Tournament: TOC 2014 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Varney, Sam
the pedagogical method of the 1AC is rooted within a deeply anthropocentric framework.
Russell and Bell 2k, (Constance L. and Anne C, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn.” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000): 188–203. 

Poststructuralist theories have provided a discursive
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share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).¶ 

The affirmative’s focus on the horrors of human suffering strengthens the boundary of personhood—it’s an expansion of the circle of humanity that will never extend to the animal because the human/subhuman distinction is one that happens on the back of the always nonhuman animal.
Deckha 10, (Maneesha, “The Subhuman as a Cultural Agent of Violence,” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 3, 2010 (ISSN1948-352X), http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf).
One of the organizing narratives of western thought and the institutions
AND
or equivalent to slavery; and 3) the laws of war. ¶ 

Anthropocentrism is the root cause of warfare, hierarchy, and atrocity—beginning with domestication of animals 11,000 years ago, it institutionalized cruelty and detachment, cutting off our kinship with the natural world and provided the mental analogies of control and domination that were mapped onto human societies.
Patterson 02, (Charles, “Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust,” Lantern Books; 1st Ed. edition (February 2002), p. 11, Kindle Edition).
Since violence begets violence, the enslavement
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them but by the hand of tyranny."37¶ 

And it leads to omnicide through environmental destruction- the raising and slaughter of farm animals requires ever-increasing amounts of land and resources—causes global warming.
Best 06, (Steven, “Rethinking Revolution: Animal Liberation, Human Liberation, and the Future of the Left,” The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution.htm).
Since the fates of all species on this planet are
AND
projects that must be fought for as one.

We offer no alternative in the traditional sense—rather, we performatively challenge the value of human life. The thought experiment of global human suicide opens up a space for dialogic education and the only possibility of ethical action freed from the straitjacket of modernity.
Kochi and Ordan 08, (Tarik, Queen’s University, and Noam, Bar Illan University, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity” Borderlands Vol. 7 No. 3. www.border lands.net .au).
We draw attention to this
AND
, worth the denial of life¶ to others?

Tournament: Alta 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High SJ | Judge: Conklin, Elyse
Agricultural biotech - Sterility, guaranteeing extinction.
Institute for Responsible Technology 11, (The Institute for Responsible Technology is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization. “10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs.” Aug 18, 2011. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/10-Reasons-to-Avoid-GMOs).
. GMOs contaminate?forever. GMOs cross pollinate and their seeds can travel.
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damage that produces new toxins, allergens, carcinogens, and nutritional deficiencies.

Agricultural biotech kills bioD.
Institute for Responsible Technology 11, (The Institute for Responsible Technology is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization. “10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs.” Aug 18, 2011. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/10-Reasons-to-Avoid-GMOs).
8. GMOs harm the environment.
GM crops and their associated herbicides can harm birds, insects, amphibians, marine
AND
California, threatening to pass on its herbicide tolerant genes on to weeds.

Biotechnology undermines food security.
Oguamanam 11, (Chidi, L.B (Ife); BL (Lagos); LLM (Lagos); LL.M, Ph.D. (British Columbia), Associate Professor at University of Ottawa. “Toward a Constructive Engagement: Agricultural Biotechnology as a Public Health Incentive in Less-developed Countries.” February 2011. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001andcontext=chidi_oguamanam).
From the above overview of food security, it is possible that agricultural biotechnology has
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of necessity, agricultural biotechnology’s impact on public health would be potentially negative.

Tournament: MBA 2013 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Grellinger, Adam
The logic of territorial geopolitics is constructed and constitutive – it underlies a system of control and spatialization. This is not merely an academic concern, geographical language when deployed in the service of politics has unique ramifications and political effects on the construction of knowledge.
Dalby 00 (Professor of Political Science and Chair of International Governance at the International Studes Association, CIAONet 41th Annual Convention of the ISA )
Geopolitics is a term now commonly used to refer to great power rivalries and the
AND
of geopolitical reasoning on simple ideological grounds understood (Ó Tuathail, 1996).

The affirmative’s invocation of the nation-state is neither objective nor benign – their uncritical acceptance of the modern geopolitical map effaces historical violence and legitimates the authority of violent cartographies.
Shapiro 97 (Michael J. Shapiro, Prof. Poli Sci @ U of Hawaii, “Violent Cartographies,” pp. 15-6)

Michel Foucault put the matter of geographic partisanship succinctly when he noted that "territory
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of approved sovereignties, it is the primary force determining recognized political subjectivity.

The impact is global and unending warfare – the strategic deployment of territorial nationalism is the root cause of armed conflict.
Shapiro 97 (Michael J. Shapiro, Prof. Poli Sci @ U of Hawaii, “Violent Cartographies,” pp. 141-2)

As I showed in my reading of Clausewitz in chapter 2, the outward aiming
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the practice and make it the primary mode of national self-recognition.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge: Struth, Matt
Like a castle in the sand, the affirmative’s regime of (geopolitical/ecological/economic) sovereignty will inevitably be swept away by the tides of finitude. The quest for infinite longevity, i.e. attempting to fortify the state against a host of indefinite catastrophes, is nothing but childish egotism imposed on a global level, the drive to build a bigger castle made into the genocidal telos of our foreign policy endeavours. The reality is that this security is impossible, not because the Chinese, Russians, honeybees, etc are out to get us, but because there is nothing to secure in the first place. There is no ego, no soul, no transcendental duality at the heart of existence: there is only transformation. Nothing endures and everything dies, it’s simply a question of orientating ourselves towards this impermanence rather than attempting to abolish it.
                     
Der-Lan Yeh 2006 (Theresa, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Center for Teaching and Learning Development, Taiwan, “THE WAY TO PEACE: A BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE,” International Journal of Peace Studies 11, no. 1)
Buddhism, being a religion with a claim of the reality of existence, has
AND
and¶ war, which prevents human beings to live a peaceful life.

Using technology to master the world presupposes the existence of an incomplete self that must achieve mastery over the world around us to achieve completion – this ignores the ultimate reality that there is no self – the prior question is reorienting our relationship towards technology
Loy 3 – card-carrying Buddhist
(David, Technology and Cultural Values: on the edge of the third millennium, pp.176-187, dml)

 According to Buddhism, this ego-self is illusory
AND
desire for profit or competitive advantage.

The obsession with growth is nothing but a projection of internal dissatisfaction onto the economic sphere – growth can never perfect itself which means that the aff creates eternal restlessness and violence in pursuit of a prosperity that is fundamentally unattainable – causes serial policy failure
Loy 10 – card-carrying Buddhist
(David, “Healing Ecology”, Journal of Buddhist Ethics Volume 17, 2010, pg 253-267, dml)

When we ask the question in this way, I believe that the answer becomes apparent: it’s our obsession with never-ending “progress” and growth
AND
Ironically, if predictably, this has not been providing the sense of security and meaning that we seek. We have become more anxious and confused, not less.


The impact is interminable psychological agony that outweighs death itself.
Schopenhauer No Date (Arthur, philosopher, “On the Suffering of the World,” http://www.graycadence.com/OntheSufferingoftheWorld.pdf.)
Unless suffering is the direct and immediate object of life, our existence must entirely fail of its aim.
AND
 it is the only one which presents no trace whatever of any belief in the immortality of the soul.

Thus, we advocate the Noble Eightfold Path, a process of ethical and mental transformation that culminates in the cessation of all suffering:
Knierim 2006 (Thomas, Buddhist, “The Noble Eightfold Path,” http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/eightfoldpath.html.)

The Noble Eightfold Path describes the way to the end of suffering, as it
AND
practice it becomes natural to apply elevated levels concentration also in everyday situations.

The alternative is the only way to solve the aff’s impacts - until we emancipate ourselves from the fetters of the ego, war and suffering will be inevitable.
Der-Lan Yeh 2006 (Theresa, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Center for Teaching and Learning Development, Taiwan, “THE WAY TO PEACE: A BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE,” International Journal of Peace Studies 11, no. 1).
Buddhists believe that the Buddha (meaning “the awakened”) awakened to the¶
AND
constant¶ changing nature of all the possible causal forces in this world.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Velto, Gaston, Gliniecki
CIR is a priority issue, Obama’s investing his capital and pushing passage – a deal is on the horizon
Clift, 10/25 Eleanor, Daily Beast, “ Obama, Congress Get Back to the Immigration Fight”, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/25/obama-congress-get-back-to-the-immigration-fight.html, BJM

 After months of relative quiet on the subject of immigration reform, President Obama
AND
where Republicans once again are on the wrong side of history and demography.    

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Visa limits send a signal that crushes international cooperation essential to space science – certainty is key
Abbey and Lane 5 (George, Senior Fellow in Space Policy – Baker Institute and Neal, Professor of Physics – Rice University,  “United States Space Policy: Challenges and Opportunities”, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications /wp_aaas_spacePolicy.pdf)

Though these foreign-born individuals are an integral part of the continued success of
AND
report, it is clear that present export control policies should be changed.
Effective space science solves extinction
Killeen 5 (Timothy L., Director – National Center for Atmospheric Research, “NASA Earth Science”, CQ Congressional Testimony, 4-28, Lexis)

The first example is probably well known to you. The ozone "holes"
AND
Earth's carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles, and how these cycles intera

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Thiele, Chris
CIR is a priority issue, Obama’s investing his capital and pushing passage – a deal is on the horizon
Clift, 10/25 Eleanor, Daily Beast, “ Obama, Congress Get Back to the Immigration Fight”, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/25/obama-congress-get-back-to-the-immigration-fight.html, BJM

 After months of relative quiet on the subject of immigration reform, President Obama
AND
where Republicans once again are on the wrong side of history and demography.    

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Visa limits send a signal that crushes international cooperation essential to space science – certainty is key
Abbey and Lane 5 (George, Senior Fellow in Space Policy – Baker Institute and Neal, Professor of Physics – Rice University,  “United States Space Policy: Challenges and Opportunities”, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications /wp_aaas_spacePolicy.pdf)

Though these foreign-born individuals are an integral part of the continued success of
AND
report, it is clear that present export control policies should be changed.
Effective space science solves extinction
Killeen 5 (Timothy L., Director – National Center for Atmospheric Research, “NASA Earth Science”, CQ Congressional Testimony, 4-28, Lexis)

The first example is probably well known to you. The ozone "holes"
AND
scale climate change; and the reactions of ecosystems to simultaneous multiple stresses.

Tournament: Alta 2013 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Allen, Sam
The 1AC is a performance of tragedy. Epic, universal harms are represented in widely known impact cards which serve as masks for the performer.  
Zupancic 07 – this eveidence is gender paraphrased
(Alenka, Professor of philosophy and psychoanalysis at European Graduate School, The Odd One In, pg 25-28)

If we link the historical and the structural perspectives, the “birth of tragedy
AND
itself (and precisely as movement, this universal is also the subject).

In framing the plan as an urgent need for correcting the status quo’s discontents, the aff presents us with a bio-moral framing of reality – that dissatisfaction or unhappiness should be suppressed with a positive, can-do attitude. Biomorality enables new and increasingly vicious forms of oppression that disempower activism and is resolvable only through laughter.
Zupancic 07 (Alenka, Professor of philosophy and psychoanalysis at European Graduate School, The Odd One In, pg 4-6)

Let me say immediately that this book does not share the ideological coordinates of this
AND
the theme of private life, as well as of lifestyles and habits.

No UQ we are losing the cold war now
Onion 3
http://www.theonion.com/articles/the-ban-on-travel-to-cuba,14638/
The House of Representatives recently voted to end the decades-old restriction prohibiting travel
AND
tyrant Batista is returned to its rightful mob owners.” David Berman – Paramedic

Telecommunications are on the brink which causes extinction
Onion 8
http://www.theonion.com/articles/americans-may-send-cell-phones-to-cuba,15470/
President Bush announced that people living in the United States will soon be allowed to
AND
the aerials get easily twisted in tree branches.” Will Elliott – Employment Counselor

Internal link turn- Cuba is capitalist
Onion 10  
http://www.theonion.com/articles/cuba-going-capitalist,18096/

Less than a week after the publication of an interview in which Fidel Castro allegedly
AND
just about to send off some resumés to Cuba."” Matt Bloczynski – Unemployed

Clown play allows a performer to move freely between reality and fantasy, creating an indeterminate liminoid space outside of linear reality. This allows critique to engage tragedy and trauma in a way that restores value to life.
Peacock 09 – evidence is gender-paraphrased
Louise, phd and professor at University of Hull, Serious Play: Modern Clown Performance
http://agriran.persiangig.com/document/Ebook20Free20Samples/3-20Sample20of20Art.pdf

Turner is an anthropologist but his focus on ritual as performance means that his theories
AND
potential place where reality and fantasy meet in the play of the clown.

We must embrace tragic optimism in the face of insurmountable anguish and hardship – use your ballot to affirm our hilarious inability to solve the aff’s impacts
Frankl 1946 (Viktor, holocaust survivor, neurologist and psychiatrist, founder of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis, “The Case for a Tragic Optimism,” postscript to the regrettably gendered “Man’s Search for Meaning.”)
Let us first ask ourselves what should be understood by “a tragic optimism.”
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capable of. ¶ And since Hiroshima we know what is at stake.

Tournament: Notre Dame 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Downtown Magnet GS | Judge: Ziering
The latest convention report identified gaps in Mexico’s compliance and issued corrective recommendations.
Heimann and Dell 12
Fritz Heimann and Gillian Dell, Chairman, Transparency International USA and Programmes Manager, Global Programmes, Transparency International, " EXPORTING CORRUPTION?¶ COUNTRY ENFORCEMENT OF THE ¶ OECD ANTI-BRIBERY CONVENTION ¶ PROGRESS REPORT 2012” http://poderciudadano.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2012_ExportingCorruption_OECDProgress_EN.pdf
MEXICO¶ LITTLE ENFORCEMENT. No cases and two investigations. Share of world exports
AND
a public information system regarding enforcement of¶ international anti-corruption conventions.

