html
Whoever regularly follows the news will recognize that the Biotech and Pharmaceutical Industry is still
AND
and by supporting small biotech and pharmaceutical businesses and start-up companies.

Bayh-Dole model for IPR specifically hurts innovation
Sampat 9 (Bhaven N. Sampat, Department of Health Policy and Management Columbia University, “The Bayh-Dole Model in Developing Countries: Reflections on the Indian Bill on Publicly Funded Intellectual Property,” October 2009, http://ictsd.org/downloads/2011/12/the-bayh-dole-model-in-developing-countries-reflections-on-the-indian-bill-on-publicly-funded-intellectual-property.pdf)
Unlike the apparently widespread view among some emulators that Bayh-Dole was an unambiguous
AND
to instead seek out academic partners in China, Russia, and India.

Their militarized discourse of IP should be rejected — it causes serial policy failure.
Ghafele 10 — Roya Ghafele, holds a D.Phil. from the Department of International Development and an MS.C. in Global Governance and Diplomacy from the University of Oxford, 2010 (“Of war and peace: analyzing the policy discourse on intellectual property,” MPRA Paper No. 38091, June, Available Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38091/1/MPRA_paper_38091.pdf, Accessed 10-17-2013)
There is no point in trying to determine who is right and who is wrong
AND
in a constructive way how IP may be managed in the public interest. 

US IP Leadership
China can’t catch up and no risk of war
Zenko and Cohen 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action
AND
yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety)
As the threat from transnational terrorist groups dwindles, the United States also faces few
AND
Beijing will continue to prefer a strong United States to a weak one.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out
Cliff and Shlapak, 7 – Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense AND Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report (Roger and David A., “U.S.–China Relations
After Resolution of Taiwan’s Status,” RAND Corporation, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA471950?)
This situation would occur if China attempted to use force to achieve unification, the
AND
region, which would be even less concerned about China’s use of force.
Their portrayal of an imminent Chinese threat creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
Zhang 11 (Baohui, associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Asia Pacific Studies at Lingnan University, Hong Kong, March/April 2011, "The Security Dilemma in the U.S.-China Military Space Relationship" JSTOR)
The China problem they reference is a biproduct of the security dillema that they exacerbate
AND
.S. have expressed growing pessimism about the future of arms control.

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: 3 | Opponent: Caddo CC | Judge: Stephen
1NC
Our interpretation is the affirmative has to defend the USfg substantially increase its economic engagement with Cuba, Venezuela, or Mexico.
The USfg is the federal government in Washington DC
“Resolved” implies a policy or legislative decision
Parcher 1 Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html
Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
or 'no' - which, of course, are answers to a question.   

Prefer our interpretation
First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact---T debates also solve any possible turn
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development---we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates---government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined---and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Third, Switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

And independently a voting issue for limits and ground---our entire negative strategy is based on the “should” question of the resolution---there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative--- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action---they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

Effective decision-making outweighs---
Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin's study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack's (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
1NC
Their drive to bring the discourse of the oppressed into public forums creates a territorialization of marginalized identities. This attempt at revealing is another, more insidious form of oppression.
Brown 96
(Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)

A dead language is not only one no longer spoken or written, it is
AND
Commission on pornography as the violence done to all women by all pornography.

And, the affirmative is a perfect erasure of the other; they craft an image of the other in terms of their own systems of knowledge. This image inevitably overwhelms the other and denies them any sort of individual subjectivity.
Alcoff 95
(Linda, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, “The Problem of Speaking for Others,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.)

