Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Ruffin
Part One – Allegory and its discontents
We begin with a series of conflicting allegories about Cuba
Allegory 1 – The Bridge
From Ruth Behar, a Cuban-born poet and professor at the University of Michigan  -
 “Culture and Change: Bridges to Cuba”¶ Ruth Behar¶ The Journal of the International Institute, Volume 2, Issue 3, Spring 1995
I first … with everybody.

Allegory 2 – Juan of the Dead: A review of a film released at the Toronto Film Festival in 2011
(Steven Zeitchik, a Los Angeles Times staff writer who covers the art and business of film (and, sometimes, the intersection of the two. “Toronto 2011: 'Juan of the Dead' brings zombies to Cuba - See more at: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/09/toronto-horror-juan-of-the-dead-premiere.html#sthash.gSRwFXJ3.dpuf “ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/09/toronto-horror-juan-of-the-dead-premiere.html)
Horror directors often … begin to stagger around.

Allegory 3 – Animal Farm
A journalist describes Castro’s press strategy
(David Abel has written extensively about Latin America, national security, higher education, poverty. “A Cuba of Contradictions,” Ottowa Citizen 12/13/1998 http://davidabel11.blogspot.com/2005/06/cuba-of-contradictions.html)
Today, Mr. Castro is … believers from its ranks.¶
These allegorical associations are the tip of a deep iceberg of interpretation. From every conceivable corner of the human experience, we are offered totalizing interpretations of texts, of history, of political situations, of personal experience, and of debate itself. In the context of the Cuban embargo, ossification of discourse and policy has proceeded from this interpretive struggle, paralyzing analysis and action.
Our advocacy is the death of colonial authorship – a moment of non-hierarchical interpretive space in which multitudinous, suspicious, contradictory allegorical readings of Cuba may emerge and collide.
Part Two – Crossing the Mangrove

Nos anciens disaient bien que la mort n’est qu’un pont jeté entre les
êtres, une passerelle qui les rapproche sur laquelle ils se rencontrent à
mi-chemin pour se chuchoter tout ce qu’ils n’ont pas pu se confier.

Our ancestors used to say that death is nothing but a bridge between
humans, a footbridge that brings them closer together on which they can
meet halfway to whisper things they never dared talk about.

—Traversée de la Mangrove by Maryse Condé 1

The method is explicated In Maryse Condé’s novel, Crossing the Mangrove. Numerous characters gather at the wake of the writer Francis Sancher to reflect upon and interpret his life and writings. They each produce authoritative narrative interpretations which contradict the equally authoritative interpretations of the other characters. This demonstrates the problem post-colonial context imposes on interpretations and allegories – they presuppose a shared set of cultural and historical referents among readers. The moment of the author’s wake is essential to allow these contradictions to emerge in their fullness and to confront each other.
(Dawn Fulton, “Reading Death: Allegory in Maryse Condé's Crossing the Mangrove¶ Dawn Fulton”¶ Callaloo, Volume 24, Number 1, Winter 2001, pp. 301-309 (Article)¶ Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press)
Recent critical interest … to a certain¶ hollowness, forever imposing false readings onto the text.¶ 

Hegemony of interpretation is a reactionary gesture which poisons sensibilities and depletes the world.
(Susan Sontag 66, Against Interpretation, http://www.uiowa.edu/~c08g001d/Sontag_AgainstInterp.pdf)
The fact is, all Western … we again experience more immediately what we have.
Hegemony of allegorical interpretation is the essence of the imperial gesture. In re-reading the history, spatial boundaries, and cultural identities of indigenous societies, colonial interpretation strives to annihilate the other. Our method of allegory resolves this by emptying the signifier to which colonial meanings are attached.
(Dawn Fulton, “Reading Death: Allegory in Maryse Condé's Crossing the Mangrove¶ Dawn Fulton”¶ Callaloo, Volume 24, Number 1, Winter 2001, pp. 301-309 (Article)¶ Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press)
This gesture of … attached to an empty sign.¶
The dead central character in Crossing the Mangrove, Francis Sancher remains silent and dead. The death of the author who is interpreted in the story’s conflicting allegories is a catalyst for self-interrogation within each of those allegories. The absence of a fixed content from which allegories emanate is essential to uniting their discord in a collective refusal of interpretive authority, suggesting an entangled, non-linear relationship that affords for multiplicity without re-union or redemption of the past. This is why our efforts to interpret Conde’s novel into the debate space may link, but are outweighed by the link turn that the death of our authorship generates.
(Dawn Fulton, “Reading Death: Allegory in Maryse Condé's Crossing the Mangrove¶ Dawn Fulton”¶ Callaloo, Volume 24, Number 1, Winter 2001, pp. 301-309 (Article)¶ Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press)
The loss of Francis Sancher … for interpretive understanding.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge:
Contention 1 is the Invention of the Americas
In school we learned the official history of the discovery of the Americas. In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue, and “discovered The New World.” Northern Europeans understood this “new world” as their God given birthright to explore, discover and develop as they saw fit. The indigenous populations they encountered were “wild and uncivilized Indians” who needed to convert to Christianity or be destroyed for their own good. Thus, began the modern colonial project. It was in this creation of the Americas that the colonial matrix of power was established. The establishment of this colonial matrix made control, domination, and exploitation the paradigm of the modernity/coloniality project.
Mignolo 5 (Walter D. Mignolo, Argentine semiotician, 2005, The Idea of Latin America, p. 2-7)
Before 1492, the Americas were not on anybody’s map, not even on the
AND
now) – the same logic was maintained; only power changed hands.
And the paradigm of modernity/coloniality continues into the present politics of The United States as demonstrated by its economic engagement in Latin America. Protectionism and free trade are two sides of the same colonial epistomology.
Grosfoguel 2K (Ramon Grosfoguel, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Department at UC Berkeley, 2000, “Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America” Nepantla: Views from South, Volume 1, Issue 2, pg 359-361)
The modern idea that treated each individual as a free centered subject with rational control
AND
movement ended once the wool producers shifted to cattle raising and meat exports.
Such coloniality creates a death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, and racism are ordinary.
Maldonado-Torres 8 (Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21)
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."
Contention 2 is Double Translation
Our re-telling of the history of the America’s and the coloniality/modernity project operates as an epistemic intervention into this debate. Our Affirmation is a refusal of the logic of coloniality by utilizing a method of double translation which not only describes alterity in debate terms, but also infects debate with indigenous knowledge.
Mignolo 11 (Walter D. Mignolo, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, 2011, The Darker Side of Western Modernity: global futures, decolonial options)
Let us follow Subcomandante Marcos's narrative of his encounter with Old¶ Man Antonio,
AND
without parenthesis. Let's explore¶ these two points a little bit further.
We are rear-guard theorists attempting to give philosophical articulation to ideas embedded in the praxis of the activist oppressed. Rather than usurping the voice of the oppressed or attempting to shed our own skin we seek constructive dialogue in solidarity with those challenging neoliberalization and colonialism. This process allows us to subsume the egocentrism and eurocentrism of modernity via the viewpoint of alterity.
Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, 2012 (Linda M., “Enrique Dussel’s Transmodernism”, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58k9k17t)
Against “reason,” Dussel poses critical reason, against universality he puts forward concrete
AND
modernity into a new transmodern paradigm, looks to some as wishful thinking.¶ 

Empathic Solidarity is the best way to break with the hypocritical and unethical consequentialism of the status quo. We must open ourselves to the standpoint of the other in order to break free of the annihilating logic of modernity/coloniality.
Mendieta 7
(Eduardo Mendieta is a Columbian philosopher and chair of the Philosophy Dept. at Stony Brook University, 2007, Global fragments: globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and critical Theory)
In Dussel’s works from the seventies, then, Western thought is seen as the
AND
This dual view¶ of politics will remain a constant in Dussel’s thought.
And view the 1AC speech act as a reconsideration of our education of US history. We change how we engage the west-centric education of the status quo and recognize the complexities and colonial/imperial contexts that constitute US history. By admitting this west-centricity, we as students have the ability to question authority and create an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.
Trofaneko 5 (Brenda Trofanenko, Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois, The Social Studies, Sept/Oct 2005)
The debates about the overwhelming problems, limitations, and disadvantages of social studies education
AND
but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.
This reconsideration of our what our knowledge gained in the classroom means is important. Absent this reconsideration cultural inferiority will inevitably be replicated within the colonial epistemic framework.
Baker 8 (Michael Baker, University of Rochester, “Eurocentrism and the Modern/Colonial Curriculum: Towards a Post-Eurocentric Math and Science Education – A Critical Interpretive Review,” 2008, http://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_~-~-_A_Critical_Interpretive_Review)
Eurocentric thinking is embedded in the concepts and categories through which the modern world has
AND
calls for deserve further clarification, before analyzing the historical context of Eurocentrism.
Uniquely, our role as scholars of Latin America is to analyze the epistemological and cultural implications of the way we learn and engage with Latin America in the status quo.
Fein 3 (Seth Fein, former professor of history at Yale University, professor at Columbia University's departments of Latin American and Caribbean Studies and History, 2003, “Culture across Borders in the Americas,” History Compass 1, 2003, NA 025, 1–6)
The ‘new’ international and transnational histories of the Americas revisit, more often unconsciously
AND
To conclude, all politics is cultural, and all culture is political.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Not really sure | Judge: Hendricks, Jordan
1AC (Heterotopia)

Contention One is On the Border

Borders exist wherever two or more cultures edge each other - they are experienced as social and physical barriers which advance a multitude of conflictual power relations
Mendoza, 2k8, Elva Fabiola Orozco, Master of Arts in Political Science, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldua, April 24, 2008, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05062008-175949/unrestricted/Final_thesis_corrected.pdf

The psychological borderlands, …  we will further see.

