Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Weston, Dave

QPQ

The United States Federal Government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross.
QPQ is best
Herrero 12, Ricardo Herrero, Deputy Executive Director of the Cuba Study Group, also writes for the Huffington Post, "Getting Serious About Alan Gross", 12/25/12, www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/our-opinions?ContentRecord_id=5516bfa4-2442-4e28-8ae6-292522cbd3e9andContentType_id=15d70174-0c41-47c6-9bd5-cc875718b6c3andGroup_id=4c543850-0014-4d3c-8f87-0cbbda2e1dc7 Mollie

Earlier this month, USAID subcontractor Alan Gross
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appearing to be making concessions to the enemy.
Cuba says yes
Herrero 12, Ricardo Herrero, Deputy Executive Director of the Cuba Study Group, also writes for the Huffington Post, "Getting Serious About Alan Gross", 12/25/12, www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/our-opinions?ContentRecord_id=5516bfa4-2442-4e28-8ae6-292522cbd3e9andContentType_id=15d70174-0c41-47c6-9bd5-cc875718b6c3andGroup_id=4c543850-0014-4d3c-8f87-0cbbda2e1dc7 Mollie

So what can be done? There are
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repeal or amend in exchange for Gross' release.

Key prerequisite to human rights
Herrero 12, Ricardo Herrero, Deputy Executive Director of the Cuba Study Group, also writes for the Huffington Post, "Getting Serious About Alan Gross", 12/25/12, www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/our-opinions?ContentRecord_id=5516bfa4-2442-4e28-8ae6-292522cbd3e9andContentType_id=15d70174-0c41-47c6-9bd5-cc875718b6c3andGroup_id=4c543850-0014-4d3c-8f87-0cbbda2e1dc7 Mollie

The United Nations recently condemned Cuba's arbitrary detention
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as importantly, Alan would finally come home.

Human rights credibility solves inevitable extinction
Copeland 99 (Rhonda, Professor of Law – NYU, New York City Law Review, p. 71-72)

The indivisible human rights framework survived the Cold
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to bear on both domestic and foreign policy.

Gradualism

Diaz-Canel solves the aff – he’s a pragmatic reformer and creates space to lift the embargo in 2018
Dallas Morning News, 13 - editorial (“Editorial: U.S. should reconsider embargo when Castros’ reign ends”, 2/28/13, http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130228-editorial-u.s.-should-reconsider-embargo-when-castros-reign-ends.ece)//TL

For years, the accepted view was that
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. should reconsider its position on the embargo.
Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID 

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as
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-screen for maintenance of the status quo.
Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Some in the United States have long supported
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war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Sustainable Ag

1. Cuba is the frontier of the sustainable agriculture transition – its agricultural system is internationally modeled.
   Aguilar 2009 Fernando Funes, PhD for the Food First Insitute for Food and Development Policy, 5/24/09 “Transgenic Food Production in Cuba; The Need for a Participatory and Serious Debate”, http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2451

Evidence and recent history show that no other
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food and for the appreciation of Cuban agriculture.
2. Lifting the embargo will crush the transition to an agro-ecological system.
Gonzalez 2003 Carmen G., Professor of Ecology at the University of Seattle, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA,” p. 729-33

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to
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United States and from the global trading system.
3. Pesticides lead to disease
Gordon 2005 Jay, MD in pediatrics, 5/26/13, Huffington Post, “Pesticides are bad for you?”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jay-gordon/pesticides-are-bad-for-yo_b_1636.html

Gardeners who use pesticides increase their risk of
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of letters. Children's lives are at stake.
4. Disease lead to extinction
Yu 9 Victoria, Undergraduate at Dartmouth, University publication, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, 22 May 2009

A pandemic will kill off all humans.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine SU | Judge: Quinn, Collin

T

Economic engagement is distinct from political, military, and cultural and civil society engagement.
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k — Richard N.
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possible incentives used in the form of engagement. 

Aspec

The USfg has 3 branches
WhiteHouse.gov 2005.
Branches of Government: Executive Branch. The
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-- the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Politics- CIR

Immigration reform has been delayed but will pass later this year – the aff pushes it off the agenda and into 2014 which derails the deal
Shear and Preston 9-8
(*MICHAEL D. SHEAR, a White House correspondent for The New York Times, JULIA PRESTON, member of The New York Times team that won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for reporting on international affairs, became a national correspondent covering immigration for The Times in April 2006.“Immigration Reform Falls to the Back of the Line” September 8, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/us/politics/immigration-reform-falls-to-the-back-of-the-line.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, KB)

Congress is likely to postpone consideration of an
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pressure is so great they have to act.”
Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive
Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to
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more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Immigration reform expands skilled labor – key to relations with India
LA Times 12 Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of
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a bigger plus than not," he said.
U.S.-India relations solve South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer 2 Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis

Washington's increased interest in India since the late
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critically on good relations with the United States.

XO CP

Normal means = Congress—they have oversight on key Latin American policies
Sullivan 13 (Mark P. Sullivan – Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Congressional Research Service, “Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues for the 113th Congress”, 2-8-13, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdf) MaxL
Congress plays an active role in policy toward
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and activities of the Organization of American States.
2. Executive orders solve discrepancies between the US and Mexico
Sunstein 2012
(Cass R.; Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs @ US Chamber of Commerce; Eliminating Red Tape Through International Regulatory Affairs; May 1; www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/speeches/eliminating-red-tape-through-international-regulatory-cooperation.pdf; kdf)
In the past decade, it has often
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, innovation, competiveness, and job creation.
3. CP doesn’t link to politics—Executive orders are effective policy tools that create momentum and defuse opposition
Cooper 2
Phillip, Professor of Public Administration @ Portland State University, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action”
Executive orders can also be used to hit
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in such conditions find themselves reactive and defensive.

Relations Advantage

Alt cause to tensions-they’re high over the drug lord Quintero’s release from prison.
Dallas Morning News August 11 (ALFREDO CORCHADO, “Drug lord’s release in DEA agent's 1985 death adds uncertainty to U.S.-Mexico relations.” August 11, 2013. http://www.dallasnews.com/news/nationworld/mexico/20130811-drug-lords-release-in-dea-agent-s-1985-death-adds-uncertainty-to-u.s.-mexico-relations.ece Accessed 8/14/13).
CIUDAD JUÁREZ, Mexico — The release from
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former DEA officials familiar with the Camarena case.

Systemic factors means relations are low- there’s disagreement about security and that’s the overriding issue.
CNN May 2 (Mariano Castillo. “Security dominates talk of U.S.-Mexico relations.” May 2, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/02/world/americas/mexico-us-relations Accessed 8/14/2013).

But reports that Mexico is restructuring the way
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how to approach this issue," he said.

Mexican Drug Cartels don’t have ties to terrorist groups.
Boyle, Investigative Reporter, 12
(Matthew Boyle, November 20, 2012, The Daily Caller, “Mexico disputes House GOP report alleging Iran, Hezbollah are using Mexican drug cartels,” http://dailycaller.com/2012/11/20/mexico-disputes-house-gop-report-alleging-terrorists-ties-with-drug-cartels/, accessed June 20, 2013)

A spokesman for Mexico’s ambassador to the United
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for comment in response to the ambassador’s letter.

Adv 2

Some random impact defense

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lakeland AR | Judge: Langr, Maddie
Nothing new, except maybe aspec cites and politics links

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: McDonough RE | Judge: Kersch, Brian
the pedagogical method of the 1AC is rooted within a deeply anthropocentric framework.
Russell and Bell 2k, (Constance L. and Anne C, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn.” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000): 188–203.
Poststructuralist theories have provided a discursive framework through¶ which to critique and contest many
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resonance that we¶ share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).¶ 

The affirmative’s focus on the horrors of human suffering strengthens the boundary of personhood—it’s an expansion of the circle of humanity that will never extend to the animal because the human/subhuman distinction is one that happens on the back of the always nonhuman animal.
Deckha 10, (Maneesha, “The Subhuman as a Cultural Agent of Violence,” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 3, 2010 (ISSN1948-352X), http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf).
One of the organizing narratives of western thought and the institutions it has ¶ shaped
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or equivalent to slavery; and 3) the laws of war. ¶ 

The aff’s human rights model is inherently individualistic and reproduces the human/environment dichotomy, reinforcing the conception of the environment as resources for the taking- it rein scribes dominant modes of valuation.
Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK”, http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/) MD
The rise of environmental..is a serious error.

Anthropocentrism is the root cause of warfare, hierarchy, and atrocity—beginning with domestication of animals 11,000 years ago, it institutionalized cruelty and detachment, cutting off our kinship with the natural world and provided the mental analogies of control and domination that were mapped onto human societies.
Patterson 02, (Charles, “Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust,” Lantern Books; 1st Ed. edition (February 2002), p. 11, Kindle Edition).
Since violence begets … the hand of tyranny."37¶ 

And it leads to omnicide through environmental destruction- the raising and slaughter of farm animals requires ever-increasing amounts of land and resources—causes global warming.
Best 06, (Steven, “Rethinking Revolution: Animal Liberation, Human Liberation, and the Future of the Left,” The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution.htm).
Since the fates of all …. be fought for as one.

We offer no alternative in the traditional sense—rather, we performatively challenge the value of human life. The thought experiment of global human suicide opens up a space for dialogic education and the only possibility of ethical action freed from the straitjacket of modernity.
Kochi and Ordan 08, (Tarik, Queen’s University, and Noam, Bar Illan University, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity” Borderlands Vol. 7 No. 3. www.border lands.net .au).
We draw attention to … the denial of life¶ to others?

It’s the root cause of the racial violence described by the 1AC- not only were the tactics and conceptual impetus taken from animal slavery but slavery and domination was justified through comparison to the animal.
Patterson 02, (Charles, “Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust,” Lantern Books; 1st Ed. edition (February 2002), p. 25-9, Google Books).
Less than Human¶ The great … else, close¶ to the animals.¶ 

We’ll offer a counter-role of the ballot—write in the place of animals that die—the role of the ballot is to move towards a true political space which necessarily entails consideration of specieism as prior
Collard 13—Geography Department at the University of British Columbia
(Rosemary-Claire, “Apocalypse Meow”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 35-41, dml)
‘‘A true political space,…condition of being.

The aff’s critique of modernity only lets the Subject back in through the window---this inevitably reproduces a distinction between human and animal.
Derrida 92 (“Eating Well, or the Calculation of the Subject.” In Points…Interviews 1974-1994. Ed. Elisabeth Weber. http://www.lacan.com/thesymptom/?p=271).
Interview with¶ Jacques Derrida¶ Jean-Luc Nancy¶ Jean-Luc Nancy’s Bio¶ Jacques Derrida: …. there is no such thing as elementary).¶

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont KX | Judge: Quigley, Dylan
Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life …an encouragement of memory to become present.

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism .
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick … the values of liberalism.

Confessional discourse of oppression creates a normative model of victimization that produces new identities around which subjects are ordered and marginalize. The stories we tell about oppression come to define what constitutes “true” oppression, recreating cycles of violence. 

Brown 96
(Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California- Santa Cruz, Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, LN)

If, taken together, the two passages … feminist writing on heterosexual pleasure?)

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
The Banco del Sur authority should fund infrastructure assistance with Mexico and
 pass and comply with reforms that:
-divides the bank into a regional development and central bank
-passes a credit policy directed toward the strengthening of publicly owned companies

Current lack of consensus prevents bank success- reforms and inclusion of national bank efforts would solve
(Marshall 11, Wesley C. Marshall, full professor–researcher in the Economics Department of the Uni- versidad Autónoma Metropolitana, “Banco del Sur and¶ the Need for Downstream Linkages”, International Journal of Political Economy, 2011)
These objectives cover a wide … diverse times and places.

The Bank of the South is a critical turning point for mobilizing more effective activism against neoliberalism
(Hart-Landsberg 09, Martin Hart-Landsberg, Professor of Economics at Lewis and Clark College , “Learning from ALBA and the Bank of the South: Challenges and Possibilities”, Monthly Review, 2009, Volume 61, Issue 04)
¶ The current period is marked …process of transformation.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
The Banco del Sur authority should fund infrastructure assistance with Mexico and
 pass and comply with reforms that:
-divides the bank into a regional development and central bank
-passes a credit policy directed toward the strengthening of publicly owned companies

Current lack of consensus prevents bank success- reforms and inclusion of national bank efforts would solve
(Marshall 11, Wesley C. Marshall, full professor–researcher in the Economics Department of the Uni- versidad Autónoma Metropolitana, “Banco del Sur and¶ the Need for Downstream Linkages”, International Journal of Political Economy, 2011)
These objectives cover a wide … diverse times and places.

The Bank of the South is a critical turning point for mobilizing more effective activism against neoliberalism
(Hart-Landsberg 09, Martin Hart-Landsberg, Professor of Economics at Lewis and Clark College , “Learning from ALBA and the Bank of the South: Challenges and Possibilities”, Monthly Review, 2009, Volume 61, Issue 04)
¶ The current period is marked …process of transformation.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
Biopower doesn’t exclude – it actively fosters the multiple potentialities of life as Whatever Being – means we internal link turn your K.
Ojakangas 5 (Mika, Prof. PoliSci @ Helsinki, “Impossible Dialogue on Biopower”)
It could be argued, of course, that instead of bare life (zoe
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life, by fostering and generating “forms?of?life”.50

Biopower in a DEMOCRATIC government is vital to rights, tolerance, and inclusion—this takes out their all of their impacts
Dickinson 4 - Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley - 2004 (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48)
In the Weimar model, then, the rights of the individual, guaranteed formally
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, and its rhetorical structure was too heavily slanted toward inclusion and tolerance.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest ML | Judge: Garret, Lincoln
CP: The federal government should lift economic sanctions.
The logic of territorial geopolitics is constructed and constitutive – it underlies a system of control and spatialization. This is not merely an academic concern, geographical language when deployed in the service of politics has unique ramifications and political effects on the construction of knowledge.
Dalby 00 (Professor of Political Science and Chair of International Governance at the International Studes Association, CIAONet 41th Annual Convention of the ISA )
Geopolitics is a term now commonly used to refer to great power rivalries and the
AND
of geopolitical reasoning on simple ideological grounds understood (Ó Tuathail, 1996).

The affirmative’s invocation of the nation-state is neither objective nor benign – their uncritical acceptance of the modern geopolitical map effaces historical violence and legitimates the authority of violent cartographies.
Shapiro 97 (Michael J. Shapiro, Prof. Poli Sci @ U of Hawaii, “Violent Cartographies,” pp. 15-6)

Michel Foucault put the matter of geographic partisanship succinctly when he noted that "territory
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of approved sovereignties, it is the primary force determining recognized political subjectivity.