Following OECD recommendations reduces corruption
Ferreira et al 13
Luciano Vaz Ferreira1, Fabio Costa Morosini2, Professor of Law. Juridic assessor of the Secretariat of Justice and Human Rights of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil , and 2 Professor of Law at the Faculty of Law of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, “THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW IN BUSINESS: LEGAL CONTROL OF CORRUPTION DIRECTED TO TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS,” Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations, Jan-Jun 2013

After signing the OECD treaty, the institution began to issue recommendations in order to
AND
law, is a positive aspect because it allows the multiplicity of experiences.

There is no upside to corruption; it erodes stability and growth.
Heimann et al 06
By Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann,  Chairman, Transparency International USA , Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006, “The Long War Against Corruption,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61705/ben-w-heineman-jr-and-fritz-heimann/the-long-war-against-corruption

Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that
AND
barrier to international development -- systemic misappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley MJ | Judge: Tallungan
PTX
A clean debt ceiling bill will pass in both chambers of congress, despite the conservative effort to court disaster.
The Business Insider September 25, 2013
(The Business com/ Delivered by Newstex)
 We've run a couple1 of stories2 this morning about rising panic that Washington will fail to get itself together at the last minute and raise the debt ceiling before Oct. 17.
Our Executive Editor Joe Weisenthal notes: "There is definitely a gap between how
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over his cutting a deal with Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to do so.¶ 

Plan is unpopular – green energy
Ludwig 6/28 (Mike Ludwig, 6/28/13 “Why Big Coal and the Anti-Frackers Are Up in Arms Over Obamas Climate Plan”, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/17272-why-big-coal-and-the-anti-frackers-are-up-in-arms-over-obamas-climate-plan, JG)
President Obama laid out an ambitious national plan to tackle climate change last Tuesday that
AND
be raising this issue at the White House with the president later today."

Political capital is necessary – the budget is the litmus test for Obama
Wolf 9/12/13  (Z. Byron, "Analysis: Is Obama A Winner or Loser on Syria" http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/11/politics/obama-winner-loser-syria/index.html)
The president just seems to be very uncomfortable with being commander in chief of this
AND
help from Putin. He must figure out how to work with Congress.

Failure to raise the debt ceiling has economic ripple effects – investor uncertainty
Masters 13 (Jonathan, Deputy Editor at the Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, jan 2 2013"US Debt Ceiling. Costs and Consequences")
Most economists, including those in the White House and from former administrations, agree
AND
sense of caution in financial markets, with adverse effects on the economy."

Impact is global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Golden Desert 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: McCathrey, KennyKevin
desire is the frontier of politics and the affirmative’s politics is nothing less than the asphyxiation of desire. exalting regulatory power in the name of an omniscient security apparatus infects us with a yearning for servitude that simultaneously banalizes and internalizes fascism. the impact is a global triage that renders all life obsolete
whitehall 2010 (geoffrey, professor of politics at acadia university, “pre-emption, technology and fascism: movement and human logistics,” from the symposium on
????“the biopolitics of development: life, welfare, and unruly populations,” september 9-10, 2010.)
human desire as logistics¶ the very forces that have become the habit of being
AND
as humans fall below the threshold of necessity, logistics continue to work.

neoliberal economics thrive off of the proliferation of sadness and the devaluation of human life – self-annihilation is the logical endpoint of austerity
buchanan 2012 (ian, director of the institute for social transformation research, university of wollongong, founding editor of the deleuze studies journal, “the suicidal state and the state of debate,” interview with michael ely, debate coach at the university of texas at san antonio, kdebate, vol. 1, no. 1, http://kdebate.com/buchanan.html.)
interview questions¶ me: dr. buchanan, first, i want to thank
AND
the very group of people whose reckless cupidity got us into this mess.

instrumental environmentalism presupposes a bifurcation of subject and object that makes ecological violence inevitable
plumwood 2002 (val, ecofeminist, australian research council fellow at the university of sydney, “environmental culture: the ecological crisis of reason,” taylor and francis e-library 2002.)
this puts a different light on the remarkable rash of metaphors present- ing knowledge
AND
vision of the enlightenment, even as its sinister aspects become more apparent.

this melancholy towards death is the obverse of melancholy towards life – the aff’s defense of anxiety as a motivation for action siphons life of its value and cedes politics to a contagious bureaucracy – in other words, stop being so sad!
deleuze and parnet 1987 (philosopher, professor of philosophy at the university of paris, and claire, freelance journalist, “dialogues ii,” translated by hugh tomlinson and barbara habberjam, 2002, 61-62.)
when spinoza says 'the surprising thing is the body ... we do not yet know
AND
of salvation, teaching to soul its life, not to save it.
we offer no ‘alternative’ in the traditional sense, but propose this debate as a testing ground for the reconceptualization of difference and the cultivation of joyous affect. your ballot decides the more enticing affective relationship towards the aff’s impacts.
ruddick 2010 (susan, geography department at the university of toronto, “the politics of affect¶ spinoza in the work of negri and deleuze,” theory, culture and society 2010, vol. 27(4): 21-45.)
to challenge these regimes, the task is to know how to move from the
AND
divergent strategies ^ avoidance or exploration ^ have consequences for our larger politics.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2k
   http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
   Use of a colon before a list
   AND
   colon with a capital letter.

2. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary – 2k www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express probability or expectation

3. The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2k http://encarta.msn.com
“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.”

1. Ground –  a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
   Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
   Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest before there can be a debate.
   AND
   focus on a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

4. Bad Policymaking – Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
AND
 not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
Effective decision-making outweighs---
Key to social improvements in all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence
AND
these decisions through reasoned debate.

AFF DOESN'T MEET ANY OF OUR CRITERIA FOR DECISION MAKING – ITS WEAK DATA

Rosekind 09
Mark R. Rosekind, Ph.D Kevin B. Gregory Alertness Solutions The Moebus Aviation Report on "Scientific and Medical Evaluationof Flight Time Limitations": Invalid, Insufficient, and Risky Alertness SolutionsJanuary 2009 ct

While the extensive scientific literature on
AND
should be the lead issue in addressing all of the questions posed.

YOU CAN VOTE NEG ON PRESUMPTION--ASSUME THE AFF HARMS, SOLVENCY, AND OTHER PREDICTIONS HAVE ZERO EFFECT UNLESS PROVEN WITH STRONG DATA

Zellner 07
Arnold Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Philosophy and objectives of econometrics  Journal of Econometrics Volume 136, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 331-339 ct

On the relation of science and econometrics,
AND
“No effect unless shown otherwise.”

USE YOUR BALLOT TO CREATE INCENTIVES FOR QUANTIFIED research and education over NON-FALSIFIABLE PSYCHO-BABLE THEORY

Coulomb et al 08
FANNY COULOMB University of Grenoble, France KEITH HARTLEY  Centre for Defence Economics, University of York and MioIR, Manchester Business School, UK AND MICHAEL INTRILIGATOR University of California, Los Angeles, USA PACIFISM IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Defence and Peace Economics, 2008 Vol. 19(5), October, pp. 373–386 ct

In this article, we have tried to emphasize
AND
war and so little for peace. 

Jung’s conception of thought and consciousness exclude non-Europeans – he conceptualizes black’s as unconscious, incapable of abstract thought
Farhad Dalal, 88 (Dalal is a psychotherapist at the Minister Centre, “The Racism of Jung” Race and Class, XXIX, 31988)

Thought
 So much for the emotional centre
AND
True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Tournament: Golden Desert 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: McCathrey, KennyKevin
CP Text: The United States federal government should remove Cuba from the State Department’s State Sponsors of Terror List, reduce the restrictions on the financing of Cuba’s purchase of US products by allowing payments made directly to US banks and reduce restrictions on travel by US citizens to Cuba by initially permitting travel for educational and cultural purposes and eventually permitting direct commercial flights from the US to Cuba.
The Counterplan solves best. Immediate action is not feasible politically in either the US or Cuba; the gradual approach taken by the CP solves all aff advantages in the short-run and provides the political and economic stability for full Normalization of Relations in the long-run

Zimmerman, Fellow at the Center for the Study of The Presidency and Congress, 2010 (CHELSEA, “Rethinking The Cuban Trade Embargo: An Opportune ¶ Time To Mend a Broken Policy”, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf)

Elimination of the trade embargo immediately is not a feasible solution, as ¶ such
AND
warrants a gradual revamping through revised regulations and, ultimately, Congressional action.
Immediate economic engagement with the US causes backlash from military and party elites – causes massive instability and progressive and nationalistic reaction
Suchlicki 13, Jaime Suchlicki is director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. He is author of “Cuba: From Columbus to Castro.", 1/14/13,  "Raúl Castro’s Cuba in 2013", www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/14/3178528/raul-castros-cuba-in-2013.html Mollie
After six years in power, Gen. Raúl Castro is unwilling to chart a
AND
For the past 52 years, political considerations have always dictated economic policies.

Causes civil war ensuring multiple conflicts
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074  GWOT=Global War on Terrorism

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
Only the gradual nature of the CP can solve
Sweig and Bustamente, Sr Fellow, Latin America Studies@ CFR and Ph.D. candidate, Latin American history-Yale University, 2013 (Julia and Michael; “Cuba After Communism,” Foreign Affairs. Jul/Aug 2013, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p101-114;
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueanddb=aphandAN=88213870andsite=ehost-liveandscope=site Date accessed 7/13/13)

Of course, as the 1990s proved,
AND
for greater economic and political liberalization.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Gaston, Brian
Heg collapses the economy.
Eland 9 Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute, Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, B.A. Iowa State University, M.B.A. in Economics and Ph.D. in Public Policy from George Washington University (Ivan Eland, “How the US Empire Contributed to the Economic Crisis”, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2498) 

A few—and only a few—prescient commentators have questioned
AND
 the economic distress that is making us poorer.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley MJ | Judge: Tallungan
We advocate the entirety of the 1AC absent the title of their first advantage.

The word “inferno” is rooted in notions of divine judgment
Merriam-Webster No Date
a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell the inferno of war; also : an intense fire : conflagration a raging inferno (continued) Origin of Inferno: Italian, hell, from Late Latin infernus¶ First Known Use: 1834

Christian eschatological rhetoric obfuscates the need for ecological reform by naturalizing planetary destruction as an inevitable facet of the will of god
Guth et al 1995 (James L., political science at Furman University, Faith and the Environment: Religious Beliefs and Attitudes on Environmental Policy, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, No. 2, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111617.)
We must add, however, that conservative Protestants' proclivity for Biblical literalism is a
AND
"has to be purposely set aside in order to justify ecologically responsible action

Tournament: TOC 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge: Mulholland, Rob
We commence with the twisted visions of HP Lovecraft:
H.P. Lovecraft, “At the Mountains of Madness,” http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600031h.html#11.

The sailor Larsen was first to spy the jagged
AND
and unfathomed austral world. (…)

Lovecraft continues:

Both of our torches were turned on the prostrate objects,
AND
! Radiates, vegetables, monstrosities, star spawn--whatever they had been, they were men! 

Lovecraft’s writings provoke us to reassess humanity’s central role in the cosmos by opening us to the possibility of radical inhumanity. The cosmological monstrosities of Lovecraftian horror inure to us the transience of reason, the futility of science, and the ultimate insignificance of the human animal. Sooner or later, the cosmos is going to eat us alive.
Yi Lee 2009 (Chia, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures ¶ National Chiao Tung University, “On At the Mountains of Madness ¶ —Enveloping the Cosmic Horror ,” EURAMERICA Vol. 39, No. 1 (March 2009), 1-27,
http://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/123779003014.pdf.)¶
Basically, sections 7 and 8 of At the Mountains relate
AND
It is the condition to which At the Mountains ¶ could be read as opening itself.

Against the incalculable vastness of the universe, the aff’s attempts to confer nature meaning are laughable. Nature cannot be engaged via rational models because it is intrinsically and gratuitously chaotic, immune to any and all impositions of order. You cannot bargain with Cthulhu!
Drenthen 2005 (Martin,  Philosophy and Science Studie, Radboud University of Nijmegen,“Wilderness as a Critical Border Concept: Nietzsche and the Debate on Wilderness Restoration,” Environmental Values, Volume 14, Number 3, August 2005 , pp. 317-337.)
GENDERED LANGUAGE IS NOT COOL.
Underneath Nietzsche?s critique of morality lies an experience
AND
seems to contemplate our contemporary dealings with wild   nature. 

The impact is nihilism. The aesthetic denial of mortality strips us of subjective value and entraps life in a spectacle of aimless rationality. We must embrace the unknowability of the monster as a radical otherness that is commensurable with death itself.  
Pearson 2008 (Keith Ansell, Professor of Philosophy at Warwick, “Spectropoiesis and Rhizomatics: Learning to Live with Death and Demons,” http://deleuze.tausendplateaus.de/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/deleuze-and-demons.pdf.)
If, as Simon Critchley has recently contested,
AND
What if one day or night in the¶ hour of your loneliest loneliness....

Our ethical stance is that the world has already ended and the aff’s impacts are mere indices of the inevitable – even if warming doesn’t kill us all, something else will; the only ethical question is how to affirm life in spite of its cosmic futility
Scranton 2013 (Roy, served in the United States Army from 2002 to 2006, doctoral candidate in English at Princeton University, and co-editor of “Fire and Forget: Short Stories from the Long War, “Learning How to Die in the Anthropocene,” November 10, Opinionator, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/learning-how-to-die-in-the-anthropocene/.)
Geological time scales, civilizational collapse and species
AND
If we want to learn to live in the Anthropocene, we must first learn how to die.

The alternative is a mysticism of the inhuman that dissolves all trappings of anthropocentric mastery – we must embrace cosmic despair as a transformative experience that is prerequisite to dealing with existential risk
Thacker 2011 (Eugene, demonologist and maestro of the occult, also associate professor at The New School, “In the Dust of This Planet,” Zero Books, p. 231-235)
While Underhill’s book is an invaluable study of mysticism
AND
It is a kind of mysticism  that can only be expressed in the dust of this  planet

Horror must be understood poetically or not at all – our introduction of literature into the debate permits a hermeneutic of negation uniquely equipped to cope with ontological uncertainty
Beech 2010 (Amanda, artist and writer, Dean, School of Critical Studies, CalArts, “Knowing Horror,” INCOGNITUM HACTENUS – VOLUME 1.1 – REAL HORROR, http://incognitumhactenus.com/volume-1/.)
First let’s entertain the following description of
AND
is a form of naïve-finitude that harbours a (bad)faith in the infinite.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley MJ | Judge: Tallungan
Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model
Vattimo and Zabala 11
(Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The “Bolivarian Revolution” is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.”
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

The impact is extinction – neoliberalism reduces existence itself to property to be exchanged, producing a drive to a single way of knowing and being – that causes massive structural violence and environmental destruction
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)
Just as resources formerly considered to be commons, or of communal use, were
AND
intensified, totalitarian monoculture of Eurocentric knowledge only lead to destruction and death.

