Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: All | Judge: All

WTO Credibility – 1AC

Contention One: WTO Credibility

U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.

Camejo 13 (6/25 Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, http://www.cubaminrex.cu/en/statement-mrs-anayansi-rodriguez-camejo-ambassador-cuban-permanent-mission-united-nations-office, Statement by Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo, Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, on Section 211 of the WTO´s Dispute Settlement Body. June 25th, 2013 Submitted by editor on Wed, 06/26/2013 - 00:00)

Mr. Chairman,¶ After more than 11 years without the United States having adopted
AND
facts like these jeopardize the credibility and effectiveness of the dispute settlement system.

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.

Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this "safety valve" argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system —- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.

Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America’s wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.

Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn’t be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.

Multiple studies confirm our impact

Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive. 

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should remove restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.

IP Leadership – 1AC

Contention Two: IP Leadership

Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.

Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ’Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.

Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.

The Havana Rum case spills over —- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
26 Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.

Subpoint A – Tech

Protection of IPR is key to innovation – incentivizes risk

US News 11/19 (PETER ROFF¶ Buy a Fake Vuitton, Fund a Real Terrorist¶ By PETER ROFF, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2013/11/19/intellectual-property-is-key-to-growth-and-security-in-the-internet-age)
The need to secure their rights to IP is obvious. It is wrong,
AND
good wages and adds considerably to U.S. gross domestic product.

Tech innovation solves extinction

Zhong 07, CEO at Jade Bird Dashing, 7-31-7 (Roger, "The Effects and Influences of Technology on Society and Humyn Kind," http://scienceray.com/technology/applied-science/the-effects-and-influences-of-technology-on-society-and-humyn-kind/")
The question that persists however, is, "Is technology in fact harming our
AND
advancing technology, can we as humyns, and as humynity, succeed. 

Subpoint B – Biotech

Enforceable IPR is key to biotech innovation – exclusivity actually stimulates innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Unlike companies in many other industries, biotechnology companies do not gain competitive advantages based
AND
to match the promise of the products that the biotechnology industry can provide.

And that’s reverse casual – a lack of strong IPR will kill biotech innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Biotechnology has provided our society with benefits that were barely imaginable¶ 30 years ago
AND
intellectual property system that provides broad¶ and effective protection for biotechnology inventions.

Biotech crops are inevitable – it’s only a question of cost effectiveness. Lack of GE tech makes monocultures, deforestation, and pesticide use inevitable.

Prakash et al 2011
~C.S., Professor at Tuskegee University, and Gregory Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, "31 Critical Questions in Agricultural Biotechnology", http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/agbio-articles/critical.html~~231~~
For grains and oilseed crops, increasing food production most often means the ability to
AND
extreme environmental conditions such as drought that are needed to sustain village farms.

Monoculture causes extinction

Starr and Hardy 1993
~June Starr Associate Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Kenneth C. 26 Hardy   B.S. University of Southern California 1988; J.D. Stanford Law School Stanford Environmental Law Journal  1993~
Maintaining and preserving the delicate balance of each ecosystem is central to any attempt to
AND
be of immense value to agriculture, biology, medicine, and industry.  

Pesticides cause extinction

NJ Environment 2003
~"Pesticides," www.njenvironment.org/pesticides.htm~
Not only are current gardening practices harmful to local ecosystems, but also expanding pesticide
AND
food and have banned the use of genetically altered seeds in their foods.

Deforestation causes extinction

Haan 2008
(Mia den, "Deforestation is Affecting the Human Race In Many Different Ways", 6/14, www.buzzle.com/articles/deforestation-is-affecting-the-human-race-in-many-different-ways.html+trees+AND+ oxygen+AND+deforestation26hl= en26ct=clnk26cd=226gl=us)
Most people need to implement a much better, ecologically friendly lifestyle before it is
AND
supplied in the atmosphere, the overall oxygen levels are still slowly declining. 

Impeding Food shortages are the most likely scenario for nuclear war

Future Directions International ’12 ("International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme", May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)

There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Spread of GM Agriculture prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.

Trewavas 2k (6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation. 

Subpoint C – Disease

Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.

*globalization – (1) contact with exotic species w/ exotic germs (2) air travel puts every corner of the planet with a day of a major city
*population growth – people and animals are put at risk as new microbes feast on more individuals (diseases can leap across the species barrier)
*burnout outdated – diseases can use multiple evolutionary mechanisms to escape antiobiotics
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.

A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –

First is innovation —- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.

*patents incentivize research of the next generation of drugs
*patents undergo rigorous licensing requirements ensuring they will be potent
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html~~23axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.

Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.

*strong IPR allows seizure of counterfeit drugs
*IPR cuts counterfeits at their knees: brand recognition
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law 26 Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks. 

Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.

*harmonization (standardization of intellectual property laws) allows for effective enforcement against CF drugs
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.

Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.

Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.

Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.

Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ’superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.

And now is key; Drug Resistant TB spread risks becoming a pandemic – puts the global population at risk

Bio-Medicine 7 (Internet’s leading online Organizations devoted to biology and medicine,  http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/)

The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head When Mr. Andrew Speaker and his
AND
more difficult and expensive to treat, the highly lethal XDR-TB. 

Solvency – 1AC

Contention Three: Solvency

Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
AND
. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kapun Mt Carmel | Judge: Reka Fink
1AC
WTO Credibility – 1AC
Contention One: WTO Credibility
U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.
Camejo 13 (6/25 Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, http://www.cubaminrex.cu/en/statement-mrs-anayansi-rodriguez-camejo-ambassador-cuban-permanent-mission-united-nations-office, Statement by Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo, Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, on Section 211 of the WTO´s Dispute Settlement Body. June 25th, 2013 Submitted by editor on Wed, 06/26/2013 - 00:00)

Mr. Chairman,¶ After more than 11 years without the United States having adopted
AND
facts like these jeopardize the credibility and effectiveness of the dispute settlement system.

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.
Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this “safety valve” argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.
There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system --- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.
Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.
Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn't be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.

Multiple studies confirm our impact
Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive.

Plan – 1AC
The United States federal government should remove restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.

IP Leadership – 1AC
Contention Two: IP Leadership
Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.
Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ‘Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.
Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.
The Havana Rum case spills over --- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
and Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.
Subpoint A – Tech
Protection of IPR is key to innovation – incentivizes risk
US News 11/19 (PETER ROFF¶ Buy a Fake Vuitton, Fund a Real Terrorist¶ By PETER ROFF, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2013/11/19/intellectual-property-is-key-to-growth-and-security-in-the-internet-age)
The need to secure their rights to IP is obvious. It is wrong,
AND
good wages and adds considerably to U.S. gross domestic product.
Innovation solves any chance of great power war
Taylor ‘4 4/1/04, Mark Taylor is a professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor
Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations (IR),
AND
production, and war, international systems would not exist in the first place
Subpoint B – Biotech
Enforceable IPR is key to biotech innovation – exclusivity actually stimulates innovation
Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ {Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Unlike companies in many other industries, biotechnology companies do not gain competitive advantages based
AND
to match the promise of the products that the biotechnology industry can provide.
And that’s reverse casual – a lack of strong IPR will kill biotech innovation
Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ {Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Biotechnology has provided our society with benefits that were barely imaginable¶ 30 years ago
AND
intellectual property system that provides broad¶ and effective protection for biotechnology inventions.
Biotech innovation key to expansion of safe GM agriculture
Sachs et al. 8¶ Susan J. Martino-Catt, Monsanto Company Member of Plant Physiology Editorial Board, Eric S. Sachs Monsanto Company Member of ASPB Education Foundation Board of Directors, “ Editor's Choice Series: The Next Generation of Biotech Crops,” Plant Physiology 147:3-5 (2008)

 Crop genetic modification using traditional methods has been essential for improving food quality and
AND
and commercial use of new products that are critical to meeting agriculture's challenges.
Biotech crops are inevitable – it’s only a question of effectiveness. Lack of GE tech makes monocultures, deforestation, and pesticide use inevitable.
Prakash et al 2011
C.S., Professor at Tuskegee University, and Gregory Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, “31 Critical Questions in Agricultural Biotechnology”, http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/agbio-articles/critical.html#1
For grains and oilseed crops, increasing food production most often means the ability to
AND
extreme environmental conditions such as drought that are needed to sustain village farms.
Deforestation causes extinction
Haan 2008
(Mia den, “Deforestation is Affecting the Human Race In Many Different Ways”, 6/14, www.buzzle.com/articles/deforestation-is-affecting-the-human-race-in-many-different-ways.html+trees+AND+ oxygen+AND+deforestationandhl= enandct=clnkandcd=2andgl=us)
Most people need to implement a much better, ecologically friendly lifestyle before it is
AND
supplied in the atmosphere, the overall oxygen levels are still slowly declining.
Impeding Food shortages are the most likely scenario for nuclear war
Future Directions International ’12 (“International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme”, May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)

There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.
Spread of GM Agriculture prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.
Trewavas 2k (6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation. 

Subpoint C – Disease
Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.
*globalization – (1) contact with exotic species w/ exotic germs (2) air travel puts every corner of the planet with a day of a major city
*population growth – people and animals are put at risk as new microbes feast on more individuals (diseases can leap across the species barrier)
*burnout outdated – diseases can use multiple evolutionary mechanisms to escape antiobiotics
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.
A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –
First is innovation --- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.
*patents incentivize research of the next generation of drugs
*patents undergo rigorous licensing requirements ensuring they will be potent
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html#axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.
Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.
*strong IPR allows seizure of counterfeit drugs
*IPR cuts counterfeits at their knees: brand recognition
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law and Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks. 

Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.
*harmonization (standardization of intellectual property laws) allows for effective enforcement against CF drugs
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.
Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.
Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.
Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.
Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ‘superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.
And now is key; Drug Resistant TB spread risks becoming a pandemic – puts the global population at risk
Bio-Medicine 7 (Internet’s leading online Organizations devoted to biology and medicine,  http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/)

The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head When Mr. Andrew Speaker and his
AND
more difficult and expensive to treat, the highly lethal XDR-TB. 