The impact is global and unending warfare – the strategic deployment of territorial nationalism is the root cause of armed conflict.
Shapiro 97 (Michael J. Shapiro, Prof. Poli Sci @ U of Hawaii, “Violent Cartographies,” pp. 141-2)

As I showed in my reading of Clausewitz in chapter 2, the outward aiming
AND
the practice and make it the primary mode of national self-recognition.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Mulholand, Rob
Will pass – multiple key factors aligning in 2014, but it’s still a fight
Herring 12/27 (Jessica Michele, Immigration Reform 2013: Reasons Why a Reform Bill Could Pass in the New Year, http://www.latinopost.com/articles/2519/20131227/immigration-reform-2013-reasons-why-a-reform-bill-could-pass-in-the-new-year.htm)

Although such developments are discouraging, … to fruition in 2014. 

Normalizing Trade with China was one of the most contentious trade debates in decades.
Gilbert and Oladi, Professors of Finance and Economics at Utah State, 2012 (John and Reza, “Net Campaign Contributions, Agricultural Interests, and Votes on Liberalizing Trade with China,” Public Choice, Springer, vol. 150(3), pages 745-769, March)
The Permanent Normal Trade …a close vote¶ seemed likely.
Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, … our security needs.
Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the …accusations between governments.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Foy, Gulati, and Woodhead
Even under their own framework the aff loses – strong data suggests a positive relationship between sanctions and political freedom – our authors assume theirs and use regression analysis to minimize extraneous variables
Riley and Travis 2011 (Emmitt Y. and Chanse, Department of Political Science, University of Mississippi, “Better or Worse? The Effects of Economic Sanctions on¶ Human Rights Revisited,” December 2, 2011.)
Recently the use of economic sanctions by …, torture, and extra judicial killings in¶ purely autocratic regimes.

The Affirmative might claim to have statistics or even scientific studies to back up their data but all of their data are based on flawed, frequentist assumptions—the mainstream science utilized by the Affirmative suffers from the logical errors of NHST which insure that their statistics are flawed and inaccurate—this independently is the reason that science fails in the status quo.
Luke 12 (*Null Hypothesis Significance Testing, Muehlhauser, “How to Fix Science,” LessWrong Wiki, Executive Director of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, http://lesswrong.com/lw/ajj/how_to_fix_science/)

Science is broken. We know why, … to use and more widespread.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Leland VV | Judge: Thiele, Chris
Mexican Collapse
Technological quick-fixes drives overconsumption – reducing the price of energy by creating alternative energy ensures less reflexivity about the environmental impact of the economy.
Foster et al 10
(John Bellamy, prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, Brett Clark, asst prof of sociology @ NC-State, Richard York, associate prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, The Ecological Rift, pgs. 183-191)
Eco-Efficiency of National Economies Stephen Bunker, an environmental sociologist, found that over a long stretch of recent history, the world economy as a whole showed substantial improvements in ..disastrous consequences. The two paradoxes we present here suggest that social and economic systems need to be modified if technological advances are to be translated into natural resource conservation.
Ontological questioning is a prerquisite to policymaking—economic and social models are universally based on certain base assumptions about human nature- we have to destabilize them first.
Murphy 4
John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13
The process of development… with rationality and general improvement.
No Mexican collapse- their authors misinterpret studies
Strategy Page, 9
1/19/09, Strategy Page, “The Coming Collapse”, http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/mexico/articles/20090119.aspx, Accessed 7/11/13, ML

The internet has been rife with .. Asia should envy.

Agriculture
Food security is a problem of distribution, not production-  IP, monopolistic practices, and the global neoliberal order are alt causes.
Oguamanam 11, (Chidi, L.B (Ife); BL (Lagos); LLM (Lagos); LL.M, Ph.D. (British Columbia), Associate Professor at University of Ottawa. “Toward a Constructive Engagement: Agricultural Biotechnology as a Public Health Incentive in Less-developed Countries.” February 2011. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001andcontext=chidi_oguamanam).
b) Boost in Global Food Production ..especially in less-developed countries.

Next-generation biofuels destroy exosystems and jack up food prices.
Global Justice Ecology Project et al 09. (Global Justice Ecology Project, Rainforest Action Network, Food First, Family Farm Defenders, and Grassroots International.  ETC Group, Institute for Social Ecology, Heartwood, Dogwood Alliance, Energy Justice Network, and Native Forest Council.“Next Generation Biofuels: Bursting The New Green Bubble.” January 15, 2009. http://globaljusticeecology.org/connections.php?ID=244)
2 Climate: According to recent … wildlife and forest dependent human communities.22

Economy
Global double-dip inevitable- multiple warrants
Roubini, Professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business, 13
Nouriel, 1-21-13, Project Syndicate, “The Economic Fundamentals of 2013,” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-global-economy-s-rising-risks-in-2013-by-nouriel-roubini, accessed 7-12-13)

The global economy this year … economy are gathering force.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
Technological quick-fixes drives overconsumption – reducing the price of energy by creating alternative energy ensures less reflexivity about the environmental impact of the economy.
Foster et al 10
(John Bellamy, prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, Brett Clark, asst prof of sociology @ NC-State, Richard York, associate prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, The Ecological Rift, pgs. 183-191)
Eco-Efficiency of National Economies Stephen Bunker, an … are to be translated into natural resource conservation.
Ontological questioning is a prerquisite to policymaking—economic and social models are universally based on certain base assumptions about human nature- we have to destabilize them first.
Murphy 4
John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13
The process of development, … with rationality and general improvement.
Timeframe is long – Development fails and takes decades.
John F. Sargent 5/15/08, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division “Nanotechnology and U.S. Competitiveness,” http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/106153.pdf

Basic research in nanotechnology …may not present commercial opportunities.

Nanotech inevitable – Other countries are developing it now.
UN 06 United Nations Education, “The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145951e.pdf

Following this initial surge of … research into nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology produces instant monopolies that render affordable prices obsolete and condemn millions to abject poverty
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)
By today's commercial standards… from every other WTO member.
Nanotech destroys biodiversity
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)na
Molecular manufacturing … and may cause health problems.

Loss of ecosystems risks extinction
DINER, David (Major and Instructor, Judge Advocate General School) ’94 Military Law Review, Winter, LN
By causing widespread extinctions, … be edging closer to the abyss.
Nanotechnology evolves into gray goo – replicates itself ad infinitum and eats up the biosphere
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)¶
When nanotechnology-based …substantial engineering and integration.
Immediate investment in nanotech is bad – it overrides all institutional parameters and sparks a short term arms race that culminates in catastrophe – we have to wait for institutions to regulate nanotechnology before we can develop the tech itself
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)¶
On the other hand, completely …flexible people running the show.

sharing nanotechnology with other nations aggravates the risk of misuse
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “The Need for Immediate, Well-Planned Action,” http://www.crnano.org/action.htm.)
The existence of multiple programs … economic solution can develop.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
Technological quick-fixes drives overconsumption – reducing the price of energy by creating alternative energy ensures less reflexivity about the environmental impact of the economy.
Foster et al 10
(John Bellamy, prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, Brett Clark, asst prof of sociology @ NC-State, Richard York, associate prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, The Ecological Rift, pgs. 183-191)
Eco-Efficiency of National Economies Stephen Bunker, an … are to be translated into natural resource conservation.
Ontological questioning is a prerquisite to policymaking—economic and social models are universally based on certain base assumptions about human nature- we have to destabilize them first.
Murphy 4
John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13
The process of development, … with rationality and general improvement.
Timeframe is long – Development fails and takes decades.
John F. Sargent 5/15/08, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division “Nanotechnology and U.S. Competitiveness,” http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/106153.pdf

Basic research in nanotechnology …may not present commercial opportunities.

Nanotech inevitable – Other countries are developing it now.
UN 06 United Nations Education, “The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145951e.pdf

Following this initial surge of … research into nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology produces instant monopolies that render affordable prices obsolete and condemn millions to abject poverty
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)
By today's commercial standards… from every other WTO member.
Nanotech destroys biodiversity
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)na
Molecular manufacturing … and may cause health problems.

Loss of ecosystems risks extinction
DINER, David (Major and Instructor, Judge Advocate General School) ’94 Military Law Review, Winter, LN
By causing widespread extinctions, … be edging closer to the abyss.
Nanotechnology evolves into gray goo – replicates itself ad infinitum and eats up the biosphere
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)¶
When nanotechnology-based …substantial engineering and integration.
Immediate investment in nanotech is bad – it overrides all institutional parameters and sparks a short term arms race that culminates in catastrophe – we have to wait for institutions to regulate nanotechnology before we can develop the tech itself
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing,” http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm.)¶
On the other hand, completely …flexible people running the show.

sharing nanotechnology with other nations aggravates the risk of misuse
CRN 2008 (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, an affiliate of World Care®, an international, non-profit organization,  “The Need for Immediate, Well-Planned Action,” http://www.crnano.org/action.htm.)
The existence of multiple programs … economic solution can develop.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 4 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Phillips, Les
The affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – their anti-Orientalist polemics effaces the subject position of the so-called “suffering Other.”
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, Professor of English 0061nd Comparative Literature, and Director of the Comparative Literature Program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, pp 15-17) 

The Orientalist has a special…—a dream come true.

This locks-in an investment in the oppression of the Other about whom we are allowed to speak. The other is confined to a position of perpetual lack.  
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, Professor of English 0061nd Comparative Literature, and Director of the Comparative Literature Program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, pp 12-15) 

In the 1980s and 1990s, … this overdetermined circuit? 

This knowledge production strategy is the enabling mechanism of modern apocalyptic warfare – the west is continually re-anchored as “center” and the east peripheralized as global target.
Chow 6 (Rey Chow, Professor of the Humanities at Brown, The Age of the World Target, pp. 38-41)

In the decades since 1945,..problem of the vanishing object."55 

Our framework – the role of the modern Western intellectual is not to interrogate oppression, but how we deal with and interrogate our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place.
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, Professor of English and Comp Lit, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, pp 17)

While the struggle for hegemony …than in the academic sense?

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincents CG | Judge: Rodriguez, Christian
Despite their protestations, they participate in the worst part of solidarity politics. Their repeated description of the need to help the suffering Cuban body reproduces a Northern voyeurism, which promotes reproduces an intensely conservative political agenda and turns the suffering other into a mere object and makes change impossible
El Kilombo Intergalactico 2007 Collective in Durham NC that interviewed Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, Beyond Resistance: Everything p. 1-2
In our efforts to forge a new path, we found that an old friend
AND
that human solidarity has a future, this logic and practice do not!  

The affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – their anti-Orientalist polemics effaces the subject position of the so-called “suffering Other.”
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, Professor of English 0061nd Comparative Literature, and Director of the Comparative Literature Program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, pp 15-17) 

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
puritanical alternative to the West in human form—a dream come true.

Their knowledge production strategy is the enabling mechanism of modern apocalyptic warfare – the west is continually re-anchored as “center” and the east peripheralized as global target.
Chow 6 (Rey Chow, Professor of the Humanities at Brown, The Age of the World Target, pp. 38-41)

In the decades since 1945, whether in dealing with the Soviet Union, the
AND
object" —and by "the problem of the vanishing object."55

Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cyprus Valley VB | Judge: Kall, Aaron
Text:  The President of the United States should issue a Presidential Bipartisan Commission on Cuba in order to determine whether the United States federal government should repeal section 211 of the omnibus appropriations act of 1998. Congress should allow 60 days to pass legislation overriding recommendations by a two-thirds majority.
CP solves and doesn’t link to politics – a commission would dodge backlash from the embargo lobby
Ratliff 2013 (William, research fellow and former curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution, “Cuba's Tortured Transition,” January 30, http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/139281.)
Since the early 1990s U.S. … and Castroites in Havana.¶ 

The commission says yes – professional analysis concludes against the embargo  
Ratliff 1999 (William, research fellow and former curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution, “New Thoughts about Fidel,” January 30, http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6205.)
In a letter delivered to President …same, hence its opposition.¶

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
Focus on discourse does nothing and makes invisible the harms of capital.
Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, “The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left” Questia
The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation and constitutes the decided foundation
AND
by which this violence is made more tolerable, justifiable, and naturalized.
Only orthodox materialism can provide a basis for the struggle against capitalism- prefer our evidence because it’s comparative to the permutation.
Tumino, Pittsburg English Professor, 01
Stephen, Spring 2001, Red Critique, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/printversions/whatisorthodoxmarxismprint.htm, accessed 7-18, GSK
Orthodox Marxism has become a test-case of the "radical" today.
AND
capitalism giving it an acceptable "human face."

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
1NC FW

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2k
   http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

2. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary – 2k www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express probability or expectation

3. The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2k http://encarta.msn.com
“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.”

Limits are key to clash and fairness.
Ruth Lesl Shively, Professor of Politics at Texas AandM, 2k Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2

In most cases, however, our agreements are highly imperfect. We agree on
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Clash is key to refining their ideas- internal-link turns their project and is the best internal link to education.
GALLOWAY Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 7-8
In addition to the basic equity norm, dismissing the idea that debaters defend the
AND
their opponents, as well as the judges and observers of such debates.

Focusing on the details and inner-workings of government policy-making is productive – critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism and war
McClean, Mollow College Philosophy Professor, 01
David E., Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York, 2001 “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Available Online at www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP, Accessed on July 5, 2013)SP
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Our framework is socially productive – forcing students to assert policy solutions has tremendous research and education benefits and encourages them to become advocates for change rather than mere spectators
Joyner, Georgetown University International Law in the Government Department Professor, 99
 Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University, 1999 (Christopher C., Spring, 199, 5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377, Accessed on July 5, 2013)SP
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincents CG | Judge: Rodriguez, Christian
1NC

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2k
   http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a
   AND
   the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

2. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary – 2k www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express
AND
or expectation

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion
Policy debate is good for education, engagement, and empathy.  Clear rules, a stable topic, institutional role-playing and simulation are integral to the process.
Lantis 8 Jeffrey S., Professor in the Department of political science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature,” International Studies Association Compendium, February 2008, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf
Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important set of active
AND
Allendoerfer 2008), though there is room for much improvement in this are.
Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research.
Chandler 9 David, Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 81-82
Today more and more people are ‘doing politics ’ in their academic work.
AND
peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organization.

 Only debates about engaging institutions can produce social change.  Disengagement from politics fractures coalitions and reinforces conservatism.

Mouffe 9 Chantal, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 233-237
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon ‘
AND
my view, is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike
CP Text: The United States federal government should remove Cuba from the State Department’s State Sponsors of Terror List, reduce the restrictions on the financing of Cuba’s purchase of US products by allowing payments made directly to US banks and reduce restrictions on travel by US citizens to Cuba by initially permitting travel for educational and cultural purposes and eventually permitting direct commercial flights from the US to Cuba.
The Counterplan solves best.