There is one final point I want to make before we can pursue this analysis
AND
however multi-layered, fictional, and constrained it in fact is.
Our alternative, instead of recasting discourses of oppression, is to choose silence. Refusing to speak is a mode of active resistance that refuses to participate in colonizing discourse.
Brown 96
(Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)

On the other hand, if the compulsion to put all into discourse can in
AND
of refusing colonization, refusing complicity in injurious interpellations or subjection through regulation.
1NC
We advocate the entirety of the 1AC without the role of the ballot claim

The call for the judge to evaluate the debate with a specific “role of the ballot” ignores the complexity of decision-making and demands the judge ignore his/her life experiences and agency
Wordlaw 10 (Wardlaw, Kim McLane,  Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 2010, “Umpires, Empathy, and Activism: Lessons from Judge Cardozo”, Notre Dame Law Review) FS
Judge Cardozo recognized that the law is not always a strike zone; that the
AND
when those life experiences facilitate one’s ability to understand the circumstances of others. 

Removing the judge’s personal agency prevents empathy so perspective-taking becomes impossible.
Nielson and Weinberg 12 (Nielson, Laura Beth, Associate Professor of Sociology and Law and Director of Legal Studies at Northwestern, and Weinberg, Jill D., MA from U. Chicago and PhD candidate at Northwestern, 2012, “EXAMINING EMPATHY: DISCRIMINATION, EXPERIENCE, AND JUDICIAL DECISIONMAKING”, Southern California Law Review, Vol. 85:313, http://weblaw.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/documents/SCalLRev85_Weinberg.pdf)
Although judges may decide cases mechanically or politically, the empathetic perspective suggests that judges
AND
group.40 Often these differences are based on race41 and gender42 categories.

Loss of empathy prevents understanding the narratives and perspectives of others—social science proves
Nielson and Weinberg 12 (Nielson, Laura Beth, Associate Professor of Sociology and Law and Director of Legal Studies at Northwestern, and Weinberg, Jill D., MA from U. Chicago and PhD candidate at Northwestern, 2012, “EXAMINING EMPATHY: DISCRIMINATION, EXPERIENCE, AND JUDICIAL DECISIONMAKING”, Southern California Law Review, Vol. 85:313, http://weblaw.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/documents/SCalLRev85_Weinberg.pdf) FS
Given the disparities in summary judgment outcomes, how can we promote an agenda of
AND
for victims,111 but also helps individuals to understand members of stigmatized groups

.112 However, teaching individuals to be more empathetic varies based on intragroup and intergroup characteristics.113 Research reports that group membership can moderate the impact of empathetic induction; individuals with different group membership exhibit less empathy than those who are similarly situated.114 Notwithstanding these findings, the research in this area consistently shows that empathetic induction helps individuals recognize more nuanced, situational narratives that are distinct from their own.115

Tournament: ST Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego CF | Judge: Elyse Conklin

EE/Gov – Gov – 36 sec

====Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy====
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000 
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

Violation – the aff (isn’t economic)(isn’t gov to gov)

Standards

Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad —- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison

2.   Ground – neg loses relations based disads, say no arguments, and non-engagement counterplans. If all the aff has to do is spend money, our only predictable ground is a terrible spending or politics disad.

D.  Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.

PTX DA

History proves—Obama’s win on the shutdown fight increases the odds of immigration reform passing:

Margaret Taley, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, "Obama’s Debt Fight Win Won’t Secure Agenda Success,"  http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-16/obama-s-win-in-debt-fight-won-t-secure-success-for-future-agenda-http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-16/obama-s-win-in-debt-fight-won-t-secure-success-for-future-agenda, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)
Whether Obama gets from Congress a new immigration law or changes he’s seeking in taxes
AND
, ’We don’t feel the need to do what Gingrich did.’"

Major shifts in policy towards Latin America cause partisan battles

Whitehead 26 Nolte 12 (Laurence Whitehead, senior research fellow in politics at Nuffield College, Oxford, and Detlef Nolte, acting president of the GIGA, director of the GIGA Institute of Latin American Studies, professor of political science at the University of Hamburg, Number 6, 2012, http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_international_1206.pdf-http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_international_1206.pdf, CMR) 

US–Latin America relations are routinely managed by multiple bureaucratic agencies, which can
AND
¶ or that Washington’s priorities will shift much after the November 2012 elections. 