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4
Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9
Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Tournament: MBA 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Malia, Mattew
The insecurities cited by the affirmative are not unique;. Uncertainty and risk are part and parcel of human life. Rather than coming to terms with this, the affirmative encourages us to stay glued to the television screen, stocking up on duct tape and water. At issue is not just life itself but what makes life valuable.
James Der Derian is a Watson Institute research professor of international studies (Brown University), 1993, The Political Subject of Violence, (http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html),

Nietzsche transvalues both Hobbes's and Marx's
AND
to accord the tribe new advantages and new strength. 

The affirmative’s attempt to preserve a harmonic biosphere places a glass coffin over life transforming it into a state of ongoing death—it is precisely the impulse to remove danger which is what has precipitated ecological collapse in the first place
Jean Baudrillard, Sociology—Université de Paris-IX Dauphine, 1994
The Illusion of the End p. 85-88
Note: we do not defend gendered language
The finest example of what the human species
AND
scientific euphoria sustained by drip-feed. 

Economics is metaphysics—their attempt to explain the world in terms of economic calculations empties life of vitality—there is no room for subjectivity within the affirmative worldview.¶
Hugo Reinert, Cambridge University and Erik S. Reinert, Technology Governance and Development Strategies at the Tallinn University of Technology, 2006¶ “Nietzsche and Creative Destruction in Economics,”google¶
 A third example of Nietzsche entering the economics debate is that when criticizing modern
AND
picture and now matter only as metal, no longer as coins.’ 

Attempts to resolve the chaotic aspects of life and avoid suffering require the construction of an ideal world toward which our apparent world aspires. Suffering and antagonism are inevitable aspects of human existence and their focus on the elimination of difference codifies a constant state of emergency into politics.
Saurette 1996 (Paul, Prof of Political Studies @ UOttawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt, and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory” Millenium 25.1)

According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation
AND
fundamental philosophical principle of modernity.

We are forced to obfuscate our joy in the present world in the hopes of reaching the world of our ideals – this is the only world we’ve got and their direction of hatred against it produces creative impotence and infinite resentment.
Turanli 2003 (Aydan, Prof of Humanities and Soc Sciences @ Istanbul Technical Institute, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World” Journal of Nietzsche Studies 26) Tyler

The craving for absolutely general specifications
AND
"to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle" (PI §309).

By refusing to engage in the 1AC’s endorsement of ordering, our alternative embraces an approach of chance and difference. The affirmative occupies the space of the Apollonian statistician- calcifying their policy choices and the terms of their existence through the obsessive and never ending repetition of probabilistic calculations. Voting negative in this context is the affirmation of the process of being and becoming inherent in a single dicethrow- things may not be perfect, but these embraces of difference make life worth living.
Conway 1998 (Daniel, Prof of Philosophy @ Penn State U, “Tumbling Dice: Gilles Deleuze and The Economy of Répétition” symploke 6.1) Tyler

In arriving at this highly original interpretation of eternal recurrence,
AND
that Deleuze locates Nietzsche's "solution" to the problem of affirmation.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Como Park AT | Judge: Phillips, Scott
The aff attempts to make the subaltern visible, undermining opacity. The effort to know and include aids and abets colonization.
Celia M. Britton1999EdouardGlissant and Postcolonial Theory Strategies of Language and Resistance pp. 21-25

Relation as a whole is also intimately connected to another of Glissant's main theoretical concepts
AND
opaque in that it cannot be "read" by the ruling groups.

In rendering the other visible to the colonial gaze, the aff also renders coloniality invisible, dooming any hope of solvency.

Celia M. Britton1999Edouard Glissant and Postcolonial Theory Strategies of Language and Resistance pp. 21-25

 But whereas Glissant interprets this as a form of resistance, for Spivak it
AND
knowledge, and hence the anxiety, that it is trying to suppress.

Opacity creates an open field in which normative hierarchies are dismantled – forgoing the need to comprehend the essential nature of things forgoes the need for purity, allowing a full encounter with multiple interwoven opacities.
Reeves 12
Roger William Reeves, B.A., M.A., M.F.A.¶ Dissertation¶ Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of¶ The University of Texas at Austin¶ in Partial Fulfillment¶ of the Requirements¶ for the Degree of¶ Doctor of Philosophy¶ The University of Texas at Austin¶ December 2012 “Black Western Thought: Toward a Theory of the Black Citizen-Object” http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/19608/reeves_dissertation_20129.pdf?sequence=1

If we take the charge of the last chapter—that we should move away
AND
which is the most perennial guarantee of participation and confluence” (191).

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Velto, Gaston, Gliniecki
Counterplan – The United States department of state should conduct a Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review to consider removing its economic restrictions on Cuba. The United States federal government should implement the Review’s recommendations including any modifications to implementation. We’ll clarify. 

This is the year for Kerry to decide whether or not to do a second QDDR; it’s not normal means and offers a chance to change policy without legislation.
Norris 13
John Norris, Foreign Policy, executive director of the Sustainable Security program at the Center for American Progress, 8/20/2013 “Foggy Bottom Review,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/20/foggy_bottom_review_john_kerry_qddr

When he was a senator, he loved it so much that he thought it
AND
, and the secretary seems to feel a measure of rivalry with Clinton.

QDDR creates a shift to smart power
CSM 10
Christian Science Monitor 12/15/2010, “Hillary Clinton's vision for foreign policy on a tight budget” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/1215/Hillary-Clinton-s-vision-for-foreign-policy-on-a-tight-budget

The revision and reorganization of US diplomatic and development strategies have been eagerly awaited by
AND
,” says Liz Schrayer, executive director of the US Global Leadership Coalition.

Essential to sustain leadership and global security
Hagee 2k9
(General Michael Hagee, former Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps “Testimony of General Michael Hagee United States Marine Corps (Retired),” DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management, pg nexisef)

I believe the balance the Committee is looking for is in the application of "
AND
past and revitalize and rebuild the civilian components of our national security toolbox.
Kerry wants to engage Cuba – he’ll approve the plan
Toronto Star 13
“Cuba, U.S. still at odds despite reforms; ¶ Recent flurry of activity fuels optimism, but old habits die hard” The Toronto Star¶ March 2, 2013 Saturday

Political changes have been even slower to emerge, although a space for peaceful dissent
AND
island and held wide-ranging talks with Castro and other top officials.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central BN | Judge: Berthiaume
raciology must be rejected in all of its manifestations even progressive and non-static understandings of race get at the nature of the problem. The move beyond race is difficult, but necessary – as any conception of racial difference disrupts any attempts to resolve the crisis of raciology.
Gilroy 2K Paul, Professor @ London School of Economics, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line

It is impossible to deny that we are living through a profound transformation in the
AND
is one of the most persuasive cards in this political and ethical suit. 

attempts to reinvent racial aesthetics risk ultraconservative regulation and authoritarianism. race thinking ultimately devolves into who belongs and who does not. Who is the most resistant and who doesn’t make the cut. Worse yet, contributing to the currency of race reinvigorates the logic of racial determinism that justified slavery and violence to begin with. We must insist on the absurdity and failure of race to combat these tendencies.
Gilroy 2K Paul, Professor @ London School of Economics, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line

Where the dangers represented by this historic decline have been recognized, the defense of
AND
This is a delicate situation, and "race" remains fissile material. 

The alternative is to join us in a new abolitionism. 

Abolishing race is something that everyone must participate in. Those once defined as racial master and those defined as slaves must take part in destroying the logic of race that has marginalized our collective possibility as humans unmodified.
Gilroy 2K Paul, Professor @ London School of Economics, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line

Any inventory of the elements that constitute this crisis of raciology must make special mention
AND
make its beneficiaries inhuman even as it deprives its victims of their humanity.

This turns the affirmative into a new elite with exclusive privilege to determine what struggles are truly worth our time—this marginalizes those that are truly oppressed and turns case.
Rene Francisco Poitevin, Doctoral Candidate in Sociology at UC Davis, member of the SR Socialist Review, 2001, Socialist Review, “The end of anti-capitalism as we knew it: Reflections on postmodern Marxism,” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3952/is_200101/ai_n8932891/

First, in the postmodern/post-Marxist world, it is the (
AND
Leninist) nothing short of a new vanguardism on post-structuralist steroids. 

And, capitalism destroys the environment and is the root cause of oppression
Latin America Solidarity Coalition 3 (“Getting to the Roots: Ecology and Environmental Justice”, http://www.lasolidarity.org/papers/enviro.htm)

The globalization of capital and the interweaving of financial and governmental institutions have opened the
AND
and all of its inhabitants, leading to desperation, degradation and suffering.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Velto, Gaston, Gliniecki
Chinese threat construction assumes a knowable and essentially violent Chinese Other—this Western lens makes militarization and conflict inevitable.
Pan 4 (Chengxin, PhD Poli. Sci. and Int’l Relations @ Australian Nat’l U, “The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” in Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature
AND
 (Islam is rather vague, and Iran lacks necessary weights)." (56) 

Bioweapon threats are baseless Bush-era fearmongering meant to consolidate the Western identity as benign in opposition to state-sponsored terrorism.
Loeppke 05 (Rodney, Prof. Int’l Relations and Politics @ U of Sussex, “Bioterrorizing US Policies,” Millennium, Vol 34, Issue 1) Vinay

More specifically in relation to bioterror,
AND
 that prop up this vague yet powerful threat discourse

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Gaston, Brian
The fear of economic insecurity is created by a culture of uncertainty—their scenarios for economic collapse are constructed from a discourse of danger.
de Goede 3 (Marieke, Senior Lecturer Dept European Studies @ U of Amsterdam, “Beyond economism in international political economy,” Cambridge U Press, Review of International Studies, 29 : 79-97)A

While modern risk technologies are still ‘forms of moral regulation’,
AND
often associated with financial crises.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 7 | Opponent: Como Park AT | Judge: Phillips, Scott
This be economic engagement.
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k --- Richard N. Haass, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, former senior aide to President George Bush, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, 2000 (“Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Survival, Volume 42, Number 2, Summer, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf)
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Thiele, Chris
Economic engagement is a long term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies
Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf
The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
AND
chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

The plan is inducement – you have to be trade promotion
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
AND
believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Tournament: Golden Desert 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: McCathrey, KennyKevin
Increase refers to an immediate and direct action not an objective.
HEFC  ’4
(Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/167/167we98.htm# n43)

9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do
AND
. Indeed, the obligation could be considered to be ever-increasing

Violation—Normalization of relations is a not something the plan can fiat. It’s an OBJECTIVE or GOAL the formal designation of NTR which they reference requires fiated actions beyond the scope of the resolution.
French, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba” http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States were to lift its trade embargo against Cuba, this would
AND
years, as both countries would need to adopt statutory and regulatory changes.

Tournament: Notre Dame 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Downtown Magnet GS | Judge: Ziering
Environmental security causes endless war and militarism
Waever 95 (Ole, Senior Researcher at the Center for Peace and Conflict Research, On Security, p. 63-64)

Central to the arguments for the conceptual innovation of environmen¬tal or ecological security41 is its
AND
constrain, limit, and control activities in the name of the environment.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
Psychoanalysis results in fatalism, passivity, and inaction
Gordon 1—Psychotherapist
Paul, Psychoanalysis and Racism: The Politics of Defeat, Race Class 2001 42: 17
The postmodernists' problem is that they
AND
it, need to look elsewhere.

Psychoanalysis is anti-political—blocks the possibility of social action
Homer 96—Lecturer in Psychoanalytic Studies @ U of Sheffield
Sean, PSYCHOANALYSIS, REPRESENTATION, POLITICS: ON THE (IM)POSSIBILITY OF A PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF IDEOLOGY?, The Letter, Summer 1996
Let me just pause here to raise
AND
appear to be seriously in doubt.

Realism is a better approach to international relations its is the most accurate theory
Amin et al 11 – PhD Candidate @ Institute of International Studies, in People’s Republic of China
Musarat, Rizwan Naseer, PhD Candidate @ Institute of International Studies, in People’s Republic of China, Tilak Ishtiaq, MA in IR @ University of Sargodha, Pakistan, “Realism - Dominating Theory in International Relations: An analysis,” Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 7
Realism is sometimes described as dominant theory
AND
dominating theory in international relations.

We should pick and choose wars so that we don’t lose – defeat is worse than their impacts.
Stuhr 8 (John J. Stuhr, Professor of Philosophy at Emory, “A Terrible Love of Hope,” in The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Volume 22, Number 4, MUSE)
I am not suggesting that we cannot
AND
the choice is between victory and defeat

Claims about the inevitability of apocalypse within the current death drive are suspect—their determinism ignores human agency and blocks personal freedom
Gifford 3
 James, PhD Candidate @ U of Alberta, “What Is Žižek So Afraid Of?: Exemplification Against The Existential Hordes”, J Spot: Journal of Social and Political Thought, vol. II, number 1, January, http://www.yorku.ca/jspot/5/jgifford.htm
To reiterate the problem of anxiety here,
AND
equate to commensurate acts or results.