Zimmerman, Fellow at the Center for the Study of The Presidency and Congress, 2010 (CHELSEA, “Rethinking The Cuban Trade Embargo: An Opportune ¶ Time To Mend a Broken Policy”, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf)

Elimination of the trade embargo immediately is not a feasible solution, as ¶ such
AND
warrants a gradual revamping through revised regulations and, ultimately, Congressional action.
Immediate economic engagement with the US causes backlash from military and party elites – causes massive instability and progressive and nationalistic reaction
Suchlicki 13, Jaime Suchlicki is director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. He is author of “Cuba: From Columbus to Castro.", 1/14/13,  "Raúl Castro’s Cuba in 2013", www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/14/3178528/raul-castros-cuba-in-2013.html Mollie
After six years in power, Gen. Raúl Castro is unwilling to chart a
AND
For the past 52 years, political considerations have always dictated economic policies.

Only the gradual nature of the CP can solve
Sweig and Bustamente, Sr Fellow, Latin America Studies@ CFR and Ph.D. candidate, Latin American history-Yale University, 2013 (Julia and Michael; “Cuba After Communism,” Foreign Affairs. Jul/Aug 2013, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p101-114;
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueanddb=aphandAN=88213870andsite=ehost-liveandscope=site Date accessed 7/13/13)

Of course, as the 1990s proved, even a huge financial setback may not
AND
economic and political liberalization.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
Hegemonic decline is inevitable – multiple reasons.
Layne 12 Christopher Layne is professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A and M, January 27, 2012 (The National Interest, “The Almost Triumph of Offshore Balancing,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405)

Although cloaked in the … decline and China’s rise.

Continued American jockeying in Asia will inevitably produce US-China war – only retrenchment and accommodation solves.
Layne 4/26 (12, Christopher, professor at Texas A and M School of Government and Public Service, The Atlantic, “The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/) NYan

Beyond the U.S. financial ... , globally sprawling giant.

That causes extinction.
Johnson 1 (Chalmers, President – Japan Policy Research Institute, “Time to Bring the Troops Home”, The Nation, 4-26, http://ieas.berkeley.edu/cks/k12/girling_troops.doc)

In East Asia, the United …into a nuclear holocaust.  

Status quo retrenchment solves, but any additional attempts at grasping for hegemony cause war.
Quinn 11 – Adam, Lecturer in International Studies. Adam Quinn, University of Birmingham (July 1, 2011, “The Art of Declining Politely,” International Affairs Volume 87, Issue 4)

As noted in the opening passages … have a president who fits the bill.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Semis | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Gaither, Beier, and Blumenthall
We’ll Call our Criticism: One Hour Photo

Sub-Point A: Kevin Carter an Icon of Anguish
Scott Macleod, ethnographer, conveys the horrifying tale of Photojournalist Kevin Carter in an obituary written for the photographer in 1994 (Time magazine, 12 September 1994, Volume 144, Number 11).

The image presaged no celebration: …why he had not helped the girl.

Sub-Point B: The Pulitzer Prize

Why does the affirmative refuse to defend the political implications of their agenda? At its core our argument is not particularly complex, the affirmative is an attempt at capturing the best representation of suffering while avoiding the political consequences of action. This perpetuates the sentimentalizing of suffering which precludes effective political engagement.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

SUFFERING IS ONE OF THE EXISTENTIAL …"ordinary" experiences of poverty and illness.(5)

Moreover, like Kevin Carter, the affirmative has BECOME THE VULTURE. In framing their advocacy in terms of capturing accurate representation and they reflect a political sympathy no more deep than seeking the Pulitzer prize (In debate parlance we refer to that as “winning the round”). Their refusal to engage in the political eviscerates the efficacy of their advocacy.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

PROFESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS OF ..exhaustion of empathy, and political despair.

Sub-Point C: Escaping the Vultures

Our alternative is to “refuse the affirmatives denial of politics.” Rather than burying our heads in the sand and pretending that debate is a game of little political consequence with only marginal rhetorical value, we should fully assume the responsibility of political participation. Goal oriented debate in this context has the performative potential to allow for concrete political transformation.
Kulynych, prof. poli sci @ Winthrop Univ., 1997 (Jessica J., “Performing Politics: Foucault, Habermas, and Postmodern Participation,” Polity, Winter, v30 n2, pg. exac)

When we look at the success of citizen …for an actually diverse and participatory democracy.

Lastly, our critique does not deny the value of ALL strategies of representation; however it recognizes them precisely in this context of STRATEGY. Critical self-reflection on matters of politics and the efficacy of policy is necessary to alleviate human suffering. Our alternative is the first step to alleviating the harms of the 1ac and of social ills more broadly.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

Our critique of appropriations of suffering … dangers of civilizational change.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
NADBank was historically unpopular and was cut down from a broader mandate because it would have cost Clinton too much political capital
Leising 2k (Matt Leising is a reporter from the Graduate School of Journalism at UC-Berkeley, 2K, “At the breaking point : US - MEXICO BORDER,” http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/border/elpasonadbank.html)
In a political portent of things to …political capital was expended."

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine DN | Judge: Saiedian, Ideen
Text: The North American Development Bank should substantially increase economic engagement with Mexico by providing renewable energy assistance to Mexico as certified by the Border Environement Cooperation Commission.

NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Section 1. Purposes The purposes of the North American Development Bank shall be:
AND
investment in support of the purpose of the North American Free Trade Agreement. 

And specifically they do technical assistance
Thomas, Reporter, 03
 (Mike W. December 14, 2003. San Antonio Business Journal: The Essential Business Tool. “NADBank's history underscores the challenges of global economy,” http://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/stories/2003/12/15/story1.html?page=all, Accessed 7/1/13, JB).

Technical assistance But doling out grants and low - interest loans is just one part
AND
and using the same watershed have little or no interaction in many instances." 

Nadbank doesn’t link to the net benefits- it’s already funded.
Hereford, Chair of the Border Trade Alliance Transportation Committee, et al 11
(Jesse, and Nelson Balido, President, Sam F. Vale, Chair of Board of Directors, Border trade Alliance, August 9, 2011, Letter to Rep. Spencer Bachus and Rep. Barney Frank, “Border Trade Alliance, NADBank expansion,” http://www.thebta.org/wp-content/uploads/file/NADBank20expanded20mandate20-20Hinojosa20bill20-20ltrhd.pdf, Accessed 6/29/20113, JB.

We write to you to urge you to support H.R. 2216,
AND
its continued contributions to the U.S. - Mexico border region.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
1NC
US economic engagement with Latin America is tool to prop up the global neoliberal system—allows the US to crush local movements and ensures market access to further expand neoliberalism
Petras 4
James, “Neoliberalism and Class Politics in Latin America” http://www.counterpunch.org/2004/11/13/neoliberalism-and-class-politics-in-latin-america/ November 13 mtc
Imperialist power is exercised … for the toilers of the world suffering from the imperial re-division of their countries.

Neoliberal emphasis on individual and market-driven treatment of the environment ensures continued destruction of the environment and extinction.
Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, “Preface” in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii)  
It is fitting to begin my … with whom we walk the earth.

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts.
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate … national boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.
Neoliberalism kills quality of life – creates massive social inequality and masks the loss of existential value through vapid consumptive rituals
Heron 8
(“Globalization, Neoliberalism and the Exercise of Human Agency” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 20, No. 1/4, The New Sociological Imagination III (Sep., 2008), pp. 85-101; http://www.jstor.org/stable/40206149)

Generally, neoliberalism .. in the web of social relations within.

Resisting reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current political order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that …in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the affirmative-destruction of neoliberalism’s ideological hegemony undermines the basis by which it sustains itself.
Robinson, University of California at Santa Barbara, 99
(William I., Sept. 1 1999, International Studies Review, Vol. 1 Issue 3 “Latin America in the Age of Inequality: Confronting the new “Utopia.” p.63-67. Ebscohost Accessed 7/9/13, JB).

Neoliberalism had in the mid-1990s …that is latent within them.

Your responsibility as an educator is to resist the neoliberalisation of academic thought in order to ensure the continuation of a space for critique and dissent-this is an a priori consideration to the benefits of any specific policy.
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)
Finding our way to a more …with a realistic notion of social change.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
1NC
US economic engagement with Latin America is tool to prop up the global neoliberal system—allows the US to crush local movements and ensures market access to further expand neoliberalism
Petras 4
James, “Neoliberalism and Class Politics in Latin America” http://www.counterpunch.org/2004/11/13/neoliberalism-and-class-politics-in-latin-america/ November 13 mtc
Imperialist power is exercised … for the toilers of the world suffering from the imperial re-division of their countries.

Neoliberal emphasis on individual and market-driven treatment of the environment ensures continued destruction of the environment and extinction.
Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, “Preface” in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii)  
It is fitting to begin my … with whom we walk the earth.

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts.
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate … national boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.
Neoliberalism kills quality of life – creates massive social inequality and masks the loss of existential value through vapid consumptive rituals
Heron 8
(“Globalization, Neoliberalism and the Exercise of Human Agency” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 20, No. 1/4, The New Sociological Imagination III (Sep., 2008), pp. 85-101; http://www.jstor.org/stable/40206149)

Generally, neoliberalism .. in the web of social relations within.

Resisting reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current political order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that …in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the affirmative-destruction of neoliberalism’s ideological hegemony undermines the basis by which it sustains itself.
Robinson, University of California at Santa Barbara, 99
(William I., Sept. 1 1999, International Studies Review, Vol. 1 Issue 3 “Latin America in the Age of Inequality: Confronting the new “Utopia.” p.63-67. Ebscohost Accessed 7/9/13, JB).

Neoliberalism had in the mid-1990s …that is latent within them.

Your responsibility as an educator is to resist the neoliberalisation of academic thought in order to ensure the continuation of a space for critique and dissent-this is an a priori consideration to the benefits of any specific policy.
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)
Finding our way to a more …with a realistic notion of social change.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
1NC
US economic engagement with Latin America is tool to prop up the global neoliberal system—allows the US to crush local movements and ensures market access to further expand neoliberalism
Petras 4
James, “Neoliberalism and Class Politics in Latin America” http://www.counterpunch.org/2004/11/13/neoliberalism-and-class-politics-in-latin-america/ November 13 mtc
Imperialist power is exercised … for the toilers of the world suffering from the imperial re-division of their countries.

Neoliberal emphasis on individual and market-driven treatment of the environment ensures continued destruction of the environment and extinction.
Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, “Preface” in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii)  
It is fitting to begin my … with whom we walk the earth.

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts.
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate … national boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.
Neoliberalism kills quality of life – creates massive social inequality and masks the loss of existential value through vapid consumptive rituals
Heron 8
(“Globalization, Neoliberalism and the Exercise of Human Agency” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 20, No. 1/4, The New Sociological Imagination III (Sep., 2008), pp. 85-101; http://www.jstor.org/stable/40206149)

Generally, neoliberalism .. in the web of social relations within.

Resisting reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current political order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that …in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the affirmative-destruction of neoliberalism’s ideological hegemony undermines the basis by which it sustains itself.
Robinson, University of California at Santa Barbara, 99
(William I., Sept. 1 1999, International Studies Review, Vol. 1 Issue 3 “Latin America in the Age of Inequality: Confronting the new “Utopia.” p.63-67. Ebscohost Accessed 7/9/13, JB).

Neoliberalism had in the mid-1990s …that is latent within them.

Your responsibility as an educator is to resist the neoliberalisation of academic thought in order to ensure the continuation of a space for critique and dissent-this is an a priori consideration to the benefits of any specific policy.
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)
Finding our way to a more …with a realistic notion of social change.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest ML | Judge: Garret, Lincoln
Attempts to resolve the chaotic aspects of life and avoid suffering require the construction of an ideal world toward which our apparent world aspires. Suffering and antagonism are inevitable aspects of human existence and their focus on the elimination of difference codifies a constant state of emergency into politics.
Saurette 1996 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory” Millenium 25.1)

According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation of a society is the set of ideas
AND
transformation, the Will to Order becomes the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity.

We are forced to obfuscate our joy in the present world in the hopes of reaching the world of our ideals – this is the only world we’ve got and their direction of hatred against it produces creative impotence and infinite resentment.
Turanli 2003 (Aydan, Prof of Humanities and Soc Sciences @ Istanbul Technical Institute, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World” Journal of Nietzsche Studies 26) Tyler

The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche
AND
the way out of the fly-bottle" (PI §309).

Vote negative to renounce the affirmative’s absolute ethics of hospitality.
Zupancic 2003 (Alenka, Researcher at the Institute of philosophy @ U of Ljubljana, The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two, p. 56-60)

There is also an important difference between forgiving and (what Nietzsche calls) forgetting
AND
to us, or everything we do, has to be registered somewhere.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Foy, Gulati, and Woodhead
Attempts to resolve the chaotic aspects of life and avoid suffering require the construction of an ideal world toward which our apparent world aspires. Suffering and antagonism are inevitable aspects of human existence and their focus on the elimination of difference codifies a constant state of emergency into politics.
Saurette 1996 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory” Millenium 25.1)

According to Nietzsche, the … philosophical principle of modernity.

Democracy is the highest form of ressentiment- it seeks to order and regulate multiplicity, in short it is anti-life. The kill to save mentality embedded in this attempt to control and extend knowledge over life leads to extinction.
Dumm 87 (Prof of Philo @ U Wisconsin Democracy and Punishment: Disciplinary Origins of the United States p.  36-7)

These resistances and counteractions … That remains open as a question.
The affirmative’s faith in science constitutes a tautological gesture that negates all in its suicidal drive to unmask the very mysteries that make life worth living. It is the infinite quest for truth, this destructive and meaningless Will to Negation that will drive us to extinction. Voting negative is an aesthetic affirmation of a will to power- in essence, why does truth matter at all?
Saurette 1996 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory” Millenium 25.1)

Science, however, is not … questions and question marks1.69

The affirmative’s obsession with policymaking is constitutive of an understanding of Politics-as-making. Unfortunately, in the drive to order and know, their framework replicates the logic of mastery, order and violence through the positing of a perfect world towards which we in our common humanity must strive. Just as we will never know who killed JFK, we will never have a perfect world, and the Will to Order driving the impetus towards policymaking is what will lead us to a totalitarian hell of absolute violence. The logic of ordering the world directly trades off with an understanding of politics as the embrace of plurality and difference.
Saurette 1996 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory” Millenium 25.1)

According to Arendt, then, … factual nor beyond critique.

Vote negative to renounce the affirmative for its participation in and deployment of memory. The call to forget suffering opens up the only space possible for action freed from the specter of constant anxiety.
Zupancic 2003 (Alenka, Researcher at the Institute of philosophy @ U of Ljubljana, The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two, p. 56-60)

There is also an important … has to be registered somewhere.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bingham | Judge: Phillips, Scott
1NC
The aff attempts to make the subaltern visible, undermining opacity. The effort to know and include aids and abets colonization.
Celia M. Britton1999EdouardGlissant and Postcolonial Theory Strategies of Language and Resistance pp. 21-25

Relation as a whole is also intimately connected to another of Glissant's main theoretical concepts
AND
opaque in that it cannot be "read" by the ruling groups.