Solvency – 1AC
Contention Three: Solvency
Eliminating the Cuban IP policy allows the U.S. to harmonize IP rights globally.
Riley, Winter 2007 (Michael – J.D. Candidate at the University of Miami, Cigars and Rum: Hazardous to the Health of Intellectual Property Law?: How the Cohiba Cigar and Havana Club Rum Cases Reveal a ‘Carve-Out’ for Intellectual Property Disputes with a Cuban Nexus, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Havana Club controversy has been cited as one obstacle that for several years caused
AND
trademark law, the United States' Cuban 'carve-out' upsets this balance.
The plan can restore IP credibility without removing the current embargo.
Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

2. Does Section 211 Erode the United States's International Standing? Since Fidel Castro's
AND
the human rights arena, and the United States should make that clear.

No link uniqueness for your disads – engagement through Cuban visas
Associated Press8/2/13 (Washington Post, “Cuba says US visas issued to islanders up 79 percent in 1st half of the year,”August 2, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/cuba-says-us-visas-issued-to-islanders-up-79-percent-in-1st-half-of-the-year/2013/08/02/0a0d09dc-fba0-11e2-89f7-8599e3f77a67_story.html)
HAVANA — The number of Cubans receiving U.S. nonimmigrant visas jumped by
AND
time Cubans can remain overseas without losing residency rights and benefits back home.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Jenks | Judge: Rosie Valdez
Contention 1 is Relations

Chavez’s passing makes now a watershed moment for unlocking US-Cuba Relations –that’s key to overall Latin American relations

(includes Cuba Say Yes)
Tisdall 3/5 (Simon Tisdall, The Guardian, March 5th, 2013, and#34;Death of Hugo Chávez brings chance of fresh start for US and Latin Americaand#34; www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print)

Hugo Chávez’s departure furnishes Barack Obama with an opportunity to repair US ties with Venezuela
AND
needs rapprochement with Washington to advance his own reform agenda,and#34; Sweig said.

The plan allows for US-Cuban energy cooperation—-spurs broader relations

Benjamin-Alvadaro 10  (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34

Conclusion and Recommendations. Oil exploration is an inherently risky enterprise; there are always
AND
tangible benefits for the people of Cuba, it neighbors, and beyond.

Relations – China ~5~

Broader relations from energy cooperation strengthens US-Cuban relations via long term development – That solves US Influence in Latin America, Drug Trafficking, and stops Chinese Encroachment

Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,and#34; http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved. 

Cuban drilling is key—-China is using it to expand ties and isolate Taiwan

Luko 11 James – Served in Washington DC with the National Council For Soviet East European Research, the Smithsonian Institute and two years as an analyst with the Canadian Department of National Defence, and#34;China’s Moves on Cuba Need to Be Stoppedand#34;, 6/29, http://www.nolanchart.com/article8774-chinas-moves-on-cuba-need-to-be-stopped.html
The Red Dragon takes another wide step of not only flexing its muscles in Asia
AND
the almost 900,000 Cubans living in Florida alone21 ~4~

Further Chinese encroachment upon Latin America forces Taiwan war

Fergusson 12 (Robbie, Researcher at Royal Society for the Arts, Featured Contributor at International Business Times, Former Conference 26 Research Assistant at Security Watch, Former Researcher at University College London, Master of Science, China in the International Arena, The University of Glasgow, and#34;The Chinese Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine,and#34; http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/-http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/)

Taiwan – domestic, or foreign policy?¶ China’s goals in the region amount to
AND
the PRC to conclude a settlement on Taiwan, perhaps by force. 

Recent political tensions and flashpoint status makes Taiwan Conflict uniquely likely this year – conflict will go nuclear with defenses unable to check back and will ignite the East Asian theatre and US-China Conflict

Lowther 3/16 (William Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, and#34;Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,and#34; http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.and#34;

US-China war escalates to extinction

Cheong 2k (Ching, Senior Writer at the Strait Times, and#34;No one gains in a war over Taiwan,and#34; June 25th, Lexis)

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

Contention 2 is the Econ

Venezuelan oil production declining now – lack of investment and political issues

Fournier 26 Fini, 01/29/2013 (Pierre Fournier, Michael Fini, and#34;GEOPOLITICAL HOTLINE:SCENARIOS FOR A POST-CHAVEZ VENEZUELAand#34;, National Bank Financial, http://c3352932.r32.cf0.rackcdn.com/pdfa273955c03d7b131435d8e89c8ca1f4b.pdf)**
Venezuela produces 2.47 million barrels of oil per day (mbd) and
AND
, boost production in aging fields and stabilize the country’s deteriorating socioeconomic conditions. 

Venezuelan oil is key to Cuba’s economy

Benjamin-Alvadaro 10 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34
The power and hydrocarbon sectors are inextricably linked, as Cuba produces about 85 percent
AND
uses; this is consistent with the usage breakdown seen in other countries.

Cuban oil solves dependence on Venezuela—-revenues lead to political reforms that create stability and avoid instability

Pinon 11 – Jorge R. Piñón is a visiting research fellow at the Latin American and Caribbean Center’s Cuban Research Institute at FIU. Spring 2011, and#34;Why the United States and Cuba Collaborate (and What Could Happen If They Don’t)and#34;casgroup.fiu.edu/pages/docs/2157/1306356964_Hemisphere_Vol._20.pdf
If Cuba’s suspected but yet undiscovered hydrocarbon reserves are proven real, it will take
AND
from the guidance of a variety of partners, including the United States.

Specifically, the plan catalyzes investment that is key to Cuban oil development

Benjamin-Alvadaro 6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,and#34; http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Why is it important to clarify the current status of Cuban energy in the face
AND
confidence, trust and cooperation in this critical issue area across the region. 

Cuban instability causes Caribbean instability, democratic backsliding, and refugee flows

Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, and#34;CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?and#34; 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Latin American democracy solves the environment

Callejas 10 (Danny, Professor of Economics at the Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia, and#34;Democracy and Environmental Quality in Latin America: A Panel System of Equations Approach, 1995-2008,and#34; November)
Democracy has a positive effect on environmental quality. The theory suggests that democracy sustains
AND
results suggest that democracy and education have a positive effect on environmental quality.

Extinction

Takacs 96 (David, Philosophies of Paradise, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore)
and#34;Habitat destruction and conversion are eliminating species at such a frightening pace that extinction
AND
the famines could lead to a thermonuclear war, which could extinguish civilization.and#34;and#34;

Caribbean terrorism leads to attack on the US—-they’ll use bioweapons

Bryan 1 (Anthony T. Bryan, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program, 10-21-2001. CFR, Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation, p.
http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html)
Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Bioterror leads to extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, and#34;How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,and#34; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

PLAN – The United States federal government should remove its economic restrictions on joint oil production cooperation toward Cuba.

Contention 3 is Solvency

The plan fosters US-Cuban Cooperation through oil operations – Cuba is uniquely better than Mexico and Venezuela for oil and critical to US Energy Security

(ALSO SAYS HOW MUCH PLAN COSTS) (ALSO SAYS NOW KEY) (ALSO US KEY WARRANT) (ALSO SAYS POLICY CHANGE KEY TO PLAN, NOT FULL EMBARGO REMOVAL, THOUGH THAT WOULD ALSO SOLVE) (ALSO SAYS PRIVATE INVEST NEEDED) (ALSO COULD SOLVE PETRO CARRIBE/VENEZUELA DEBT AFF)
Benjamin-Alvadaro 10  (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34

Conclusion and Recommendations¶ Undoubtedly, after fifty years of enmity, there is a
AND
important to those crafting future policy and making changes in the policymaking milieu.

Licensing American companies to develop Cuban offshore resources leads to effective drilling and increased influence in the region

Pascual and Huddleston 9 Carlos, Vice president and Director of Foreign policy, the Brookings Institution and Vicki, Visiting Fellow, and#34;CUBA: A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagementand#34;, April, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf

Licensing U.S. companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore
AND
companies have the technology and expertise to develop Cuba’s offshore oil and gas. 

Plan is effective, topical, and US firms would say and#34;yesand#34;.

Benjamin-Alvarado ’10
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,and#34; a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 125-26

There are numerous areas in the energy sector in which the United States and Cuba
AND
changes in the Cuban embargo so that this type of engagement can occur.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace PH | Judge: 

Spills

Cuban oil drilling inevitable, and current Cuban based policy locks out US Safety Experts and Tech

LaGesse ’12 David LaGesse¶ reporter, with recent articles that have appeared in National Geographic, Money, and most frequently in U.S. News 26 World Report – National Geographic News – November 19, 2012 – internally quoting Jorge Piñon, a former president of Amoco Oil Latin America (now part of BP) and an expert on Cuba’s energy sector who is now a research fellow at the University of Texas at Austin.– http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/-http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/

But an energy-poor Cuba also has its risks. One of the chief
AND
a major find. But that doesn’t mean Cuba will give up trying.

Absent US Experts, spills inevitable; pro-active steps are key

Bolstad ’12
Erika Bolstad is a reporter who covers Washington for the Anchorage Daily News, the Idaho Statesman and McClatchy Newspapers. This evidence internally quotes Lee Hunt, the former president of the International Association of Drilling Contractors. Hunt, in this instance, is arguably not biased in favor of drilling, as he is speaking to safety and clean-up regimes and he is speaking before a liberal think-tank in favor of human rights – McClatchy Newspapers – May 10, 2012 – http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html~~23.UaoUWpyADq0

The 50-year-old U.S. embargo of Cuba is getting
AND
in advance the kind of technologies that would be required,and#34; Reilly said.

And even if accidents don’t happen, hurricanes still force the scenario; Quick reaction is needed.