Obama’s political capital key to passage of immigration reform:

Laura Matthews, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, "2013 Immigration Reform Bill: ’I’m Going To Push To Call A Vote,’ Says Obama," http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220-http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220, Accessed 10/17/2013, rwg)
Still, pro-immigration advocates are hopeful they can attain their goal soon. "With more prodding from the president and the American people," Gutierrez said, "we can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law."

Immigration reform bolsters US-Indian cooperation:

Tanvi Madan, 1/17/2013 (fellow in the Foreign Policy-http://2012authoring.webprodauth.brookings.edu/about/programs/foreign-policy program at the Brookings Institution, "The India Investment," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/the-india-investment-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/the-india-investment, Accessed 1/20/2013, rwg)
While diplomatic, defense and economic engagement get the most attention, cooperation elsewhere could
AND
the energy infrastructure sector in India to greater U.S. investment.

US/India relations averts South Asian nuclear war.

Schaffer, 2002
(Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)
Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Neolib 1.20

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition of US policy crushes this with a monolithic economic model

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11
(Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)

The "Bolivarian Revolution" is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism."
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction

Lander ’2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, "Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the "Natural" Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South", 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were privately appropriated
And
Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements

Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

1NC Iran Prolif 2.45

No impact to Iran prolif and it stabilizes the middle east—forces Iran/Israel rapprochement

Sadr 5
Sadr Ehsaneh I, graduate student, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, "The Impact of Iran’s Nuclearization on Israel," MIDDLE EAST POLICY v. 12 n. 2, Summer 2005, p. 70.
In an article on U.S. options for a post-Cold War nuclear policy,
And
witnessed since Hiroshima and Nagasaki—that is, zero.

Nuclear Iran boosts the Russian economy, solves Chinese oil security, and solves nuclear strikes by Israel, turning Middle East stability—there’s no risk of adventurism or terrorist acquisition

Romulous 9 (Aetius, The benefits of a nuclear Iran, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KK18Ak02.html)

Iran could be building "the bomb". Iran would then be the second power
AND
Afghanistan. America exchanges arms for oil market stability, and everybody wins. 

Chinese oil security solves expansionism

Kaplan 10—National Correspondent for the Atlantic Monthly (Robert D., Foreign Affairs, 00157120, May/Jun2010, Vol. 89, Issue 3, "The Geography of Chinese Power", EBSCO Host)

China’s internal dynamism creates external ambitions.
And
metals, and strategic minerals in order to support the rising living standards of its immense population, which amounts to about one-fifth of the world’s total.

Global nuclear war

Hunkovic 9 – American Military University ~Lee J, 2009, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict
Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf-http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf~~

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has
And
States are the primary actors in this scenario, whose actions will determine its eventual outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Russian economic decline causes civil war—escalates and goes nuclear

David, 99 – Professor of Politics Science at Johns Hopkins (Steven, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, lexis)

If internal war does strike Russia, economic deterioration will be a prime cause.
And
would increase this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

1NC Multilat

CP Text: The Department of Defense should substantially increase allocation of DOD funding towards nanotech and set up all necessary scientific infrastructure and regulations following National Research Council directives.

Nanotech solves resource security

Gruere et al 11-Gruere is a researcher for and member of the International Food Policy Research Institute. He currently works at Princeton University. Guillaume Gruère, Clare Narrod, and Linda Abbott. IFPRI Policy Brief "Agriculture, Food, and Water Nanotechnologies for the Poor:
Opportunities and Constraints" 19 June 2011. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/bp019.pdf-http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/bp019.pdf Accessed August 26, 2013 FS
Potential nanotechnology applications currently in the R26D pipeline ¶ have the potential to make agriculture
And
potential to affect agricultural production, food safety and nutrition, ¶ and water safety.
Multilateralism doesn’t solve conflict – It causes delays and people won’t cooperate
Wedgwood 02, Law Professor at Yale 26 Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Ruth, Multilateralism 26 U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivelent Engagement, edited by: Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman)
The possible debility of multilateral structures
And
, and technological obstacles to interoperability add to the problems. 168-9