In rendering the other visible to the colonial gaze, the aff also renders coloniality invisible, dooming any hope of solvency.

Celia M. Britton1999Edouard Glissant and Postcolonial Theory Strategies of Language and Resistance pp. 21-25

 But whereas Glissant interprets this as a form of resistance, for Spivak it
AND
knowledge, and hence the anxiety, that it is trying to suppress.

Opacity creates an open field in which normative hierarchies are dismantled – forgoing the need to comprehend the essential nature of things forgoes the need for purity, allowing a full encounter with multiple interwoven opacities.
Reeves 12
Roger William Reeves, B.A., M.A., M.F.A.¶ Dissertation¶ Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of¶ The University of Texas at Austin¶ in Partial Fulfillment¶ of the Requirements¶ for the Degree of¶ Doctor of Philosophy¶ The University of Texas at Austin¶ December 2012 “Black Western Thought: Toward a Theory of the Black Citizen-Object” http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/19608/reeves_dissertation_20129.pdf?sequence=1

If we take the charge of the last chapter—that we should move away
AND
which is the most perennial guarantee of participation and confluence” (191).

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bingham | Judge: Phillips, Scott
Text: The federal government should end its practice of determining who has legal right to occupancy and entitlements and completely open the border.

The aff’s isolation of distinct and discrete sovereign nations is a political act.  The logic of territorial geopolitics is constructed and constitutive – it underlies a system of control and spatialization. This is not merely an academic concern, geographical language when deployed in the service of politics has unique ramifications and political effects on the construction of knowledge.
Dalby 00 (Professor of Political Science and Chair of International Governance at the International Studes Association, CIAONet 41th Annual Convention of the ISA )
Geopolitics is a … (Ó Tuathail, 1996).

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
A. It can only do projects certified by the BECC through the board of directors
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Section 1. Purposes The purposes …American Free Trade Agreement. 

B. The Commission can only certify environmental infrastructure
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Section 2. Functions (a) In carrying …financing that request such certification.

C. The plan isn’t environmental infrastructure
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Article II • Definitions For purposes of this Agreement, it shall be understood that: Bank means the North American Development …Agreement are equally authentic.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
A. It can only do projects certified by the BECC through the board of directors
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Section 1. Purposes The purposes …American Free Trade Agreement. 

B. The Commission can only certify environmental infrastructure
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Section 2. Functions (a) In carrying …financing that request such certification.

C. The plan isn’t environmental infrastructure
NADBank 04 (“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.”BECC-NADB Charter * Amended August 6, 2004. http://www.nadbank.org/pdfs/publications/Charter_2004_Eng.pdf.)
Article II • Definitions For purposes of this Agreement, it shall be understood that: Bank means the North American Development …Agreement are equally authentic.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bingham | Judge: Phillips, Scott
Engaging Mexico drains PC
Farnsworth 12 – VP of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society (Eric, “The United States and Mexico: The Path Forward”, Nov 30, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2012/11/30/46430/the-united-states-and-mexico-the-path-forward/, CMR)
The election of Enrique Peña Nieto and the re-election of President Obama mean that the U.S.-Mexican relationship has a unique opportunity to grow closer and bring numerous benefits to both sides of the border. To fully appreciate this unique opportunity, both sides must invest political capital and be prepared to engage domestic public opinion when it comes to explaining why our countries are united by much more than a fence.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame DP | Judge: Heidt, Jenny
Health care proves—Republicans will lash out against unpopular Supreme Court decisions:
Stephen Manual, 2012 (6/28/2012, staff writer, “Will Supreme Court judgment help Obama win presidential election?”  Accessed 7/26/2012 at http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/12483143-will-supreme-court-judgment-help-obama-win-presidential-election, rwg)
Finally, President Barack Obama has carried the day. He stood winner as the
AND
believe the ruling of the Supreme Court can hamper their campaign against Obama

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike
*1NC*
Comprehensive immigration reform will pass, but Obama’s leverage is key.
Campbell 10/23 (Ryan, Huffington Post. “Immigration and the GOP Post-Shutdown.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ryan-campbell/immigration-and-the-gop_b_4143075.html).
While it is hard to tell where this is leading, these demonstrations have been
AND
be forced to make concessions which they would not have before the shutdown.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor – key to relations with India
LA Times 12 Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.
U.S.-India relations solve South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer 2 Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis

Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.
Extinction
Hundley 12 Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3

The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

*NTR Link*
Normalizing Trade with China was one of the most contentious trade debates in decades.
Gilbert and Oladi, Professors of Finance and Economics at Utah State, 2012 (John and Reza, “Net Campaign Contributions, Agricultural Interests, and Votes on Liberalizing Trade with China,” Public Choice, Springer, vol. 150(3), pages 745-769, March)
The Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) with China bill was one of the
AND
about 30 members undecided. Hence, a close vote¶ seemed likely.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
1NC CP
Text: The United States federal government should offer to provide necessary funds to the United Mexican States federal government for the purpose of implementing and regulating the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights in maquiladoras if and only if Mexico agrees to abide by the recommendations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Convention on Combating Bribery of Public Officials in International Business Transactions in implementing the plan. 

The latest convention report identified gaps in Mexico’s compliance and issued corrective recommendations.
Heimann and Dell 12
Fritz Heimann and Gillian Dell, Chairman, Transparency International USA and Programmes Manager, Global Programmes, Transparency International, " EXPORTING CORRUPTION?¶ COUNTRY ENFORCEMENT OF THE ¶ OECD ANTI-BRIBERY CONVENTION ¶ PROGRESS REPORT 2012” http://poderciudadano.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2012_ExportingCorruption_OECDProgress_EN.pdf
MEXICO¶ LITTLE ENFORCEMENT. No cases and two investigations. Share of world exports
AND
a public information system regarding enforcement of¶ international anti-corruption conventions.

Following OECD recommendations reduces corruption
Ferreira et al 13
Luciano Vaz Ferreira1, Fabio Costa Morosini2, Professor of Law. Juridic assessor of the Secretariat of Justice and Human Rights of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil , and 2 Professor of Law at the Faculty of Law of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, “THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW IN BUSINESS: LEGAL CONTROL OF CORRUPTION DIRECTED TO TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS,” Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations, Jan-Jun 2013

After signing the OECD treaty, the institution began to issue recommendations in order to
AND
law, is a positive aspect because it allows the multiplicity of experiences.

There is no upside to corruption; it erodes stability and growth.
Heimann et al 06
By Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann,  Chairman, Transparency International USA , Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006, “The Long War Against Corruption,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61705/ben-w-heineman-jr-and-fritz-heimann/the-long-war-against-corruption

Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that
AND
barrier to international development -- systemic misappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
Politics- 1NC
Immigration Reform will pass NOW—Momentum is in Obama’s favor and he’ll put it at the top of his agenda.  
McMorris 10/15(Evan McMorris-Santoro, October 15, 2013, BuzzFeed Staff “Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next”  http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for)

As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House is already
AND
fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform.”

Political Capital is key to passage
Daily Mail 10/17
David Marttosko, political editor, “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats,”
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html

Republicans' new worst fear isn't defaulting on America's debts. If an immigration policy favored
AND
but Republicans have reason to suspect the other shoe is about to drop.

Economic policy saps Obama’s political capital- seen as kowtowing to foreign governments and downplaying the region’s overriding issues- corruption is a sticking point.
Shear and Archibold ‘13 – Shear is White House correspondent for The New York Times; M.A. degree in public policy from the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University AND --- Archibold is New York Times bureau chief for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (Michael D. Shear and Randal C. Archibold, “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy”, May 4, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
“but they are important to committed drug warriors who are politically powerful.”
Immigration reform expands skilled labor – key to relations with India
LA Times 12 Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.
U.S.-India relations solve South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer 2 Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis

Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.
Extinction
Hundley 12 Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3

The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Mulholand, Rob
Soft power is an attempt to universalize the values of American imperium.
Luke 6 (Timothy W, Prof Poli Sci at Virginia Polytech “The Arts, Culture, and Civil Society: Power Stations in the Grids of Governance” APSA Short Course 20: Culture Industries, Technologies, and Policies, American Political Science Association)

The cultural industries frequently… tied to culture industries.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest ML | Judge: Garret, Lincoln
Economic engagement is trade, finance and development.
Dept of State ‘9 US Department of State archives, “What is total economic engagement?” http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/92986.htm

Total Economic Engagement seeks to integrate and coordinate all U.S. economic instruments
AND
of our work, it is the foundation on which our efforts rest.

Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)
Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to…AND… I don't know how better to define the word.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike

1. Should means immediate
   Summers 94 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, "Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant," Appeal from the District Court, OK 123, 885 P.2d 1353, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn14)

4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882). 

2. Increase refers to an immediate and direct action not an objective.
HEFC  ’4
(Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/167/167we98.htm# n43)

9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do
AND
. Indeed, the obligation could be considered to be ever-increasing.

French, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba” http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States were to lift its trade embargo against Cuba, this would
AND
years, as both countries would need to adopt statutory and regulatory changes. 

The plan will be ruled “void for vagueness” – and struck down
Klapach 99 (Joseph S., JD Candidate – Cornell University Law School, “Thou Shalt Not Politic”, Cornell Law Review, January, 84 Cornell L. Rev. 504, Lexis)

A statute may be void for vagueness when (1) it is so indeterminate
AND
the "full and fair exposition" standard with a barrage of questions:

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Foy, Gulati, and Woodhead
A. Interpretation – Economic Engagement must create structural linkages between countries
Pollins 3 (Brian M., Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and a Research Fellow at the Mershon Center, Edward Deering Mansfield, Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania, Michigan Studies in International Political Economy, Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate, 2003, http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=L53fR-TusZACandoi=fndandpg=PA175anddq=22economic+engagement22+22long+term22andots=Ew9tnp8GvCandsig=a0LuxuxsKyh1OvAhS3UjiPvV8B8#v=onepageandq=long20termandf=false)

The basic causal logic of economic engagement, …foreign policy accommodation.

“Its” indicates possession
The Free Dictionary Last Updated 2011
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/its//DoeS
its  (its) adj. The … early flight to New York.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
Anything else is appeasement
Roberts 4 (Liam, BA in the Department of Political Science from Condordia University, Engagement Theory and Target Identity: An Analysis of North Korean Responses to Contemporary Inter-Korean Engagement, 2003, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/id/56483/ubc_2004-0612.pdf)

These understandings are problematic. Firstly, "short-term” versus "long
AND
target, "securing good will and cooperation on matters of common concern."

Condo
. Ideological flexibility is the lynchpin of democratic deliberation — introducing disjunction and ambivalence is a virtue, not a vice.
Hanson and Marcus 10 — Russell L. Hanson, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Minnesota, and George E. Marcus, Professor of Political Science at Williams College, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Northwestern University, 2010 (“Introduction: The Practice of Democratic Theory,” Reconsidering the Democratic Public, Edited by George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson, Published by Penn State Press, ISBN 0271042923, p. 14-15)
Hence, for citizens to engage in deliberation, they must tolerate ambiguity and appreciate
AND
be more like foxes than the hedgehogs of political philosophy and democratic revisionism.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
The 1ac was sweet until they read the resolution, then things stopped making sense.

A Subpoint is Bare Life: 

There is no universal referent that can be used to describe a people.  Their attempt to use “United States federal government” as a stand-in reifies the state of exception by necessitating a non-people of bare life as the ontological backdrop for their construction.
Agamben 2k (Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia,(Giorgio, Means Without Ends: Notes on Politics, p. 30.1) 

Any interpretation of the political meaning of the term people ought to start from the
AND
what cannot belong to the whole in which it is always already include.

B Subpoint is Subjectivity:

They will make arguments about how the USfg is the same thing as the assembly of people, but this is the link to our kritik.  They externalize agency onto the state, obliterating personal subjectivity and sanctioning nationalist violence.
Shaffer 7 (Butler teaches at the Southwestern University School of Law. B.S., Law, 1958, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; B.A., Political Science, 1959, and J.D., 1961, University of Chicago; Member, Colorado and Nebraska State Bars. “Identifying With the State” June 29th 2007. http://www.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html, MT)

One of the deadliest practices we engage in is that of identifying ourselves with a
AND
conflict – to a centered, self-directed integrity in our lives.

That turns the entirety of the case – overidentifying with the state creates an addiction to simulation that breeds ressentiment.
Antonio 95 (Nietzsche’s antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History”; American Journal of Sociology; Volume 101, No. 1; July 1995, jstor, azp)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture's most central, durable
AND
117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

Our alternative is to affirm the entirety of the 1ac absent their iteration of the resolution.

It’s legit – the PIC is a necessary test against critical affirmatives, and they have the entirety of the 1AC including their reading of the resolution to generate offense. Essentially we ask a fundamental question—why did you include the resolution in the 1AC? Is it possible to accomplish the same goals without reading said statement? They chose to spend 7 minutes and 50 seconds critiquing the USFG and then read this statement. They need a defense of why they did that.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: Burch, Daryl
Neoliberalism
Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model
Vattimo and Zabala 11
(Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)

The “Bolivarian Revolution” is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.”
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world.and#34;
The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.
The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below
Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Carrolton of the Sacred Heart DK | Judge: Carswell, Matthew

T

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving
AND
, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Consult Brazil

Prior, binding consultation key to avert a collapse of US-Brazil Relations
Hakim, Peter. and#34;Brazil and the U.S.: Remaking a Relationship.and#34; Inter-American Dialogue. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. 7 July 2013. http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2679.
It will certainly not be easy for Washington
AND
be readmitted to the Organization of American States.
Brazil relations are uniquely key to prevent Iranian prolif which would cause regional proliferation
Aronson 12
Bernard Aronson, assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs from 1989 to 1993, New York Times 4/3/2012, “Can Brazil Stop Iran?” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/opinion/can-brazil-stop-iran.html?_r=0

With huge new offshore oil discoveries and foreign
AND
enrichment loophole permanently by amending the nonproliferation treaty.¶

Leads to miscalculation and nuclear war
Blues, Jacob. and#34;Foreign Affairs: Danger of a Nuclear Iran.and#34; The Olive Branch. N.p., 1 Jan. 2011. Web. 7 July 2013. http://theolivebranch.myfastforum.org/archive/foreign-affairs-danger-of-a-nuclear-iran__o_t__t_990.html.
Were Saudi Arabia to acquire nuclear weapons,
AND
party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war. 

Assorted Case D

Really?

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Weston, Dave

Neolib

Attempts to eradicate poverty merely multiply it to infinity
Escobar, Professor of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 95
(Arturo, 1995, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, pg 54. RJ)
The crucial threshold and transformation that took place
AND
. To them I dedicate the coming chapter.