Despite the innate fluidity of the US-Mexico borderlands, the distinction between “inside” and “outside” the border remains ethically and culturally pervasive. Discourses of emergency are used to delegitimize multiculturalism and sanction the massacre of illegal migrants.
Giorgi and Pinkus 2006 (Gabriel, Assistant Professor of Spanish and Comparative Literature at the University of Southern California, Karen, Professor of Italian, French, and Comparative Literature at the University of Southern California, “Zones of Exception: Biopolitical Territories in the Neoliberal Era”, Johns Hopkins University Press, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v036/36.2giorgi.html#bio1 - oliver g)
Contemporary discourses on … d in the neoliberal era.

This obsession with the border creates a reflexive surveillance state where the body politic must systematically purge itself of all racial impurity in order to function smoothly
Salter 2004 (Mark B., School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Ontario, “Passports, Mobility, and Security: How smart can the border be?” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2004.00158.x/full - oliver g)
At the border, all …  supplanted by a surveillance regime, in which every citizen is both watched and a watcher.

The biopolitical valuation of populations legitimizes all genocide and war

Elden 2002 (Prof of Politics @ U Warwick boundary 2 29.1 p. 148-9)
A break or cut (coupure…  for the German race (FDS, 231–32). 

Contention Two is Meztisa Consciousness

The US-Mexico border must be understood as a ‘heterotopia’ rather than a ‘topia,’ as a non-place rather than a place. In contrast to the Euclidian paradigm of symmetry and closure, the geometry of the borderlands is marked by fractal growth and fractal decay, by disarray and gradiation. This ambiguity cannot be explained away by a single historical narrative, but must be preserved through the continuous telling and retelling of diverse cultural pasts.
Morales 1995 (Alejandro, Professor of Chicano/Latino Studies at the University of California, Irvine, “Dynamic identities in heterotopia,” Bilingual Review, Sepember-December, Vol. 20 Issue 3, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=ffbe01ad-af3b-4bcb-8330-6b3827271a3f40sessionmgr114andvid=1andhid=122andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aphandAN=9610220106.)
¶ Davis's description alludes …  They fail to understand that identity is not fixed, that nothing is certain in the Southwestern heterotopia border zone.

Therefore, rather than simply condemning borders or embracing them, we propose the 1AC as a site for rethinking prevailing notions of territoriality and carving space for future inquiry. The question should not be whether the US-Mexico border is good or bad, but whether a specific conceptualization of the border is constructive or destructive in the context of global justice.
Agnew 2008 (John, Department of Geography, UCLA, Los Angeles, “Borders on the mind: re-framing border thinking,” Ethics and Global Politics 1, no. 4, http://ethicsandglobalpolitics.net/index.php/egp/article/view/1892/1985 - oliver g)
In my view, borders have …  their positive and limit their negative effects.

Thus, we advocate Mestiza consciousness: a dynamic epistemic strategy that weaves between all boundaries, dichotomies, and absolutes in order to create real political and social change. Through the development of “la facultad” – a faculty for seamlessly traversing between various systems identity and belonging – we can acquire the tools to defy coloniality and forge a more open structure of social relations.  
Rodriguez 2011 (Encarnacion Gutierrez , Senior Lecturer in Transcultural Studies at the University of Manchester, “Decolonizing Postcolonial Rhetoric,” http://www.migrazine.at/artikel/decolonizing-postcolonial-rhetoric-english.)
Gloria Anzaldúa's notion of …  imperial and colonial difference".

And, contextualizing this method to the US-Mexico Border is uniquely important
Mendoza, 2k8, Elva Fabiola Orozco, Master of Arts in Political Science, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldua, April 24, 2008, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05062008-175949/unrestricted/Final_thesis_corrected.pdf
This thesis is an … , race, gender, and sexuality.

Lastly, we do not deny our own social location or privilege, but rather embrace the particularity of our own epistemic experience as a starting point for emancipatory coalition building.  Mestiza is not an ethnicity but a state of mind, and no other state of mind provides a better theoretical lens through which to view the border.
Mendoza, 2k8, Elva Fabiola Orozco, Master of Arts in Political Science, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldua, April 24, 2008, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05062008-175949/unrestricted/Final_thesis_corrected.pdf
The final process …  make the difference in a person’s life.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edison | Judge: Chris Patterson
Contention 1 is Politics
The designation state sponsor of terrorism is heavily politicized and selectively biased - it serves to ideologically distract from direct state terrorism perpetrated by the United States and its allies.  We have several internal links:
1st, the United States labels Cuba as a state sponsor while ignoring its own culpability in numerous attacks against Cuba. Unrelated matters are used to refuse engagement and justify Cuba’s continued inclusion on the list.

Bolender 13
Keith Bolender is a Guest Scholar at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, a freelance journalist, and the author of and#34;Cuba Under Siege: American Policy, the Revolution and its Peopleand#34;. April 22, 2013, and#34;THE TERRORIST LIST, AND TERRORISM AS PRACTICED AGAINST CUBA,and#34; Council on Hemispheric Affairs, http://www.coha.org/22355/~~23sthash.u6Y6mHLD.dpuf-http://www.coha.org/22355/)

On an emotional level, Havana has long drawn attention to the double standard that
AND
relations. It is time for Cuba to be taken off the list.
2nd, the designation of Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism reveals the list to be both over and under inclusive – only ideological enemies of the US are labeled and#34;terrorist sanctuaries.and#34; This obscures and distracts from direct state terrorism sponsored by the US.

Jackson 6
(Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, December 2006, Denial of Sanctuary: Understanding Terrorist Safe Havens (Praeger Security International), and#34;The State and Terrorist Sanctuaries: A Critical Analysis,and#34; http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1948/BISA-Paper-2006-Jackson-Final.pdf?sequence=1-http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1948/BISA-Paper-2006-Jackson-Final.pdf?sequence=1)

Political Bias A related problem for the and#34;terrorist sanctuaries? discourse is that it
AND
academic analysis therefore, it may serve a number of distinctly ideological purposes.
This western obsession with non-state terror paints a one sided portrait of and#34;terrorism,and#34; and functions as an arm of state security, reaffirming state power and supremacy in force relations with its subjects. The real horror of the 20th century is unending state violence which the narrative structure of the War on Terror works diligently to conceal and legitimize.

Jackson 7
(Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2007, and#34;Terrorism Studies and the Politics of State Power,and#34; Paper prepared for International Studies Association’s 47th annual convention, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1951/ISA-2007-Paper-CTS-Jackson2.pdf?sequence=1-http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1951/ISA-2007-Paper-CTS-Jackson2.pdf?sequence=1)

An analysis of the terrorism studies field reveals a number of methodological, theoretical and
AND
contested, and why they continue to hold such sway over the field.
Contention 2 is Ethics
The US is an actor economic terrorism, but is concealed by both the status quo definitions of terrorism and an ethically bankrupt form of consequentialism that excuses this violence in the name of national security.

Kauzlarich et al. 2
DAVID KAUZLARICH is a Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice Studies at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville RICK A. MATTHEWS is a criminologist at Ohio University, and WILLIAM J. MILLER is a Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Carthage College. 2002, and#34;TOWARD A VICTIMOLOGY OF STATE CRIME,and#34; http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/kauzvictimology.pdf-http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/kauzvictimology.pdf

Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
conditions that account for the persistence of institutional harms caused by its agencies.
Empathic Solidarity is the best way to break with the hypocritical and unethical consequentialism of the status quo. We must open ourselves to the standpoint of the other in order to break free of the annihilating terrorist state of the concentration camp.

Mendieta 7
(Eduardo Mendieta is a Columbian philosopher and chair of the Philosophy Dept. at Stony Brook University, 2007, Global fragments: globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and critical Theory)

In Dussel’s works from the seventies, then, Western thought is seen as the
AND
This dual view¶ of politics will remain a constant in Dussel’s thought.
And our pragmatic defense of the plan provides an emancipatory philosophical movement dedicated to breaking down the barriers of class, race and national territory by seeking to transform ourselves and our democratic institutions.

Stehn 11
(Alexander Stehn is a Prof of Latin American Philosophy @ University of Texas-Pan American, 2011, and#34;Toward an Inter-American Philosophy: Pragmatism and the Philosophy of Liberation,and#34; in Inter-American Journal of Philosophy, December 2011, Vol. 2, No. 2: 14-36)

Then and now, U.S.-American pragmatism is an emancipatory philosophical¶
AND
will no doubt require many more inter-American¶ confrontations and conversations.