Stephens ’11
et al, Sarah Stephens – Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas – and#34;As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest,and#34; http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf

The BP disaster highlights the needs for a timely response to spills, the¶
AND
needs to be done—and can be done—under current law.

Drilling inevitable, but it’s a question of effective drilling; US Entities solve best and the plan is key to prevent spills

Zakaria ’11
Fareed Rafiq Zakaria is a journalist and author. From 2000 to 2010, he was a columnist for Newsweek and editor of Newsweek International. In 2010 he became editor-at-large of Time. He is the host of CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS, Global Public Square. He is also a frequent commentator and author about issues related to international relations, trade, and American foreign policy – and#34;Why our Cuba embargo could lead to another Gulf oil disasterand#34; – CNN: Global Public Square Blogs – 9-19-11 – http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/why-our-cuba-policy-could-lead-to-another-gulf-oil-spill/

Can you remember what explosive crisis America and the world was fixated on last summer
AND
Cuban people, keep them impoverished and cut them off from the world.

Additionally Squo licenses can’t solve – the plan is the only solution

Stephens ’11
et al, Sarah Stephens – Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas – and#34;As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest,and#34; http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf
Existing policy is inadequate and responses would come too late.¶ Administration officials have said
AND
for a license for a specific product and or service from a specific company

Cuban Oil Spills spread and destroy critical ecosystems that are key to global Biodiversity.

Almeida ’12
Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18^th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/

In short however, Cuba’s access to containment systems, offshore technology, and spill
AND
oil spill could inflict unprecedented environmental devastation if not planned for in advance.

And Bio-D is key to check extinction - Cuban Hotspot is key to Ag, Medicine and global equilibrium – absent the plan, extinction inevitable

Mittermeier ’11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, ~23 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)

Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remainingand#34; criterion to a genuine hotspot.

Deepwater Horizon means another spill would crush the US Economy – it compromises critical offshore energy enterprises

National Commission ’11
Commission is co-chaired by William K. Reilly. Reilly was Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President George H. W. Bush. He has served as president of World Wildlife Fund, as a founder or advisor to several business ventures, and on many boards of directors. In 2010, he was appointed by President Barack Obama co-chair of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling to investigate the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Report to the President; National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling – January 2011 ¶ http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DEEPWATER_ReporttothePresident_FINAL.pdf

Chapters 4 through 7 lay out the results of our investigation in detail, highlighting
AND
, our¶ workers safer, and our cherished natural resources better protected.

US is key to the global economy

Miller and Kennedy 12 (Rich Miller and Simon Kennedy, Apr 3, 2012 and#34;U.S. Economy Enters Sweet Spot as China Slowsand#34; www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2012-04-03/u-s-economy-enters-sweet-spot-as-china-slows.html nimo)
The U.S. once again may be emerging as a main engine for
AND
current pickup in growth is clearly being led by the U.S.and#34;

Decline causes nuclear war – deterrence and multilateral institutions can’t check

Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew J. Burrows is a counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Jennifer Harris is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit who worked closely on the report, April 2009, and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; Washington Quarterly nimo)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
more focus on preemption rather than defense, potentially leading to escalating crises.

Impact has massive statistical and academic support

Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Relations

Chavez’s passing makes now a watershed moment for unlocking US-Cuba Relations –that’s key to overall Latin American relations

(includes Cuba Say Yes)
Tisdall 3/5 (Simon Tisdall, The Guardian, March 5th, 2013, and#34;Death of Hugo Chávez brings chance of fresh start for US and Latin Americaand#34; www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print)

Hugo Chávez’s departure furnishes Barack Obama with an opportunity to repair US ties with Venezuela
AND
needs rapprochement with Washington to advance his own reform agenda,and#34; Sweig said.

The plan allows for US-Cuban energy cooperation—-spurs broader relations

Benjamin-Alvadaro 10  (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34

Conclusion and Recommendations. Oil exploration is an inherently risky enterprise; there are always
AND
tangible benefits for the people of Cuba, it neighbors, and beyond.

Broader relations from energy cooperation strengthens US-Cuban relations via long term development – That solves US Influence in Latin America, Drug Trafficking, and stops Chinese Encroachment

Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,and#34; http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved. 

Cuban drilling is key—-China is using it to expand ties and isolate Taiwan

Luko 11 James – Served in Washington DC with the National Council For Soviet East European Research, the Smithsonian Institute and two years as an analyst with the Canadian Department of National Defence, and#34;China’s Moves on Cuba Need to Be Stoppedand#34;, 6/29, http://www.nolanchart.com/article8774-chinas-moves-on-cuba-need-to-be-stopped.html
The Red Dragon takes another wide step of not only flexing its muscles in Asia
AND
the almost 900,000 Cubans living in Florida alone21 ~4~

Further Chinese encroachment upon Latin America forces Taiwan war

Fergusson 12 (Robbie, Researcher at Royal Society for the Arts, Featured Contributor at International Business Times, Former Conference 26 Research Assistant at Security Watch, Former Researcher at University College London, Master of Science, China in the International Arena, The University of Glasgow, and#34;The Chinese Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine,and#34; http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/-http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/)

Taiwan – domestic, or foreign policy?¶ China’s goals in the region amount to
AND
the PRC to conclude a settlement on Taiwan, perhaps by force. 

Recent political tensions and flashpoint status makes Taiwan Conflict uniquely likely this year – conflict will go nuclear with defenses unable to check back and will ignite the East Asian theatre and US-China Conflict

Lowther 3/16 (William Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, and#34;Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,and#34; http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating.and#34;

1AC Plan

PLAN – The United States federal government should remove its economic restrictions on joint oil production cooperation toward Cuba.

Solvency

The plan fosters US-Cuban Cooperation through oil operations – Cuba is uniquely better than Mexico and Venezuela for oil and critical to US Energy Security

(ALSO SAYS HOW MUCH PLAN COSTS) (ALSO SAYS NOW KEY) (ALSO US KEY WARRANT) (ALSO SAYS POLICY CHANGE KEY TO PLAN, NOT FULL EMBARGO REMOVAL, THOUGH THAT WOULD ALSO SOLVE) (ALSO SAYS PRIVATE INVEST NEEDED) (ALSO COULD SOLVE PETRO CARRIBE/VENEZUELA DEBT AFF)
Benjamin-Alvadaro 10  (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34

Conclusion and Recommendations¶ Undoubtedly, after fifty years of enmity, there is a
AND
important to those crafting future policy and making changes in the policymaking milieu.

Licensing American companies to develop Cuban offshore resources leads to effective drilling and increased influence in the region

Pascual and Huddleston 9 Carlos, Vice president and Director of Foreign policy, the Brookings Institution and Vicki, Visiting Fellow, and#34;CUBA: A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagementand#34;, April, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf

Licensing U.S. companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore
AND
companies have the technology and expertise to develop Cuba’s offshore oil and gas. 

Plan is effective, topical, and US firms would say and#34;yesand#34;.

Benjamin-Alvarado ’10
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,and#34; a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 125-26

There are numerous areas in the energy sector in which the United States and Cuba
AND
changes in the Cuban embargo so that this type of engagement can occur.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Loyola CA | Judge: Garcia, Juan

Spills

Cuban oil drilling inevitable, and current policy locks out US experts

LaGesse ’12 David LaGesse¶ reporter, with recent articles that have appeared in National Geographic, Money, and most frequently in U.S. News 26 World Report – National Geographic News – November 19, 2012 – internally quoting Jorge Piñon, a former president of Amoco Oil Latin America (now part of BP) and an expert on Cuba’s energy sector who is now a research fellow at the University of Texas at Austin.– http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/-http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/

But an energy-poor Cuba also has its risks. One of the chief
AND
a major find. But that doesn’t mean Cuba will give up trying.

Absent US Experts, spills inevitable

Bolstad ’12
Erika Bolstad is a reporter who covers Washington for the Anchorage Daily News, the Idaho Statesman and McClatchy Newspapers. This evidence internally quotes Lee Hunt, the former president of the International Association of Drilling Contractors. Hunt, in this instance, is arguably not biased in favor of drilling, as he is speaking to safety and clean-up regimes and he is speaking before a liberal think-tank in favor of human rights – McClatchy Newspapers – May 10, 2012 – http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html~~23.UaoUWpyADq0

The 50-year-old U.S. embargo of Cuba is getting
AND
in advance the kind of technologies that would be required,and#34; Reilly said.

And even if accidents don’t happen, hurricanes still force the scenario; Quick reaction is needed.

Stephens ’11
et al, Sarah Stephens – Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas – and#34;As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest,and#34; http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf

The BP disaster highlights the needs for a timely response to spills, the¶
AND
needs to be done—and can be done—under current law.

Drilling inevitable, but it’s a question of effectiveness; US Entities solve best and the plan is key to prevent spills

Zakaria ’11
Fareed Rafiq Zakaria is a journalist and author. From 2000 to 2010, he was a columnist for Newsweek and editor of Newsweek International. In 2010 he became editor-at-large of Time. He is the host of CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS, Global Public Square. He is also a frequent commentator and author about issues related to international relations, trade, and American foreign policy – and#34;Why our Cuba embargo could lead to another Gulf oil disasterand#34; – CNN: Global Public Square Blogs – 9-19-11 – http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/why-our-cuba-policy-could-lead-to-another-gulf-oil-spill/

Can you remember what explosive crisis America and the world was fixated on last summer
AND
Cuban people, keep them impoverished and cut them off from the world.

Additionally Squo licenses can’t solve – the plan is the only solution

Stephens ’11
et al, Sarah Stephens – Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas – and#34;As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest,and#34; http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf
Existing policy is inadequate and responses would come too late.¶ Administration officials have said
AND
for a license for a specific product and or service from a specific company

Cuban Oil Spills spread and destroy critical ecosystems that are key to global Biodiversity.

Almeida ’12
Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18^th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/

In short however, Cuba’s access to containment systems, offshore technology, and spill
AND
oil spill could inflict unprecedented environmental devastation if not planned for in advance.