Sustainable Ag

Allowing Cuba’s agriculture to be exposed to chemicals and pesticides destroys the ecological equilibrium by contaminating their soil, water, and plants
Aguilar 2009 Fernando Funes, 5/24/09, Food First- institute for Food and Development Policy, “Transgenic Food Production in Cuba; The Need for a Participatory and Serious Debate”, http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2451

An irrefutable element of the technologies associated with
AND
flora that can move through the food chain.
Pesticide use at any level result in loss of biodiversity, which is crucial to life.

1. Cuba currently thriving with sustainable agriculture: removing the embargo will reverse this causing them to shift to monoculture
   Bahnson 2010 Fred, Fellow at the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 3/23/10, nourishing the planet, “Our Man in Havana: Sustainable Agriculture Thrives in Cuba”, http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/our-man-in-havana-sustainable-agriculture-thrives-in-cuba-cuba-agriculture-farmers-organic-urban-farming-kellogg-food-society-local-women-institute-for-agriculture-and-trade-policy-iatp-compost-educ/

Miguel is the president of Organoponico Vivero Alamar
AND
convert its agriculture to organic methods and thrive.

Modeling goes neg
Spills over –
A. Cuba is the foundation for resistance to development projects, monoculture, and self-sufficiency.
Ergas 13 Christina, University of Oregon sociology researcher, March 2013, Monthly Review, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty”, http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the
AND
in opposition to a corporate global food regime.
B. Cuban agriculture is modeled – they’re perceived as the leader in sustainability practices.
Ergas 13 Christina, University of Oregon sociology researcher, March 2013, Monthly Review, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty”, http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

In conjunction with these movements, Cuba has
AND
impressive transformations that have taken place within this nation

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont KX | Judge: Quigley, Dylan
Tying the discourse of the oppressed to the ballot is an independent reason you should reject them. Using these types of representations in an adjudication process necessitates an analysis and determination of their story from a position of power that causes revictimization.

Alcoff and Gray-Rosedale 96
(Linda and Laura, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science/Director of Women’s Studies @ Syracuse University, Associate Professor of English Northern Arizona University, Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?, SIGNS Winter 93, Vol. 18, No. 2: 260-290, http://www.alcoff.com/content/survdis.html)

Given Foucault's analysis, … potential which might exist.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production
Phelan ‘96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation …, not subject-object relations.
?

The fetish of play with the other and its well being only reconstructs the other as exhaustible object bringing on its mutilation.
Baudrillard 1993 (Jean, Transparency of Evil, pg. 124-126)

So what became of otherness? … all otherness has been confiscated by the machine.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Mulholand, Rob
This makes all the affirmative harms worse
NAÍM, 1 – editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, “When Countries go Crazy”, MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy)//eek

Some countries can drive … blinded him to the lessons of experience.

Their ev is just a blog post, not peer reviewed and solely in the context of Supreme court nominations – Dickinson concludes neg
Dickinson, 2009 (Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70 D 2009)

Small wonder, then, that initial …persuasions easier, or harder, or impossible" (Neustadt 1990, 54).
Obama spent tremendous amounts of political capital to grant Russia Normal Trade Relations.
Frolov, 3/23/12 (Vladimir, 3/23/2012, Russia Profile, “Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: Will Russia Graduate From the Jackson-Vanik Amendment?” Factiva)

During the post-Soviet period, … for Russian democracy.

And Hirsh agrees with the thesis of the politics DA even if he disagrees with the term “political capital”
Michael Hirsh, National Journal, 2/7/13, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
Presidents are limited … of the room, the aides said.
Wins don’t spillover---capital is finite---prioritizing issues is key
Schultz 13 David Schultz is a professor at Hamline University School of Business, where he teaches classes on privatization and public, private and nonprofit partnerships. He is the editor of the Journal of Public Affairs Education (JPAE). “Obama's dwindling prospects in a second term,” MinnPost, 1/22, http://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2013/01/obamas-dwindling-prospects-second-term
Four more years for Obama. … he had in the 2010 elections.
Obama push is key – A. Obama is key to rallying troops B. He’s important for negotiations.
Foley 10/24 (Elise, Huffington Post, “Barack Obama On Immigration Reform: 'Let's Go Get It Done'” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/24/barack-obama-immigration_n_4156403.html RJ)

WASHINGTON -- As House Republicans pursue ..problem under the rug one more time."
Winners lose specifically for Obama’s second term
Walsh 12 Ken covers the White House and politics for U.S. News. “Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama,” 12/20, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama
And there is an axiom in Washington: …the remainder of his presidency.
Immigration reform compromise likely in 2014 – it’s at the top of the docket and Obama push is key
Miller 12/25 (Emily, MILLER: Obama’s dangerous immigration reform agenda and amnesty, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/25/obamas-immigration-reform-agenda-may-lead-amnesty/)

Before leaving on his 17-day … on immigration.”

Obama’s political capital is key for early 2014 and Boehner is falling into line
AFP 12/21 (Obama holds out hope for immigration reform in 2014, 2013, http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/us-canada/46379-obama-immigration-reform)

WASHINGTON, USA - US President Barack Obama … through the politics on this," he said.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
. Ideological flexibility is the lynchpin of democratic deliberation — introducing disjunction and ambivalence is a virtue, not a vice.
Hanson and Marcus 10 — Russell L. Hanson, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Minnesota, and George E. Marcus, Professor of Political Science at Williams College, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Northwestern University, 2010 (“Introduction: The Practice of Democratic Theory,” Reconsidering the Democratic Public, Edited by George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson, Published by Penn State Press, ISBN 0271042923, p. 14-15)
Hence, for citizens to engage in deliberation, they must tolerate ambiguity and appreciate
AND
be more like foxes than the hedgehogs of political philosophy and democratic revisionism.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Carrolton of the Sacred Heart DK | Judge: Carswell, Matthew
The fiat of the plan is immediate – the permutation is perceived as ingenuous
Richard Haass, Director of Foreign Policy Studies at Brookings, 1999 Transatlantic Studies p. 234
Still, consultations are critical. Surely the
AND
Such consultation does little more than disguise unilateralism.

Brazil will say yes, they want innovation and there is cooperation now
Shapiro 13 (Deputy U.S. Trade Representative Miriam Sapiro discusses with an audience in São Paulo, Brazil, how to strengthen the U.S.-Brazil trade and investment partnership for the 21st century. September 10, 2013, “Deputy USTR Talks on Strengthening U.S.-Brazil Partnership,” http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=1002109andCategoryId=14090)
The first area in which I believe that
AND
new growth opportunity for both companies and countries.

Brazil will say yes to ethanol and biofuels
Sweig et al 11 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, AND Samuel W. Bodman, and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairmen, Wolfensohn and Company, LLC) (“Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations” Council on Foreign Relations Task Force Report, July 12, 2011, http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Brazil_TFR_66.pdf BLOV)

Brazil’s ethanol industry is consolidating as small producers
AND
by cooperating with Brazilians to align biofuels standards.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
And The post-al left’s insistence on discourse as the determining factor in revolution obscures the motion of capital: we are so busy self identifying and theorizing that we ignore the elites seizing power and resources.  This approach legitimizes consumption at the root of capitalism as it blathers blindly onwards to “identification across difference.”
Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, “The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left” Questia
The task of this text is to lay bare the structure of assumptions and its
AND
will not get a political or philosophical argument but a tropological description. 6

Unrestrained Capitalism Leads to Extinction
Harman 97, Editor of the Socialst Worker (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 90-1) The system may have entered a new phase. But the way it operates is not new. It is, in its essentials exactly the way described by Marx
The only sense in which Marx is “outdated” is not that the system
AND
whole world’s climate, flooding low lying countries turning fertile regions into desert.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincents CG | Judge: Rodriguez, Christian
The alt allows for an analysis of structures that can not only uncover the root causes of injustice but also take action against them.
Cole 3 (Mike, Senior Lecturer and Research and Publications Mentor in the School of Education, University of Brighton, British Journal of Sociology of Education accessed via JSTOR, Might It Be in the Practice That It Fails to Succeed? A Marxist Critique of Claims for Postmodernism and Poststructuralism as Forces for Social Change and Social Justice, page 493)
In her attempt to present the case that ‘postmodern deconstruction … is
AND
Theory of Value is a good example (see later for a discussion).

Turns case—capitalism creates the logic that allows oppression of maquilla workers to occur and is the root cause of oppression
Latin America Solidarity Coalition 3 (“Getting to the Roots: Ecology and Environmental Justice”, http://www.lasolidarity.org/papers/enviro.htm)
The globalization of capital and the interweaving of financial and governmental institutions have opened the
AND
and all of its inhabitants, leading to desperation, degradation and suffering.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows NB | Judge: Johnson, Tony
Even if they win that America will still be strong, the fall of the Western world ensures that we will not be influential – this is a fundamental problem with uniqueness the aff can’t solve.
Kupchan 3/20 (12, Charles A., Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and Whitney Shepardson Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Atlantic, “The Decline of the West: Why America Must Prepare for the End of Dominance,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-decline-of-the-west-why-america-must-prepare-for-the-end-of-dominance/254779/) NYan

The Clock is Running American … strategic position or of benefit to it."

He said economic indicators are a precursor to hegemony, and the US – but more importantly its allies – are falling behind as the US watches from the sidelines
Kupchan 3/20 (12, Charles A., Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and Whitney Shepardson Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Atlantic, “The Decline of the West: Why America Must Prepare for the End of Dominance,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-decline-of-the-west-why-america-must-prepare-for-the-end-of-dominance/254779/) NYan

For starters, he claims that … ongoing redistribution of global power.
Hegemony causes blowback and terrorism – multiple studies prove.
Layne 9 (Christopher, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, literary and national editor of the Atlantic, Review of International Studies (2009), 5/25/9, “America’s Middle East grand strategy after Iraq: the moment for offshore balancing has arrived”, Cambridge Journals,)

Terrorist organisations like Al-Qaeda … solving this problem, staying in Iraq will exacerbate it.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine DN | Judge: Saiedian, Ideen
Hirsh agrees with the thesis of the politics DA even if he disagrees with the term “political capital”
Michael Hirsh, National Journal, 2/7/13, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
Presidents are limited in what they can do by time and attention span, of
AND
was sucking all the oxygen out of the room, the aides said.

Wins don’t spillover-~--capital is finite-~--prioritizing issues is key
Schultz 13 David Schultz is a professor at Hamline University School of Business, where he teaches classes on privatization and public, private and nonprofit partnerships. He is the editor of the Journal of Public Affairs Education (JPAE). “Obama's dwindling prospects in a second term,” MinnPost, 1/22, http://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2013/01/obamas-dwindling-prospects-second-term
Four more years for Obama. Now what? What does Barack Obama do in
AND
lost what little control of Congress that he had in the 2010 elections.
Best political science proves
Jackie Calmes, NYTimes, 11/12/12, In Debt Talks, Obama Is Ready to Go Beyond Beltway, mobile.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/politics/legacy-at-stake-obama-plans-broader-push-for-budget-deal.xml
That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that
AND
, when the opposition typically takes seats from the president's party in Congress.
Winners lose specifically for Obama’s second term
Walsh 12 Ken covers the White House and politics for U.S. News. “Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama,” 12/20, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama
And there is an axiom in Washington: Congress, the bureaucracy, the media
AND
that would limit his power and credibility for the remainder of his presidency.
Increasing aid without increasing oversite is unpopular- Merida funds prove.
AP ‘13
(5/2/13, Associated Press, “Obama to Pitch Immigration Overhaul in Mexico” http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393)

But Diana Negroponte, a Latin America expert at the Brookings Institution, says corruption
AND
not ready to sign off on more money without a lot more details."

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
the plan Pisses off environmentalists and sparks a debate over massive funding increases
Ellingwood 01, (KEN, LA Times Staff writer, “U.S.-Mexico Bank Fizzling.” July 15, 2001. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/us-mexico-bank.htm).
Environmental activists worry …air pollution projects, energy and water recycling

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
5) Institutional structues shape policymaking – cherrypicking isolated policies as exemplars of neoliberal virtue is methodologically bankrupt. This means they cant access their in round climate education arguments they. obscure the broader institutional factors that contribute to income inequality
Walton ‘4 (Michael, adviser in the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank, " Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad, or Incomplete?"  Latin American Research Review 39.3 (2004) 165-183. MUSE)
Impacts on Inequality and Social … with a few observations on this. 

2. Public Sphere – Neoliberalism crushes democratic dissent – it grants agency to foreign investors, hollowing out local and national governments as sites of resistance, while presenting popular movements as “irrational” and “barbaric” reactions to the natural movement of history
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In accordance with the stipulations … logic of the pure market.”

3. Anti-Statism – their use of neoliberalism to criticize state corruption ensures brutal corporate takeover - only a democratic commons promotes effective resistance
Tormey and Townshend ‘6
(Simon, Prof. of and Head of the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Syndey, Jules, Reader in Politics @ Manchester Metropolitan University, Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism, pg. 33)

We should also recall … placed too much faith in the acuity of Weber’s vision.
4. Inertia – the alternative must come first – neoliberalism presents itself as an historical necessity, making future deliberation over the aff much more difficult – displacing its system of knowledge production in advance is key
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In the metaphysics that … for an additional fifteen years (OECD 1998, 105).
5. Ethics – Globalization is grounded in an ethics of self-interest that produces cycles of inequality and environmental destruction – the aff’s façade of altruism is a  mere safety valve for Northern guilt that maintains epistemic dominance
Huish 9
(Centre de Recherche en Éthique (CRÉUM), L'Université de Montréal, Canada “Cuba vs. Globalization: Chronicle of Anti-imperialism, Solidarity and Co-operation” January 27, 2009,
http://globalautonomy.ca/global1/dialogueItem.jsp?index=SN08_Huish.xml)//AY

Cuba's Minister of the Economy …, not conditions of human nature.

6. Negotiation – neoliberalism splinters alter-political resistance by accepting small demands while leaving the structure of the economy itself unquestioned – culminates in extinction
Parr ’13 (Adrian, Assoc. Prof. of Philosophy and Environmental Studies @ U. of Cincinnati, THE WRATH OF CAPITAL: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics, pp. 5-6)
The contradiction of capitalism … and many other problems on a growing list.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
1NR CP

Doesn’t solve the net benefit unless it severs – the perm abandons all of our bargaining leverage
Velez-Green, Reyes, and Ramicone Sep-12
(Alex, Robin, and Anthony, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, “GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION,” http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

These recommendations to the USG either appropriate funds from the Mérida Initiative or ¶ rely
AND
in general and ensure that electoral participation is free of external ¶ pressures.

. It severs “should,” it means “must” and requires immediate legal effect
Summers 94
 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, 1994 OK 123, 11-8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13)

¶4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word
AND
It functionally severs the immediacy and certainty of the plan.