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should exempt Cuba from section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, and section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act by removing Cuba from the United States State Department's list of state sponsors of terrorism.
Contention Three is Epistemology
Silence on state terror reifies these state-centric problem-solving paradigms and functions to maintain the legitimacy of state violence.  This definitional control over legitimate forms of violence is the condition of possibility for state terrorism to occur.

Jackson 9
(Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume 1 Issue 3, and#34;The ghosts of state terror: knowledge, politics and terrorism studiesand#34;, p 385-356)

In contrast to first-order critique, second-order critique involves the adoption
AND
number of distinctly political purposes and has several important ideological consequences for society.
And terrorism is a social construction, not a brute fact- it doesn’t exist outside of the definitions we ascribe to it.  Our aff is an intervention into the status quo and the discursive practices that have defined terrorism in a politicized and state-centric way.

Jackson 8
(Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal 2008, and#34;An Argument for Terrorism,and#34; Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume 2: Number 2)

Much more significantly however, terrorism is not a causally coherent, free-standing
AND
set of fairly clear identifying criteria which can be employed for research purposes.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: La Costa Canyon | Judge: Richard Idriss
Wonand#39;t pass this year, Syria, Republican re-election, and lack of Obama PC
Huang 9/27

 Josie Huang is a reporter and producer for KPCCand#39;s Take Two show.September 17, 2013, “With Syria tensions easing, will immigration reform pass this year?,” SCPR, Southern California Public Radio, http://www.scpr.org/blogs/multiamerican/2013/09/17/14754/with-syria-tensions-easing-will-immigration-reform/

When tensions were running high last week, some activists feared the Syrian conflict would
AND
Krikorian maintains has lost political capital in his handling of the Syrian crisis.
Obama PC is depleted, Syria policy and Summerand#39;s nomination
Lind 9/18

 Michael Lind is policy director of the New America Foundation’s Economic Growth Program and a columnist at Salon. He is author of Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States, September 18, 2013, “Three defeats on home turf,” The Policy Network, http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4461andtitle=Three-defeats-on-home-turf

Barack Obama has unusually depleted political capital as he goes into contentious debt ceiling negotiations with Republicans later this year
AND
depleted political capital, for a president who was decisively re-elected less than a year ago.
No Link - Country reports on terrorism released once a year in April
US Department of State No Date

http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/

U.S. law requires the Secretary of State to provide Congress
AND
with the report for 2004, it replaced the previously published Patterns of Global Terrorism.
PC not key or true and winners win
Hirsh 13

National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly defined that presidents and
AND
he could have unlimited coinage if he handled the politics right. He did.
Framing the economy as a security priority makes it a tool of geopolitical dominance
Higgott 3

 Richard, Professor in the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation at the University of Warwick, CSGR Working Paper No. 124/03, September, “American Unilateralism, Foreign Economic Policy and the ‘Securitisation’ of Globalisation,” http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1997/1/WRAP_Higgott_wp12403.pdf

The ascendancy of the unilateral idealists and the securitisation of US globalisation policies—
AND
towards Asia is the empirical case study of this paper it is worth offering a brief insight into the other elements of policy.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Roho KG | Judge: Montreuil,Paul
Possession is bad- they negotiated with us – they are not an explosion of meaning

We don’t bring things- Advocating a Mestiza consciousness is key- it is recognizes that all cultures are different but finds intersections to fight ways that we categorize them. Our state mind puts them on the same level.
They cannot be conditional terrorists

Turn-their rhetoric of a dichotomous relationship between viewer and participant where they perform the purified form of oppressed alterity and we represent the purely objective, universalizing, institutionalizing gaze of privilege serves to sanitize them of any culpability in colonizing logic and lock us in to the same totalizing role of Evil Other which must be either saved or destroyed they wish to criticize. The overly reductive nature of their link arguments reproduces the very colonial/modern logic both teams wish to resist.
Mendieta, Columbian philosopher and chair of the Philosophy Dept. at Stony Brook University, 2007 (Eduardo, Global fragments : globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and critical
Theory)
One final note of clarification. The goal of this type … , in this way, silencing him or her.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Reagan | Judge: Christopher Thomas
Their link is bad
“its inclusion on this list in the past may have been justifiable — but when President Obama and Secretary Clinton release a report such as this, it does nothing but diminish U.S. credibility and demean our status”
Government shutdown destroyed the United States credibility
Reuters 10/1 (REUTERS, 10/01/2013, “Pentagon chief says shutdown hurts US credibility with allies” http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Pentagon-chief-says-shutdown-hurts-US-credibility-with-allies-327551)

The US government shutdown … in the new fiscal year beginning Oct. 1.

US Credibility killed by Syria
Bayefsky 9/18 (Anne Bayefsky, Published September 18, 2013, “Iran's Rowhani and Obama at UN -- get ready for US credibility to go from bad to much worse”
FoxNews.comhttp://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/18/iran-rowhani-and-obama-at-un-get-ready-for-us-credibility-to-go-from-bad-to/)
Courtesy of the United Nations, and the ONE U.N. New York hotel, the Iranian diplomatic assault team will hit New York City early next week. We know one thing about this offensive already. The standing of President Obama on the world stage, in the wake of his Syria fiasco, is going to go from very bad to much ….” and a non-compliant Iran will be held “accountable.” Despite the repetition, however, the speechifying has not been easy-going. 

2AC Decoloniality
Do not default to offense defense- they have read cards that agree with out affirmative- which is a reason to vote aff-
1 The Alternative alone can’t solve the Case:
A. Empathic Solidarity- We must approach the other in a reverent attitude, disposed to service and to empathic solidarity. The alternative is war, dispossession, occlusion, exclusion, and genocide. The politics of the other, then, is an antipolitics that challenges the established hierarchies that justify and legitimize enforced exclusions- That’s Mendieta ‘07
B. Pragmatism- We must produce and reproduce the lives of the oppressed and excluded, the victims, discovering the causes of their negation and adequately transforming institutions to suit them, which will as a result improve the life of the community as a whole. There is nothing more radical than insistence upon democratic methods as the means by which radical social changes be effected- That’s Stehn ‘11
C. Silence- Allowing the state to continue to use the Terror label unchecked makes any form of dissent impossible. Either the state will actively hunt down and eliminate those who attempt to dissent and resist, or it will turn a blind eye to domestic hate groups who seek out and destroy anyone who doesn’t conform. The aff is literally a precondition to the success of the alternative. That’s the Jackson and Grosscup cards.
D. 300 million haave died
2 Perm-“Epistemology in Parenthesis”- Our presentation of the 1AC in this debate ought best be viewed as defending an epistemology of objectivity in parenthesis. We reject the notion of an idealized objective stance and develop new conceptual frameworks and alternative explanations
3 All of their link arguments stem from the fact that their epistemology is superior to ours which ultimately only serves to reinscribe colonial epistemologies upon the debate space.
Mignolo, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, 2011 (Walter D., The Darker Side of Western Modernity: global futures, decolonial options)

The argument I'm working on builds on the distinction already mentioned¶ above, made by the Chilean neurophysiolist and philosopher Humberto¶ Maturana, between "objectivity without parentheses" and "objectivity in parentheses:' …the project of plurinational states inscribed in the Constitution of Bolivia¶ and Ecuador. If you start from here and then look at Schmitt's pluriverse¶ you will become aware of the regional and limited scope of liberal political¶ pluralism."
5 Turn-To argue that their approach is the ONLY APPROACH is the very colonial-neo-liberal epistemology their link and impact arguments indict. Any argument for the mutual exclusivity of their approach turns them in to the new vanguard reinscribing a new col

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Not really sure | Judge: Hendricks, Jordan

1. Counter-interpretation: the affirmative should be allowed to performativity and methodologically affirm the resolution.
   2. We meet our interpretation:
   we are in the direction of the resolution- status quo is moving away from engagement by deeming Mexico an inferior country and ignoring the Mestiza culture. Adopting Mestiza consciousness can we properly engage with Mexico in a non neoliberal manner
   3. Borders DA: the enforcement of acceptable vs unacceptable patterns of knowledge production within debate mirrors the US border patrol’s use of surveillance as a technology of containment. This is not a mere analogy, but a direct discursive relation between all forms of exclusionary violence - Giorgio and Pinkus says attempt to secure the a social body from the outside world - i.e. the negative’s dedication to safeguarding ‘traditional policy debate’ from existential threats – creates exclusion which Foucault impacts with fascism, eugenics, and the indiscriminate massacre of deviant individuals.
   4. Permute their interpretation: like the US borderlands, debate can never be reduced to a homogeneous and abstract space - it is a heterotopia, saturated by a plurality of local worlds and irreducible to one component. Increasing pervasiveness of non-traditional debate proves there is no link uniqueness – difference already exists, it’s simply a question of learning to relate difference. As Moralez says,

Living in a frontier that runs through your tongue, religion, music, dress, food, architecture, appearance, and life and that manifests itself in multiple ontologies calls for the acquisition of new survival habits…

Life in the chaos of heterotopia is a perpetual act of self-definition gradually deterritorializing the individual. The individual becomes an ambiguity.