War isn’t natural – political leaders just frame it as such to justify it. Any evidence you present is correlation, not causation.
Stuhr 8 John, Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and American Studies, and Chair, Department of Philosophy, Emory University; “A Terrible Love of Hope,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 22:4
These and related experiences
AND
 sense of the term, educational.

d. War causes psychic casualties – turns the K.
Hillman ‘4 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 62, AM)
The iron will of Mars can endure only so long: "
AND
 slap the soldier to get him back in line.
e. The aff doesn’t actually solve war- there’s no concrete solution to the problem at hand
Heinegg ‘4 (Peter, teaches in the department of humanities at Union College, “The Cult of Ares,” http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=3842, 

Perhaps the only serious flaw in Hillman’s
AND
it’s an invitation that is hard to resist.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central BN | Judge: Berthiaume
a. Key to social improvements in all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible
AND
decisions through reasoned debate.

b. Only portable skill---means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States
AND
or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Tournament: Golden Desert 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Canyon Springs VV | Judge: Eriksen, Kyle
“Engagement” requires increasing economic contacts.
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework
AND
permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Tournament: Alta 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High SJ | Judge: Conklin, Elyse
Turn-Their extinction impact calculus purges life of the exuberance that makes it worth living. Consequentialism’s over-accumulation ensures nuclear extinction as the final sacrifice .
Alan Stoekl 2006, Professor of Comparative Lit at Penn State University
Reading Bataille Now ed. Winnubst p. 258-261

 Bataille's theory, at first, at least, would seem to posit just
AND
hence, perhaps, to the world's (but not modernity's) preservation.

We control probability because war is motivated by rationality.  We must sever the head of the king to avert the ecstatic extinction made inevitable by consequentialist reason.
Wendy C. Hamblet 2005
Canadian philosopher with a specialization in ethics and violence. She teaches
Ethics and Morality, and Political and Social Philosophy at Adelphi University
Peace Review 17:39-45 “mono-cephalic” means “one-headed”

But, at this evolutionary apex, a problem arises in paradise. As the  
AND
those  states whose wars are utterly utilitarian, self-annihilation is imminent. 

The knowledge behind the 1AC excess thrown off by the international system, ensuring plan becomes a way to wage new wars in the name of peace.
Suhail Malik 2006
teaches in the Department of Visual Arts, Goldsmiths College    Theory Culture Society v.23 2-3
Abstract Taking globalization to be in large part a consequence of American domination,
AND
a more vexed problem for globalization under this aegis  than, say, India or Brazil). 

The aff stokes the fires of war. At best their so-called peace will seethe with limitless violence.

Nick Mansfield  2006
Asociate Professor in Critical and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University in Sydney
theory and event  9:4

. Dealing with the enemy becomes a mere extension of police work. In return
AND
. But how are we to theorise this possibly epoch-making development? 

Sacrificing the goods of the 1AC solves extinction.
Hamblet 3 (Wendy, Ph.D. Department of Philosophy, Adelphi University, The sacred monstrous: a reflection on violence in human communities)

Intra-specific aggression is originally an adaptive process, Lorenz explains. It develops
AND
engagement, we are doomed to the biologically just deserts of species extinction.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge: Struth, Matt
a. The ego doesn’t exist – means that there is nothing to die
Patoine 10 – writer for the Dana Foundation cites Jerome Kagan, professor emeritus in psychology at Harvard and Joseph LeDoux, neurobiologist at NYU
(Brenda, “The Unhealthy Ego”, http://www.dana.org/media/detail.aspx?id=29256, dml)

If ego is loosely defined in psychiatric circles, a neural definition is virtually nonexistent. “Ego
AND
, a subregion of the frontal lobe where higher-order cognitive functions are processed.

b., fear of death is another link
Schopenhauer 1818 (Arthur, philosopher, “The World as Will and Idea,” http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38427/38427-h/38427-h.html.)                                               
EDITED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE
At every grade that is enlightened by knowledge, the will appears as an individual
AND
represented by the Sunday, and want by the six week-days.
c. Mindfulness - finding joy in the everyday outweighs and solves any reason that death is bad
Preston and Dixon 7 – Rio Hondo College AND Minnesota State Community and Technical College
(Ted and Scott, “Who wants to live forever? Immortality, authenticity, and living forever in the present”, Int J Philos Relig (2007) 61:99–117, dml)

This outlook is expressed by Nietzsche, and by a variety of Romantic poets.
AND
we shall maintain that there are good reasons to believe that death is, nevertheless, at least often, though not always, worse than its alternative.
d. Presumption - no impact to death
Preston and Dixon 7 – Rio Hondo College AND Minnesota State Community and Technical College
(Ted and Scott, “Who wants to live forever? Immortality, authenticity, and living forever in the present”, Int J Philos Relig (2007) 61:99–117, dml)

Get used to believing that death is nothing to us.
AND
following: “If something is extrinsically bad for a person, then it is bad for him or her because it leads to later intrinsic bads for him or her” (Ibid, p. 135).

It’s try or die for the alt to resolve the aff’s impacts
The Dalai Lama No Date (His Holiness The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, “A human approach to world peace,” http://www.dalailama.com/messages/world-peace/a-human-approach-to-peace.)
Anger plays no small role in current conflicts such as¶ those in the Middle
AND
are obscured by the shadow of selfinterest,¶ particularly in the political sphere ….¶

Short-term gratification and long-term connections are mutually exclusive and they cause extinction
Hagos 9 – writer for Wafrika
(Michael, The Cult Of Having Versus The City Of Being pg 48-49, dml)

The planet is burning. As we have seen, this is very much a
AND
already have been devastatingly enormous)—contrary to our calling as human beings.

Buddhist nonviolence is a pragmatically effective political strategy – Dalai Lama proves that we internal link turn Boggs
Der-Lan Yeh 2006 (Theresa, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Center for Teaching and Learning Development, Taiwan, “THE WAY TO PEACE: A BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE,” International Journal of Peace Studies 11, no. 1).
This absolute insistence on non-violence in the face of violence has incurred criticism
AND
productive¶ without non-violence practiced at all levels of human activities.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier WP | Judge: Herman, David
Warming is real – laundry list – star this card
Arndt et al 10 (D., Quals resized because of length EDITORS Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Johnson, Michael R., NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, Massachusetts Levy, Joel M., NOAA/OAR Climate Program Office, Silver Spring, Maryland Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, US Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Thorne, Peter W., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Watkins, Andrew B., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Willett, Katharine M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom AUTHORS Aceituno, Patricio, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Achberger, Christine, Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothernburg, Sweden Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Aguilar, Enrique, University Rovira I Virgili de Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain Ahmed, Farid H., Météo Nationale Comorienne, Comores Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Allan, Robert J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Alves, Lincoln, Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya Amelie,Vincent, Seychelles Meteorological Services, Seychelles Antonov, John I., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Ashik, Igor, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Attaher, Samar M., Agricultural Research Center, MALR, Cairo, Egypt Baez, Julian, DMH-DINAC / CTA-UCA, Asunción, Paraguay Banda, Joyce, Zimbabwe Meteorological Service, Zimbabwe Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Barriopedro, David, Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Beal, Lisa M., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Miami, Florida Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Belward, Alan S., Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Beszczynska-Moeller, Agnieszka, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Bhatt, Uma S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Bhattacharya, Indrajit, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Bidegain, Mario, Universidad de la República, Uruguay Birkett, Charon, ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service, DWD), WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre on Climate Monitoring, Offenbach, Germany Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Blunden, Jessica, STG, Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Booneeady, Prithiviraj, Mauritius Meteorological Services, Vacoas, Mauritius Bowling, Laura C., Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Box, Jason E., Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Boyer, Timothy P., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Brown, Ross, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Bryden, Harry L., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom, Bulygina, Olga N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information – World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Calderon, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York Cappelen, John, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Carmack, Eddy, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Carrión Romero, Ana M., Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Christy, John R., Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE, Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom Comiso, Josefino C., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Cunningham, Stuart A., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Cutié Cancino, Virgen, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Davydova-Belitskaya, Valentina, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Decker, David, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Derksen, Chris, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Doelling, David R., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Washington Drozdov, Dmitry S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Dutton, Geoffrey S., NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory/ Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado Elkins, James W., NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Epstein, Howard E., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Fekete, Balázs M., NOAA CREST Center, The City College of New York, New York, New York Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Fettweis, Xavier, Department of Geography, University of Liège, Belgium Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Fonseca-Rivera, Cecilia, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Foster, Michael J., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Free, Melissa, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland Frolov, Ivan, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Gibney, Ethan J., IMSG Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Gill, Stephen, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland Gitau, Wilson, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya Gleason, Karin L., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Gobron, Nadine, Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Goldammer, Johann G., Global Fire Monitoring Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Freiburg University / United Nations University (UNU), Germany and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida González García, Idelmis, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Good, Simon A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Gottschalck, Jonathan, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Gould, William A., USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico Gouveia, Celia M., Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Griffiths, Georgina, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Guard, Charles P., NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office, Barrigada, Guam Haimberger, Leopold, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Haines, Keith, Reading University, Reading, United Kingdom Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Hassane, Ahmed Farid, Météo Nationale Comorienne, Comores Heidinger, Andrew K., NOAA/NESDIS University of Wisconsin— Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Heim, Richard R., Jr., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Henry, Greg H.R., Geography Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Hilburn, Kyle A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California Hirschi, Joël J.M., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Ho, Shu-peng B., NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Hoerling, Martin P., NOAA/NESDIS Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Jaimes, Ena, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú, Lima, Perú Jezek, Kenneth C., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Jia, Gensu J., RCE-TEA, CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Miami, Florida Johnson, Bryan, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo-France, Réunion Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Kaiser, Johannes W., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Kanzow, Torsten O., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Kennedy, John J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Khatiwala, Samar, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Kholodov, Alexander L., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization, Tehran, Iran Kimberlain, Todd B., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, Colorado Knorr, Wolfgang, Department of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Kokelj, Steve V., Water Resources Division, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information – World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Kratz, David P., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Krishfield, Richard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Kruger, Andries, South African Weather Service, South Africa Kruk, Michael C., STG Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Kuo, Ying-Hwa, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Kwok, Ron, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California L’Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Lammers, Richard B., WSAG/CSRC Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Lander, Mark A., Water and Environmental Research Institute, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Lantz, Trevor C., School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Lapinel Pedroso, Braulio, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Lawford, Richard, Hydrological and Biospheric Sciences, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland Lawrimore, Jay H., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Lazzara, Matthew A., Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin León, Gloria, Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia León Lee, Antonia, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Leuliette, Eric, NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, Maryland Levinson, David H., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Levitus, Sydney, NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Levy, Joel M., NOAA/OAR Climate Program Office, Silver Spring, Maryland Lin, I.-I., Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Liu, Hongxing, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Loeb, Norman G., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Long, Craig S., NOAA National Center for Environmental Prediction, Camp Springs, Maryland Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Lumpkin, Rick, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida, Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan Lyman, John M., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington and Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii Macdonald, Alison M., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Maddux, Brent C., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Malkova, Galina, Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Marchenko, Sergey S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Marengo, Jose A., Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil Maritorena, Stephane, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California Marotzke, Jochem, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Martínez, Rodney, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Mascarenhas, Affonso, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia McBride, Charlotte, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa McGree, Simon, National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia McLaughlin, Fiona, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California Medany, Mahmoud A., Agricultural Research Center, MALR, Cairo, Egypt Meier, Walt, CIRES/NSIDC, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Meinen, Christopher S., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Menne, Matthew J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Mercado-Díaz, Joel A., USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico Merrifield, Mark A., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Mhanda, Albert S., Climate Change Office, Harare, Zimbabwe Miller, Laury, NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, Maryland Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Montfraix, Brice, Commission de l’Océan Indien (Projet ACCLIMATE), Quatre-Bornes, Maurice Montzka, Steve A., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Morison, James, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Mote, Thomas, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Mullan, A. Brett, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Na, Hyun-Jong, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, Korea Nash, Eric R., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Nerem, Steven R., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Newman, Paul A., Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Nghiem, Son, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Nguyen, Louis C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Njau, Leonard, African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD), Niamey, Niger O’Malley, Robert T., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Oberman, Naum G., MIREKO, Syktivkar, Russia Obregón, Andre, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Department of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Ogallo, Laban, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Oludhe, Christopher, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Osawa, Kazuhiro, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Overland, James, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Palmer, Matthew D., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Park, Geun-Ha, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, Miami, Florida Parker, David E., Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Peltier, Alexandre, Meteo-France, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna Service, Climatology Division, Noumea Pelto, Mauri S., Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts Penalba, Olga, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Pérez-Suarez, Ramón, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Perovich, Donald, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Peterson, Thomas C., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Pezza, Alexandre B., The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Phillips, David, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Pinty, Bernard, Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy (Seconded to the Earth Observation Directorate, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy) Pinzon, Jorge E., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Pitts, Michael C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Polyakov, Igor, International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, Alaska Proshutinsky, Andrey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Quintana, Juan, Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Quintero, Alexander, Servicio de Meteorología de l’Aviación (SEMETAVIA), Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela Rachid, Sebbari, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran Rajeevan, Madhavan, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Tirupati, India Randel, William, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado Randriamarolaza, Luc Y.A., Service Météorologique de Madagascar, Madagascar Rayner, Darren, Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Raynolds, Martha K., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrological Information, Obninsk, Russia Reid, Phillip, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and ACE CRC, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia Renwick, James, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Revadekar, Jayashree, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India Reynolds, Richard W., NOAA Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, Asheville, North Carolina Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, US Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Rivera, Erick R., Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Robinson, David A., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey Rogers, Mark, Joint Operational Meteorology and Oceanography Centre, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom Romanovsky, Vladimir, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Romero-Cruz, Fernando, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Ronchail, Josyane, Université of Paris, Paris, France Rossi, Shawn, National Weather Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico Ruedy, Reto A., Sigma Space Partners LLC, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York Sabine, Christopher L., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Saindou, Madjidi, Météo National Comorienne, Comores Santee, Michelle L., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Sayouri, Amal, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Schemm, Jae, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Schnell, Russ C., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Schreiner, William, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Schueller, Dominique, Météo-France, Réunion Sensoy, Serhat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Kalaba, Ankara, Turkey Sharp, Martin, University of Alberta, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Shaver, Gus R., Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Shiklomanov, Alexander, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Shimada, Koji, Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan Siegel, David A., University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California Skansi, Maria, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Argentina Sokolov, Vladimir, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Solonomenjanahary, Andrianjafinirina, Service Météorologique de Madagascar, Madagascar Spence, Jacqueline M., Meteorological Service of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Srivastava, Arvind Kumar, National Climate Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Stammerjohn, Sharon, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California Steele, Mike, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Met. Obs. Hohenpeissenberg, German Weather Service (DWD), Hohenpeissenberg, Germany Stephenson, Tannecia S., University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Stott, Peter A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Tahani, Lloyd, Solomon Islands Meteorological Service, Honiara, Solomon Islands Takahashi, Taro, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Taylor, Michael A., University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York Thiaw, Wassila M., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Thorne, Peter W., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Titchner, Holly A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Toole, John, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Trewin, Blair C., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Trigo, Ricardo M., Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Tucker, Compton J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Tweedie, Craig E., Department of Biology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Virasami, Renganaden, Mauritius Meteorological Services, Vacoas, Mauritius Walker, David A., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Walsh, John, International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, Alaska Wang, Junhong, Earth Observation Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado Wang, Lei, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Wang, Libo, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Wang, Muyin, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Wang, Sheng-Hung, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Wanninkhof, Rik, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, Miami, Florida Watkins, Andrew B., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Webber, Patrick J., Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Weber, Mark, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Weller, Robert A., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Weyman, James, NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, Hawaii Whitewood, Robert, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Wilber, Anne C., Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia Willett, Katharine M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Willis, Joshua K., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Wolken, Gabriel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska Wong, Takmeng, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Woodgate, Rebecca, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Woodworth, Philip L., Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Liverpool, United Kingdom Xue, Yan, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Camp Springs, Maryland Yu, Lisan, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Zhang, Liangying, Earth Observation Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado Zhang, Peiqun, National Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China Zhou, Xinjia, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Zhu, YanFeng, National Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China, , , STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009)