And Bio-D is key to check extinction - Cuban Hotspot is key to Ag, Medicine and global equilibrium – absent the plan, extinction inevitable

Mittermeier ’11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, ~23 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)

Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remainingand#34; criterion to a genuine hotspot.

Deepwater Horizon means another spill would crush the US Economy – it compromises critical offshore energy enterprises

National Commission ’11
Commission is co-chaired by William K. Reilly. Reilly was Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President George H. W. Bush. He has served as president of World Wildlife Fund, as a founder or advisor to several business ventures, and on many boards of directors. In 2010, he was appointed by President Barack Obama co-chair of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling to investigate the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Report to the President; National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling – January 2011 ¶ http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DEEPWATER_ReporttothePresident_FINAL.pdf

Chapters 4 through 7 lay out the results of our investigation in detail, highlighting
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, our¶ workers safer, and our cherished natural resources better protected.

US is key to the global economy

Miller and Kennedy 12 (Rich Miller and Simon Kennedy, Apr 3, 2012 and#34;U.S. Economy Enters Sweet Spot as China Slowsand#34; www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2012-04-03/u-s-economy-enters-sweet-spot-as-china-slows.html nimo)
The U.S. once again may be emerging as a main engine for
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current pickup in growth is clearly being led by the U.S.and#34;

Decline causes nuclear war – deterrence and multilateral institutions can’t check

Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew J. Burrows is a counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), Jennifer Harris is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit who worked closely on the report, April 2009, and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; Washington Quarterly nimo)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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more focus on preemption rather than defense, potentially leading to escalating crises.

Impact has massive statistical and academic support

Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Econ

Venezuelan oil production declining now – lack of investment and political issues

Fournier 26 Fini, 01/29/2013 (Pierre Fournier, Michael Fini, and#34;GEOPOLITICAL HOTLINE:SCENARIOS FOR A POST-CHAVEZ VENEZUELAand#34;, National Bank Financial, http://c3352932.r32.cf0.rackcdn.com/pdfa273955c03d7b131435d8e89c8ca1f4b.pdf)**
Venezuela produces 2.47 million barrels of oil per day (mbd) and
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, boost production in aging fields and stabilize the country’s deteriorating socioeconomic conditions. 

Venezuelan oil is key to Cuba’s economy

Benjamin-Alvadaro 10 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34
The power and hydrocarbon sectors are inextricably linked, as Cuba produces about 85 percent
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uses; this is consistent with the usage breakdown seen in other countries.

Cuban oil solves dependence on Venezuela—-revenues lead to political reforms that create stability and avoid instability

Pinon 11 – Jorge R. Piñón is a visiting research fellow at the Latin American and Caribbean Center’s Cuban Research Institute at FIU. Spring 2011, and#34;Why the United States and Cuba Collaborate (and What Could Happen If They Don’t)and#34;casgroup.fiu.edu/pages/docs/2157/1306356964_Hemisphere_Vol._20.pdf
If Cuba’s suspected but yet undiscovered hydrocarbon reserves are proven real, it will take
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from the guidance of a variety of partners, including the United States.

Specifically, the plan catalyzes investment that is key to Cuban oil development

Benjamin-Alvadaro 6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, and#34;The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,and#34; http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Why is it important to clarify the current status of Cuban energy in the face
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confidence, trust and cooperation in this critical issue area across the region. 

Cuban instability causes Caribbean instability, democratic backsliding, and refugee flows

Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, and#34;CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?and#34; 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
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in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Refugee crises divert Coast Guard resources—-they gut mission effectiveness

Stock 1 – Margaret D. Stock, Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York and Lieutenant Colonel, Military Police Corps, United States Army Reserve. 2001, and#34;National Security and Immigration Policy: Reclaiming Terms, Measuring Success, and Setting Prioritiesand#34; http://www.aclu.org/files/fbimappingfoia/20111110/ACLURM002826.pdf
7 Fed. Reg. 68924 (Nov. 13, 2002) (and#34;A
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diverting valuable Coast Guard and DOJ resources from counterterrorism and homeland security responsibilities.and#34

Coast Guard capabilities are key to Sealift – they play a critical role

Decker 1 – Scott Decker, LT CMNDER USCG, Feb 2001, The coast guard is capable of conducting and leading expeditionary harbor defense/port security and Harbor approach defense operations, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389731
.. .From the Sea touches on this, identifying sealift as a key enabler
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S power projection capabilities, and freeing up additional combatants for offensive use.

Sealift is independently key to overall deterrence and rapid response capabilities – we control escalation of all war and decide operational success

Hickins 09 (Colonel Kenneth, United States Army, March 30, 2009, and#34;Strategic Mobility: Forgotten Critical Requirement of the Contemporary Operational Environmentand#34;,)

As I stated at the beginning of the paper, Strategic Mobility has not been
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complimentary Mobility Triad that is a critical requirement for any operational and strategic success

Cuban instability causes biological warfare

Mastrapa 99 – Armando F. Mastrapa, Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University, 1999, and#34;Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,and#34;www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf

However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
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a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.

Bioterror leads to extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, and#34;How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,and#34; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction

The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
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may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

Plan

PLAN – The United States federal government should remove its economic restrictions on joint oil production cooperation toward Cuba.

Solvency

The plan fosters US-Cuban Cooperation through oil operations – Cuba is uniquely better than Mexico and Venezuela for oil and critical to US Energy Security

(ALSO SAYS HOW MUCH PLAN COSTS) (ALSO SAYS NOW KEY) (ALSO US KEY WARRANT) (ALSO SAYS POLICY CHANGE KEY TO PLAN, NOT FULL EMBARGO REMOVAL, THOUGH THAT WOULD ALSO SOLVE) (ALSO SAYS PRIVATE INVEST NEEDED) (ALSO COULD SOLVE PETRO CARRIBE/VENEZUELA DEBT AFF)
Benjamin-Alvadaro 10  (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperationand#34

Conclusion and Recommendations¶ Undoubtedly, after fifty years of enmity, there is a
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important to those crafting future policy and making changes in the policymaking milieu.

Licensing American companies to develop Cuban offshore resources leads to effective drilling and increased influence in the region

Pascual and Huddleston 9 Carlos, Vice president and Director of Foreign policy, the Brookings Institution and Vicki, Visiting Fellow, and#34;CUBA: A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagementand#34;, April, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf

Licensing U.S. companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore
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companies have the technology and expertise to develop Cuba’s offshore oil and gas. 

Plan is effective, topical, and US firms would say and#34;yesand#34;.

Benjamin-Alvarado ’10
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, and#34;Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,and#34; a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 125-26

There are numerous areas in the energy sector in which the United States and Cuba
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changes in the Cuban embargo so that this type of engagement can occur.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: DamienMR | Judge: Shore, Sam

Cuban Rum Aff

1AC

WTO Credibility – 1AC

Contention One: WTO Credibility

U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.

New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/-http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

"The conduct of the United States unscrupulously discredits the WTO dispute settlement system and
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multilateral system of trade," Venezuela said in its statement (unofficial translation).

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.

Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this "safety valve" argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
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the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.

WTO credibility prevents protectionism and trade bloc conflicts.

Blustein, 12/7/2008 (Paul – journalist in residence at the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution, Don’t Trade Recession for Depression, Washington Post, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Doha Round’s travails also pose significant risks to the WTO itself. For all
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in the system that has helped keep trade blocs and protectionism at bay.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system —- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.

Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm-http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America’s wider
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constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.

Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
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world peace shouldn’t be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.

Free trade is a controlling impact – war’s inevitable without it and impossible because of it – solves extinvtion

Dyer, 12/30/2004 (Gwynne – former senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, The End of War, The Toronto Star, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The "firebreak" against nuclear weapons use that we began building after Hiroshima and
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of winners and losers, then history will repeat itself and everybody loses.

Multiple studies prove that the risk of war is less probable in a world of economic interdependence.

Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
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. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive.

WTO key to promote democracies, lower poverty, higher life expectancy, and freedom

Moore 2005 (Mike Moore, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand and WTO Director-General from 1999 to 2002. "Ten Years of the WTO: a success story of global governance." Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipg/02857.pdf 2005)

The Wto is at the center of the debate about democracy because of its successes
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people enjoyed the freedom of the market-place and the ballot box.

Alternative to the WTO entrenches corporate power

Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000 (The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)

A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
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poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago. 

IP Leadership – 1AC

Contention Two: IP Leadership

Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.

Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ’Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
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that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.

Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf-http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
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globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.

The Havana Rum case spills over —- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
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26 Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
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chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.

Subpoint A – Biotech

U.S. credibility is critical to strong IP protections for agriculture.

Stein, Spring 2005 (Haley – J.D. Northwestern University School of Law, Intellectual Property and Genetically Modified Seeds: The United States, Trade, and the Developing World, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, p. Lexis-Nexis)

IP rights are likewise at the forefront of the United States’ trade agenda, just
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the most vocal advocate of bolstering these IP rights on the international front.

IPR harmonization is a pre-requisite for the development of innovative and widespread biotech.

Kerle 2007 (Clemens – research fellow at the Institute for Public International Law and International Relations at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, International IP Protection for GMO – a Biotech Odyssey, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

3.1.2. The persuasiveness of pro-harmonization arguments in the
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become more inventive in this field themselves, ultimately without their northern partners.

Strong agricultural research prevents food insecurity and armed conflict in failed states.

Pinstrup-Anderson, 3/2/2006 (Per – professor at Cornell University, The Impact of Technological Change in Agriculture on Poverty and Armed Conflict, Charles Valentine Riley Memorial Lecture Series, p. http://intlag.tamu.edu/images/riley06.pdf-http://intlag.tamu.edu/images/riley06.pdf)

According to Borlaug (2004), "we cannot build world peace on empty stomachs
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terrorism. A simplified illustration of my hypothesis is shown in Figure 1. 