And, the perm solves best: static and inflexible boundaries are the enemy of creative transformation. The coexistence of seemingly incompatible cultural paradigms is the only path towards authentic dialogical engagement.
Pena 1993 (Guillermo Gomez, Chicano performance artist, writer, activist, and educator, “the border is . . . (a manifesto),” http://zonezero.com/magazine/essays/distant/zxeno2.html - oliver g)
Border Culture is a polysemantic term.¶ , not just white, not only you, compañero del otro lado de la frontera, el lenguaje y el océano.

5. We meet – we occupy the space between legality and illegality within the resolution. If their interpretation is the border, we are the borderlands.
Lindahl 2008 (Hans, Department of Philosophy, Tilburg University The Netherlands, “Border Crossings by Immigrants: Legality, Illegality, and Alegality,” Res Publica: A Journal of Moral, Legal and Social Philosophy, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-008-9051-5/fulltext.html - oliver g)
At one level, o... distinctions themselves into the fold of legality. In a word, legal orders are irredeemably contingent.11
6. We are more switch side - an aff choice framework forces debaters to explore unfamiliar ideological terrain– under their interpretation, reading cards defending switch-side debate becomes a replacement for actually switching sides.
7. Border pedagogy is key to challenge authority and facilitate a democratic society - best internal link to advocacy skills
Giroux ‘91 (Henry A. Giroux, cultural critic, Professor of cultural studies, pedagogy, critical theory, higher education and media studies, “Border Pedagogy as Postmodern resistance”, 1991)
Border pedagogy also ... in multiple ways by students who occupy different ethnic, social, and gender locations. 

8. Only our education is unique to debate- they can become informed policymakers by watching the TV, only debate allows for a dialogue between radically distinct perspectives –confrontation with otherness is valuable about switch side debate.
Their move is not benign – the rhetoric of limits creates a necessarily exclusionary and authoritarian politics
Kulynych 97 (Kulynych, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, 1997 Jessica, “Performing Politics," Polity, Winter, v.XXX, n.2, p. 315-330)
II. Disciplining Habermas Political s... What Habermas does not explicitly recognize is that whether a problem is convincingly thematized is not just a matter of utilizing correct procedure. 

9. Default to reasonability - even if we aren’t a topical discussion, we are a discussion of the topic. Competing interpretations leads to a race to the bottom and excludes areas of aff ground that are intrinsic to the literature base but not the wording of the resolution.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hamilton | Judge: Zampietro Paula
2AC K
WE do not commodify suffering- we just think the united states does bad things and uses bad discourse to justify imperialism.
We link turn this arugment- the united states uses terrorism as an identity to cause suffering
Recognzing suffering is good
And, abandoning politics cedes it to the elites – causes war, slavery, and authoritarianism.
Boggs 2k (Carol, PF Political Science @ University of Southern California, The End of Politics, pg. 250-251)

But it is a very deceptive …  muddling-through theories.

Perm – double bind - either the state isn’t effective or worth their time of engaging in and they don’t sole any of the affirmative, which is predicated off of engaging the state terror list. Or their individual action is capable of engaging the state and the permutation is the most effective strategy.
Their refusal to question the State is political quietism.  Debate is a form of cultural politics useful when it orients us toward reform.  Refusing to take state-based politics seriously abandons it, making fascism inevitable
Giroux 4  (Henry, professor of English and cultural studies at McMaster University in Canada, Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 and 4, 2004, “Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical”, http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/viewpdf.asp?j=pfieandvol=2andissue=3andyear=2004andarticle=5_Giroux_PFIE_2_3-4_webandid=170.140.58.157)

Neo-liberalism has … possibility of democracy itself.
Alt fails – they can’t even articulate what the alternative would do – children and women in hospitals inside of Cuba are still getting killed every single day because of our sanctions.

7. Perm: our plan is an appeal by two individuals upon the united states federal govt which stands in solidarity with the movement against state sponsored terrorism.

8. A) The localization of politics falls back into the trap of sovereignty and globalization from above
Dalby, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at Carleton University, 2000 Simon, Environment, Culture, and Resistance, p. 15

This theme of … the first place.

b) globalization, when harnessed with international communities of resistance, erodes the sovereign perogative of the most barbaric wars in history
Kaldor, Reader in Contemporary European Studies at the University of Sussex, 1998 Mary, “Reconceptualizing Organized Violence,” Re-imagining Political Community, eds. Archibugi et al, p. 108-109

The optimistic view … theorize transnational democracy.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Roho KG | Judge: Montreuil,Paul
1 The Alternative alone can’t solve the Case:
A. Empathic Solidarity- we must approach the other with a reverent antipolitics that challenges exclusionary hierarchies- That’s Mendieta 07.
B. Pragmatism- transforming institutions is key to solve oppression - insistence upon democratic methods is the only truly radical means of effectuating social change -  That’s Stehn 11. The state will actively hunt down and eliminate those who attempt to dissent and resist- That’s Jackson.

Perm do both
We are not a commodification

Tying the culture of ethnography with other social movements allows us to build new perspectives allowing us to better interrogate the structures of power
Murillo 99(Enrique G. Murillo, Jr. Educational Foundations, Winter 1999, “Mojado Crossings along Neoliberal Borderlands” http://coe.csusb.edu/faculty/Murillo/documents/Mojadocrossings-Murillo.pdf)
In this explanatory framework … the social dimensions of cultural domains of power relations. 

Link Turn- Interrogating the borderlands is critical to prevent globalization from below
Fregoso 3(Rosa Linda Fregoso, “MeXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands, Part 1” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=O2zy-l5Va2ECandoi=fndandpg=PR13anddq=capitalism+neoliberalism+borderlandsandots=3Kk9ScEz84andsig=EV2GCZuRUhsS8WMW0AmWryDefvo#v=onepageandq=capitalismcandf=false)
Globalism on the Borderlands
Whereas the … (extermination of gendered bodies).
The Current way the border functions is neoliberal- only re-conceptualizing it solves
Mexico Solidariy No date(“Neoliberalism
Mexico - A neoliberal experiment“ http://www.mexicosolidarity.org/programs/alternativeeconomy/neoliberalism)
Neoliberalism is the … about the important affairs of our countries.
Their evidence assumes that the heterotopia is a fixed place- we move byong Mexico being a fixed place
2 Alternative leads to nihilism and fetishizes wordplay at the expense of reality.
Kellner 89 (Douglas, Phil. Chair @ UCLA, Jean Baudrillard, pg. 107-108)

Yet does the sort of … attraction of the postmodern carnival.
3 The Case is a disadvantage to the alt- there’s no way to ever engage with problems that go beyond ourselves in the world of the alternative- that’s guarantees the triumph of racism. Some speaking for others is probably inevitable, but constant interrogation of our privilege means their impacts aren’t.
Jazeel and McFarlane 09, (Tariq, PhD in Cultural Geography, Lecturer in Human Geography at The University … But also one where they are not simply taken as ‘‘truth’’‘ (2008, 496).

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gulliver | Judge: Richard Idriss
Everything is on the wiki

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Scott Phillips
3 Any claims to the mutual exclusivity of their description of the world and ours, or to “Win the Debate” by proving their epistemology is the one true and correct methodology are attempts to re-inscribe the colonial logic of objectivity without parenthesis. All of their link arguments stem from the fact that their epistemology is superior to ours which ultimately only serves to reinscribe colonial epistemologies upon the debate space.
Mignolo, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, 2011 (Walter D., The Darker Side of Western Modernity: global futures, decolonial options)

The argument I'm working … liberal political¶ pluralism."

We link turn it- Mendieat criticize human rights we accept difference with the other. We don’t try to integrate the other into our policies- only empathic solidarity solves

4 Attempting to “tear down the system” is little more than abstract and apolitical moralism and idealism. Transformation of the state is the best
Dussel, Argentine-Mexican writer and post-occidental/Decoloniality philosopher, 2008 (Enrique, Twenty Theses on Politics)
The question …  of¶ the State."¶
2 Specifically, state terror is used as a tool to promote the neo-liberal agenda.
Blakely, Lecturer in International relations @ University of Kent, 2009 (Ruth, State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South)
Overview of the chapters¶ …  Second World War also constituted state terrorism. 

2AC PTX CIR
Proliferation discourse defines states as immature in order to calcify our own identity as law-abiding heroes.
Mutimer 2k (David, Asst. Prof. Poli. Sci. @ York U, “The Weapons State,” p. 93-95) 

The U. S. military …  by that same core of supplier states. 