The year was characterized by a transition from a waning La Niña to a strengthening
AND
are reported to more completely characterize the State of the Climate in 2009.
Warming is occurring rapidly -- it’s real and anthropogenic -- consensus of qualified experts.
Braganza 11 (Karl, Manager, Climate Monitor at the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, The Bureau presently operates under the authority of the Meteorology Act 1955, which requires it to report on the state of the atmosphere and oceans in support of Australia's social, economic, cultural and environmental goals. His salary is not funded from any external sources or dependent on specially funded government climate change projects. Karl Braganza does not consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations “The greenhouse effect is real: here’s why,” http://theconversation.edu.au/the-greenhouse-effect-is-real-heres-why-1515, BJM)


In public discussions of climate change, the full range and weight of evidence underpinning
AND
energy in the spectral bands corresponding to carbon dioxide, exactly as expected from

Prefer the side of truth – we cite a laundry list of warrants and a qualified consensus
NOAA 10 (Citing State of the Climate, whose quals are resized because of length EDITORS Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Johnson, Michael R., NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, Massachusetts Levy, Joel M., NOAA/OAR Climate Program Office, Silver Spring, Maryland Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, US Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Thorne, Peter W., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Watkins, Andrew B., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Willett, Katharine M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom AUTHORS Aceituno, Patricio, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Achberger, Christine, Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothernburg, Sweden Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Aguilar, Enrique, University Rovira I Virgili de Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain Ahmed, Farid H., Météo Nationale Comorienne, Comores Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Allan, Robert J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Alves, Lincoln, Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya Amelie,Vincent, Seychelles Meteorological Services, Seychelles Antonov, John I., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Ashik, Igor, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Attaher, Samar M., Agricultural Research Center, MALR, Cairo, Egypt Baez, Julian, DMH-DINAC / CTA-UCA, Asunción, Paraguay Banda, Joyce, Zimbabwe Meteorological Service, Zimbabwe Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Barriopedro, David, Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Beal, Lisa M., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Miami, Florida Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Belward, Alan S., Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Beszczynska-Moeller, Agnieszka, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Bhatt, Uma S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Bhattacharya, Indrajit, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Bidegain, Mario, Universidad de la República, Uruguay Birkett, Charon, ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service, DWD), WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre on Climate Monitoring, Offenbach, Germany Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Blunden, Jessica, STG, Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Booneeady, Prithiviraj, Mauritius Meteorological Services, Vacoas, Mauritius Bowling, Laura C., Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Box, Jason E., Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Boyer, Timothy P., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Brown, Ross, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Bryden, Harry L., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom, Bulygina, Olga N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information – World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Calderon, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York Cappelen, John, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Carmack, Eddy, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Carrión Romero, Ana M., Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Christy, John R., Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE, Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom Comiso, Josefino C., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Cunningham, Stuart A., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Cutié Cancino, Virgen, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Davydova-Belitskaya, Valentina, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Decker, David, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Derksen, Chris, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Doelling, David R., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Washington Drozdov, Dmitry S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Dutton, Geoffrey S., NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory/ Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado Elkins, James W., NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Epstein, Howard E., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Fekete, Balázs M., NOAA CREST Center, The City College of New York, New York, New York Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Fettweis, Xavier, Department of Geography, University of Liège, Belgium Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Fonseca-Rivera, Cecilia, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Foster, Michael J., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Free, Melissa, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland Frolov, Ivan, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Gibney, Ethan J., IMSG Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Gill, Stephen, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland Gitau, Wilson, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya Gleason, Karin L., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Gobron, Nadine, Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Goldammer, Johann G., Global Fire Monitoring Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Freiburg University / United Nations University (UNU), Germany and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida González García, Idelmis, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Good, Simon A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Gottschalck, Jonathan, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Gould, William A., USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico Gouveia, Celia M., Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Griffiths, Georgina, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Guard, Charles P., NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office, Barrigada, Guam Haimberger, Leopold, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Haines, Keith, Reading University, Reading, United Kingdom Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Hassane, Ahmed Farid, Météo Nationale Comorienne, Comores Heidinger, Andrew K., NOAA/NESDIS University of Wisconsin— Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Heim, Richard R., Jr., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Henry, Greg H.R., Geography Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Hilburn, Kyle A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California Hirschi, Joël J.M., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Ho, Shu-peng B., NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Hoerling, Martin P., NOAA/NESDIS Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Jaimes, Ena, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú, Lima, Perú Jezek, Kenneth C., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Jia, Gensu J., RCE-TEA, CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Miami, Florida Johnson, Bryan, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo-France, Réunion Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Kaiser, Johannes W., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Kanzow, Torsten O., Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Kennedy, John J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Khatiwala, Samar, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Kholodov, Alexander L., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization, Tehran, Iran Kimberlain, Todd B., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, Colorado Knorr, Wolfgang, Department of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Kokelj, Steve V., Water Resources Division, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information – World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Kratz, David P., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Krishfield, Richard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Kruger, Andries, South African Weather Service, South Africa Kruk, Michael C., STG Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Kuo, Ying-Hwa, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Kwok, Ron, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California L’Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Lammers, Richard B., WSAG/CSRC Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Lander, Mark A., Water and Environmental Research Institute, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Lantz, Trevor C., School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Lapinel Pedroso, Braulio, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Lawford, Richard, Hydrological and Biospheric Sciences, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland Lawrimore, Jay H., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Lazzara, Matthew A., Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin León, Gloria, Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia León Lee, Antonia, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Leuliette, Eric, NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, Maryland Levinson, David H., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Levitus, Sydney, NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Levy, Joel M., NOAA/OAR Climate Program Office, Silver Spring, Maryland Lin, I.-I., Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Liu, Hongxing, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Loeb, Norman G., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Long, Craig S., NOAA National Center for Environmental Prediction, Camp Springs, Maryland Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Lumpkin, Rick, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida, Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan Lyman, John M., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington and Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii Macdonald, Alison M., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Maddux, Brent C., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Malkova, Galina, Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Marchenko, Sergey S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Marengo, Jose A., Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil Maritorena, Stephane, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California Marotzke, Jochem, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Martínez, Rodney, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Mascarenhas, Affonso, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia McBride, Charlotte, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa McGree, Simon, National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia McLaughlin, Fiona, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California Medany, Mahmoud A., Agricultural Research Center, MALR, Cairo, Egypt Meier, Walt, CIRES/NSIDC, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Meinen, Christopher S., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Miami, Florida Menne, Matthew J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Mercado-Díaz, Joel A., USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico Merrifield, Mark A., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Mhanda, Albert S., Climate Change Office, Harare, Zimbabwe Miller, Laury, NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, Maryland Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Montfraix, Brice, Commission de l’Océan Indien (Projet ACCLIMATE), Quatre-Bornes, Maurice Montzka, Steve A., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom Morison, James, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Mote, Thomas, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Mullan, A. Brett, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Na, Hyun-Jong, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, Korea Nash, Eric R., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Nerem, Steven R., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Newman, Paul A., Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Nghiem, Son, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Nguyen, Louis C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Njau, Leonard, African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD), Niamey, Niger O’Malley, Robert T., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Oberman, Naum G., MIREKO, Syktivkar, Russia Obregón, Andre, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Department of Geography, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Ogallo, Laban, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Oludhe, Christopher, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Osawa, Kazuhiro, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Overland, James, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Palmer, Matthew D., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Park, Geun-Ha, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, Miami, Florida Parker, David E., Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Peltier, Alexandre, Meteo-France, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna Service, Climatology Division, Noumea Pelto, Mauri S., Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts Penalba, Olga, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Pérez-Suarez, Ramón, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Perovich, Donald, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Peterson, Thomas C., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Pezza, Alexandre B., The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Phillips, David, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Pinty, Bernard, Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy (Seconded to the Earth Observation Directorate, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy) Pinzon, Jorge E., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Pitts, Michael C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Polyakov, Igor, International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, Alaska Proshutinsky, Andrey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Quintana, Juan, Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Quintero, Alexander, Servicio de Meteorología de l’Aviación (SEMETAVIA), Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela Rachid, Sebbari, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran Rajeevan, Madhavan, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Tirupati, India Randel, William, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado Randriamarolaza, Luc Y.A., Service Météorologique de Madagascar, Madagascar Rayner, Darren, Ocean Observing and Climate Research Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Raynolds, Martha K., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrological Information, Obninsk, Russia Reid, Phillip, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and ACE CRC, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia Renwick, James, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Revadekar, Jayashree, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India Reynolds, Richard W., NOAA Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, Asheville, North Carolina Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, US Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Rivera, Erick R., Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Robinson, David A., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey Rogers, Mark, Joint Operational Meteorology and Oceanography Centre, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom Romanovsky, Vladimir, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Romero-Cruz, Fernando, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Ronchail, Josyane, Université of Paris, Paris, France Rossi, Shawn, National Weather Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico Ruedy, Reto A., Sigma Space Partners LLC, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York Sabine, Christopher L., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Saindou, Madjidi, Météo National Comorienne, Comores Santee, Michelle L., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Sayouri, Amal, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Rabat, Morocco Schemm, Jae, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Schnell, Russ C., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Schreiner, William, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Schueller, Dominique, Météo-France, Réunion Sensoy, Serhat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Kalaba, Ankara, Turkey Sharp, Martin, University of Alberta, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Shaver, Gus R., Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Shiklomanov, Alexander, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Shimada, Koji, Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan Siegel, David A., University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California Skansi, Maria, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Argentina Sokolov, Vladimir, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Solonomenjanahary, Andrianjafinirina, Service Météorologique de Madagascar, Madagascar Spence, Jacqueline M., Meteorological Service of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Srivastava, Arvind Kumar, National Climate Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Stammerjohn, Sharon, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California Steele, Mike, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Met. Obs. Hohenpeissenberg, German Weather Service (DWD), Hohenpeissenberg, Germany Stephenson, Tannecia S., University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Stott, Peter A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Tahani, Lloyd, Solomon Islands Meteorological Service, Honiara, Solomon Islands Takahashi, Taro, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Taylor, Michael A., University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York Thiaw, Wassila M., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Thorne, Peter W., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Titchner, Holly A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Toole, John, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Trewin, Blair C., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Trigo, Ricardo M., Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Tucker, Compton J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Tweedie, Craig E., Department of Biology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Virasami, Renganaden, Mauritius Meteorological Services, Vacoas, Mauritius Walker, David A., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Walsh, John, International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, Alaska Wang, Junhong, Earth Observation Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado Wang, Lei, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Wang, Libo, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Wang, Muyin, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Wang, Sheng-Hung, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Wanninkhof, Rik, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, Miami, Florida Watkins, Andrew B., National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Webber, Patrick J., Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Weber, Mark, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Weller, Robert A., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Weyman, James, NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, Hawaii Whitewood, Robert, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Wilber, Anne C., Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia Willett, Katharine M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Willis, Joshua K., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Wolken, Gabriel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska Wong, Takmeng, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Woodgate, Rebecca, Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Woodworth, Philip L., Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Liverpool, United Kingdom Xue, Yan, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Camp Springs, Maryland Yu, Lisan, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Zhang, Liangying, Earth Observation Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado Zhang, Peiqun, National Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China Zhou, Xinjia, NCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado Zhu, YanFeng, National Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China, ,  <sub>NOAA: Past Decade Warmest on Record According to Scientists in 48 Countries, http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100728_stateoftheclimate.html)

The 2009 State of the Climate report released today draws on data for 10 key
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percent of warming over the past 50 years has gone into our ocean.”
Warming outweighs nuclear war
Morgan 09 (Dennis Ray, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus - South Korea, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race”)

As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
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exactly the conclusion reached by the scientist, inventor, and author, James


Immigration reform expands skilled labor – key to relations with India
LA Times 12 Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.</sub>

U.S.-India relations solve South Asian nuclear war
Schaffer 2 Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis

Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s
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 depends critically on good relations with the United States

Will Pass- PC key
WT, 10-16-2013 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/16/gop-skeptical-obama-will-negotiate-on-immigration/?page=all#pagebreak

For months the thought on Capitol Hill has been that the fights over spending and
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just make immigration a partisan issue to win more seats the next election.”
Obama will thread the needle- GOP support is there
Evan McMorris-Santoro BuzzFeed Staff , 10-15-2013 http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for

The president set immigration as his next priority in an interview with Univision Tuesday.¶
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fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform.”
Will pass-
Election pressure and back room deals
The Blaze, 10-3-2013 http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/10/03/back-room-deals-in-congress-may-give-obama-immigration-reform-without-border-security-measures/

Over the past several months immigration overhaul has found its way back into official and
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Corporate Lobbyists - also want to increase foreign labor through the visa program.”
Use it as a make-up call from the shutdown
MSNB, 10-16-2013 http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/obama-readies-next-move-immigration

President Obama already has some ideas as to the national to-do list.¶
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Latino voters, and prove that they’re finally ready to consider bipartisan governing.
More ev
Fox News, 10-17-2013 http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/10/17/president-obama-presses-congress-to-pass-immigration-reform-law-by-end-year/

Now that Congress voted to end the shutdown, President Obama is stepping up pressure
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prove to the American people they can govern responsibly rather than recklessly. “
massive funding for lobbying means you error neg.
York Oct 17, (Byron, “Written off for dead, immigration reform could still live on.” OCTOBER 17, 2013. Washington Examinor. http://washingtonexaminer.com/written-off-for-dead-immigration-reform-could-still-live-on/article/2537386)
But that doesn't keep immigration reformers from trying, and hoping. "There is
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dead, its opponents can never, ever assume the game is over.

massive lobbying effort provides momentum and a mandate.
The Hill 10/17 (Gebe Martinez. “Documentary shows why immigration movement will survive Congressional dysfunction.” http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/329127-documentary-shows-why-immigration-movement-will-survive-congressional-dysfunction-).
Yet, there is a dogged persistence and optimism among immigration reform advocates that legislation
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win,” Sharry predicted at the film festival, “sooner or later.”