Conditioning CPS’s are key to topic education this year. Engagement is a term of art distinct from conditioning – our CP is resolutionally granted negative ground.
Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/484.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.

The internal net benefit outweighs and turns the case, 1) we meet the 1ACs impact framing and conceded corruption scenario proves that Mexican government corruption is the most probable scenario for instability and systemic misappropriation which harms the poor
And it outweighs Mexican instability spills over and leads to broader instability in the region
Shirk Mar-11
 (David A. “The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat,” Council on Foreign Relations, David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http3A2F2Fi.cfr.org2Fcontent2Fpublications2Fattachments2FMexico_CSR60.pdf)

The United States has much to gain by helping strengthen its southern neighbor and even
AND
operations and violence into the ¶ region would have a gravely destabilizing effect.

And turns the case Latin America instability causes genocide, human rights violations, and structural violence
Manwaring 5
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)
President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest ML | Judge: Garret, Lincoln
Damage control over debt ceiling and willingness to violate the Hastert Rule.
USA Today Oct 17, (Alan Gomez. “Unlike shutdown, GOP says Democrats must bend on immigration.” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/17/government-shutdown-shift-immigration-reform/3000575/)
But Democrats say the inability of GOP conservatives to delay or defund Obamacare, and
AND
votes that were critical, including emergency relief for victims of Superstorm Sandy.

Will pass now, but Obama’s PC key.
Martokso Oct 17, (David, U.s. Political Editor @the daily mail, “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats.” 17 October 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html).
But the fight over the partial government shutdown that occupied half of October may have
AND
, that's just good politics in addition to doing the right thing.' 

It can pass – there are house Republicans willing to deal
LA Times 10/17
“Immigration legislation's prospects bleak after bitter budget fight,” http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-immigration-reform-future-shutdown-20131017,0,2948649.story

Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart (R-Fla.) has been working with
AND
we had a chance to get it done,” Diaz-Balart said.\

Political capital is finite and drives decisionmaking
Schier 9, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton, (Steven, "Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10) 

 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

Presidents perceive their capital as finite – our theory is true in practice
Marshall and Prins 11,  BRYAN W. MARSHALL Miami University BRANDON C. PRINS University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy  Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force  Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September) 2011

We argue that the more important effect of Congress occurs because presidents anticipate how the
AND
). Therefore, presidents seek to build and protect their relationship with Congress.

And no thumpers Obama will continue to push.
Jablonski 10/16 (Donna, “Obama to Push Immigration Reform Once Republican Hostage-Taking Is Resolved.” 10/16/2013. AFL-CIO. http://www.aflcio.org/index.php/Blog/Political-Action-Legislation/Obama-to-Push-Immigration-Reform-Once-Republican-Hostage-Taking-Is-Resolved).
President Barack Obama yesterday told the Spanish-language Los Angeles affiliate of Univision that
AND
important for the country. And now is the time to do it.”

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Foy, Gulati, and Woodhead
The aff lifts all economic sanctions on cuba – that includes the terror list which includes arms sales
State Department No Date, "State Sponsors of Terrorism", www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm
Countries determined by the …miscellaneous financial and other restrictions.
UN proves that isn’t topical
Whitty 7 – Michael Whitty, Professor of Management at the University of Detroit Mercy, et al., Economic Sanctions Against a Nuclear North Korea: An Analysis of United States and United Nations Actions Since 1950, Ed. Kim and Chang, p. 76 

The UN Charter, Article 41, specifies…range from 21 to 49, averaging 33 years.

Defining “engagement” as any positive action ruins limits, precision, and topic education
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

While the term "engagement" enjoys…the actual means deployed are virtually identical in both cases.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincents CG | Judge: Rodriguez, Christian
Focus on discourse does nothing and makes invisible the harms of capital.
Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, “The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left” Questia
The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation and constitutes the decided foundation
AND
by which this violence is made more tolerable, justifiable, and naturalized. 

Only orthodox materialism can provide a basis for the struggle against capitalism- prefer our evidence because it’s comparative to the permutation.
Tumino, Pittsburg English Professor, 01
Stephen, Spring 2001, Red Critique, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/printversions/whatisorthodoxmarxismprint.htm, accessed 7-18, GSK
Orthodox Marxism has become a test-case of the "radical" today.
AND
the exploitation of labor under capitalism giving it an acceptable "human face."

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Weston, Dave
No new cards not read before

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows NB | Judge: Johnson, Tony
. It is a prior question – you have a responsibility as an intellectual and educator to challenge hegemonic discourses – star this card.
Jones 99 (Richard Wyn-Jones, Prof. IR @ Aberystwyth University, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)

Furthermore, the abandonment of …both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

In a paradoxical attempt to rebel against death, humans turn to promises of immortality through absolute loyalty to political ideology.  We demand the slaughter of our enemies as part of an impossible quest to destroy death itself. War itself is not the issue but rather the death drive behind it- that makes life impossible.
Louis Rene Beres, Professor of International Law at Purdue, International Journal on World Peace, No. 3, Volume 16, September 1st, 1999
Behind the play of nations and … fate to create necropolis. 

4- Death isn’t an impact- it’s only a question of how we live our lives.
Preston and Dixon 7 – Rio Hondo College AND Minnesota State Community and Technical College
(Ted and Scott, “Who wants to live forever? Immortality, authenticity, and living forever in the present”, Int J Philos Relig (2007) 61:99–117, dml)
Get used to believing that … intrinsic bads for him or her” (Ibid, p. 135).

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Des Moines HP | Judge: Nielson, Toni
Autonomous peasant movements are key to restore agency to the global south – Zapatistas prove
Stahler-Sholk (Professor Department of Political Science Eastern Michigan University)  07 (Richard, “Resisting Neoliberal Homogenization: The Zapatista Autonomy Movement”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 2)
In the documentary ?Zapatista! There is a scene in … define themselves culturally, socially, and politically

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Topp, Sarah
Biopower promotes a form of rationality that limits state power—this turns their impacts
Lacombe 96 (Danny, Criminology Simon Fraser U,  “Reforming Foucault: A Critique of the Social Control Thesis” The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 47, No. 2 Jstor)
The nature of the relation between the individual and the political order concerned Foucault in
AND
-politics) simultaneously make possible the critique of these same technologies.'  

Biopower is not bloody power over bare life
Ojakangus 5 (Mika, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies , “Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power” http://www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf)
In  fact,  the  history  of  modern  Western  societies  would  be  quite  incomprehensible  without  taking  
AND
collective  –  that  is  the  measure  of  the  success  of  bio-power.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine DN | Judge: Saiedian, Ideen
Turns warming, U.S. global leadership key to a solution
Parsons 9 - Assistant Counsel to and Environmental Practice Team Leader for Naval Facilities Engineering Command  (Rymn, "Taking up the Security Challenge of Climate Change," Strategic Studies Institute, August 2009)

On the issue of ... in other arenas.74

Passage is likely but not certain.
Russert and Thorp 12/4, (Luke and Frank, “Budget deal takes shape as deadlines loom,” http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/04/21760681-budget-deal-takes-shape-as-deadlines-loom)
When will this happen?... Republican conference is.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Foy, Gulati, and Woodhead
2) Their framework is a form of moralizing that seeks to preempt argument with legislated truth---this converts the emancipatory aspiration of the plan into a reactionary one, turning the case.
Wendy Brown, Political Theory @ UC Berkeley, 2k1
(Politics Out of History. P 35)
"Speech codes kill critique," … effect of historispecific social powers. 

Science is merely a shadow of god which has out-lived his death.  Their appeal is grounded in bad consciousness and a hunger to hang on to god’s coat-tails as he flees existence.  
Alan White, Philosophy at Williams College, 1990
Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth, http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL20web/Ideals20frames.htm

Nietzsche is aware, of course, …in this most important sense.
Everthing that has happened will happen again- no impact to suffering- it’s merely how we approach it.
McDonald 1999 (Matt, Prof of Poli Sci @ U of Bingham, “Eternal Recurrence”, http://www.wpunj.edu/wpcpages/sch-hmss/philosophy/COURSES/NIETNET/RECUR.HTM)
   
For time is infinite, but the .. eternally once more and more?

6) Cooption- Attempts to avoid suffering allows it to reassert its psychological stranglehold- we must unconditionally affirm life.?
Kain,  2007.  Philip J.  “Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence.”   The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 33 (2007) 49-63
I think we are now in a position to …yourself to that suffering. 

3)- Interpassivity- Claiming not to be nihilist merely because they speak out on behalf of action, the affirmative participates in interpassive action, constantly speaking about change and progressive action as a replacement for actual action.
Zizek 1997 (Slavoj, Prof of Philosophy @ U of Ljubljana, “Repeating Lenin,” www.lacan.com/replenin) 

One is therefore tempted to … one to anything determinate. 

3- Bureaucratization- The permutation’s displacement of our individual capacities to act onto external political institutions culminates in genocidal violence. Once we accept that our actions are contingent on the political all atrocities becomes possible.
Zupancic, Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March 2000, p. 96-7

Another problem still remains, …a by-product' of our actions.

5- Death Drive- the spectacle of death is harnassed by the state through the promise of immortality by political ideology- mobilizes an endless state of war.
 Beres, Professor of International Law at Purdue, Self-Determination, International Law and Survival on Planet Earth, Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring 1994
Humankind is different. Of course, … dying, of being killed." 49

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike
2. Ideological flexibility is the lynchpin of democratic deliberation — introducing disjunction and ambivalence is a virtue, not a vice.
Hanson and Marcus 10 — Russell L. Hanson, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Minnesota, and George E. Marcus, Professor of Political Science at Williams College, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Northwestern University, 2010 (“Introduction: The Practice of Democratic Theory,” Reconsidering the Democratic Public, Edited by George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson, Published by Penn State Press, ISBN 0271042923, p. 14-15)
Hence, for citizens to engage in deliberation, they must tolerate ambiguity and appreciate
AND
be more like foxes than the hedgehogs of political philosophy and democratic revisionism.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincents CG | Judge: Rodriguez, Christian
Specifically, the understanding the minutae of public policy that only our interpretation allows is a key internal link to being advocates for our cause- that’s a controlling impact.
McClean, , 01  David E., Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York, 2001 “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Available Online at www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP, Accessed on July 5, 2013)

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Roleplaying both sides of simulated USFG policy produces empathy and advocacy, but stable ground for research is key.
Joyner 99, (Christopher C., “ARTICLE: TEACHING INTERNATIONAL LAW: VIEWS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POLITICAL SCIENTIST.” ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law. Spring 1999. LexisNexis.
For collaborative learning experiences to be especially meaningful for political science students, it is
AND
students of political science in general and of international relations theory in particular.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike
Removal from the list is first step to normalizing relations
Mckenna, 13-- professor and chair of political science at the University of Prince Edward Island and the editor of Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy (Peter, April 4th, “It's time to take Cuba off the terror list,” http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/its-time-to-take-cuba-off-the-terror-list-201190801.html) 

In some ways, the U.S.-Cuba relationship -- even under the
AND
the editor of Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy.

Removal from the state department list is a prerequisite to normalization. Designation affects all other areas of the relationship.
Strain 13- Professor of IR at Baton Rouge (George, “Letter: Take Cuba off Terror List”, The Advocate, April 27, 2013, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/5748256-123/letter-take-cuba-off-terror)
They are, in fact, the four countries that are on the State Department’s
AND
prevents the United States from taking sensible steps toward normalizing relations with Cuba.

2NC – Solves Multilat
De-Listing Cuba is also essential for effective diplomacy across Latin America
Thale and Boggs, 2013
 Washington’s Office on Latin America’s Program director and Officer for Cuba
(Geoff and Clay, 3/5/2013, “Cuba and the Terrorist List”, Washington Office on Latin America)
http://www.wola.org/commentary/cuba_and_the_terrorist_list
On February 21, the Boston Globe reported that senior State Department officials were considering
AND
retire in 2018, effectively putting an end date on the Castro era.

Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID 

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once – lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising
Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., “The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution”, Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251 http://books.google.com/books?id=EpEddl3CdPACandpg=PA251andlpg=PA251anddq=lifting+cuban+embargo+AND+rapid+changeandsource=blandots=dv-aMxUaUQandsig=ip1G-NULgAGQdjtf7Jv-LwpRrmgandhl=enandsa=Xandei=vwTkUeOkFoPHywHn8oGwDQandved=0CGYQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepageandq=lifting20cuban20embargo20AND20rapid20changeandf=false)//EX

Like most of his colleagues, Monreal readily agreed that the United States was the
AND
the ability of the Cuban government to control this fight is very limited.” 

The regime fears fast economic opening as destroying its control
Colomer 2005- Research Professor in Political Science, Professor at the University of Barcelona
(Joseph M., “Who Could End the Embargo? A Game-Theoretical Perspective”, 2004-2005, 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 163, heinonline)KW

For the same reason, the worst possible outcome for Cuba would be the one
AND
further effects of the embargo or their weakened capability to maintain social control.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame DP | Judge: Heidt, Jenny
Causes civil war ensuring multiple conflicts
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074  GWOT=Global War on Terrorism

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: University KW | Judge: Hammond, Jeremy
2) Heg collapses the economy.
Eland 9 Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute, Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, B.A. Iowa State University, M.B.A. in Economics and Ph.D. in Public Policy from George Washington University (Ivan Eland, “How the US Empire Contributed to the Economic Crisis”, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2498) 

A few—and only a few—… distress that is making us poorer.

Growth key to prevent warming – that independently turns food prices.
Taylor 3 (Jerry Taylor, director of natural resource studies at CATO, Happy Earth Day? Thank Capitalism, April 22, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3073)

Indeed, we wouldn't even …the planet. It is an iron law. 

Brooks and Wolforth’s analysis is useless – it’s just based off a freeze frame of IR.
Layne 9 – Mary Julia and George R. Jordan Professor of International Affairs at Texas AandM's George Bush School of Government and Public Service, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, LL.M. in International Law from Virginia Law, J.D. from USC, and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute (Christopher, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality? A Review Essay", International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2009, July 6th 2009, Galileo, p. 15) PDF

Superficially, Brooks and Wohlforth … ongoing process of multipolarization.45

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Semis | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Gaither, Beier, and Blumenthall
Their fascination with the most apt possible framing of the suffering of humanity is undermined by their choice to present it as a reason to vote for them in a debate round. Because their presentation is aimed at winning, it becomes appropriative.
Elizabeth Spelman, professor of Philosophy @ Smith College, 1997 (Fruits of Sorrow: Framing our Attention to Suffering)

A common theme that .. suffering comes the surcease of profit.