Chinese threat construction assumes a knowable and essentially violent Chinese Other—this Western lens makes militarization and conflict inevitable.
Pan 4 (Chengxin, PhD Poli. Sci. and Int’l Relations @ Australian Nat’l U, “The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” in Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29)

Having examined…  mission (Islam is rather vague, and Iran lacks necessary weights)." (56)

Extend Kauzlarich, their impact scenarios employ a bankrupt form of consequentialism where they justify interventionist policies and prioritize national security. Such consequentialism allows the US to paper over the harms of its policies because policy makers conclude that they are ethical, moral, and doing the greatest good even those policies involve violence. The impact is ongoing state terror that has been responsible for 200 million deaths in the twentieth century alone.
1 Won’t pass --- Healthcare law is consuming Obama PC --- prefer expert analysis.
Berman 10-29-13 (Russell, Congressional reporter at The Hill, “ObamaCare steals spotlight from push on immigration,” The Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/188417-obamacare-steals-spotlight-from-push-on-immigration)
The troubled rollout … this out,” Zelizer said.
It won’t pass- seen as caving to democrats and Obamacare fight thumps--prefer our ev because it’s assumptive of the Hispanic vote and conservative pressure.
Baker Oct 31, (Sean, “Immigration Reform 2013: House GOP is Turning Around, But It's Still a No-Go.” Policymic. http://www.policymic.com/articles/71095/immigration-reform-2013-house-gop-is-turning-around-but-it-s-still-a-no-go).
A third House … Republicans will continue to play politics with such an extremely important issue.

3 No link country Reports on Terrorism only released once a year in April
US Department of State No date http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/ “Country Reports on Terrorism” No date.
U.S. law requires …  Beginning with the report for 2004, it replaced the previously published Patterns of Global Terrorism.
4 Winner’s win --- Obamacare proves.
Higgins 10-28-13 (Conor, “GOP civil war: Obama and immigration,” The Washington Times, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/its-all-smoke-and-whiskey/2013/oct/28/gop-civil-war-obama-and-immigration/)
President Obama is …  pressing issues of the day.

PC not key or true and winners win
Hirsh 13 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
The idea of political capital… . (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Arjun V
Appeasement
Impact should have been triggered the United States’ policy towards Iran is a form of appeasement
Reuters 11/14(JPOST.COM STAFF, REUTERS
11/14/2013 “Key Republican compares Obama push to delay Iran sanctions to appeasement of Nazis before WWII” http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Key-Republican-compares-Obama-push-to-delay-Iran-sanctions-to-appeasement-of-Nazis-before-WWII-331713)

Key US Senate Republican Mark Kirk slammed the White House's push to delay new sanctions against Iran …  the difficult sales job the Democratic president has as he pursues a rapprochement with Tehran.

The US foreign policy approach has been that of appeasement not a hardline stance
Devereaux 11/18(Rick Devereaux, is a member of the SPECTRUM Group, retired USAF major general and former director of operational planning, policy and strategy. He was in Israel for recent military briefings with the US-based Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs.,  Nov. 18, 2013, “Commentary: Engagement to Appeasement
Change in Tone of US Policy Emboldens Enemies” http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131118/DEFFEAT05/311110026)

The tone ...misguided and counterproductive.

Middle east security representations make military intervention inevitable
Bilgin 2005 (Prof IR –Bikent University, Regional Security in The Middle East: A Critical Perspective, p. 67-69)

One of the central arguments … security they are rooted in.

Hegemony is a drive to order and control that can never be fulfilled – conflict is inevitable because new threats must be created to justify its continuation, resulting in extermination and the very impacts they claim to solve
Chernus 6 (Ira Chernus, Professor of Religious Studies and Co-director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at the University of Colorado-Boulder, 2006, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin)

The end of the cold war … more likely it is to believe and enact the neocon story. 

CP
Conditionality is bad –

1. Depth and aff strategy – they incentivize teams going for the least developed instead of the best arguments and contradictory worlds forces double-turns
   2. Time skew – moots aff speech time, kills fairness
   3. Aff ground – they can nullify our offense by saying “not going for it” – kills education
   4. voting issue – dispo solves their offense

Only two senators support it they are racist
Democrats are in support of our plan
Links to politics
Doesn’t solve empathic soldiary because they are selective in compassion- their politics  
Conditional ethics and morality are voting issues, the ethics of the affirmative are unconditional—allowing fear based utilitarian politics to determine the course of our ethics is a process of social separation that culminates in Otherization and the conditions necessary for the Holocaust.  
Bauman 1989 (Zygmunt, Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, Modernity and the Holocaust; P. 182-184
Most emphatically, my …, this building block of all moral behaviour,

CP

1. Perm: do both. Simultaneous enactment solves: if Cuba will trade condition for list removal, perm has U.S. fulfill its end of agreement first — and Cuba will reciprocate.  
   2. Perm: do counterplan. It's not textually competitive — added condition is plan-plus. Plan should be done — not the aff’s burden to defend immediacy or certainty.

Reject plan-contingent counterplans: hypergeneric process args distort the topic, hurting depth and clash over core controversies. Debatability trumps “literature” — no enforceable standard for solvency evidence. Disads sufficient to “test” unconditional engagement. 

Their political demand for _(rights etc)  creates zones of indistinction where political distinctions lose their clarity and take a back seat to the biological concerns of populations. The result is the most extreme forms of racist facism. (Also in Democracy Links)
Agamben 98, philosopher and professor of aesthetics at University of Verona Italy, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, 1998, p. 121-121
The contiguity between … and enter into a zone of indistinction. The ex-com¬munist ruling classes’ unexpected fall into the most extreme racism (as in the Serbian program of “ethnic cleansing”) and the rebirth of new forms of fascism in Europe also have their roots here.
4. Cuba says no, we’ve made the offer in the past but Cuba is committed to not succumbing to western double standards
Sanchez ‘9 Yoani Sánchez “Resistant to sticks and carrots” The Economist Nov 19th 2009 http://www.economist.com/node/14917766)
THOSE who hoped …. But there can be little doubt that a lifting of the American embargo would help those within the regime in Havana who want to move in a more liberal direction.

Conditional ethics and morality are voting issues, the ethics of the affirmative are unconditional—allowing fear based utilitarian politics to determine the course of our ethics is a process of social separation that culminates in Otherization and the conditions necessary for the Holocaust.  
Bauman 1989 (Zygmunt, Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, Modernity and the Holocaust; P. 182-184
Most emphatically, … murder without protesting. It was the technological and bureaucratic achievement of modern rational society which made such a separation possible.
10 The counterplan doesn't solve the aff, conditioning Cuba on something the USfg wants is counterproductive  
A. Empathic Solidarity- We must approach the other in a reverent attitude, disposed to service and to empathic solidarity. The alternative is war, dispossession, occlusion, exclusion, and genocide. The politics of the other, then, is an antipolitics that challenges the established hierarchies that justify and legitimize enforced exclusions- That’s Mendieta ‘07
B. Pragmatism- We must produce and reproduce the lives of the oppressed and excluded, the victims, discovering the causes of their negation and adequately transforming institutions to suit them, which will as a result improve the life of the community as a whole. There is nothing more radical than insistence upon democratic methods as the means by which radical social changes be effected- That’s Stehn ‘11

DA
Impossible for a new farm bill to be passed in 2013—Congress missed the key deadline
Wallbank and Bjerga 11-22-13 (Derek and Alan, “Negotiators Adjourn Talks on Agriculture Bill Until After Recess,” Alan Bjerga is an American journalist, author of the book Endless Appetites: How the Commodities Casino Creates Hunger and Unrest and the 2010 president of the National Press Club. Derek Wallbank is a reporter for Bloomberg News in Washington. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-21/negotiators-adjourn-talks-on-farm-bill-until-after-recess.html)

With the Senate leaving … Agriculture Chairman Frank Lucas said in an interview this week.
Battle over food stamps will derail the farm bill entirely—Democrats prepared to vote against the bill to save food stamps
Eichelberger 11-21-13 (Erika, “Support Grows In House to Save Food Stamps by Killing Farm Bill,” Erika Eichelberger is a former senior editorial fellow at Mother Jones and a reporter in the Nation's DC bureau. http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/11/food-stams-farm-bill-congressional-homelessness-caucus)

Congress is getting ready … to choose between food and rent."
Healthcare destroys the agenda, undermines credibility, and makes PC fail – Katrina effect
Shear 11/14, Michael D. Shear,   Recent and archived news articles by Michael D. Shear, a White House correspondent for The New York Times. He joined The Times in September 2010 as a lead writer on The Caucus blog.    Previously, Mr. Shear wrote for the Washington Post as a metro reporter covering Virginia politics, the 2008 presidential election and, most recently, as White House correspondent.  Mr. Shear received a B.A. degree from Claremont McKenna College and a M.A. degree in public policy from the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University., NYT, "Health Law Rollout’s Stumbles Draw Parallels to Bush’s Hurricane Response", www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/parallels-to-bush-in-toxic-political-mix-threatening-obama.html?_r=0 Mollie
WASHINGTON — Barack Obama won … trust in him.
Republicans won’t cooperate
Jackson et al 11/22, Henry C. Jackson and Josh Lederman and AP Polling Director Jennifer Agiesta contributed to this report, "For Obama, health care woes turn into a fight to save his credibility, regain public’s trust", www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/for-obama-health-care-woes-turn-into-a-fight-to-save-his-credibility-regain-publics-trust/2013/11/18/d6701938-5032-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story_1.html Mollie

Democrats in … or broad budget deal.
Neither will democrats
Jackson et al 11/22, Henry C. Jackson and Josh Lederman and AP Polling Director Jennifer Agiesta contributed to this report, "For Obama, health care woes turn into a fight to save his credibility, regain public’s trust", www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/for-obama-health-care-woes-turn-into-a-fight-to-save-his-credibility-regain-publics-trust/2013/11/18/d6701938-5032-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story_1.html Mollie

“This is an … to anyone who wants it.