Congress opposes new, expensive programs- current political climate.
Smith 11 – Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA (Marcia, “President Obama’s National Space Policy: A change in tone and a focus on space sustainability,” Space Policy 27 (2011) 20-23, science direct)

Congress has not yet provided the funds necessary to implement the 2010 NASA Authorization Act
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to have difficulty convincing Congress of the need for new, expensive programs.

Tournament: Alta 2013 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Allen, Sam
The comedic frame is essential to avert extinction because it clarifies and demystifies tragic victimage, allowing shared humanity through laughter.
Christiansen et al 96
Adrienne Christiansen. Associate Professor/CST Director, Political Science Political Communication, and “COMEDY AS CURE FOR TRAGEDY:
ACT UP AND THE RHETORIC OF AIDS,” QUARTERLYJOURNAL OF SPEECH 82 (1996): 157-170
In Attitudes Toward History, Burke says that "in the face of anguish,
AND
connection and reconciliation than in the victimage¶ and mystification that tragedy requires.

The aff’s melancholy negates the will to act – it makes us slaves of the powerful and makes our fears of death absurd. Their attempt to frame politics around bureaucracy represents a failure to dream that dooms their solvency and independently turns and outweighs the case

Deleuze and Parnet ‘87
famous philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, Dialogues II, European Perspectives, with Claire Parnet, freelance journalist, translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam, 2002 pgs.61-62

When Spinoza says 'The surprising thing is the body ... we do not yet know
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of salvation, teaching to soul its life, not to save it.

The process of securing life and developing means to destroy in order to save is part of a broader system of neoliberal violence. The current death drive is not new as the gulag, holocaust and genocide are all past examples of the lesson the United States federal government has apparently missed; humanity cant be saved by destroying itself.
Boaventura de Santos, Prof at Univ of Coimbra, April 2003, “Collective Suicide?”, Bad Subjects, Issue # 63
According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it should try to save humanity by destroying part of it. This is a salvific and sacrificial destruction, committed in the name of the need to radically materialize all the possibilities opened up by a given social and political reality over which it is supposed to have total power. This is how it was in colonialism, with the genocide of indigenous peoples, and the African slaves. This is how it was in the period of imperialist struggles, which caused millions of deaths in two world wars and many other colonial wars. This is how it was under Stalinism, with the Gulag, and under Nazism, with the Holocaust. And now today, this is how it is in neoliberalism, with the collective sacrifice of the periphery and even the semiperiphery of the world system. With the war against Iraq, it is fitting to ask whether what is in progress is a new genocidal and sacrificial illusion, and what its scope might be. It is above all appropriate to ask if the new illusion will not herald the radicalization and the ultimate perversion of the Western illusion: destroying all of humanity in the illusion of saving it. 

The transgressive nature of clown performance is crucial to achieve catharsis. If clowns stay in bounds, they cannot foster empathy as effectively.
Peacock 09
Louise, phd and professor at University of Hull, Serious Play: Modern Clown Performance
http://agriran.persiangig.com/document/Ebook20Free20Samples/3-20Sample20of20Art.pdf

From an analysis of practice, these conventions of transgression can be seen as cathartic
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, of the boundary between actor and spectator and of accepted social interaction.

Wrong forums are the best places for clowning – it is only outside of established fameworks that clowns can offer meaningful institutional critique
Peacock 09
Louise, phd and professor at University of Hull, Serious Play: Modern Clown Performance
http://agriran.persiangig.com/document/Ebook20Free20Samples/3-20Sample20of20Art.pdf

Whether the performance style is American or European, clown ministers perform in settings where clown performances would not usually take place. De Toro’s general conventions proved useful earlier (chapter 3) and his concepts are once again helpful. The particular conventionsof a service vary from church to church but general conventions in western society indicate that the service will be led by an ordained minister; a sermon will be given; and there will be readings, prayers and hymns. The presence of clown ministers clashes with this convention. Some worshippers may be glad to have the service made more fun and joyful whilst others may be offended on the grounds that religion should be a serious business.
According to Litherland, a good place to start with clown ministry is in outreach
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Christianity accessible through the techniques of circus, and occasionally, theatre clowns.

Clowning is particularly important in resolving the historical tragedies inflicted on Latin America – it provides an avenue for healing and reconciliation by occupying the gap between comedy and tragedy, enabling performative modes that transcend language and culture.
Moore 9/2
Scott Owen Moore is a filmmaker known for his work on Reparando (2010), Becoming Fools (2013) and Fruitcake (2014). “Clowns – Standing in the Gap Between Tragedy and Comedy,” http://www.athentikos.com/clowns-standing-in-the-gap-between-tragedy-and-comedy/

Love them or hate them, most people have an emotional memory of clowns.
AND
fool, but I think this is what we are supposed to do.

Politicial clowns – Jesters – have had tremendous influence on politics throughout history because they are uniquely able to speak truth to power
Peacock 09 – this evidence is gender-paraphrased
Louise, phd and professor at University of Hull, Serious Play: Modern Clown Performance
http://agriran.persiangig.com/document/Ebook20Free20Samples/3-20Sample20of20Art.pdf

The similarity between fools in this period and what are now recognized as clowns is
AND
when the fool or jester has not occupied a central position in society.

Tournament: Notre Dame 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Downtown Magnet GS | Judge: Ziering
Corruption turns Mexican econ - Losing the drug war collapses legitimate government and induces investor uncertainty
Felbab and Williams 12
 (Vanda Felbab-Brown, Fellow in the Latin America Initiative and in the 21st Century Defense Initiative in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, and Phil Williams, Wesley W. Posvar Professor and Director of the Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. “DRUG TRAFFICKING, VIOLENCE, AND INSTABILITY” April 2012. mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/142849/.../pub1101.pdf?) VP

Apart from strengthening belligerents and even criminal groups in a multifaceted way, large-
AND
sectors, since it gives rise to appreciation of land and labor costs.

Turns Latin American instability - Mexican instability spills over and leads to broader instability in the region
Shirk Mar-11
 (David A. “The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat,” Council on Foreign Relations, David A. Shirk is the director of the Trans-Border Institute and associate professor of political science at the University of San Diego. He conducts research on Mexican politics, U.S.-Mexico relations, and law enforcement and security along the U.S.-Mexico border. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http3A2F2Fi.cfr.org2Fcontent2Fpublications2Fattachments2FMexico_CSR60.pdf)

The United States has much to gain by helping strengthen its southern neighbor and even
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operations and violence into the ¶ region would have a gravely destabilizing effect.

Our impact is prior - Corruption does structural violence to the poor
Transparency International Sep-10 (This report was produced by the Policy and Research Department of the Transparency International Secretariat in Berlin. Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. “THE ANTI-CORRUPTION CATALYST: REALISING THE MDGs BY 2015,” http://www.transparency-usa.org/documents/AntiCorruptionCatalystRealisingtheMDGby2015.pdf)

2. THE COSTS OF CORRUPTION: ¶ THE IMPACTS ON EDUCATION, ¶ HEALTH
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¶ that undermine ¶ public trust in government and the services it provides.
media bias means we ignore structural impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction that we urgently
AND
, whether through isolated site-specific struggles or through activism that has reache

,” it means “must” and requires immediate legal effect
Summers 94
 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, 1994 OK 123, 11-8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13)

¶4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "should"13 in the May 18 order connotes futurity or may be deemed a ruling in praesenti.14 The answer to this query is not to be divined from rules of grammar;15 it must be governed by the age-old practice culture of legal professionals and its immemorial language usage. To determine if the omission (from the critical May 18 entry) of the turgid phrase, "and the same hereby is", (1) makes it an in futuro ruling - i.e., an expression of what the judge will or would do at a later stage - or (2) constitutes an in in praesenti resolution of a disputed law issue, the trial judge's intent must be garnered from the four corners of the entire record.16
CONTINUES – TO FOOTNOTE
13 "Should" not only is used as a "present indicative" synonymous
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

Conditioning CPS’s are key to topic education this year. Engagement is a term of art distinct from conditioning – our CP is resolutionally granted negative ground.
Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/484.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.

Learning abut competition between mechanisms is essential to policy education and decision making skills.
Deibel 2
(Terry L, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, 10-30, “Instruments of State Power” http://www.isanet.org/noarchive/deibel.html)
Strategy in any field of endeavor has to do with how something is done.
AND
this paper from this policymaker’s perspective rather than the academic or educational perspective. 

Member states commitment to OECD implementation is the best way to combat corruption
Gurría 13
Angel Gurría, Secretary-General, OECD, OECD WORKING GROUP ON BRIBERY, “Annual Report 2013,” http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/AntiBriberyAnnRep2012.pdf
The Convention is the only international, legally binding instrument to ¶ focus exclusively on
AND
or no enforcement in over half of ¶ the Parties to the Convention. 

OECD combats global bribery
OECD 13
OECD WORKING GROUP ON BRIBERY, “Annual Report 2013,” http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/AntiBriberyAnnRep2012.pdf

The Anti-Bribery Convention is the only legally binding instrument globally ¶ to focus
AND
those individuals ¶ have gone to jail. Approximately 320 investigations are ongoing.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill JD | Judge: McCullough, Hunt
Sustainable development is impossible; it is a band-aid that will inevitably be co-opted
Wiert Wiertsema, Policy Coordinator for Both ENDS, 1995, Paths to Sustainabiliy, in The Future of Progress, ed. Norberg-Hodge, Goering, and Gorelick, p. 173
In absolute terms humanity is facing the end of opportunities to exploit the Earth,
AND
the power to do so, which are agencies dominated by the North.
Economic collapse is inevitable with exponential growth – credible computer models prove.
MacKenzie 12 (Deobra, a consultant for the New Scientist. “Boom And Doom: Revisiting Prophecies Of Collapse.” Full Date: 1/10/12. Accessed: 6/21/12. http://www.countercurrents.org/mackenzie100112.htm)
At the beginning of the 1970s, a group of young scientists set out to
AND
because the full effects of greenhouse gases will not be apparent for centuries.

We are far past sustainable levels to survive
Trainer 11 (Ted, is Senior Lecturer, School of Social Work, University of New South Wales (Australia); lecturer and author of books regarding the transition to a sustainable society. Trainer is the organizer of "The Simpler Way: Analyses of global problems and the sustainable alternative society"June 1/11 “The Simpler Way perspective on the global predicament” http://ukiahcommunityblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/01/ted-trainer-the-simpler-way-perspective-on-the-global-predicament/)//

Fault 1: Sustainability. Most people seem to have no idea of the magnitude
AND
they cannot possibly be achieved in a society committed to affluence and growth.

An inevitable transition would be fast and peaceful
Trainer 2010 - Professor in the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales (Ted, How Might We Make The Transition To The Simpler Way, http://socialsciences.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/TRANSITION.ThoughtsOn.htm)
 So, beware the mistakes that could waste your valuable time and energy!
AND
and now to practise and enjoy elements of the post-revolutionary society.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Hanson, Brock
---Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism
AND
independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
Productive agonism requires rules and constraints to measure the performance of contestants---simply throwing out the topic destroys the agon and is more founded in slave morality than our framework---only contestation based on respect for the institution that makes competition possible, i.e. the topic, creates good relationships between competitors and value to life---excluding their affirmative is the foundation of good agonism
Christa Davis Acampora 2, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College of the City University of New York, Fall 2002, “Of Dangerous Games and Dastardly Deeds,” International Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 34, No. 3
The agonistic game is organized around the test of a specific quality
AND
also beyond the cowardly and barbarous.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
Only portable skill—also turns critical thinking and advocacy needed to advance their case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate,
AND
a vote for our favored political candidate.

Existential risk - The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique
AND
existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Reject the aff’s deployment of analogy as a rhetorical strategy – constructing metaphors between separate truth procedures leads to disaster
Feltham 2005 (Oliver, Department Chair, Philosophy, Associate Professor of¶ Philosophy, The American University of Paris, translators preface to “Being and Event” by Alan Badiou.)
Badiou's separation of philosophy from its conditions
AND
required between philosophy and its 'outsides'¶ 

Constraints are key to creativity---challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate  
Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, “Creativity Loves Constraints,” online: http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl
When people think about creativity
AND
 constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked).

I they have conflated acting like the government with forming an opinion about what the government should do
Harris 13 (Scott, Dir. Of Debate and University of Kansas. “This Ballot” acc. @ ¶ http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10246#msg10246.)
While this ballot has meandered off
AND
what I think happens in a debate round.