Failed states escalate to nuclear conflict

Dean, May 1995 (Jonathan – Adviser on International Security Issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists, and former ambassador to East-West Arms Controls Negotiation, A Stronger UN Strengthens America, The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, p. http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/1995/ma95/ma95.dean.html-http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/1995/ma95/ma95.dean.html)

Experts throughout the world expect growing population pressures and increasing environmental stress to develop over
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an international peacekeeping system that can head off an increasing number of conflicts.

Biotech innovations prevent multiple scenarios for extinction.

Trewavas, 6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html-http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
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accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation.

Subpoint B – Disease

Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.

Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
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as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.

A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –

First is innovation —- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.

Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html~~23axzz2ZG5uBh4Z-http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
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, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.

Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.

Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law 26 Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
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their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks. 

Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.

Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
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difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.

Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.

Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
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morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.

Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.

Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ’superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
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compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.

TB spread risks extinction.

Kalombo 2007 (Lonji – CSIR senior researcher and PhD candidate in applied science/chemical engineering at the University of Pretoria, CSIR researcher Lonji Kalombo in the fight against TB, p. http://www.csir.co.za/researcher_profiles/LonjiKalombo.html-http://www.csir.co.za/researcher_profiles/LonjiKalombo.html)

According to Kalombo, the dreaded TB is a real threat for humanity. "
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aways’, almost unreachable and hampering its early detection when using conventional diagnostics.

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should reduce restrictions on the registration or renewal of trademarks or trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.

Solvency – 1AC

Contention Three: Solvency

Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
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. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.

Eliminating the Cuban IP policy allows the U.S. to harmonize IP rights globally.

Riley, Winter 2007 (Michael – J.D. Candidate at the University of Miami, Cigars and Rum: Hazardous to the Health of Intellectual Property Law?: How the Cohiba Cigar and Havana Club Rum Cases Reveal a ’Carve-Out’ for Intellectual Property Disputes with a Cuban Nexus, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Havana Club controversy has been cited as one obstacle that for several years caused
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trademark law, the United States’ Cuban ’carve-out’ upsets this balance.

The plan can restore IP credibility without removing the current embargo.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

2. Does Section 211 Erode the United States’s International Standing? Since Fidel Castro’s
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the human rights arena, and the United States should make that clear.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow MD | Judge: Chris Thomas

WTO Credibility – 1AC

Contention One: WTO Credibility

U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.

New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

"The conduct of the United States unscrupulously discredits the WTO dispute settlement system and
AND
multilateral system of trade," Venezuela said in its statement (unofficial translation).

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.

Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this "safety valve" argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system —- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.

Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America’s wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.

Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn’t be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.

Multiple studies confirm our impact

Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive. 

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should remove restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.

IP Leadership – 1AC

Contention Two: IP Leadership

Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.

Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ’Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.

Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.

The Havana Rum case spills over —- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
26 Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.

Subpoint A – Tech

Protection of IPR is key to innovation – incentivizes risk

US News 11/19 (PETER ROFF¶ Buy a Fake Vuitton, Fund a Real Terrorist¶ By PETER ROFF, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2013/11/19/intellectual-property-is-key-to-growth-and-security-in-the-internet-age)
The need to secure their rights to IP is obvious. It is wrong,
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good wages and adds considerably to U.S. gross domestic product.

Innovation solves any chance of great power war

Taylor ’4 ~4/1/04, Mark Taylor is a professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions," http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor~~
Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations (IR),
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production, and war, international systems would not exist in the first place

Subpoint B – Biotech

Enforceable IPR is key to biotech innovation – exclusivity actually stimulates innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Unlike companies in many other industries, biotechnology companies do not gain competitive advantages based
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to match the promise of the products that the biotechnology industry can provide.

And that’s reverse casual – a lack of strong IPR will kill biotech innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Biotechnology has provided our society with benefits that were barely imaginable¶ 30 years ago
AND
intellectual property system that provides broad¶ and effective protection for biotechnology inventions.

Biotech crops are inevitable – it’s only a question of cost effectiveness. Lack of GE tech makes monocultures, deforestation, and pesticide use inevitable.

Prakash et al 2011
~C.S., Professor at Tuskegee University, and Gregory Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, "31 Critical Questions in Agricultural Biotechnology", http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/agbio-articles/critical.html~~231~~
For grains and oilseed crops, increasing food production most often means the ability to
AND
extreme environmental conditions such as drought that are needed to sustain village farms.

Monoculture causes extinction

Starr and Hardy 1993
~June Starr Associate Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Kenneth C. 26 Hardy   B.S. University of Southern California 1988; J.D. Stanford Law School Stanford Environmental Law Journal  1993~
Maintaining and preserving the delicate balance of each ecosystem is central to any attempt to
AND
be of immense value to agriculture, biology, medicine, and industry.  

Pesticides cause extinction

NJ Environment 2003
~"Pesticides," www.njenvironment.org/pesticides.htm~
Not only are current gardening practices harmful to local ecosystems, but also expanding pesticide
AND
food and have banned the use of genetically altered seeds in their foods.

Deforestation causes extinction

Haan 2008
(Mia den, "Deforestation is Affecting the Human Race In Many Different Ways", 6/14, www.buzzle.com/articles/deforestation-is-affecting-the-human-race-in-many-different-ways.html+trees+AND+ oxygen+AND+deforestation26hl= en26ct=clnk26cd=226gl=us)
Most people need to implement a much better, ecologically friendly lifestyle before it is
AND
supplied in the atmosphere, the overall oxygen levels are still slowly declining. 

Impeding Food shortages are the most likely scenario for nuclear war

Future Directions International ’12 ("International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme", May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)

There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Spread of GM Agriculture prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.

Trewavas 2k (6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation. 

Subpoint C – Disease

Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.

*globalization – (1) contact with exotic species w/ exotic germs (2) air travel puts every corner of the planet with a day of a major city
*population growth – people and animals are put at risk as new microbes feast on more individuals (diseases can leap across the species barrier)
*burnout outdated – diseases can use multiple evolutionary mechanisms to escape antiobiotics
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.

A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –

First is innovation —- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.

*patents incentivize research of the next generation of drugs
*patents undergo rigorous licensing requirements ensuring they will be potent
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html~~23axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.

Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.

*strong IPR allows seizure of counterfeit drugs
*IPR cuts counterfeits at their knees: brand recognition
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law 26 Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks. 

Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.

*harmonization (standardization of intellectual property laws) allows for effective enforcement against CF drugs
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.

Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.

Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.

Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.

Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ’superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.

TB spread risks extinction.

Kalombo 2007 (Lonji – CSIR senior researcher and PhD candidate in applied science/chemical engineering at the University of Pretoria, CSIR researcher Lonji Kalombo in the fight against TB, p. http://www.csir.co.za/researcher_profiles/LonjiKalombo.html)

According to Kalombo, the dreaded TB is a real threat for humanity. "
AND
aways’, almost unreachable and hampering its early detection when using conventional diagnostics.

Solvency – 1AC

Contention Three: Solvency

Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
AND
. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.

Eliminating the Cuban IP policy allows the U.S. to harmonize IP rights globally.

Riley, Winter 2007 (Michael – J.D. Candidate at the University of Miami, Cigars and Rum: Hazardous to the Health of Intellectual Property Law?: How the Cohiba Cigar and Havana Club Rum Cases Reveal a ’Carve-Out’ for Intellectual Property Disputes with a Cuban Nexus, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Havana Club controversy has been cited as one obstacle that for several years caused
AND
trademark law, the United States’ Cuban ’carve-out’ upsets this balance.

The plan can restore IP credibility without removing the current embargo.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

2. Does Section 211 Erode the United States’s International Standing? Since Fidel Castro’s
AND
the human rights arena, and the United States should make that clear.

No link uniqueness for your disads – engagement through Cuban visas

Associated Press8/2/13 (Washington Post, "Cuba says US visas issued to islanders up 79 percent in 1st half of the year,"August 2, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/cuba-says-us-visas-issued-to-islanders-up-79-percent-in-1st-half-of-the-year/2013/08/02/0a0d09dc-fba0-11e2-89f7-8599e3f77a67_story.html)
HAVANA — The number of Cubans receiving U.S. nonimmigrant visas jumped by
AND
time Cubans can remain overseas without losing residency rights and benefits back home.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley CH | Judge: Tim Dahms

1AC

WTO Credibility – 1AC

Contention One: WTO Credibility

U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.

New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

"The conduct of the United States unscrupulously discredits the WTO dispute settlement system and
AND
multilateral system of trade," Venezuela said in its statement (unofficial translation).

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.

Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this "safety valve" argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system —- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.

Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America’s wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules. 

Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.

Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn’t be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.

Multiple studies confirm our impact

Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive.

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should remove restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.

IP Leadership – 1AC

Contention Two: IP Leadership

Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.

Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ’Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.

Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.

The Havana Rum case spills over —- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.

Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
26 Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.

Subpoint A – Tech

Protection of IPR is key to innovation – incentivizes risk

US News 11/19 (PETER ROFF¶ Buy a Fake Vuitton, Fund a Real Terrorist¶ By PETER ROFF, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/peter-roff/2013/11/19/intellectual-property-is-key-to-growth-and-security-in-the-internet-age)
The need to secure their rights to IP is obvious. It is wrong,
AND
good wages and adds considerably to U.S. gross domestic product.