3 No link country Reports on Terrorism only released once a year in April
US Department of State No date http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/ “Country Reports on Terrorism” No date.
U.S. law … of Global Terrorism.
4 PC not key or true and winners win
Hirsh 13 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
The idea of political capital—or …m is not a mysterious mistress,” LBJ said. “It is a controllable fact of political life.” Johnson had the skill and wherewithal to realize that, at that moment of history, he could have unlimited coinage if he handled the politics right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

No extinction from ag collapse
Allouche 11, research Fellow – water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, frmr professor – MIT, ‘11
(Jeremy, “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Vol. 36 Supplement 1, p. S3-S8, January)
The question of resource scarcity … and resilience of global food systems. None of the various and extensive databases

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Ward, Cameron
Case
The affirmative operates within a framework of nation-state security that leads to serial policy failure and renders all life calculable.
Burke 7 (Anthony Burke, Int'l Studies @ U of New South Wales, “Ontologies of War,” in Theory and Event, Vol. 10, Iss. 2)

This tells us ...  dysfunctional or chaotic.

AT Util and Consequentalism

AT Extinction first
One shot extinction claims are bad
media bias means we ignore these impacts until they reach a crisis point, only addressing them as a pre-requisite to short-term impacts can address the proximate cause of the aff’s impacts
Nixon ‘11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-4)

Three primary concerns ... to build translocal alliances.

2AC Cap
1 The Alternative alone can’t solve the Case:
A. Empathic Solidarity- we must approach the other with a reverent antipolitics that challenges exclusionary hierarchies- That’s Mendieta 07.
B. Pragmatism- transforming institutions is key to solve oppression - insistence upon democratic methods is the only truly radical means of effectuating social change -  That’s Stehn 11. The state will actively hunt down and eliminate those who attempt to dissent and resist- That’s Jackson.
We link turn zizek argument because we focus on structural violence
2 Perm-“Epistemology in Parenthesis”- the 1AC in this debate ought best be viewed as defending an epistemology of objectivity. We reject the notion of an idealized objective stance and develop new conceptual frameworks.
3 Link arguments that their epistemology is superior to ours ultimately serves to reinscribe colonial epistemologies upon the debate space.
Mignolo, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, 2011 (Walter D., The Darker Side of Western Modernity: global futures, decolonial options)

The argument I'm w...  liberal political¶ pluralism."
4 Attempting to “tear down the system” is little more than abstract and apolitical moralism and idealism. Transformation of the state is the best
Dussel, Argentine-Mexican writer and post-occidental/Decoloniality philosopher, 2008 (Enrique, Twenty Theses on Politics)
The question of ... follows from the postulate of the 'dissolution of¶ the State."¶
2 Specifically, state terror is used as a tool to promote the neo-liberal agenda.
Blakely, Lecturer in International relations @ University of Kent, 2009 (Ruth, State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South)
Overview of the chapters¶ In Chapter 2 I provide a conceptualisation of state terrorism in relation to other¶ forms of repression that Northern states have used in the service of their foreign¶ policy objectives. While some scholars have argued that political violence by¶ states should not be classified as state terrorism...  cities by allied forces during the¶ Second World War also constituted state terrorism.
6 Turn – Zizek’s reading of Marx is Eurocentric
Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, 2012 (Linda M., “Enrique Dussel’s Transmodernism”, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58k9k17t)

The resultant political ...“form” or position on metaphysics.

Their Lukacs author qualifications is Western Marxism 

6 Turn- Your reading of Marx is not only inappropriate in explaining the history of Latin American colonialism and completely WRONG in assuming his method to be one of dialectics, but it ultimately strips out the uniquely ethical and radical elements of Marx’s philosophy.
Mendieta, Columbian philosopher and chair of the Philosophy Dept. at Stony Brook University, 2007 (Eduardo, Global fragments : globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and critical
Theory)

Notwithstanding the shift ... creativity of the living¶ corporeality of the worker.
7 Turn-Coalitions- The fracturing of coalitional politics inevitably results in Authoritarianism and prevents any kind of progressive change. Only the use of Assemblage Thinking via the affirmative and our permutation allows hope.
Ramón Grosfoguel  Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in Historical Perspective, 2003
 sAll attempts to transform t... the dominant discourses.

8 And Their Alternative Fails- Turn- Attempting to “tear down the system” and build something completely new is little more than abstract and apolitical moralism and idealism. The best way to change the world is via transformation of existing democratic institutions.
Dussel, Argentine-Mexican writer and post-occidental/Decoloniality philosopher, 2008 (Enrique, Twenty Theses on Politics)
The question of w... that follows from the postulate of the 'dissolution of¶ the State."¶ 

2AC Process Theory
2AC XO
1 XO is normal means
Thale, Washington Office of Latin America program director, and Anderson, Senior Associate for Cuba at the Latin America Working Group 5/24/13 (Geoff Thale and Mavis Anderson, 5/24/13, WOLA, “Cuba, the Terrorism Report, and the Terrorist List,” http://www.wola.org/commentary/cuba_the_terrorism_report_and_the_terrorist_list, accessed 6/29/13, KR)
Although some aspects of U.S. policy toward Cuba—in particular, the embargo and the travel ban—can only be changed by Congress, there are a number of meaningful actions that the Obama administration could take without waiting for Congress. Removing Cuba from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism is one of the most significant of these.
2 CPs that result in the plan are a voting issue
A) Steals the 1AC which kills argumentative responsibility
B) Kills topical education—they can read the same counterplan every year
C) No ground –we can’t get offense because reasons why their actor is bad could be a reason why plan is bad, kills 2ac strategy  
3 That justifies perm Do the counterplan – it’s definitionally plan-plus
Should means “ought”
American Heritage Dictionary 10 “should,” date last modified, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should

1. simple past tense of shall. 2.(used to express condition): Were he to arrive, I should be pleased. 3. must; ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency): You should not do that.
   Resolved is before the colon and not in the plan
   Webster’s 2k (Guide to Grammar and Writing, http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.
   4 Doesn't solve the aff, allowing the political process to determine our course of action will inevitably result in manipulation and selective disclosure and increased manipulation of facts – ensuring the maintenance of the status quo
   Papandrea ‘5 Mary Rose, (assistant Professor of Law, Boston College Law School. J.D. University of Chicago Law School); “IMMIGRATION LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS: LEGAL LINE DRAWING POST-SEPTEMBER 11: SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE: UNDER ATTACK: THE PUBLIC'S RIGHT TO KNOW AND THE WAR ON TERROR”; 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 35 lnles
   But as scholars ...regard foreigners as inherently suspect.
   5 Links to Politics – Executive orders erode political capital
   Eberly, 1/21/13
   Todd, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Coordinator of Public Policy Studies St. Mary's College of Maryland, Baltimore Sun, “The presidential power trap”, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121,0,1947745.story, BJM
   Faced with obstacles to successful leadership, recent presidents have come to rely more on their formal powers. The number of important executive orders has increased significantly since the 1960s, as have the issuance of presidential signing statements. Both are used by presidents in an attempt to shape and direct policy on their terms. Presidents have had to rely more on recess appointments as well, appointing individuals to important positions during a congressional recess (even a weekend recess) to avoid delays and obstruction often encountered in the Senate. Such power assertions typically elicit close media scrutiny and often further erode political capital.
   5 P – do the plan as a result of the CP
   We don’t sever immediacy
   Online Plain T  Ext English Dictionary ‘9 (http://www.onelook.com/?other=web1913andw=Resolve)

Resolve: “To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life.”
6 Congressional backlash to executive orders weakens the president
Posner 2K Michael, Professor Emeritus at the University of Oregon and Adjunct Professor at the Weill Medical College in New York “Blocking the Presidential Power Play” National Journal, Jan 1, http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/nj_20000101_15.php