Extend the Kleinman and Kleinmen evidence. Their presentation of the 1AC in this debate is tantamount to Kevin Carter waiting OVER 20 MINUTES to frame the best possible picture of a vulture contemplating devouring a starving African child. The Affirmative team are mere photojournalists preying upon the real world suffering of others—As Kleinman and Kleinman say—They have BECOME THE VULTURES. They’d like you to congratulate them for their stylistic and suave portrayal of death and suffering without having to worry about getting their hands dirty with the world of political action—this methodology causes cynical withdrawal from politics which ensures apathy toward atrocities.
Ketels 96 (Violet. Prof of English @ Temple. “Havel to the Castle!” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol 548, No 1. Nov)

Intellectuals can choose their roles… the consciousnesses of some among us.

We must engage the political with specific strategies and goals in mind—failure to have a concrete option we can debate against guarantees that oppression continues and efforts for change backfire resulting in even greater oppression and domination.
Steve 7 (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)

What follows is not an attempt to discredit our efforts. It was a powerful and inspiring couple of days. I feel it is important to always analyze our actions and be self-critical, and try to move forward, advancing our movement. The State has used Seattle as an …be prepared to build up the state or a new state.

And, our alternative has specific solvency evidence. Extend the Kleinman and Kleinman evidence from Subpoint C; Critical self-reflection on matters of politics and the efficacy of policy is necessary to alleviate human suffering. Conversely, their strategy allows vague “shifting of the goalposts” which conceals weaknesses in their methodological approach and results in manipulation and oppression—that turns their impact
Galles 9 (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, “Vagueness as a Political Strategy,” March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/)

The problem with such vagueness …if Americans' welfare is the criterion.

And, it’s impossible to engage their ideas if we don’t know what they are—that clash is critical to develop strategies and test ideas which eventually result in social change
Branham 95 (Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)

In the years following his release _{, generated by confrontation.}

5. The New Vanguard Disad

A) The affirmative attempt to capture our critique of their method relies upon a theory of Truth as epistemically relative—this approach to truth obscures the motion of capital: we are so busy self identifying and theorizing that we ignore the elites seizing power and resources.  This approach legitimizes consumption at the root of capitalism as it blathers blindly onwards to “identification across difference.”
Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, “The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left” Questia

The task of this text is to lay bare … argument but a tropological description. 6

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine SU | Judge: Quinn, Collin
Ontology comes first—we must begin by questioning the foundations of our knowledge and understanding of reality.  That’s a pre-requisite to policy analysis and a reason why you vote neg to endorse our questioning even if we don’t win an alternative- it’s only a question of the link.
Murphy in 4
John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13
The process of development, now commonly referred
AND
that are equated with rationality and general improvement. 

Even if we don’t win an alternative, we control uniqueness-- Globalization from below coming now and is successful – a global network of movements has repeatedly defeated attempts to bring governments and natural resources under neoliberal control
Starr ‘5
(Amory, is an activist, sociologist, anddocumentary ?lm-maker, Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, http://www.scribd.com/doc/61777797/Amory-Starr-Global-Revolt-a-Guide-to-the-Movements-Against-Globalization, pgs. 255-258)

Dispersed movements are progressively more able to connect
AND
of the same ?re.’ And you?

2. Public Sphere – Neoliberalism crushes democratic dissent – it grants agency to foreign investors, hollowing out local and national governments as sites of resistance, while presenting popular movements as “irrational” and “barbaric” reactions to the natural movement of history
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In accordance with the stipulations just listed,
AND
obstacle to the logic of the pure market.”

Economic engagement towards Mexico naturalizes American Imperialism
de Regil ‘4 (Álvaro J, The Jus Semper Global Alliance, "The Neo-Capitalist Assault in Mexico: Democracy vis-à-vis the logic of the market," http://www.jussemper.org/Resources/Economic20Data/Resources/Neo-capAssaultMexico.pdf)
If Echeverria indebted the country and the business
AND
index increases from 47 to 53. 1 0

Competitiveness leads to economics of speed
Giaretta ‘5
(Elena, Associate Professor in Economics @ University of Verona, “Ethical Product Innovation: In Praise of Slowness”, TQM Magazine, Vol. 17 No. 2, 2005)

The above-described characteristics exert at least
AND
and renewal thus become ongoing and continuous processes. 

That causes economic collapse- turns the aff
Goldman et al. ‘6
 (Robert Goldman, Stephen Papson, Noah Kersey, Landscapes of the Social Relations of Production in a Networked Society, Fast Capitalism 2.1, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_1/SocialRelations.html)

The formula for success is knowledge, power
AND
capitalism. The landscape of risk is omnipresent. 

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate this book, chief
AND
boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine SU | Judge: Quinn, Collin
Ontology comes first—we must begin by questioning the foundations of our knowledge and understanding of reality.  That’s a pre-requisite to policy analysis and a reason why you vote neg to endorse our questioning even if we don’t win an alternative- it’s only a question of the link.
Murphy in 4
John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13
The process of development, now commonly referred 

Even if we don’t win an alternative, we control uniqueness-- Globalization from below coming now and is successful – a global network of movements has repeatedly defeated attempts to bring governments and natural resources under neoliberal control
Starr ‘5
(Amory, is an activist, sociologist, anddocumentary ?lm-maker, Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, http://www.scribd.com/doc/61777797/Amory-Starr-Global-Revolt-a-Guide-to-the-Movements-Against-Globalization, pgs. 255-258)

Dispersed movements are progressively more able to connect
AND
of the same ?re.’ And you?

2. Public Sphere – Neoliberalism crushes democratic dissent – it grants agency to foreign investors, hollowing out local and national governments as sites of resistance, while presenting popular movements as “irrational” and “barbaric” reactions to the natural movement of history
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In accordance with the stipulations just listed,
AND
obstacle to the logic of the pure market.”

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Carrolton of the Sacred Heart DK | Judge: Carswell, Matthew
Round 4

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate this book, chief
AND
boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.

Consumption – waste innovation and increases in technological efficiency cause spikes in consumption  and environmental savings are re-invested to produce more goods – makes overshoot and extinction inevitable
Foster et al 10
(John Bellamy, prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, Brett Clark, asst prof of sociology @ NC-State, Richard York, associate prof of sociology @ U of Oregon, “Capitalism and the Curse of Energy Efficiency”, Monthly Review,  2010, Volume 62, Issue 06 (November), http://monthlyreview.org/2010/11/01/capitalism-and-the-curse-of-energy-efficiency)

The Jevons Paradox was forgotten in the heyday
AND
” or “staple products”—are concerned.

Competitiveness leads to economics of speed
Giaretta ‘5
(Elena, Associate Professor in Economics @ University of Verona, “Ethical Product Innovation: In Praise of Slowness”, TQM Magazine, Vol. 17 No. 2, 2005)

The above-described characteristics exert at least
AND
and renewal thus become ongoing and continuous processes. 

That causes economic collapse- turns the aff
Goldman et al. ‘6
 (Robert Goldman, Stephen Papson, Noah Kersey, Landscapes of the Social Relations of Production in a Networked Society, Fast Capitalism 2.1, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_1/SocialRelations.html)

The formula for success is knowledge, power
AND
capitalism. The landscape of risk is omnipresent. 

Economic engagement towards Mexico naturalizes American Imperialism
de Regil ‘4 (Álvaro J,
AND )
If Echeverria indebted the country and the business
AND
index increases from 47 to 53. 1 0

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AK | Judge: Ziering, Jake
Consciousness transformation is occurring now – global movements against neoliberalism are part of a reorganization of social relations that has produced new methods of organizing space and governance
Harvey 11
(Ryan, writer, an organizer with the Civilian-Soldier Alliance, “Globalization” Is Coming Home: Protests Spread as Financial Institutions Target Global North”, Thursday 27 October 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/world-finally-fighting-infection-neoliberalism/1320164620?q=globalization-coming-home-protests-spread-financial-institutions-target-global-north/1319721791)

Though it reads like a mystical story …whole world really is watching.

These movements are different – crumbling economies in the global north have created material solidarity between the first and third world – creates an effective mindset shift
Harvey 11
(Ryan, writer, an organizer with the Civilian-Soldier Alliance, “Globalization” Is Coming Home: Protests Spread as Financial Institutions Target Global North”, Thursday 27 October 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/world-finally-fighting-infection-neoliberalism/1320164620?q=globalization-coming-home-protests-spread-financial-institutions-target-global-north/1319721791)

Shortly before the once-prized economy of … minority of the world’s wealthiest people.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wakeland KD | Judge: Spring, Sarah
Even if we don’t win an alternative, we control uniqueness—Zapatistas are organizing against neoliberalism now.
Stahler-Sholk (Professor Department of Political Science Eastern Michigan University)  07 (Richard, “Resisting Neoliberal Homogenization: The Zapatista Autonomy Movement”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 2)
In the documentary ?Zapatista! There is a scene in which the ski-
AND
protagonists struggling for the right to define themselves culturally, socially, and politically

Neoliberal engagement in the Americas ensures structural violence, environmental collapse and insecurity.  Our impact subsumes the case.

Jorge NEF Director of Latin American and Caribbean Studies @ South Florida ‘8 “Insecurity, Development, and Democracy” in Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean eds. Harris and Nef p. 142-147

Thus, from a long-range structural perspective, social upheavals, some of
AND
security and the well-being of the vast majority of its peoples.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 6 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Copenhaver, Roger
No link and turn- Nietzsche was a fierce critic of Nazism and his attack on morals is key to destabilizing support for totalitarian regimes.
Jacob Golomb, professor of philosophy at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Robert S. Wistrich Neuberger Professor of Modern European and Jewish History at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 2k1
(“Nietzsche’s Politics, Fascism, and the Jews.” Journal of Nietzsche Studies. V.30. p.305-321) 

But what of Nietzsche’s famous…relevant to our own time.

Turn- our kritik is not an apology for domination- totalitarian regimes are infused with reactive forces and ressentiment
Deleuze 1990 (Gilles, Prof of Phil at U of Vincennes, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, p.xvi-xvii)

The two great human reactive concepts, …a flash of lightning.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Titcher, Morgan
4- Commodification- their call for the ballot in the name of the suffering merely serves their own selfish aims- it reproduces a form of “minority discourse” that is always already recreates exploitation.
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)

For "third world" intellectuals, … wretched of the earth.

Death’s inevitable and no impact-it’s merely a question of how we live our life.
Preston and Dixon 7 – Rio Hondo College AND Minnesota State Community and Technical College
(Ted and Scott, “Who wants to live forever? Immortality, authenticity, and living forever in the present”, Int J Philos Relig (2007) 61:99–117, dml)
Get used to believing that death is nothing …intrinsic bads for him or her” (Ibid, p. 135).

Turn- our kritik is not an apology for domination- totalitarian regimes are infused with reactive forces and ressentiment
Deleuze 1990 (Gilles, Prof of Phil at U of Vincennes, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, p.xvi-xvii)

The two great human reactive concepts, … Dionysus, a flash of lightning.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bingham | Judge: Phillips, Scott
Structures based on exploitation cannot be amended – only torn down. The permutation doesn’t access any of the alternative because it puts the cart before the horse - the process of tearing down will reveal new desires and needs in the undercommons.
Halbertstam 13
Jack Halberstam, Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California, Foreword to “The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study¶ Stefano Harney and Fred Moten”¶ ISBN 978-1-57027-267-7

It ends with love, exchange, …being in the break.

The aff is incompatible with the alternative – in encountering the other there is a binary choice to accumulate knowledge with the other or to allow for their opacity. The perm fails to allow opacity unless it severs the 1AC’s commitment to accumulating knowledge about the other through historical trauma. This project ensures that the 1AC lays the other bare to the colonial gaze.
Hantel 12
Max, Phd Candidate at Rutgers Dept. of Gender and Womens’ Studies, “Errant Notes on a Caribbean Rhizome,” Rhizomes » Issue 24 (2012) » Max Hantel http://www.rhizomes.net/issue24/hantel.html

Errantry is rooted …and rootlessness.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame DP | Judge: Heidt, Jenny
Court practicing restraint – liberal rulings cause massive backlash.
Mirengoff 10 (Attorney in Washington, D.C, A.B., Dartmouth College J.D., Stanford Law School, The Federalist Society Online Debate Series, http://www.fed-soc.org/debates/dbtid.41/default.asp)

The other thing I found interesting was the degree to which Democrats used the hearings
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president at that time, he likely will receive some of the blame.

Health care proves:  Republicans will rally against Supreme Court decisions they oppose:
Fox News Latino, 2012 6/28/2012 (“Supreme Court Upholds Health Care Reform Law in Big Win for Obama,” http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2012/06/28/supreme-court-obama-health-care-reform-act-is-constitutional/, rwg)
Republicans immediately cast the Supreme Court decision as a wake-up call for Americans
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of basic health care to millions of Americans without access to medical attention. 

Conservatives will push other branches of Congress to reverse unpopular Supreme Court decisions:
Steffi Porter, 2012 6/28/2012 (staff writer, “Conservative groups denounce Supreme Court ruling on ‘ObamaCare’” Porter  http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/06/conservative-groups-denounce-supreme-court-ruling-on-obamacare/, Accessed 7/26/2012, rwg)
Conservative opponents of “ObamaCare” were not happy to hear that the Supreme Court
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legacy of debt to our children with trillions of dollars in new spending.”

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Mulholand, Rob
6. There’s no net benefit – an intellectual endorsement alone is key- that means we don’t need an alt.
Cheeseman and Bruce 96 (Graeme Cheeseman ,Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)

This goal is pursued in ways which … not to understand them, and why?

You are not a policy-maker and pretending you are absolves individual responsibility for violence— this ensures the aff’s impacts are inevitable and is an independent reason to vote neg
Kappeler 95  Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11
We are the war' does not …therefore subject to human control. 12 

The obsessive focus on nuclear war is an extortion attempt that robs us of value to life by locking us into nuclear shelters
 Baudrillard 86 Jean, America, Translated by Chris Turner, Pages 40-44
 Everywhere survival has …blackmail and life can go on.  