Kappeler is wrong---political simulation is empathic and better for decision-making
Harri Raisio 10, RESEARCHER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VAASA --- Researcher, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Vaasa and PhD student in Social and Health Management, at the University of Vaasa, “The Public as Policy Expert: Deliberative Democracy in the Context of Finnish Health Care Reforms and Policies,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2010, http://services.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159andcontext=jpd
In deliberation something happens that
AND
to focus more on  the public good.

Tournament: Golden Desert 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster LS | Judge: McCathrey, KennyKevin
Cuba’s inclusion on the list is the biggest impediment to relations– removal solves
Bolender 4/22- Research fellow at the Council on Heespheric Affairs, writer for the guardian (Keith Bolender, “The Terror List, and Terrorism as Practiced Against Cuba”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 4/22/13, http://www.coha.org/22355/)// EO
Of all the components to the United States hostile strategy against Cuba, nothing raises
AND
from the comprehensive embargo the United States has imposed since the early 1960s .

De-Listing Cuba is also essential for effective diplomacy across Latin America
Thale and Boggs, 2013
 Washington’s Office on Latin America’s Program director and Officer for Cuba
(Geoff and Clay, 3/5/2013, “Cuba and the Terrorist List”, Washington Office on Latin America)
http://www.wola.org/commentary/cuba_and_the_terrorist_list
On February 21, the Boston Globe reported that senior State Department officials were considering
AND
retire in 2018, effectively putting an end date on the Castro era.

Removal from the list is first step to normalizing relations
Mckenna, 13-- professor and chair of political science at the University of Prince Edward Island and the editor of Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy (Peter, April 4th, “It's time to take Cuba off the terror list,” http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/its-time-to-take-cuba-off-the-terror-list-201190801.html) 

In some ways, the U.S.-Cuba relationship -- even under the
AND
the editor of Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy.

Removal from the state department list is a prerequisite to normalization. Designation affects all other areas of the relationship.
Strain 13- Professor of IR at Baton Rouge (George, “Letter: Take Cuba off Terror List”, The Advocate, April 27, 2013, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/5748256-123/letter-take-cuba-off-terror)
They are, in fact, the four countries that are on the State Department’s
AND
prevents the United States from taking sensible steps toward normalizing relations with Cuba.

Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse- this also answers reforms fail
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID 

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once – lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising
Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., “The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution”, Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251 http://books.google.com/books?id=EpEddl3CdPACandpg=PA251andlpg=PA251anddq=lifting+cuban+embargo+AND+rapid+changeandsource=blandots=dv-aMxUaUQandsig=ip1G-NULgAGQdjtf7Jv-LwpRrmgandhl=enandsa=Xandei=vwTkUeOkFoPHywHn8oGwDQandved=0CGYQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepageandq=lifting20cuban20embargo20AND20rapid20changeandf=false)//EX

Like most of his colleagues, Monreal readily agreed that the United States was the
AND
the ability of the Cuban government to control this fight is very limited.”

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill JD | Judge: McCullough, Hunt
U.S. IPR enforcement focuses on Genetic Use Restriction Technologies development
Dutfield, ’07 (G. “Social and Economic Consequences of Genetic Use Restriction Technologies in Developing Countries”, 3/14/2007, http://www.academia.edu/1434870/Social_and_Economic_Consequences_of_Genetic_Use_Restriction_Technologies_in_Developing_Countries, accessed 7/27/13, JF)
The development of this technology and other GURTs that aim to achieve the same results
AND
for crops in which seed currently is saved and used in subsequent plantings’.
GURTs starve subsistence farmers
Dutfield, ’07 (G. “Social and Economic Consequences of Genetic Use Restriction Technologies in Developing Countries”, 3/14/2007, http://www.academia.edu/1434870/Social_and_Economic_Consequences_of_Genetic_Use_Restriction_Technologies_in_Developing_Countries, accessed 7/27/13, JF)

The main problem with GURTs – if we give advocates the benefit of the doubt
AND
modern varieties declines so that they have little choice but to buy terminator seeds

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace Academy HP | Judge: Miles, Alex
That effort is successful in convincing Senate Democrats now – Obama’s personal credibility is reducing the influence of the lobby
Dreyfus, 11/13/13 (Bob, The Nation, “Did the Israel Lobby Agree to Hold Off on New Iran Sanctions?”
http://www.thenation.com/blog/177144/did-israel-lobby-agree-hold-new-iran-sanctions

Today the leaders of the US negotiating team are on Capitol Hill, trying to
AND
on pursuing new sanctions and will continue to talk to top administration brass.

Political capital is key to prevent more sanctions
Pillar, Georgetown security studies professor, 10-18-13
(Paul, “Sabotaging Iran Nuclear Talks”, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Sabotaging-Iran-Nuclear-Ta-by-Consortium-News-Iran_Iran-Versus-Israel_Nuclear-Powers_Obama-131018-347.html)

But if you are interested in avoiding an Iranian nuclear weapon -- the focus of
AND
negotiating tables in the Middle East or Geneva but also on Capitol Hill.

Political capital is key – Obama’s mounting a full-court press on the Senate to forestall sanctions pressure from the Israel lobby
Warner, 11/14/13 – chief foreign affairs correspondent for PBS (Margaret, “As negotiators ready for Iran talks, Obama asks Congress not to step up pressure” PBS News Hour,
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/iran_11-14.html)

GWEN IFILL: The behind-the-scenes struggle between the White House and
AND
sanctions until you get a deal that ends all, all Iranian enrichment.

Obama is pushing to delay new Iranian sanctions, but it will be a huge fight and Congress could scuttle a deal
CBS News, 11/13/13 (“Obama administration seeks time from Congress for Iran diplomacy”
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57612230/obama-administration-seeks-time-from-congress-for-iran-diplomacy/

The Obama administration is pleading with Congress to allow more time for diplomacy with Iran
AND
However, the administration is worried Congress could make an agreement more difficult.

Link outweighs - regardless of general theory, the plan is unpopular—Hirsh concedes that controversial issues have an effect on a president’s ability to push a bill. They conceded that PNTR China is the most contentious issue because Republicans will take hate it. The votes historically took presidents push.
Michael Hirsh, National Journal, 2/7/13, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

Presidents are limited in what they can do by time and attention span, of
AND
was sucking all the oxygen out of the room, the aides said.

Empirics disprove winners win
Ryan 9 Professor of Social Science at the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies.  Ph.D. in Political Science from Cornell Selwyn, 1/18. http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968

Like many, I expect much from Obama, who for the time being,
AND
his 15 million strong constituency in cyberspace (the latent "Obama Party").

Issues tradeoff for Obama
Walsh ’12 Ken covers the White House and politics for U.S. News. “Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama,” 12/20, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama
And there is an axiom in Washington: Congress, the bureaucracy, the media
AND
that would limit his power and credibility for the remainder of his presidency.
Ideology doesn’t outweigh – presidential success dictates votes
Lebo, 2010 (Matthew J. Lebo, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, and Andrew O'Geen, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Journal of Politics, “The President’s Role in the Partisan Congressional Arena” forthcoming, google)

Keeping this centrality in mind, we use established theories of congressional parties to model
AND
to fit existing theories of party politics into the literature on the presidency.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2013 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: McCarty, Evan
You should frame your decision in terms of pedagogical impact- even if there is no alternative to neoliberalism, using the debate space to criticize it expands the boundaries of our consciousness and creates research practices that are more sensitive to slow, everyday violence- that’s a pre-requisite to effective use of science and empiricism
K of try-or-die- creates a worst-case-scenario pedagogy that ignores the relationship between small-scale violence and broader structural effects
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 14-16)

How do we bring home-and bring emotionally to life-threats that take
AND
often whose very existence-is of indifferent interest to the corporate media. 

You should be skeptical of their impact and solvency claims – neoliberal knowledge production has defined “experts” as those that support its claims, creating a monopoly on legitimate knowledge – this process prevents democratic debate and crushes the public sphere by exporting decisionmaking entirely to experts
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

The naturalization of these processes of free circulation of investment and  trade, as criteria
AND
knowledge the criteria  and procedures are established by which all controversies are decided.  

And, economic calculation is circular—makes financial crisis a necessity, turning case.
de Goede 3 (Marieke, Senior Lecturer Dept European Studies @ U of Amsterdam, “Beyond economism in international political economy,” Cambridge U Press, Review of International Studies, 29 : 79-97)

The BCBS’s increasing acceptance of the financial industry’s
AND
of “cushioning” technology’s side-effects’ (Beck 1992: 213, emphases in original)

Public Sphere – Neoliberalism crushes democratic dissent – it grants agency to foreign investors, hollowing out local and national governments as sites of resistance, while presenting popular movements as “irrational” and “barbaric” reactions to the natural movement of history
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In accordance with the stipulations just listed, no country, region, or local
AND
that could serve as an obstacle to the logic of the pure market.”

Neoliberalism produces massive environmental destruction and social inequality – media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction that we urgently
AND
that has reached across national boundaries in an effort to build translocal alliances.

Autonomous peasant movements are key to restore agency to the global south – Zapatistas prove
Stahler-Sholk (Professor Department of Political Science Eastern Michigan University)  07 (Richard, “Resisting Neoliberal Homogenization: The Zapatista Autonomy Movement”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 2)
In the documentary ?Zapatista! There is a scene in which the ski-
AND
movements and old) over whether they will be controlled from above or below

This project of infrastructure and development causes accumulation by dispossession – generates capital and real-estate by displacing the poor from city space
Mahmud 11
(Tayyad, Professor of Law and Director, Center for Global Justice, Seattle University School of Law, ““Surplus Humanity" and the Margins of Legality: Slums, Slumdogs, and Accumulation by Dispossession”, Chapman Law Review, 14 Chap. L. Rev. 2 2010-2011)

The reconfigurations of Paris and New York City furnished two alternative models of urban development
AND
more effective in the destruction of mass housing than in its construction."179

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill JD | Judge: McCullough, Hunt
Resource competition is the root cause of all wars and drives military innovation that ends in extinction – only transforming economic relations solves the impact
Yixian ‘6,
(Writer for Guerilla News Network, La Même Spirale, http://yixian.gnn.tv/)

Hitherto the history of human civilisation has consisted in isolation and in the modern globalised
AND
of physics as the homo sapien, and does not have limitless resources.

Neoliberalism produces racism and colonial institutions – particularly in Latin America
Lucas 1
(Kintto. "Americas: Neo-liberalism Exacerbates Racism, Says Regional Conference."Third World Network. TWN, 16 Mar. 2001. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/exacerbates.htm)

The neo-liberal economic model is intensifying structural racism and discrimination in the Americas
AND
as “the democratisation of poverty” and the destruction of civil society.
Every instance of racism must be rejected.
Memmi, 2000 (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165, JG)

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. 

2. Public Sphere – Neoliberalism crushes democratic dissent – it grants agency to foreign investors, hollowing out local and national governments as sites of resistance, while presenting popular movements as “irrational” and “barbaric” reactions to the natural movement of history
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

In accordance with the stipulations just listed, no country, region, or local
AND
that could serve as an obstacle to the logic of the pure market.”

Globalization from below coming now and is successful – a global network of movements has repeatedly defeated attempts to bring governments and natural resources under neoliberal control
Starr ‘5
(Amory, is an activist, sociologist, anddocumentary ?lm-maker, Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, http://www.scribd.com/doc/61777797/Amory-Starr-Global-Revolt-a-Guide-to-the-Movements-Against-Globalization, pgs. 255-258)

Dispersed movements are progressively more able to connect local problems with wider struggles against globalization
AND
hundreds of thousands of communities joining the revolt take small steps away from corporations

You should be skeptical of their impact and solvency claims – neoliberal knowledge production has defined “experts” as those that support its claims, creating a monopoly on legitimate knowledge – this process prevents democratic debate and crushes the public sphere by exporting decisionmaking entirely to experts
Lander ‘2,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse)

The naturalization of these processes of free circulation of investment and  trade, as criteria
AND
knowledge the criteria  and procedures are established by which all controversies are decided.

Tournament: MBA 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Conklin
The affirmative’s ethical framework occupies the space of the University- the discursive rendering of the tautological notion that the ultimate goal of life is life itself creates a world in which life literally HAS NO VALUE. Our argument is that there are some things worth dying for- vote negative in order to affirm the value of life in its entirety. Perhaps what makes life worth living is the possibility of dangerousness and unpredictability inherent in life itself.
Zizek 2003 (Slavoj, Senior Research @ U of Ljubljana, “Homo Sacer as the Object of the Discourse of the University”)
¶ In the University discourse, is not the upper level ($ — a)
AND
, concealing its true foundation, obfuscating the unfreedom on which it relies.

Ontology comes first – the question of the future of humankind is the only properly political question – the aff’s framework amounts to a bureaucratic closure of the political
Conway 1997 (Daniel W., Associate Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for Ethics and Value Inquiry at Pennsylvania State University, “Nietzsche and the Political.”)
While most representatives of modernity are content to confect self- congratulatory justifications for its
AND
have shunted off onto others the responsibility for determining the future of humankind.

Roleplaying leads to passivity
Antonio, 95 – Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas (Robert J., “Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” The American Journal of Sociology, 101.1, p. 14-15, 1995)
The "problem of the actor," Nietzsche said, "troubled me for the
AND
117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4). 

The permutation’s displacement of our individual capacities to act onto external political institutions culminates in genocidal violence. Once we accept that our actions are contingent on the political all atrocities becomes possible.
Zupancic, Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March 2000, p. 96-7

Another problem still remains, however:
AND
'essentially a by-product' of our actions.

Life means suffering.

Knierim 2006 (Thomas, Buddhist, “The Four Noble Truths” http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html.)

To live means to suffer, because the human nature is not perfect and neither
AND
we ourselves and our loved ones will pass away one day, too.

Value – the obsessive focus on nuclear war is an extortion attempt that robs us of value to life by locking us into nuclear shelters
 Baudrillard 86 Jean, America, Translated by Chris Turner, Pages 40-44
 Everywhere survival has become a burning issue, perhaps by some obscure weariness of
AND
stroke an end is put to survival blackmail and life can go on.  