Some legal experts counsel Congress to be careful not to usurp legitimate presidential power. One expert urging caution is Douglas Cox, a lawyer who was deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel at the Justice Department during the Bush Administration. "When a President overreaches and uses executive orders to invade or supersede the legislative powers of Congress, Congress may be sufficiently provoked to consider an across-the-board approach to rein in those abuses," he told the House Rules subcommittee.  "Although that reaction is understandable, Congress must be careful to understand the   Extent to which executive orders are a necessary adjunct of the President's constitutional duties," Cox added. "At all times, Congress has ample legislative and political means to respond to abusive or lawless  executive orders, and thus Congress should resist the temptation to pursue more sweeping, more draconian, and more questionable responses."
7 Double Bind- Either XO doesn’t happen or XO happens and doesn’t solve
Curtain, ’08 June 2008, Joseph Curtain is Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
B.A., The George Washington University, 1995, “ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REASONS WHY THE U.S. SHOULD
NORMALIZE RELATIONS WITH CUBA”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA483591
The thesis also shows how China, Venezuela and Iran continue to invest more money in the island and subsequently
Though good in theory (as most policy strives to be or should strive to be), Fidel Castro outlived President Clinton’s policy and his communist regime will likely outlive President George W. Bush’s administration. As for President Clinton’s Cuba policy, it did not even outlive George Bush’s presidency. However, the policy itself is not to blame. The inherent problem that Clinton’s 1999 5 Point Plan had, just like Obama’s 2008 proposal, is that it was doomed from the start. Perhaps former Clinton special adviser for Cuban policy in 1995 and 1996, architect of Clinton’s two prong embargo/aid approach and also long time Clinton administration critic Richard Nuccio articulated the problem best when he said, “There is no administration other than this one in the postCold War period that would have surrendered as much executive authority to Congress on any issue...as President Clinton did in signing the Helms-Burton legislation.”23 The problem with Clinton’s 5 Point Plan was not increasing remittances, travel and aid to Cuba. The problem is that President Clinton severely limited executive power to relax, alter or even stop the embargo altogether when he signed the Helms-Burton Act into law. Consequently, no president alone has the latitude to implement policies strong enough to encourage significant change in Cuba. So Obama can certainly plan to re-institute an increase in travel and remittances to Cuba, but as Clinton’s policy has already proven such minor changes are not strong enough to serve as a catalyst for a change to democracy in Cuba.
8 Conditional ethics and morality are voting issues, the ethics of the affirmative are unconditional—allowing fear based utilitarian politics to determine the course of our ethics is a process of social separation that culminates in Otherization and the conditions necessary for genocide.  
Bauman 1989 (Zygmunt, Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, Modernity and the Holocaust; P. 182-184
Most emphatically, my responsibility is unconditional. It does not depend on prior knowledge of the qualities of its object; it precedes such knowledge. It doe not depend on an interested intention stretched towards the object; it precedes such intention. Neither knowledge nor intention make for the proximity of the other, for the specifically h uman mode of togetherness; ‘The tie with the Other is knotted only as responsibility’; and this moreover, whether accepted or refused, whether knowing or not knowing how to assume it, whether able or unable to do something concrete for the Other. To say: me voici. To do something of the Other. To give. To be human spirit, that’s it…I analyze the inter-human relationship as if, in proximity with the Other- beyond the image I myself make of the other man- his face, the expressive of the Other (and the whole human body is in more or less face) were what ordains me to serve him…The face orders and ordains me. Its signification is an order in my regard, this is not in the manner in which an ordinary sign signifies its signified; this order is the very signifyingness of the face. Indeed, according to Levinas, responsibility is the essential, primary and fundamental structure of subjectivity. Responsibility which means ‘responsibility for the Other’, and hence a responsibility ‘for what is not my deed, or for what does not even matter to me’. This existential responsibility, the only meaning of subjectivity, of being a subject, has nothing to do with contractual obligation. It has nothing in common either with my calculation of reciprocal benefit. It does not need a sound or idle expectation of reciprocity, of ‘mutuality of intentions’, of the other rewarding my responsibility with his own. I am not assuming my responsibility on behest of a superior force, be it a moral code sanctioned with the threat of hell or a legal code sanctioned with the threat of prison. Because of what my responsibility is not, I do not bear it as a burden. I become responsible while I constitute myself into a subject. Becoming responsible is the constitution of me as a subject. Hence it is my affair, and mine only. ‘Intersubjective relation is a non-symmetrical reciprocity, were I to die for it. Reciprocity is his affair.’ Responsibility being the existential mode of the human subject, morality is the primary structure of intersubjective relation in its most pristine form, unaffected by any non-moral factors (like interest, calculation of benefit, rational search for optimal solutions, or surrender to coercion). The substance of morality being a duty towards the other (as distinct from an obligation), and a duty which precedes all interestedness- the roots of morality reach well beneath societal arrangements, like structures of domination or culture. Societal processes start when the structure of morality (tantamount to intersubjectivity) is already there. Morality is not a product of society. Morality is something society manipulates- exploits, re-directs, jams. Obversely, immoral behaviour, a conduct which forsakes or abdicates responsibility for the other, is not an effect of societal malfunctioning. It is therefore the incidence of immoral, rather than moral, behaviour which calls for the investigation of the social administration of intersubjectivity. Responsibility, this building block of all moral behaviour, arises out of the proximity of the other. Proximity means responsibility, and responsibility is proximity. Discussion of the relative priority of one or the other is admittedly gratuitous, as none is conceivable alone. Defusion of responsibility, and thus the neutralization of the moral urge which follows it, must necessarily involve (is, in fact, synonymous with) replacing proximity with a physical or spiritual separation. The alternative to proximity is social distance. The moral attribute of proximity is responsibility; the moral attribute of social distance is lack of moral relationship, or heterophobia. Responsibility is silenced one proximity is eroded; it may eventually be replaced with resentment once the fellow human subject is transformed into an Other. The process of transformation is one of social separation. It was such a separation which made possible for thousands to kill, and for millions to watch the murder without protesting. It was the technological and bureaucratic achievement of modern rational society which made such a separation possible.
9 CP Doesn’t Solve – single executive orders don’t spillover
Kreider 6 Dr. Kyle L. Kreider, Assistant Professor of Political Sciences at the Political Science Department, Wilkes University June 2006 http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/warber0606.htm

A part of the strategic environment surrounding executive orders is what Congress is likely to do in response.  As Warber sees it, Congress has two options: apply verbal pressure or pass legislation “to nullify or reform existing executive orders” (p.108).  While Congress has these two options, the data show that “Congress devotes a small portion of its time debating executive orders” (p.114) and “has been relatively inactive in reforming and eliminating specific executive orders issued by presidents who served between the Kennedy and George H. W. Bush administrations” (p.120). Warber concludes with a cursory examination of President George W. Bush’s use of executive orders and some thoughts on where future research should go.  While his political opponents and some members of the media criticize President Bush for his penchant for acting unilaterally (in both domestic and foreign affairs), expanding the powers of the presidency, and sometimes bypassing the expertise found in Congress, “the results demonstrate that Bush has not significantly departed from previous presidents regarding the types and quantity of executive orders that he issued during his first term” (p.124).  However, what has been different under President Bush is his willingness to change existing public policy by revoking, superseding, or amending executive orders made by previous presidents.  Yearly averages show President Bush to be second only to President Carter in revising inherited executive orders. A key finding of this book is that “presidents have not dramatically expanded their power with executive orders across the modern presidency” (p.128).  Though Warber does not have the specific answers as to why presidents have not increased their use of executive orders over time, he speculates the stasis in presidential directives to a number of *437 factors, one being the continued existence of separation of powers—specifically Congress’s ability to pass legislation to revoke or revise executive orders and the federal courts’ authority to decide upon their constitutionality

10 Counterplan doesn’t solve policy failure, the performance of the 1AC represents human agency, which is important because practice shapes reality and the future of our policy making decisions in other parts of the world. That's Bilgin. 

AT Internal NB

Hegemony is a drive to order and control that can never be fulfilled – conflict is inevitable because new threats must be created to justify its continuation, resulting in extermination and the very impacts they claim to solve
Chernus 6 (Ira Chernus, Professor of Religious Studies and Co-director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at the University of Colorado-Boulder, 2006, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin)