No risk of resource wars—-historical evidence all concludes neg—-cooperation is way more likely and solves

Jeremy Allouche 11 is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade" Food PolicyVolume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3-S8 Accessed via: Science Direct Sciverse
Water/food resources, war and conflict

Heg Retrenchment doesn’t cause conflict, lashout, or draw-in—-all their studies are wrong

Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Spring 2011, "Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44
How do great powers respond to acute decline? The erosion of the relative power
AND
retrenchment should be avoided and forward defenses maintained into the indefinite future.3
Other observers advocate retrenchment policies, but they are pessimistic ~End Page 7~
AND
unprofitable foreign commitments for parochial reasons of national culture or domestic politics.7
These arguments have grim implications for contemporary
And
     none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

Tech and adaptation solves—-any empirical evidence is anecdotal at best

Thomas Bernauer et al 10 is a professor of political science at ETH Zurich, Ms. Anna Kalbhenn is PhD candidate at the Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS), Zurich *Vally Koubi is a senior fellow at the Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich  Gabriele Ruoff is postdoctoral researcher in the "International Political Economy" group of Thomas Bernauer at the Center for Comparative and International Studies, Climate Change, Economic Growth, and Conflict climsec.prio.no/papers/Climate_Conflict_BKKR_Trondheim_2010.pdf

Other scholars, commonly referred to as cornucopians or resource optimists, do not  share
AND
in  technology and efficiency usually outstrips the constraints imposed by an increasing  population.
The neo-Malthusian argument has also been criticized for being overly complex and deterministic
AND
and migration could increase the probability of climate change leading  to armed conflict.
Qualitative case studies (e.g. Baechler et al. 1996) provide
AND
as economic development and the political system characteristics may  thus have been overlooked.

Tournament: UT RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge:
1 -
Interpretation. Economic engagement is tangible, state-to-state economic policy
Haass and O’Sullivan 2000
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.
Violation – Energy is non-economic engagement
Australian Government, 11
(“The White Paper and Australia’s Strategic Relationship with China”, 9/28
http://asiancentury.dpmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/public-submissions/nd.doc
Australia risks losing a healthy relationship with Asia due to overdependence on trade relations and
AND
in the near future¶ Cultivating soft power through aid funding and development projects
Standards

1. Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad -~-- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison
   2. They cannot defend any extra-topical reasons to vote affirmative—-they obviously can critique the method of our impacts but unless it’s a direct impact turn our discourse cannot be a reason to vote aff because that doesn’t meet the aff burden of proving the resolution true and allows the aff to add on infinite reasons to vote aff outside the resolution
   3. The aff should have a solvency advocate that defends the essence of what the plan text mandates – absent one neg research and limits are impossible – independent reason to vote neg

Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.
2 –
CP Text: The People’s Republic of China should provide decentralized photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.
China’s ahead in clean tech development now and it’s zero sum-~--key to their economic growth
Bennhold 10 Katrin is a writer for the New York Times. “Race Is on to Develop Green, Clean Technology,” Jan 29, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/30/business/global/30davos.html?dbkand_r=0
DAVOS, SWITZERLAND — It is shaping up to be the Great Game of the
AND
development,” she said. “The emerging markets are well-placed.”
China’s economic rise prevents CCP instability and lashout -~-- decline tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Mead 9 Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power
AND
modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.
CCP instability causes extinction
Yee and Storey 2 Herbert is a Professor of Politics and IR @ Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian is a Lecturer in Defence Studies @ Deakin University. “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p. 5
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

3  
CP Text: The United States federal government should provide decentralized photovoltaic electrification assistance to Chile and Bolivia.
1AC Carruthers evidence is solvency – indigenous communities in Bolivia and Chile are affected by the same environmental injustice – no reason Mexico is key to a spillover
4
PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital -~-- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)