The permutation cannot decide between idealism and realism: it attempts to break free of the security dilemma but at the same time constructs the state as the legitimate keeper of the peace. This oscillation and its illusion of hope generates a tremendously powerful security discourse that results in intolerable barbarism.
Walker 97 (R.B.J., professor of political science at the University of Victoria, editor of the journal Alternatives, Critical Security Studies, ed. Keith Krause and Michael Williams, pg. 73-75)
State sovereignty defines what peace can be …, but it would be.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Marks AS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mike
Economic engagement is distinct from diplomatic engagement
Derrick 98 (Robert, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “ENGAGEMENT: THE NATIONS PREMIER GRAND STRATEGY, WHO'S IN CHARGE?,” 1998, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA342695)

Economic engagement covers a wide range of programs. Financial incentives are an effective engagement
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a few examples of how the US uses these powers to stay engaged.
Plan is diplomatic
Derrick 98 (Robert, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “ENGAGEMENT: THE NATIONS PREMIER GRAND STRATEGY, WHO'S IN CHARGE?,” 1998, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA342695)

Military    Diplomatic    Economic
CJCS Exercises    State Recognition   Agcy for Intl Devi
Depl for Trng (DFT)   Presidential Visits   Econ Spt Fund (ESF)
Intl Mil Ed and Tr (IMET)   Demarshe    Fgn Mil Sales (FMS)
Counterdrug Spt (CD)   Treaties and    Health Aid
Mobile Tr Teams (MTT)   Agreements

French never suggests NTR as an actual policy action. Here’s her policy proposals from the same section she discusses NTR.
French, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba” http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

TRADE:  Policy options:¶ 61) Using existing executive¶ branch authority, license
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.S. economy of current trade and investment restrictions relating to Cuba.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: McDonough RE | Judge: Kersch, Brian
The K outweighs- 84 Billion animals die every year for human pleasure, an ongoing genocide that dwarfs any amount of human suffering—any attempts to claim primacy for human suffering recreate human suffering and are a new link.
Best 07, (Steven, PhD, Associate Professor, Departments of Humanities and Philosophy, University of Texas @ El Paso, “Charles Patterson, The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V,Issue 2, 2007. http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf).
To give Dr. Martin Luther King a significantly broader reading that extends¶ beyond
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demise of the dinosaurs and 90 of all species on the planet.¶
The 1AC’s Alexander concludes concludes that indifference is commission and sustain the prevailing public consensus.
Alexander-2010- Michelle- former lawyer turn anti-incarceration activist- The New Jim Crow- 221-225
The list could go on, of course, but the point has been made
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employed in the War on Drugs, this result is no freak accident. 

The next link is human rights – the letter they read posits the grounds of opposition on “human rights abuses”, the main card talks about “increased human rights violations” and their smith card speaks of “crimes against humanity”
Moreover the unhighlighted part of the smith card say read concludes that the resistance would culminate in reforging the city in a more human form.
Smith-11
Phillip Smith et al, November 09, 2011-Mexico's Symbol of Drug War Resistance Says It's Our Fight, Too FEATURE- Online-
At the 2011 International Drug Policy Reform Conference in Los Angeles last weekend, one
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crimes against humanity because they are done by our governments," he said.
The brutalization and racialization of black populations is horrific but there is an important divergence – they were never served on a plate and eaten – the ethics of eating should be the starting point of impact calculus
PUGLIESE ’13 (Joseph, Research Director, MMCCS @ Macquarie U., State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones, pp. 44-45)
gender modified
In his profound meditation on ‘the caesura between the human and the animal’ as
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non-negotiable claim to the human: they could not be eaten.
The root cause of Black slavery is the domestication of animals, implanting violence into the heart of human society. It provided models and technologies for dehumanization and control, from castration to branding.
Best 06, (Steven, “Rethinking Revolution: Animal Liberation, Human Liberation, and the Future of the Left,” The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution.htm).
The animal perspective offers crucial insights into the nature of power and domination. Any
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crisis haunting the human community and its troubled relationship to the natural world.

That’s a prerequisite to morality—it must center itself around the question of global human suicide- that’s a sequencing issue--reason they don’t get the perm.
Kochi and Ordan 08, (Tarik, Queen’s University, and Noam, Bar Illan University, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity” Borderlands Vol. 7 No. 3. www.border lands.net .au).
However, is the form of reflection offered by Hawking broad or critical¶ enough
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of moral thought, already.¶ What survives when humans no longer exist?¶ 

Their claims are wrong and justify mass violence- humans have the capability for reflection—the biological imperative always already takes place within certain claims about the good.
Kochi 09, (Tarik, “Species War: Law, Violence and Animals,” Law, Culture and the Humanities, 5:353. http://lch.sagepub.com/content/5/3/353)
One response to the comments so far might be to reject the notion of¶
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value established¶ by religious theories of creation or scientific theories of evolution.¶ 

Infinite Deferral DA-
Humes 08 (Brandy Humes, Masters of Education from the Feminist Approaches to Social Justice inEducation program at the University of British Columbia and a Bachelor of Environmental Studies from York University, 08  Moving Toward a Liberatory Pedagogy for all Species:  Mapping the Need for Dialogue Between Humane and Anti-Oppressive Education
Upon my first reading, I felt immediately inspired by anti-oppressive theory.
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cracks of who gets counted as oppressed in most pedagogical? circles.

Foot-noting DA-
Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK”, http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/) MD
Yet, the limitations of the rights of nature discourse must also be borne in
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tradition which was foundational to the global environmental crisis in the first place.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows NB | Judge: Johnson, Tony
We started with a story from George Orwell's 1984.

We encourage indifference and carelessness in a world inherently characterized by insecurity in an attempt to reclaim joy from the affirmative’s world of paranoid tiptoeing.
James Der Derian 3 is a Watson Institute research professor of international studies (Brown University), 1993, The Political Subject of Violence, (http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html), 

Nietzsche transvalues both Hobbes's …accord the tribe new advantages and new strength.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine DN | Judge: Saiedian, Ideen
5
We are on the brink of another fiscal crisis – the plan disrupts the progress being made on a deal. Current negotiations as spending items are taken off the table adding new spending would break that –
Rosen et al Dec 4
(James, Chad Pergram, Mike Emanuel, 12-4-13, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/12/04/crunch-time-congress-running-up-against-partial-shutdown-deadline-again/, “Crunch Time: Congress running up against partial shutdown deadline, again”, twm)

Oct. 17, 2013: House Budget Committee Chairman Rep. Paul Ryan,
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Md., House Democrats' top negotiator. "The negotiations work by subtraction."
A deal will get done because both sides are working on smart spending cuts but that could fall apart. It will happen in the next few days and will be fast tracked because of the advance approval of Boehner and Reid. That plan will save defense, education and medical research programs.
Rosen et al Dec 4
(James, Chad Pergram, Mike Emanuel, 12-4-13, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/12/04/crunch-time-congress-running-up-against-partial-shutdown-deadline-again/, “Crunch Time: Congress running up against partial shutdown deadline, again”, twm)

A Ryan spokesman said the congressman "is committed to finding common ground. He
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some tax loopholes, but is said to understand that that is unlikely.
Missing this deadline will crush US leadership – risking conflict in the Middle East and East Asia, nuclear proliferation, the use of chemical weapons, embolden our adversaries. We will be seen as lurching from financial crisis to crisis underming the perception of our reliability.
Hormats former undersecretary of state for economic growth, energy, and the environment 13
(Robert, 10-17-13, “The Fire Next Time Why another debt crisis would be a national security disaster.”,  http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/17/the_fire_next_time, twm)

Since the founding of our republic, America's leaders have recognized the close links between
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thereby undermining the country's national security with potentially major long-term consequences. 

That causes war.
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

Tournament: Cal | Round: Triples | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Wren, Woodhead, and Fitz
Promotion of biotech assistance traps the Global South into a neoliberal model of ever-greater debt to multinational corporations while destroying their environment- distrust their appeals to science- they’ve been corrupted by monetary incentive.
Hatfield 09, (Leslie, Senior editor, GRACE Foundation “Biotech FAIL: Bad Science, Worse Faith and Superweeds.” Huffington Post. June 4, 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/leslie-hatfield/biotech-fail-bad-science_b_211601.html).
As we followed here with interest, ..of non-compliant scientists."
The WTO is the crown jewel of neoliberal globalization – its an epistemic community with blinders to its negative effects – ensures the aff produces structural violence and error replication
Asia Pacific Research Network 13
(The Asia Pacific Research Network (APRN) was established in 1998 as a result of networking including a number of conferences in 1997, where the objective to channel and focus the efforts of NGO research towards supporting the need for information, education and advocacy of grassroots organizations was recognized by a number of key Asian research organizations or non-government organizations with established research departments, April 22, 2013. CSOs expose the WTO’s Neoliberal Trade Agenda at Research, http://aprnet.org/index.php/component/content/article/126-trade-a-development/515-csos-expose-the-wtos-neoliberal-trade-agenda-at-research-conference . SHO)
Mr. Sonny Africa, Executive …by local and multinational companies.”

IPR rights specifically to disease has caused massive amount of violence and has made it harder for people to survive disease
Ifeanyi EZEONU “Crimes of Globalization: Health Care, HIV and the Poverty of Neoliberalism in Sub-Saharan Africa*” International Journal of Social Inquiry Volume 1 Number 2 2008 pp. 113-134, . Ezeonu received his B.Sc. (Honours) from the Anambra State University of Technology (now, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria), M.Phil. from the University of Cambridge, England, M.A. from the University of Leeds, England and Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. He has published on issues of social and economic justice in Sub-Saharan Africa. His present research interests include: gang violence, racialised crime, the social construction of crime, transnational crime, environmental crime in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, and contemporary African Diaspora.)

The conditions created by the …not to access treatment (Engberg- -Pedersen et al, 1996). 

Food security is a problem of distribution, not production-  IP, monopolistic practices, and the global neoliberal order are alt causes.
Oguamanam 11, (Chidi, L.B (Ife); BL (Lagos); LLM (Lagos); LL.M, Ph.D. (British Columbia), Associate Professor at University of Ottawa. “Toward a Constructive Engagement: Agricultural Biotechnology as a Public Health Incentive in Less-developed Countries.” February 2011. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001andcontext=chidi_oguamanam).
b) Boost in Global Food …less-developed countries.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Des Moines HP | Judge: Nielson, Toni
Food security is a problem of distribution, not production-  IP, monopolistic practices, and the global neoliberal order are alt causes.
Oguamanam 11, (Chidi, L.B (Ife); BL (Lagos); LLM (Lagos); LL.M, Ph.D. (British Columbia), Associate Professor at University of Ottawa. “Toward a Constructive Engagement: Agricultural Biotechnology as a Public Health Incentive in Less-developed Countries.” February 2011. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001andcontext=chidi_oguamanam).
b) Boost in Global Food Production … especially in less-developed countries.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame DP | Judge: Heidt, Jenny
*1NC*
Incorporating international law prevents the US democratic model from spreading globally
McGinnis 6 (John O., Professor of Law at Northwestern and former deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel at the Department of Justice, Albany Law Review, Symposium: “Outsourcing Authority?” Citation to Foreign Court Precedent in Domestic Jurisprudence: Contemporary Foreign and International Law in Constitutional Construction, June, 69 Alb. L. Rev. 801)

Finally, one might argue that a nation should follow raw international law to take
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may preclude similar gifts that American exceptionalism might still deliver to the world.

The failure to submit to democratic accountability threatens global survival.
Carl Boggs, National University, 1997, Theory and Society, December, Volume 26, Number 6, p. 773-4

The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series
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embodiment of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.

*2NC*
US democratic model is better than Ilaw—it’s key to global democracy, trade and stability
McGinnis and Somin 7 (John O., Professor of Law at Northwestern and former deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel at the Department of Justice, and Ilya, Assistant Professor of Law at George Mason University, Stanford Law Review, “Should International Law be Part of Our Law?” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, Lexis)

In addition to having a strong incentive to contribute to the production of international public
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even from the perspective of foreigners.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Des Moines HP | Judge: Nielson, Toni
Science diplomacy places targeted countries in an economic straitjacket – it’s the velvet glove for the iron fist.

John DRYZEK Prf. Research School @ Australian Nat’l ‘6 “Transnational Democracy in an Insecure World” Internaitonal Political Science Review 27 (2) p. 110-112

At the discourse level, US actions and …more democratic engagement of discourses.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Titcher, Morgan
Their moralism without morality produces its opposite the inverse of whatever form of ethics the affirmative purports to stand for—their righteous grand-standing is for nihilistic hatred of life.
Wendy Brown, Political Theory @ UC Berkeley, 2k1
(Politics Out of History. P 23-24
From this account, moralism would appear to be a .. righteous political principle.

The Affirmative’s project of liberal proselytizing is a mission whose terminal goal is the effacing of difference- the apparent universality of humanity and a naturalistic morality function as a guise for the universalization of the polis. The loving embrace of the 1AC is one that will squeeze us to death- those who refuse the civilizing gesture of the affirmative get the brotherly treatment of exclusionary violence.
Rasch 2003 (William, Prof of Germanic Studies @ Indiana University, “Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy”, Cultured Critique 54) Tyler 

Though he favorably opposes … by exerting brotherly correction.

The liberal rights project codifies a permanent state of victimhood into politics – the identity of the suffering subject is posited in opposition to a neutral State.
Brown 1995 (Wendy, Prof of Women’s Studies @ UC Santa Cruz, “States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity,” p. 26-7)

There is a second and related …that these essays are written.

Tournament: Cal | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Hodgeman, Oddo, and Gannon Pablo
Reject their role of the ballot cannot position itself in exteriority to power because it is reactive to it – this pure negation masks domination through a false sense of empowerment.  Turns case.
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley
(Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3)
For some, fueled by opprobrium ..the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater –We don’t endorse nietzsche’s sexism, but his critical approach is essential to a feminism that doesn’t collapse into resentiment.
Rebecca Stringer, PhD Candidate in Political Science—Australian National University, 2000
Why Nietzsche Still? Reflections on Drama, Culture, and Politics, ed. Alan d. Schrift _{p. 261-3}

Thus Ellen Kennedy, who … formed and earns the capacity to form itself.

Inclusion politics sound good on paper but when actualized they presuppose an authentic democratic kernel to which the marginalized groups of society are just tacked on. There is nothing inherently INCLUSIVE about inclusion politics- reclassification and dichotomization turn your case
Dhamoon, Political Science @ the University of British Columbia, 2k5 (Rita, “Beyond Inclusion Politics: Reconstitution the Political Order,” available online)

Inclusion is generally presented as …and reclassifying the Othered.

Commodification- their description that quote “Cuba experiences oppression” as a reason discussing the aff is key merely serves their own selfish aims- this call for the ballot reproduces a form of “minority discourse” that is always already recreates exploitation.
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)

For "third world" intellectuals, … one is helping to save the wretched of the earth.

5) Their criticism of the status quo is indistinction from an infatuation with the Grand March—The affirmative’s reverent condemnation of suffering and oppression is no more a front for their own infatuation with taking a moralistic stand—their project is not politics, but kitsch which can only manifest itself as life denying moralism.
Alan White, Philosophy at Williams College, 1990
Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth, http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL20web/Without20frames.htm

The fantasy of the Grand March … This aesthetic ideal is called kitsch.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Leland VV | Judge: Thiele, Chris
Autonomous peasant movements are key to restore agency to the global south – Zapatistas prove
Stahler-Sholk (Professor Department of Political Science Eastern Michigan University)  07 (Richard, “Resisting Neoliberal Homogenization: The Zapatista Autonomy Movement”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 2)
In the documentary ?Zapatista! There is ...culturally, socially, and politically

Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cyprus Valley VB | Judge: Kall, Aaron
1
A. Economic engagement is a long term process of increasing economic contacts and interdependence in multiple-areas to influence the political behavior of a state
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a …, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.