Tech innovation key to clean tech; solves warming

Shahien Nasiripour (Reporter, Huffington Post) "Green Jobs Are ’Greatest Market Opportunity Of Our Generation,’ Senator Says" March 8, 2010. Accessed online 8/25/2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/08/green-jobs-are-greatest-m_n_490928.html
Flanked by forced-out former green jobs czar Van Jones, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.) said Monday that creating new jobs in green industries presents the "greatest market opportunity of our generation."  Comparing the call to create "green jobs" to former President John F. Kennedy’s call for landing a man on the Moon, Gillibrand said at a forum that the nation needs to act in order to inspire the next generation of scientists.  "Green jobs" are those in industries that promote environmental protection and energy independence, like energy efficiency, renewable energy and smart energy. With millions of Americans unemployed and global warming threatening the globe, the burgeoning field of green technology could be the nation’s next great job creation vehicle.  It’s the "moral, political and economic challenge of our time," said Jones, former special adviser for Green Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation at the White House Council on Environmental Quality. Jones said that creating new jobs in green industries would combat both global warming and the recession.  Jones was http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/06/glenn-beck-gets-first-sca_n_278281.html  forced out of the White House in September after conservatives, led by Fox News Channel host Glenn Beck, launched an attack on his background in radical activism.  While the U.S. dithers, other countries are aggressively moving ahead. Gillibrand noted that China invested 24440 billion last year in green technology such as solar panels.  Gillibrand said that she’d like to see the nation be "energy independent in a decade," adding that it’s a "call to action I’d like to see this President give us."  Jones said that government policy needs to favor problem solvers like green entrepreneurs rather than problem makers like the oil and coal industries. But Gillibrand pointed out that the Senate is not full of progressives clamoring for change. Moderation is needed, she said. The big ideas like the ones that powered the Obama campaign are "not a reality" from a legislative or political perspective, Gillibrand said. Obama himself is "already pushing towards moderation," she noted in a reference to the president’s embrace of nuclear technology, traditionally a Republican cause.  "There was a sweeping election in 2008, but there wasn’t a sweeping movement in 2008," said Erica Payne, founder of the Agenda Project, the progressive advocacy organization that hosted Monday’s forum. A movement needs a combination of ideas, messages and leaders, Payne said. All three are needed in large supply, she added.  To get the country to fully embrace the green technology movement, Obama needs to give a "shoot-for-the-moon speech," Gillibrand said. "And he has to do it now."

Warming causes extinction of all life on earth.

Girling, Richard. "What will climate change do to our planet?" Times Online. 3/11/2007. permalink: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article1480669.ece
Although warming on this scale lies within the IPCC’s officially endorsed range of 21st-
AND
six degrees of global warming: zero if the rise passes five degrees,

Subpoint B – Biotech

Enforceable IPR is key to biotech innovation – exclusivity actually stimulates innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Unlike companies in many other industries, biotechnology companies do not gain competitive advantages based
AND
to match the promise of the products that the biotechnology industry can provide.

And that’s reverse casual – a lack of strong IPR will kill biotech innovation

Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ ~{Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Biotechnology has provided our society with benefits that were barely imaginable¶ 30 years ago
AND
intellectual property system that provides broad¶ and effective protection for biotechnology inventions.

Biotech crops are inevitable – it’s only a question of cost effectiveness. Lack of GE tech makes monocultures, deforestation, and pesticide use inevitable.

Prakash et al 2011
~C.S., Professor at Tuskegee University, and Gregory Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, "31 Critical Questions in Agricultural Biotechnology", http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/agbio-articles/critical.html~~231~~
For grains and oilseed crops, increasing food production most often means the ability to
AND
extreme environmental conditions such as drought that are needed to sustain village farms.

Monoculture causes extinction

Starr and Hardy 1993
~June Starr Associate Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Kenneth C. 26 Hardy   B.S. University of Southern California 1988; J.D. Stanford Law School Stanford Environmental Law Journal  1993~
Maintaining and preserving the delicate balance of each ecosystem is central to any attempt to
AND
be of immense value to agriculture, biology, medicine, and industry.  

Deforestation causes extinction

Haan 2008
(Mia den, "Deforestation is Affecting the Human Race In Many Different Ways", 6/14, www.buzzle.com/articles/deforestation-is-affecting-the-human-race-in-many-different-ways.html+trees+AND+ oxygen+AND+deforestation26hl= en26ct=clnk26cd=226gl=us)
Most people need to implement a much better, ecologically friendly lifestyle before it is
AND
supplied in the atmosphere, the overall oxygen levels are still slowly declining. 

Impeding Food shortages are the most likely scenario for nuclear war

Future Directions International ’12 ("International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme", May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf)

There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the next century will most likely
AND
identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Spread of GM Agriculture prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.

Trewavas 2k (6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation. 

Subpoint C – Disease

Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.

*globalization – (1) contact with exotic species w/ exotic germs (2) air travel puts every corner of the planet with a day of a major city
*population growth – people and animals are put at risk as new microbes feast on more individuals (diseases can leap across the species barrier)
*burnout outdated – diseases can use multiple evolutionary mechanisms to escape antiobiotics
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.

A strong IPR regime solves disease in multiple ways –

First is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.

*strong IPR allows seizure of counterfeit drugs
*IPR cuts counterfeits at their knees: brand recognition
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law 26 Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks. 

Second is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.

*harmonization (standardization of intellectual property laws) allows for effective enforcement against CF drugs
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.

Third is innovation —- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.

*patents incentivize research of the next generation of drugs
*patents undergo rigorous licensing requirements ensuring they will be potent
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html~~23axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.

Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.

Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.

Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.

Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ’superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.

TB spread risks extinction.

Kalombo 2007 (Lonji – CSIR senior researcher and PhD candidate in applied science/chemical engineering at the University of Pretoria, CSIR researcher Lonji Kalombo in the fight against TB, p. http://www.csir.co.za/researcher_profiles/LonjiKalombo.html)

According to Kalombo, the dreaded TB is a real threat for humanity. "
AND
aways’, almost unreachable and hampering its early detection when using conventional diagnostics.

Solvency – 1AC

Contention Three: Solvency

Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
AND
. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.

Eliminating the Cuban IP policy allows the U.S. to harmonize IP rights globally.

Riley, Winter 2007 (Michael – J.D. Candidate at the University of Miami, Cigars and Rum: Hazardous to the Health of Intellectual Property Law?: How the Cohiba Cigar and Havana Club Rum Cases Reveal a ’Carve-Out’ for Intellectual Property Disputes with a Cuban Nexus, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Havana Club controversy has been cited as one obstacle that for several years caused
AND
trademark law, the United States’ Cuban ’carve-out’ upsets this balance.

The plan can restore IP credibility without removing the current embargo.

Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

2. Does Section 211 Erode the United States’s International Standing? Since Fidel Castro’s
AND
the human rights arena, and the United States should make that clear.

No link uniqueness for your disads – engagement through Cuban visas

Associated Press8/2/13 (Washington Post, "Cuba says US visas issued to islanders up 79 percent in 1st half of the year,"August 2, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/cuba-says-us-visas-issued-to-islanders-up-79-percent-in-1st-half-of-the-year/2013/08/02/0a0d09dc-fba0-11e2-89f7-8599e3f77a67_story.html)
HAVANA — The number of Cubans receiving U.S. nonimmigrant visas jumped by
AND
time Cubans can remain overseas without losing residency rights and benefits back home.

Tournament: Hockaday | Round: 2 | Opponent: ST Marks KM | Judge: Dan Lingel
Cuban Rum Aff
1AC
WTO Credibility – 1AC
Contention One: WTO Credibility
U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.
New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

“The conduct of the United States unscrupulously discredits the WTO dispute settlement system and
AND
multilateral system of trade,” Venezuela said in its statement (unofficial translation).
Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.
Lawrence, March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this “safety valve” argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.
WTO credibility prevents protectionism and trade bloc conflicts.
Blustein, 12/7/2008 (Paul – journalist in residence at the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution, Don’t Trade Recession for Depression, Washington Post, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Doha Round's travails also pose significant risks to the WTO itself. For all
AND
in the system that has helped keep trade blocs and protectionism at bay.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system -~-- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.
Panitchpakdi, 2/26/2004 (Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.
Copley News Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn't be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.
Free trade is a controlling impact – war’s inevitable without it and impossible because of it – solves extinvtion
Dyer, 12/30/2004 (Gwynne – former senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, The End of War, The Toronto Star, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The "firebreak" against nuclear weapons use that we began building after Hiroshima and
AND
of winners and losers, then history will repeat itself and everybody loses.

Multiple studies prove that the risk of war is less probable in a world of economic interdependence.
Griswold, 4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive.

WTO key to promote democracies, lower poverty, higher life expectancy, and freedom
Moore 2005 (Mike Moore, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand and WTO Director-General from 1999 to 2002. "Ten Years of the WTO: a success story of global governance." Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipg/02857.pdf 2005)

The Wto is at the center of the debate about democracy because of its successes
AND
people enjoyed the freedom of the market-place and the ballot box.

Alternative to the WTO entrenches corporate power
Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000 (The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)

A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
AND
poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago. 