The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.
Cooperation with the US is unpopular -~-- particularly with the PRI
Long 13 (Tom Long 4-16-2013 Doctoral research fellow, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University, "Will tensions over security spoil the Obama-Peña Nieto Summit?” American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, aulablog.net/2013/04/16/will-tensions-over-security-spoil-the-obama-pena-nieto-summit/)

Peña Nieto’s political incentives do not point to the same, high-profile cooperation
AND
violations and the slow pace of judicial reform could also grow more serious.
PEMEX reform solves US oil dependence
Hakim 11-26 (Peter 2012, president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/won_t_you_be_my_neighbor?page=0,0)

Beyond immigration, Peña Nieto and his advisors consider energy policy one of their highest
AND
Middle East and other distant and/or troubled parts of the world.
Oil dependence causes extinction
Lendman 7 (Stephen, renowned author and research associate at the Center for Research on Globalization, “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?”, July 2007, http://www.rense.com/general76/-resrouce.htm)
*This card edited to remove holocaust rhetoric which we do not endorse

With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.

Centralized Injustice
Multiple alt causes like elites buying rights to water, infrastructure, politics, and investment prevent solvency
Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism
David Cummiskey, Associate Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College and a Ph.D. from UM, 1996, Kantian Consequentialism, Pg. 145-146
In the next section, I will defend this interpretation of the duty of beneficence
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.
This moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize
Issac 02 – Professor of political science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Plan doesn’t reform Mexican energy policies – means never gets to indigenous communities
Centralization not inev – decentralized trends now
Roberts 13
David Roberts, 2/25/13, “The next big thing in energy: Decentralization,” http://grist.org/climate-energy/the-next-big-thing-in-energy-decentralization/
The smart energy analysts over at Pike Research — which puts out weekly reports I’d
AND
peer transactions with a wild and woolly mix of small-scale technologies.
Forecasting impact scenarios based on energy trajectories is key to effective energy policy
Paul P. Craig 2, Professor of Engineering Emeritus at the University of California, Davis, What Can History Teach Us? A Retrospective Examination of Long-Term Energy Forecasts for the United States, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2002. 27:83–118

The applicable measure of success here is the degree to which the forecast can prompt
AND
long time constants and ?nd it useful to forecast over decades (18).¶ 

Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect
Garrett 12
Banning, In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council.
http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies

 “Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing
AND
respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss. 

Complexity theory is a vacuous concept – fails to establish a coherent epistemology
NB: CT = complexity theory
Morrisson 2010 (Keith, “Complexity Theory, School Leadership and Management: Questions for Theory and Practice” Educational Management Administration and Leadership 38(3) 374–393)
This positive view of CT here is not without its critics, and some questions
AND
or disciplinary  field; it clearly supports the ‘fertility’ criterion of a the
Buen Vivir 2.34
Their local decisionmaking is a utopian pipedream—no chance of scale-up, even with federal reforms
Barnhizer, 6 (David, Prof of Law, Cleveland State U, ‘Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream”,’ Geo Int’l Envtl L Rev, pg. l/n)
Devotees of sustainability pin their hopes on an awakening by an enlightened populace that will
AND
to the dictates of the powerful systems that govern our lives and culture.
Solar’s too expensive even if we give away the panels
Zehner 12
Green illusions,
Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions. He also serves on the editorial
AND
was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.
Free Panels, Anyone?¶ Among the ???s and chief scientists in the solar
AND
the Department of Energy quietly slid into its annual statistics without a peep.
Utilities will block distributed generation
Vandenbergh and Rossi, 12 - * Professor of Law, Co-Director, Energy, Environment and Land Use Law Program, and Director, Climate Change Research Network, Vanderbilt University Law School AND  Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School (Michael and Jim, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 1527, “Good for You, Bad for Us: The Financial Disincentive for Net Demand Reduction” lexis) NDR = Net Demand Reduction

Similar issues arise regarding generation of electricity at the household level. Penetration of renewables
AND
the power generated at these plants is drawn from coal-fired generators.
Local solar jacks up customer electricity prices
Burr, 12 – editor in chief of Public Utilities Fortnightly (Michael, “Rooftop Tsunami; Utilities sound the alarm as PV nears grid parity” PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, July, lexis)

From the utility's point of view, a growing wave of rooftop PV projects is
AND
by 40 to 50 percent by 2020, which we know isn't sustainable."