Security discourse authorizes state violence as a means of eliminating external threats—this leads to a constant cycle of enemy constructions, turning case.
Aradau 1 (Claudia, Research Associate in the Centre of International Relations, Department of War Studies, King’s College London, http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~rubikon/forum/claudia2.htm)

Survival refers not only to the fear of death, but implies countermeasures, the
AND
in which security is only likely to breed more insecurity and eventually violence.

Chinese threat construction is the quintessence of ressentiment - it assumes a knowable and essentially violent Chinese Other—this Western lens makes militarization and conflict inevitable.
Pan 4 (Chengxin, PhD Poli. Sci. and Int’l Relations @ Australian Nat’l U, “The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” in Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled
AND
(Islam is rather vague, and Iran lacks necessary weights)." (56) 

The end of the world is boring. Stop desiring it.  
Bey 1991 (Hakim, ‘post-anarchist’ author, “The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism,”http:pdf.aminer.org/000/259/990/towards_intelligent_autonomous_digger_robot_for_dangerous_or_monotonous_earthworks.pdf monotonous_earthworks.pdf.)
THE A.O.A. DECLARES ITSELF officially bored with the End of
AND
, the Gnostic self-disgust of "post-sexual" intellectoids.¶

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Francis RS | Judge: Thiele, Chris
Smart power solves global health
Hill and Natter 2k10
(Gen. James T. Hill served as commander of the U.S. Southern Command, 2002-04. Adm. Robert J. Natter served as the commander in chief of the U.S.  Atlantic Fleet, 2000-03. Both are members of the National Security Advisory Council of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, “Might Plus 'Smart Power',” St. Petersburg Times (Florida), pg nexisef)

As officers in the U.S.  military, we were
AND
at peace, health, security and prosperity. 

Predictions are good
Kurasawa 4 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004). 

Moreover, keeping in mind the sobering lessons of the past c
AND
 needless suffering upon future generations if left unchallenged.

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace
AND
– and potentially radically – political.

Implementation is key to education
Elmore 80 (Richard F., Prof. Edu. Leadership and Director of Consortium for Policy Research in Education @ Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, “Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decisions,” pg. 605-608)

The emergence of implementation as a
and
to posit several alternative models of organization. 

The perm sends mixed signals on the QDDR, gutting its authority
Stares 10

Paul B. Stares, General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow for Conflict Prevention and Director of the Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations “Weighing an Ambitious QDDR,” Council on Foreign Relations, 12/16/2010 http://www.cfr.org/world/weighing-ambitious-qddr/p23653

There is much to commend in the new QDDR.
AND
 marginalized even within the State Department.
Solvency Deficit -Perm doesn’t get improved implementation from QDDR review of the plan
CSM 10
Christian Science Monitor 12/15/2010, “Hillary Clinton's vision for foreign policy on a tight budget” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/1215/Hillary-Clinton-s-vision-for-foreign-policy-on-a-tight-budget

Taking a cue from the Pentagon,
AND
” to the taxpayers who pay for it, Clinton said.

Resolved is to make a firm decision about
AHD 6 (American Heritage Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved)
Resolve TRANSITIVE VERB:1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To cause (a person) to reach a decision. See  synonyms at decide. 3. To decide or express by formal vote.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier WP | Judge: Herman, David
And – ontology is the foundation of international relations
Dillon 99 (Michael, Prof. Politics and IR @ University of Lancaster, “The scandal of the refugee,” in Global ethics, edited by D. Campbell and M.J. Shapiro, Minnesota U Press, pp. 92-124)

The question of ontology was not only reposed, however; the charge was also laid, to equally devastating effect, that the onto-theological yearnings that characterized Western thought t it intimately shapes not only a way of thinking, but a way of being

it also makes extinction inevitable
Yamamoto 2k (Shuichi, “Environmental Prob­lems and Buddhist Ethics: From the Perspective of the Consciousness-Only Doctrine” at the American Psychology Association on August 6, 2000)

For the last two millennia, human beings never faced
AND
. The irony is, however, irrespective of such efforts that we have created new problems,

Roleplaying DA to the perm
Kappeler 95 (Susanne is an associate professor at al-akhawayn university, “the will to violence: the politics of personal behavior”, pg. 10-11, MT)
                
Which is why many of those not yet entirely disillusioned with politics tend to engage
AND
our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.

Realism operates as a state control mechanism – we’re told we are violent and hence we become violent.
Bleiker 2K Roland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Page 16, Google Books

Human agency is not something that exists in an a priori manner and can be
AND
and directs the theory and practice of international relations on a particular path.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
The affirmation of unconditional expenditure leads to fascism—the concentration camp is the modern figure of a totally useless loss
Bell 8, M.A. Thesis in the Theory, Culture and Politics Program at Trent University Jeremy, “Bataille, the Economic, and the Sacred: Working through the accursed share,” January, proquest, 91-96
At the same time however, we need not apologize for the irrefutable problems with
AND
childish economy of play, could lapse into the bloodshed of primitive war.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
Text: The United States federal government should offer to implement the Agreement between the United and Mexico Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico if and only if Mexico agrees to abide by the recommendations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Convention on Combating Bribery of Public Officials in International Business Transactions in implementing the plan. 

The latest convention report identified gaps in Mexico’s compliance and issued corrective recommendations.
Heimann and Dell 12
Fritz Heimann and Gillian Dell, Chairman, Transparency International USA
AND
enforcement of¶ international anti-corruption conventions.

Following OECD recommendations reduces corruption
Ferreira et al 13
Luciano Vaz Ferreira1, Fabio Costa Morosini2, Professor of Law. Juridic assessor of the Secretariat of Justice and Human Rights of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil , and 2 Professor of Law at the Faculty of Law of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, “THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW IN BUSINESS: LEGAL CONTROL OF CORRUPTION DIRECTED TO TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS,” Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations, Jan-Jun 2013

After signing the OECD treaty
AND
positive aspect because it allows the multiplicity of experiences.

There is no upside to corruption; it erodes stability and growth.
Heimann et al 06
By Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann,  Chairman, Transparency International USA , Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006, “The Long War Against Corruption,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61705/ben-w-heineman-jr-and-fritz-heimann/the-long-war-against-corruption

Underlying these changes in rules,
AND
by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
Holocaust is a religious term used to refer to the attempted Nazi extermination of the Jewish people. Using the term in any other context destroys it’s meaning  
Foxman  98 (Abraham, Holocaust survivor and director of the anti-defamation league, NY Times, 10-31-98)

There was a time when memory was sacred,
AND
 that it is all just a Jewish conspiracy. 

There are two options: either the aff severs out of the inappropriate comparisons of the 1AC or you reject the aff to preserve Jewish history.
Sneidernman 99 (Barney, Prof. of law at University of Manitoba, Manitoba LJ) 

Are Jews then guilty of “moral bookkeeping”—
AND
 condemn mass killings perpetrated in the name of one or another pernicious ideology

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Woodhead
Dollar collapse – the imminent collapse of the dollar will gut our influence and military abilities.
Layne 4/26 (12, Christopher, professor at Texas A and M School of Government and Public Service, The Atlantic, “The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/) NYan

Now, in the wake of the 2008 financial meltdown... remote in the current global environment.).

Deficit – our ballooning deficit ensures we eventually won’t even have the money to support an aggressive hegemonic strategy.
Walt 11 (Stephen M., Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, Nov/Dec 2011, The National Interest 116, “The End of the American Era,” ProQuest) 

Taken together, these events herald a sharp .... What should we do about it?  

Offshore balancing solves – ensures a peaceful transition.
Layne 4/26 (12, Christopher, professor at Texas A and M School of Government and Public Service, The Atlantic, “The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/) NYan

As U.S. power wanes over the next decade or so... safeguarding the flow of Persian Gulf oil.

Their claims are unrealistic – there’s no reason why conflicts would all of a sudden magically materialize.
Fettweis 11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO)

Assertions that without the combination of U.S... with or without the United States.

China’s rise will be peaceful – it’s seeking a strategy of accommodation.
Schweller and Pu 11 (Randall L. Schweller, professor of political science and director of Mershon Center’s Series on National Security Studies at Ohio State University, and Xiaoyu Pu, doctoral candidate in the department of political science at Ohio State University, summer 2011, International Security 36.1, “After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in an Era of U.S. Decline,” p. 52-53, EBSCOhost) 

Chinese resistance operates along two dimensions... better position to defend and advance its interests.

Tournament: Meadows 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall KG | Judge: Idriss
The affirmative participates in mythmaking – an attempt to recapture reality from a vacuum of meaning
Selby 7 (Charles H. de Selby, Department of English, Oxford University, "'Generating' Baudrillard: Cultural Theory and Baudrillardist Hyperreality," in International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Special Issue: Remembering Baudrillard, Volume 4, Number 3, October, http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol4_3/v4-3-article74-selby.html)

I. Cultural theory and cultural discourse “Class is fundamentally responsible for the status
AND
Lacan’s critique of cultural theory states that sexual identity has intrinsic meaning.6

Reality inevitably escapes our grasp – trying to hold on creates an insatiable nostalgia for power, culminating in fascism
Baudrillard 94 (Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist and cultural theorist, "Simulacra and Simulation," pp. 22-23)

As long as the historical threat came at it from the real, power played
AND
overdose of a strong referential in a society that cannot terminate its mourning.

The alternative is to embrace the futility of narrativity – vote negative to shatter the myth of the Real
Werther 2k (Thomas F.E. Werther, Department of Literature at Oxford University, "Constructivism and Saussurean semiotics," February 25, www.math.tohoku.ac.jp/kuroki/keijiban/Tmp/werther.html)

In the works of Spelling, a predominant concept is the distinction between within and
AND
of Saussurean semiotics is not, in fact, deappropriation, but subdeappropriation.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley MJ | Judge: Tallungan
Saudi Arabia has the ability to control prices of the market
Business Reporter 12(Business Reporter, November 12, 2012, “Saudi Arabia happy with current oil price: minister” http://www.brecorder.com/fuel-a-energy/193/1257514/)
 The global oil market is in a good ...  3 million by the end of the year, he said.

Saudi would flood the market causing prices to drop
Hulbert ’12 - Lead Analyst at European Energy Review; Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations; Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies (Hulbert, Matthew. “OPEC's Pending Bloodbath”. June 10, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/06/10/opecs-pending-bloodbath/)

That’s unlikely to happen, precisely because Riyadh... to keep pricing itself out of existence.

Saudi Arabia has the ability to control the prices
Pickrell 13(Emily Pickrell, June 12, 2013, “Saudi Arabia remains key to oil prices, despite U.S. production surge” http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/06/12/saudi-arabia-remains-key-to-oil-prices-despite-u-s-production-surge/)

While U.S. oil production has increased ... is no replacement for Saudi exports.

Status quo Solves- US will be independent near independent by 2035
Colombia Dispatch 12(Robert Samuelson, Washington Post Writers Group, “U.S. is on track to reach oil independence”, Nov 15, 2012,The Colombia Dispatch, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/editorials/2012/11/15/u-s~-~-is-on-track-to-reach-oil-independence.html)
Preoccupied by the election, Americans may ... and savings from greater fuel efficiency..

US shifting towards independence now- new technology allows it to happen
Nguyen and Coy 12(Lananh Nguyen and Peter Coy, Staff Writers November 15, 2012, Is It Time for the U.S. to Join OPEC?, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-11-15/is-it-time-for-the-u-dot-s-dot-to-join-opec)
The announcement by the International Energy Agency ... forecasts for Saudi Arabia for those years.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Woodhead
Magnitude -  Conventional wars are more common and more catastrophic than nuclear war – causes bioweapon use
Robert Johnson, Strategic Planning, “Abolishing Nuclear Weapons: The Key to Global Security?” CSIS Prospectus, Fall 1999, http://www.csis.org/pubs/prospectus/99FallJohnson.html, accessed 8/11/02
Conventional wars are no doubt less horrible ... and the consequences equally catastrophic.

Bioweapons cause Extinction
Ochs 2 Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers, “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately”, 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
Of all the weapons of mass destruction... Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues?

Prolif fails and is super slow
Hymans ‘12 Jacques E. C. Hymans, PhD from Harvard, Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, his most recent book is Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation, “Botching the Bomb: Why Nuclear Weapons Programs Often Fail on Their Own-and Why Iran's Might, Too,” Foreign Affairs91. 3 (May/Jun 2012): 44-53, Proquest
The great proliferation slowdown can be attributed .... to be carried out by other people..

First strikes are unsustainable.  Proliferation deters any consideration of an attack
Waltz ’03, Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 121
Students of organizations rightly worry about complex ... if the cost of gaining it is half a dozen cities.

New arsenals not destabilizing—small arsenals, no aggression, and deterrence solves
Forsyth ’12 James Wood Forsyth Jr., PhD, currently serves as professor of national security studies, USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver. He has written on great-power war, intervention, and nuclear issues, “The Common Sense of Small Nuclear Arsenals,” Summer, Strategic Studies Quarterly, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/summer/forsyth.pdf
Whatever its logical shortcomings, it is important to stress that deterrence ... rightful international recognition as a key regional power.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Woodhead
Exclusively focusing on policymaking crowds outs critical questioning.
Biswas 7 Shampa, Professor of Politics – Whitman College, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist”, Millennium, 36(1), p. 117-125
The most serious threat to the ‘intellectual vocation’, he argues, is ‘
AND
expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

Criticism is a prerequisite to effective policymaking.
Bruce 96 Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

You are not a policy-maker and pretending you are absolves individual responsibility for violence— this ensures the aff’s impacts are inevitable and is an independent reason to vote neg
Kappeler 95  Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11

We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared
AND
result of a collective human choice and therefore subject to human control. 12 

Security politics destroys value to life, reducing humans to units of calculation.
Dillon 96 Michael, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Lancaster, Politics of Security: Towards a Political Philosophy of Continental Thought, p. 26
Everything, for example, has now become possible. But what human being seems
AND
for example, through strategic discourse— even if the details have changed.

There is no objective way
Grondin 4 David, master of pol sci and PHD of political studies @ U of Ottowa “(Re)Writing the “National Security State”: How and Why Realists (Re)Built the(ir) Cold War,” http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/ieim/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf

Neorealist and neoclassical realism offer themselves up as a narrative of the world institutional order
AND
rhetoric is not the description of national security conduct; it constitutes it.