Plan – 1AC
The United States federal government should reduce restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.
IP Leadership – 1AC
Contention Two: IP Leadership
Other countries are criticizing the U.S.’s failure to resolve the Havana Club case.
Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 (EU, Cuba spar with US over ‘Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.
Section 211 erodes IPR credibility by encouraging other nations to violate norms.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.
The Havana Rum case spills over -~-- it undermines the United States’ ability to uphold IP law globally.
Esper, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee,
AND
and Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.
Subpoint A – Tech
Strong IPR Regime solves for innovation – incentivizes risk
Lewis 08 (James A. Lewis - James Andrew Lewis is a senior fellow
AND
) KS
The explanation for this correlation between IPR and performance is also complex. ¶ IP
AND
if they do not improve their IP rules and the enforcement of rights.
Innovation solves any chance of great power war
Taylor ‘4 4/1/04, Mark Taylor is a professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor

Technological innovation is of
AND
not exist in the first place
Subpoint B – Biotech
U.S. credibility is critical to strong IP protections for agriculture.
Stein, Spring 2005 (Haley – J.D. Northwestern University School of Law, Intellectual Property and Genetically Modified Seeds: The United States, Trade, and the Developing World, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, p. Lexis-Nexis)

IP rights are likewise at the forefront of the United States' trade agenda, just
AND
the most vocal advocate of bolstering these IP rights on the international front.
IPR harmonization is a pre-requisite for the development of innovative and widespread biotech.
Kerle 2007 (Clemens – research fellow at the Institute for Public International Law and International Relations at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, International IP Protection for GMO – a Biotech Odyssey, Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

3.1.2. The persuasiveness of pro-harmonization arguments in the
AND
become more inventive in this field themselves, ultimately without their northern partners.
Strong agricultural research prevents food insecurity and armed conflict in failed states.
Pinstrup-Anderson, 3/2/2006 (Per – professor at Cornell University, The Impact of Technological Change in Agriculture on Poverty and Armed Conflict, Charles Valentine Riley Memorial Lecture Series, p. http://intlag.tamu.edu/images/riley06.pdf)

According to Borlaug (2004), “we cannot build world peace on empty stomachs
AND
terrorism. A simplified illustration of my hypothesis is shown in Figure 1.
Failed states escalate to nuclear conflict
Dean, May 1995 (Jonathan – Adviser on International Security Issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists, and former ambassador to East-West Arms Controls Negotiation, A Stronger UN Strengthens America, The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, p. http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/1995/ma95/ma95.dean.html)

Experts throughout the world expect growing population pressures and increasing environmental stress to develop over
AND
an international peacekeeping system that can head off an increasing number of conflicts.
Biotech innovations prevent multiple scenarios for extinction.
Trewavas, 6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation.
Subpoint C – Disease
Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.
Walsh, 7/10/2013 (Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.
A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –
First is innovation -~-- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html#axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.
Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law and Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks.
Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.
Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.
Washington Post, 2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.
Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.
Castillo, 10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ‘superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.
TB spread risks extinction.
Kalombo 2007 (Lonji – CSIR senior researcher and PhD candidate in applied science/chemical engineering at the University of Pretoria, CSIR researcher Lonji Kalombo in the fight against TB, p. http://www.csir.co.za/researcher_profiles/LonjiKalombo.html)

According to Kalombo, the dreaded TB is a real threat for humanity. "
AND
aways', almost unreachable and hampering its early detection when using conventional diagnostics.

Solvency – 1AC
Contention Three: Solvency
Repealing Section 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent against trademark abuse.
Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
AND
. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.
Eliminating the Cuban IP policy allows the U.S. to harmonize IP rights globally.
Riley, Winter 2007 (Michael – J.D. Candidate at the University of Miami, Cigars and Rum: Hazardous to the Health of Intellectual Property Law?: How the Cohiba Cigar and Havana Club Rum Cases Reveal a ‘Carve-Out’ for Intellectual Property Disputes with a Cuban Nexus, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Havana Club controversy has been cited as one obstacle that for several years caused
AND
trademark law, the United States' Cuban 'carve-out' upsets this balance.
The plan can restore IP credibility without removing the current embargo.
Pava 2011 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

2. Does Section 211 Erode the United States's International Standing? Since Fidel Castro's
AND
the human rights arena, and the United States should make that clear.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood JR | Judge: Kanan Boor
1AC
Contention 1: WTO Credibility – 9
U.S. failure to comply with the WTO ruling on Havana Club undermines the credibility of the dispute settlement body.
Camejo 13 (6/25 Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, http://www.cubaminrex.cu/en/statement-mrs-anayansi-rodriguez-camejo-ambassador-cuban-permanent-mission-united-nations-office, Statement by Mrs. Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo, Ambassador of the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva, on Section 211 of the WTO´s Dispute Settlement Body. June 25th, 2013 Submitted by editor on Wed, 06/26/2013 - 00:00)

Mr. Chairman,¶ After more than 11 years without the United States having adopted
AND
facts like these jeopardize the credibility and effectiveness of the dispute settlement system.

Only a credible dispute settlement mechanism prevents rampant protectionism.
Lawrence 7, (March 2007 (Robert – Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System, p. 5-6)
But this “safety valve” argument is shortsighted. The use of antidumping suits
AND
the arguments of its critics, and finally provides some recommendations for improvement.
DSB credibility prevents protectionism and trade bloc conflicts.
Blustein 8 (, 12/7/Paul – journalist in residence at the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution, Don’t Trade Recession for Depression, Washington Post, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The Doha Round's travails also pose significant risks to the WTO itself. For all
AND
in the system that has helped keep trade blocs and protectionism at bay.

There’s no alternative to a multilateral trade system --- collapses causes instability and great power conflict.
Panitchpakdi 4 (2/26 Supachai – secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, American Leadership and the World Trade Organization, p. http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)

The second point is that strengthening the world trading system is essential to America's wider
AND
constrained, not by multilateral rules, but by the absence of rules.
Multilat trade is a controlling impact – war’s inevitable without it and impossible because of it – solves extinction
Dyer 4 (, 12/30/2004 (Gwynne – former senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, The End of War, The Toronto Star, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The "firebreak" against nuclear weapons use that we began building after Hiroshima and
AND
of winners and losers, then history will repeat itself and everybody loses.

And that disincentivizes your conflict scenarios – stats prove war is less probable with economic interdependence.
Griswold 7, (4/20/2007 (Daniel – director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace, p. http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)

A little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story a while back reported,
AND
. But deep trade and investment ties among nations make war less attractive.

Credible WTO prevents nuclear war.
Copley News 99 (Service, 12/1/1999 (Commentary, p. Lexis-Nexis)

For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
world peace shouldn't be protesting world trade. They should be celebrating it.
WTO key to promote democracies, lower poverty, higher life expectancy, and freedom
Moore 5 (Mike Moore, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand and WTO Director-General from 1999 to 2002. "Ten Years of the WTO: a success story of global governance." Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipg/02857.pdf 2005)

The Wto is at the center of the debate about democracy because of its successes
AND
people enjoyed the freedom of the market-place and the ballot box.

Alternatives to the WTO entrench corporate power
Legrain 2k ( Phillipe special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000 (The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)

A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
AND
poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago. 

PLAN
The United States federal government should remove restrictions on the registration and renewal of trademarks and trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba.
Contention 2: IP Leadership – 5
US currently faces international backlash from failure to resolve section 211
AFP 13 (Agence France Presse, 6/25/2013 EU, Cuba spar with US over ‘Havana Club’ rum, p. Lexis-Nexis)

The European Union and Cuba locked horns with the United States on Tuesday at the
AND
that enough was enough, a message echoed by members, including China.
Section 211 destroys IPR credibility – It legitimizes other nations to violate norms.
Esper 10, 3/3/2010 (Mark – Executive Vice President of the Global Intellectual Property Center, Domestic and International Implications of Havana Club and Section 211, of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1999, Testimony to the House Committee on the Judiciary, p. http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/pdf/Esper100303.pdf)

Unfortunately, Section 211 of the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act has put the United
AND
globally and undermining our status as an international champion of intellectual property protection.
And that spills over --- section 211 prevents United States’ ability to uphold GLOBAL IP LAW
Esper 10, 3/3/2010 (Hearing of the House Judiciary Committee
AND
and Burling LLP, Federal News Service, p. Lexis-Nexis)

MR. ESPER: Well, I think we need to take a look at
AND
chips away at our ability to credibly make those arguments in multilateral fora.
And that’s reverse casual – Only Repealing 211 restores U.S. IP credibility by setting a precedent
Pava 11 (Mindy – Executive Symposium Editor for the Emory International Law Review, J.D. Candidate at Emory University School of Law, The Cuban Conundrum: Proposing an International Trademark Registry for Well-Known Foreign Marks, Emory International Law Review, p. Lexis-Nexis)

With an outright repeal of Section 211, the United States could again prove that
AND
. businesses because of the substantial profit earned abroad from intellectual property exports.

*Subpoint A – Biotech – 9
Status quo agriculture is untenable—ensures production failures and global scarcity
Parikh 11 (Sanjai J., "Soil, Agriculture, and Agricultural Biotechnology-http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/soil-agriculture-and-agricultural-biotechnology-84826767", 7/01/2011, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/soil-agriculture-and-agricultural-biotechnology-84826767-http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/soil-agriculture-and-agricultural-biotechnology-84826767) 

The increasing human population is placing greater pressure on soil and water resources and threatening
AND
should have access to safe and nutritious food to sustain a healthy life.
Enforceable IPR is key to biotech innovation – exclusivity
Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ {AandJAssistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Unlike companies in many other industries, biotechnology companies do not gain competitive advantages based
AND
to match the promise of the products that the biotechnology industry can provide.
Reverse casual – lack of strong IPR kills biotech innovation
Davis and Wales 3 (The Effect of Intellectual¶ Property on the Biotechnology¶ Industry¶ James H. Davis* and Michele M. Wales *Senior Vice President and General Counsel¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc.¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338¶ {Assistant General Counsel, Intellectual Property¶ Human Genome Sciences, Inc. AandJ¶ Rockville, Maryland 20850-3338, http://law.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/documents/Kieff/HGPIP/Final/GEN_50_CH22.pdf)

Biotechnology has provided our society with benefits that were barely imaginable¶ 30 years ago
AND
intellectual property system that provides broad¶ and effective protection for biotechnology inventions.
Biotech innovation key to expansion of safe GM agriculture
Sachs et al. 8¶ Susan J. Martino-Catt, Monsanto Company Member of Plant Physiology Editorial Board, Eric S. Sachs Monsanto Company Member of ASPB Education Foundation Board of Directors, “ Editor's Choice Series: The Next Generation of Biotech Crops,” Plant Physiology 147:3-5 (2008)

 Crop genetic modification using traditional methods has been essential for improving food quality and
AND
and commercial use of new products that are critical to meeting agriculture's challenges.
Our method ensures no selective barriers – all participants benefit from biotech innovations
Richer 99 (David, Writer for Institute for agriculture and trade policy, “Biotechnology and the Poor, CGIAR.org, http://www.iatp.org/files/Intellectual_Property_Protection_Who_Needs_It.htm)

Enforceable and strong IPRs are essential to encourage the transfer of the latest technologies to
AND
valuable environmental resources. Weak laws will inhibit much-needed inward investment. 