This causes a depression
Entine, 9 – adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (Jon, “U.S. and Climate Change--Rescue of the Planet Postponed?”, 2/24,  http://aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29333/pub_detail.asp)

The correlation between economic growth and energy costs is high and negative; when energy costs go up, productivity takes a nosedive. In these extraordinary times, arguably the top priority must be to ensure that a secular financial downturn doesn't turn into a worldwide structural depression. If that happens, both the economy and the environment will be losers.

Nuclear war
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Solar power doesn’t solve the environment and increases emissions
Zycher 11 – visiting scholar at AEI (Benjamin, April 20, 2011, “The Folly of Renewable Electricity,” AEI,  http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/the-folly-of-renewable-electricity/)

A cleaner environment is worth it, you say? Not so fast. As
AND
engineering study of the effects of renewables requirements found for Colorado and Texas.

Tournament: UT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Austin SFA EE | Judge: Humza Tariq
1NC
Obama holding off new sanctions now but PC key
Holland and Zengerle 12/3
Patricia Zengerle and steve Holland, 12/3/13, “ White House tells Senate it opposes new Iran sanctions effort,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/04/us-iran-nuclear-usa-idUSBRE9B20YJ20131204
(Reuters) - The White House said on Tuesday it opposes a fresh effort
AND
right now would undermine a peaceful resolution to this issue," he said.

Economic engagement with Mexico makes Obama look weak on foreign policy – kills PC
Shear 13
Michael, “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all May 5 mtc
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
Political capital key – checks congressional hawks and pro-israel lobbies
Mousavian 10/18, Seyed Hossein “The road to finalizing a nuclear deal with Iran”, 2013 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/18/iran-nuclear-talksgenevauraniumenrichment.html

These ongoing talks have the potential to become a historic moment for the U.
AND
the hawkish pro-Israel lobby and the political capital to end sanctions.
Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy
Press TV 11/13 “Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail”, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/

A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added. 

1NC
Economic engagement is a long-term, unconditional strategy of fostering interdependence between states – it is distinct from other forms of economic diplomacy
Celik 11 (Arda Can, MA in Political Economy/IR, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11)
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves the target state.  Engagement policies
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction."
Violation – the aff just gives tech to people in Mexico
Standards
Limits – allowing all positive incentives is too broad --- it makes half of foreign policy topical and undermines nuanced analysis and policy comparison
Vote neg – T should be a question of competing interpretations. Anything else is arbitrary and requires judge intervention.

1NC
Text: The Department of Defense should substantially increase allocation of DOD funding towards nanotech and set up all necessary scientific infrastructure and regulations following National Research Council directives.
1NC
The aff’s continuation of security politics makes extinction inevitable
Der Derian, (Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts) 98 (James, On Security, ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security).  
Conventions of security act to suppress rather than confront the fears endemic to life,
AND
as evil, and evil provokes hostility--recycling the desire for security. 

Critical praxis outweighs policy making- voting affirmative guarantees error replication. Only a radical break from dominant paradigms can avoid becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy
Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ‘96 (Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

1NC
PEMEX reform passing now because of Nieto’s political capital --- increase oil production through expertise and tech sharing
O’Reilly 8-7 (Andrew, 2013, Writer/Producer for Fox News Latino, “Mexico's Peña Nieto Pushes Oil Reform Despite Strong Opposition”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/08/07/mexico-pena-nieto-pushes-oil-reform-despite-strong-opposition/#ixzz2dNoQAuJw)

The battle lines in the fight over the future of Mexico’s state-run oil
AND
has also given his attention to becoming involved in his country’s oil industry.
Cooperation with the US is unpopular --- particularly with the PRI
Long 13 (Tom Long 4-16-2013 Doctoral research fellow, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University, "Will tensions over security spoil the Obama-Peña Nieto Summit?” American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, aulablog.net/2013/04/16/will-tensions-over-security-spoil-the-obama-pena-nieto-summit/)

Peña Nieto’s political incentives do not point to the same, high-profile cooperation with the United States that occurred under President Felipe Calderón, who had already begun shifting priorities last year.  Despite the major turnaround signified by the PRI’s signing NAFTA almost 20 years ago, Peña Nieto’s PRI still contains elements more skeptical of U.S. “intervention” than Calderón’s PAN.  Materially, moreover, most of the U.S. aid planned under the Mérida Initiative has been disbursed, and Congress exhib Overview
1:02

There are several reasons you vote negative:

First, the question of this debate is not how the United States should respond to a perceived threat but whether or not we should be portraying threats this way. What we should do is based on why we should do it. 

Understanding how the status quo influences our ideology is a prerequisite to the discussions of politics
Dalby 08 (Simon Dalby, Professor at Carleton University, September 2008, “Geopolitics, Grand Strategy And Critique: Twenty Years And Counting” Paper for presentation to the "Critical Geopolitics 2008" conference Durham University Google Scholar)
In so far as critical geopolitics does these things it contributes to the larger political
AND
is essential to discussions of geography as well as politics (Dalby 2007).

And this means the roll of the ballot is who has a better epistemology.

And, second, the alternative allows us to question status quo politics and international relations so that we can approach policy making with a different framework. We must recognize that insecurity is an inevitable part of the human condition and the state has been corrupted by security logic. Mere reforms will fail; rejecting the aff’s security logic provides the necessary catalyst for change. That’s Cheasman and Bruce.

And, third, even if they win epistemology doesn’t come first, the K turns their impacts and our external impact outweighs in a policy framework. 

The aff places survival above all else – this justifies endless war and genocide in the name of security. We become fixated on a false vision of apocalypse and are willing to do anything necessary to stop it, creating the conditions that cause the 1AC impacts. We must focus on the system that produces these impacts, not a flimsy internal link chain. That’s Der Derian.
Their harms are manufactured – the threat industry fabricates danger to justify military expansion.
Pieterse 7 Jan Nederveen, professor of sociology at the University of Illinois, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug., “Political and Economic Brinkmanship,” p. 473-4
Brinkmanship and producing instability carry several meanings. The American military spends 48 of
AND
the need for postwar planning (Packer, 2005; Lang, 2004).

its little appetite for major new appropriations.  (Even at its height, U.S. spending was a fraction of Mexico’s contribution to the drug war.)  That reduction, coupled with growing awareness that the Calderón strategy actually fueled violence, diminishes the enthusiasm in and outside of government for continuing his policies.   Frustration from the left in both countries regarding persisting human rights violations and the slow pace of judicial reform could also grow more serious.
PEMEX reform solves US oil dependence
Hakim 11-26 (Peter 2012, president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?”, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/won_t_you_be_my_neighbor?page=0,0)

Beyond immigration, Peña Nieto and his advisors consider energy policy one of their highest
AND
Middle East and other distant and/or troubled parts of the world.
Oil dependence causes extinction
Lendman 7 (Stephen, renowned author and research associate at the Center for Research on Globalization, “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?”, July 2007, http://www.rense.com/general76/-resrouce.htm)
*This card edited to remove holocaust rhetoric which we do not endorse

With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.