Agriculture prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.
Trewavas 2k (6/5/2000 (Anthony – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, GM is the Best Option We Have, AgBioWorld, p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)

But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
AND
accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation. 

Additionally, inevitable food-induced conflicts cause extinction, only aff can solve
Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Your turns are non-unique; Biotech is inevitable, it’s a question of innovation
PLOS, 03 (10/13/ (Public Library of Science, Virginia Gewin, “Genetically Modified Corn—Environmental benefits and Risks”, Volume 1 Issue 1)

“Agricultural biotechnology is here to stay’’ read a recent opinion piece by Gianessi.
AND
however, will provide the critical bridge between science and global food security.

*Subpoint B – Disease – 7
Infectious diseases are inevitable. Rapid evolution and adaptation risk extinction.
Walsh 13 (7/10/Bryan, From AIDS to SARS to MERS, Emerging Infectious Diseases Remain a Dire Threat, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2013/07/10/from-aids-to-sars-to-mers-emerging-infectious-diseases-remain-a-dire-threat/)

Now the world is facing another emerging infectious disease. MERS — Middle East respiratory
AND
as experts like Morens and Fauci know, we won’t be lucky forever.
A strong IPR regime solves disease in three ways –
First is innovation --- IPR incentivizes research and development. Copycat drugs don’t fill-in.
Kaufmann, 4/23/2008 (Judith – retired foreign service officer and former director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Health Affairs, Intellectual Property Rights and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, p. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080429230451myleen0.4181027.html#axzz2ZG5uBh4Z)

Drugs that cure AIDS and many other diseases are available precisely because of patent protection
AND
, are not being used to further scientific knowledge and find new cures.
Second is trademark protection. Strong trademark protection is the best defense against counterfeit drugs.
Powell, February 2010 (Adam – Research Fellow for the Law and Bioscience Project, J.D. Candidate at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Benchmark Legislation: A Measured Approach in the Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals, Hastings Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

Traditionally, the first line of defense for pharmaceutical companies is a portfolio of strong
AND
their intellectual property and ensure maximum punishments for criminals by maintaining strong trademarks.
Third is harmonization. IPR harmonization undermines the ability to market counterfeit drugs.
Ferrill, Spring 2007 (Elizabeth – Law Clerk to the Honorable Liam O’Grady, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Clearing the Swamp for Intellectual Property Harmonization: Understanding and Appreciating the Barriers to Full TRIPS Compliance for Industrializing and Non-Industrializing Countries, University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)

In 1994, the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
AND
difficult over the past decade. There are a number of possible explanations.

Counterfeit drugs bolster antibiotic resistance.
Washington Post 13 (2/5/2013 (How fake drugs cause the spread of untreatable TB in developing countries, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/how-fake-drugs-cause-the-spread-of-untreatable-tb-in-developing-countries/)

Tuberculosis, a disease that destroys lung tissue, is more commonly associated with the
AND
morph into new strains, making them harder and more expensive to treat.
Antibiotic resistance risks extinction.
Castillo 11 (10/28/2011 (Rafael, Doomsday scenario with ‘superbugs’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. http://business.inquirer.net/27353/doomsday-scenario-with-E28098superbugsE28099)

From time to time, we get reports about emerging superbugs—microbes which are
AND
compromised immune systems—is ill-fated prey to these ogre microbes.
And now is key; Drug Resistant TB spread risks becoming a pandemic – puts the global population at risk
Bio-Medicine 7 (Internet’s leading online Organizations devoted to biology and medicine,  http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/)

The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head When Mr. Andrew Speaker and his
AND
more difficult and expensive to treat, the highly lethal XDR-TB.

Tournament: UT RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge:
1AC Agriculture  

Advantage 1 is Agriculture
Status quo food production is failing—a shift to urban agriculture is key to sustainable food systems and biodiversity preservation
Peters 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law. (“Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution”, Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)

URBAN AGRICULTURE Urban agriculture is a system that ensures food security by providing access to
AND
without concern for its impact on society and the environment is not sustainable.
Cuban agriculture sustainability is failing—foreign investment is key
King 12 – M. Dawn King is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown University’s Center for Environmental Studies. She earned her Ph.D. in Environmental Politics at Colorado State University and worked as a policy analyst for the U.S. Geological Survey – conducting research on environmental decision-making models and internal governance of watershed management councils. (“Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy”, March 21, 2012, http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf, Callahan)

Cuba needed an alternative agricultural model when foreign oil imports were cut off significantly at
AND
goal of sustainable development to increase short-term capital and energy needs.
The plan provides foreign capital to Cuba and allows its model to be exported globally
Shkolnick 12 – JD Candidate, Drake University Law School. (“SIN EMBARGO: THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES”, 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 683, Fall, http://students.law.drake.edu/aglawjournal/docs/agVol17No3-Shkolnick.pdf)
Cuba today is experiencing the most rapid shifts towards privatization and reform since the revolution
AND
presents a unique opportunity American business and agricultural enterprises cannot afford to overlook.
Continued reliance on industrial mechanized ag results in catastrophic warming and biodiversity loss
Cummins 10 – Ronnie is the International Director of the Organic Consumers Association. (“Industrial Agriculture and Human Survival: The Road Beyond 10/10/10”, Organic Consumer’s Association, October 7, 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21747.cfm)
Although transportation, industry, and energy producers are obviously major fossil fuel users and
AND
oxide, which are responsible for at least 22 of global warming.
A move towards organic ag mitigates future emissions and prevents warming
Scialabba 10 – Nadia is from the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (“Organic agriculture and climate change”, February 2, 2010, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.2, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/275960/al185e.pdf,)

Organic agricultural systems have an inherent potential to both reduce GHG emissions and to enhance
AND
are needed to better unlock its potential and application on a large scale.
Warming is real and causes extinction – it is the death of countless unborn generations
Morgan 09 – Professor of Current Affairs @ Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea (Dennis Ray, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race”, Futures, Volume 41, Issue 10, December 2009, Pages 683-693, ScienceDirect)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
Russian roulette while time increasingly stacks the cards against our chances of survival?

1AC Plan Text 

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba. 

1AC Framing  

Advantage 2 is framing
Warming is a form of structural violence – allowing warming to continue perpetuates all inequalities  
Hoerner 8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, “A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S.” July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)

Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
AND
points and raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent. 

Climate change is coming now and bears a hugely disproportionate impact on those already at the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage, causing widespread physical displacement and death
Byravan and Rajan 10 Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, “The Ethical Implications of Sea-Level Rise Due to Climate Change,” Ethics and International Affairs 24, No. 3, 9/20/2010) 

As scientific evidence for the adverse effects of human-induced climate change grows stronger
AND
is not always equivalent to an argument for making reparations for past injury. 

The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming
Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8)

While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
AND
at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17

We came to the understanding that warming was such an important topic of discussion through science – you should prefer science and the discussion of trends data and analysis over assertions and theories – there is a scientific consensus around warming – that science is good
Hutcheon 93— (former prof of sociology of education at U Regina and U British Columbia. Former research advisor to the Health Promotion Branch of the Canadian Department of Health and Welfare and as a director of the Vanier Institute of the Family. Phd in sociology, began at Yale and finished at U Queensland. (Pat, A Critique of "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA", http://www.humanists.net/pdhutcheon/humanist20articles/lewontn.htm)

The introductory lecture in this series articulated the increasingly popular "postmodernist" claim that
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mean failure, in that the theory itself has altered in the process.

Simulation and institutional deliberation are valuable and motivate effective responses to climate risks
Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)

Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience
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engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.

Students interrogating environmental issues is critical to developing sustainable solutions – Must also be coupled with policy advocacy in order to succeed
Cotgrave and Alkhaddar 6 – Alison Cotgrave has a PhD in Sustainability Literacy, she is currently the Deputy Director of the School of the Built Environment and a researcher in construction education, she is also a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, Rafid Alkhaddar has a PhD in Civil Engineering and currently teaches at the School of the Built Environment John Moores University in Liverpool as a Professor of Water and Environmental Engineering (March 2006, “Greening the Curricula within Construction Programmes,” Journal for Education in the Built Environment, Vol.1, Issue 1, March 2006 pp. 3-29, http://131.251.248.49/jebe/pdf/AlisonCotgrave1(1).pdf)

Environmental education  
Many writers have determined that the main aim of environmental education is to change attitudes
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into more sustainable structures, we might as well forget the educational part.

Public advocacy of climate solutions key to change governmental policy---individual change insufficient
CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager,  Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher,  Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA.  - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes and  Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk,  University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia.  - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University and Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf)
This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass
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they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.
A strategy focused on broader claims of oppression and exploitation will never solve warming – our specific advocacy and the framing behind it are crucial to ensuring the success of all types of movements
Monbiot 8 George, English Writer and Environmental and Political Activist, 9-4, “Identity Politics in Climate Change Hell,” http://www.celsias.com/article/identity-politics-climate-change-hell/

If you want a glimpse of how the movement against climate change could crumble faster
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this urgent task into the identity politics that have wrecked so many movements.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit FP | Judge: Josh Clark
Turn - The repeal is popular-House of Representatives and U.S. businesses agree

Taylor 04 Emily Taylor, Emily Taylor-Northwestern University School of Law and B.A. Duke University, 2004, “Havana Club Saga: Threatening More than Just "Cuba Coke", Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, LexisNexis

The United States could also comply with
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found in "bilateral and multilateral agreements outside of TRIPS." n104

Tournament: NA | Round: 3 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
amir.n.javeri@gmail.com

Tournament: NA | Round: 1 | Opponent: If your looking at this, possibly you | Judge: Good Question
"Cop" + "Hell" = Coppell