MT
Nanotechnology’s benefit’s won’t be felt for another 40 years—can’t solve in time
Barnaby Feder, staff writer for the New York Times, September 26th 2006. “Study says US Has Lead in Nanotechnology” http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/technology/26nano.html?_r=1andoref=slogin It is assumed that nanotechnology will have a huge economic effect in the decades to come. But there is also concern that the novel materials will bring new safety risks that could take decades to be fully understood. The Research Council report said that because nanotechnology was a foundation technology that makes other innovations possible, the research spending could logically be compared with early investments in computing and communications technology, whose influence took 20 to 40 years to become apparent.
Environment is resilient
Easterbrook 95 (Gregg, Distinguished Fellow – Fullbright Foundation, A Moment on Earth, p. 25)
In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill
AND
are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.
No impact to grey goo
Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 12/14/03, “Grey Goo is a Small Issue” http://www.crnano.org/BD-Goo.htm Accessed August 14, 2013 FS
Fear of runaway nanobots, or “grey goo”, is more of a public
AND
on grey goo allows more urgent technology and security issues to remain unexplored.

Circulation
Growing Mexican economy disproves their scenario
Past economic decline disproves the impact
Ninety-three economic downturns since World War Two disprove the link between economy and war
Miller 2k (Morris Miller, Adjunct Professor of Administration at the University of Ottawa, 2000, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol 24 No 4)
The question may be reformulated.  Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).
Drug cartels are key to the Mexican economy – generates valuable liquidity in the banking system
Lange, 10 – Washington Correspondent for Reuters, citing US officials in Mexico; additional reporting by Lizbeth Diaz in Tijuana (Jason, “From spas to banks, Mexico economy rides on drugs,” Reuters, 22 January 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/22/us-drugs-mexico-economy-idUSTRE60L0X120100122)

Mexican cartels, which control most of the cocaine and methamphetamine smuggled into the United
AND
through 2008, with gangs now involved in most sectors of the economy.
Water
Cooperation in the interim solves any risk of conflict
Thomas Bernauer and Tobias Siegfried 12, professor of political science at ETH Zurich, his research group is based at the Center for Comparative and International Studies AND adjunct assistant professor at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University and a fellow at the Earth Institute, "Climate change and international water conflict in Central Asia," January, Journal of Peace Research Vol. 49, Issue 1, Sage Journals
Conclusions¶ In this article we have engaged in a critical assessment of the neo
AND
-induced militarized interstate dispute over water resources in Central Asia is unlikely.
The Pakistan scenario relies on terrorists getting loose –nukes --- no chance
Tepperman 9—Deputy Editor at Newsweek. Frmr Deputy Managing Editor, Foreign Affairs. LLM, i-law, NYU. MA, jurisprudence, Oxford. (Jonathan, Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb, http://jonathantepperman.com/Welcome_files/nukes_Final.pdf)
Note – Michael Desch = prof, polsci, Notre Dame
As for Pakistan, it has taken numerous precautions to ensure that its own weapons
AND
be stuffed into a gunnysack and smuggled across the Rio Grande is preposterous.”
No Asian war—assumes their warrants
Xudong ‘12
Han, professor at the PLA University of National Defense, “Risk of armed Asian conflict on the rise, but trade links rule out war,” http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/735653.shtml
Island sovereignty and maritime interest disputes in the Asia-Pacific region have attracted an
AND
an armed collision is on the rise, but the scale will be limited

Mexican geography is the intersection of US neoliberal and security practices – border policing is the North’s attempt to secure the harms of economic expansion and development, perpetuating militarism and widespread social injustice in the global South
Coleman, 5 (Matt Coleman – Department of Geography, UCLA, “U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus”, Political Geography) Mike
Although not denying the symbolic importance of U.S. geopolitical practice in the
AND
geopolitical and geoeconomic policies in the region¶ rather than their intended coherences.
The predictions regarding Asian insecurity are a result of shoddy scholarship
Kang, 3 – David Kang, Professor of International Relations and Business, Director of Korean Studies Institute, Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks International Security, Volume 27, Number 4, Spring 2003, pg. 57-85 muse
Following the end of the Cold War in 1991, some scholars in the West
AND
just wait” response is mere rhetorical wordplay designed to avoid troubling evidence.