The end of the cold war spawned a tempting fantasy of imperial omnipotence on a global scale. The neocons want to turn that fantasy into reality. But reality will not conform to the fantasy; it won’t stand still or keep any semblance of permanent order. So the neocons’ efforts inevitably backfire. Political scientist Benjamin Barber explains that a nation with unprecedented power has “unprecedented vulnerability: for it must repeatedly extend the compass of its power to preserve what it already has, and so is almost by definition always overextended.” Gary Dorrien sees insecurity coming at the neoconservatives in another way, too: “For the empire, every conflict is a local concern that threatens its control. However secure it may be, it never feels secure enough. The neocon unipolarists had an advanced case of this anxiety. . . . Just below the surface of the customary claim to toughness lurked persistent anxiety. This anxiety was inherent in the problem of empire and, in the case of the neocons, heightened by ideological ardor.”39  If the U.S. must control every event everywhere, as neocons assume, every act of resistance looks like a threat to the very existence of the nation. There is no good way to distinguish between nations or forces that genuinely oppose U.S. interests and those that don’t. Indeed, change of any kind, in any nation, becomes a potential threat. Everyone begins to look like a threatening monster that might have to be destroyed.  It’s no surprise that a nation imagined as an implacable enemy often turns into a real enemy. When the U.S. intervenes to prevent change, it is likely to provoke resistance. Faced with an aggressive U.S. stance, any nation might get tough in return. Of course, the U.S. can say that it is selflessly trying to serve the world. But why would other nations believe that? It is more likely that others will resist, making hegemony harder to achieve. To the neocons, though, resistance only proves that the enemy really is a threat that must be destroyed. So the likelihood of conflict grows, making everyone less secure.  Moreover, the neocons want to do it all in the public spotlight. In the past, any nation that set out to conquer others usually kept its plans largely secret. Indeed, the cold war neocons regularly blasted the Soviets for harboring a “secret plan” for world conquest. Now here they are calling on the U.S. to blare out its own domineering intentions for all the world to end page 53 hear. That hardly seems well calculated to achieve the goal of hegemony. But it is calculated to foster the assertive, even swaggering, mood on the home front that the neocons long for.  Journalist Ron Suskind has noted that neocons always offer “a statement of enveloping peril and no hypothesis for any real solution.” They have no hope of finding a real solution because they have no reason to look for one. Their story allows for success only as a fantasy. In reality, they expect to find nothing but an endless battle against an enemy that can never be defeated. At least two prominent neocons have said it quite bluntly. Kenneth Adelman: “We should not try to convince people that things are getting better.” Michael Ledeen: “The struggle against evil is going to go on forever.”40  This vision of endless conflict is not a conclusion drawn from observing reality. It is both the premise and the goal of the neocons’ fantasy. Ultimately, it seems, endless resistance is what they really want. Their call for a unipolar world ensures a permanent state of conflict, so that the U.S. can go on forever proving its military supremacy and promoting the “manly virtues” of militarism. They have to admit that the U.S., with its vastly incomparable power, already has unprecedented security against any foreign army. So they must sound the alarm about a shadowy new kind of enemy, one that can attack in novel, unexpected ways. They must make distant changes appear as huge imminent threats to America, make the implausible seem plausible, and thus find new monsters to destroy.  The neocons’ story does not allow for a final triumph of order because it is not really about creating a politically calm, orderly world. It is about creating a society full of virtuous people who are willing and able to fight off the threatening forces of social chaos. Having superior power is less important than proving superior power. That always requires an enemy. Just as neocons need monsters abroad, they need a frightened society at home. Only insecurity can justify their shrill call for a stronger nation (and a higher military budget). The more dire their warnings of insecurity, the more they can demand greater military strength and moral resolve. Every foreign enemy is, above all, another occasion to prod the American people to overcome their anxiety, identify evil, fight resolutely against it, and stand strong in defense of their highest values. Hegemony will do no good unless there is challenge to be met, weakness to be conquered, evil to be overcome. The American people must actively seek hegemony and make sacrifices for it, to show that they are striving to overcome their own weakness.  So the quest for strength still demands a public confession of weakness, just as the neocons had demanded two decades earlier when they warned of a Soviet nuclear attack through a “window of vulnerability.” The quest for strength through the structures of national security still demands a public declaration of national insecurity. Otherwise, there is nothing to overcome. The more frightened the public, the more likely it is to believe and enact the neocon story. 

Chinese threat construction assumes a knowable and essentially violent Chinese Other—this Western lens makes militarization and conflict inevitable.
Pan 4 (Chengxin, PhD Poli. Sci. and Int’l Relations @ Australian Nat’l U, “The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics,” in Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the purpose of a particular U.S. self-construction, I want to turn now to the issue of how this literature represents a discursive construction of other, instead of an "objective" account of Chinese reality. This, I argue, has less to do with its portrayal of China as a threat per se than with its essentialization and totalization of China as an externally knowable object, independent of historically contingent contexts or dynamic international interactions.  
In this sense, the discursive construction of China as a threatening other cannot be detached from (neo)realism, a positivist, ahistorical framework of analysis within which global life is reduced to endless interstate rivalry for power and survival. As many critical IR scholars have noted, (neo)realism is not a transcendent description of global reality but is predicated on the modernist Western identity, which, in the quest for scientific certainty, has come to define itself essentially as the sovereign territorial nation-state. This realist self-identity of Western states leads to the constitution of anarchy as the sphere of insecurity, disorder, and war. In an anarchical system, as (neo)realists argue, "the gain of one side is often considered to be the loss of the other," (45) and "All other states are potential threats." (46) In order to survive in such a system, states inevitably pursue power or capability. In doing so, these realist claims represent what R. B. J. Walker calls "a specific historical articulation of relations of universality/particularity and self/Other." (47)  
The (neo)realist paradigm has dominated the U.S. IR discipline in general and the U.S. China studies field in particular. As Kurt Campbell notes, after the end of the Cold War, a whole new crop of China experts "are much more likely to have a background in strategic studies or international relations than China itself." (48) As a result, for those experts to know China is nothing more or less than to undertake a geopolitical analysis of it, often by asking only a few questions such as how China will "behave" in a strategic sense and how it may affect the regional or global balance of power, with a particular emphasis on China's military power or capabilities. As Thomas J. Christensen notes, "Although many have focused on intentions as well as capabilities, the most prevalent component of the China threat debate is the assessment of China's overall future military power compared with that of the United States and other East Asian regional powers." (49) Consequently, almost by default, China emerges as an absolute other and a threat thanks to this (neo)realist prism.  The (neo)realist emphasis on survival and security in international relations dovetails perfectly with the U.S. self-imagination, because for the United States to define itself as the indispensable nation in a world of anarchy is often to demand absolute security. As James Chace and Caleb Carr note, "for over two centuries the aspiration toward an eventual condition of absolute security has been viewed as central to an effective American foreign policy." (50) And this self-identification in turn leads to the definition of not only "tangible" foreign powers but global contingency and uncertainty per se as threats. For example, former U.S. President George H. W. Bush repeatedly said that "the enemy of America is unpredictability. The enemy is instability." (51) Similarly, arguing for the continuation of U.S. Cold War alliances, a high-ranking Pentagon official asked, "if we pull out, who knows what nervousness will result?" (52)
Thus understood, by its very uncertain character, China would now automatically constitute a threat to the United States. For example, Bernstein and Munro believe that "China's political unpredictability, the always-present possibility that it will fall into a state of domestic disunion and factional fighting," constitutes a source of danger. (53) In like manner, Richard Betts and Thomas Christensen write:
If the PLA People's Liberation Army remains second-rate, should the world breathe a sigh of relief? Not entirely.... Drawing China into the web of global interdependence may do more to encourage peace than war, but it cannot guarantee that the pursuit of heartfelt political interests will be blocked by a fear of economic consequences.... U.S. efforts to create a stable balance across the Taiwan Strait might deter the use of force under certain circumstances, but certainly not all.
The upshot, therefore, is that since China displays no absolute certainty for peace, it must be, by definition, an uncertainty, and hence, a threat.
 In the same way, a multitude of other unpredictable factors (such as ethnic rivalry, local insurgencies, overpopulation, drug trafficking, environmental degradation, rogue states, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and international terrorism) have also been labeled as "threats" to U.S. security. Yet, it seems that in the post-Cold War environment, China represents a kind of uncertainty par excellence. "Whatever the prospects for a more peaceful, more democratic, and more just world order, nothing seems more uncertain today than the future of post-Deng China," (55) argues Samuel Kim. And such an archetypical uncertainty is crucial to the enterprise of U.S. self-construction, because it seems that only an uncertainty with potentially global consequences such as China could justify U.S. indispensability or its continued world dominance. In this sense, Bruce Cumings aptly suggested in 1996 that China (as a threat) was basically "a metaphor for an enormously expensive Pentagon that has lost its bearings and that requires a formidable 'renegade state' to define its mission (Islam is rather vague, and Iran lacks necessary weights)." (56) 

Iran Sanctions DA
There has been bipartaisan since the Bush that’s their evidence
Proliferation discourse defines states as immature in order to calcify our own identity as law-abiding heroes.
Mutimer 2k (David, Asst. Prof. Poli. Sci. @ York U, “The Weapons State,” p. 93-95) 

The U. S. military appears to have been central in the construction of a new category of threat, the rogue state governed by an outlaw regime. The timing of that construction was unfortunate for Iraq. As has been widely reported, U. S. Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie met the Iraqi leadership a few days before the invasion of Kuwait. The message of that meeting seems to have been that the United States was not overly concerned with Iraq's border dispute with Kuwait. Even if the meeting could not be read as a tacit approval of the invasion (and it is not impossible to read it that way), it did not indicate the sort of response the United States mounted after 2 August. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=oandd=105847254The problem is that the Rogue Doctrine was a construction of the military and had not yet been formally announced. It is reasonable to assume that a diplomat in a relatively minor posting would not be aware of the reworking of U. S. military doctrine the president was about to announce. There is, of course, a much more cynical interpretation of these events, which would argue that the United States sought a convenient illustration of its newfound enemy. Either way, in July 1990 there were no rogue states because the category had not been articulated. In July 1990, as Glaspie met Hussein, Iraq was a regional power that had been employed by both superpowers during the Cold War and that had a not unreasonable grievance with one of its neighbors. On 2 August President Bush announced a new category, a new set of markers by which the identity of states could be interpreted. On 2 August Iraq acted in a fashion that fit this contemporaneously articulated set of markers. Other Iraqs, rogues, and outlaws are now the currency of the international discourse of proliferation that grew out of the Western response to the Gulf War. These are the labels, drawn from the debate in the United States, applied to states whose behavior causes serious concern to the Western powers in their supplier groups. What sort of labels are they? What lines of difference do these labels establish? To answer these questions, we can look at rogues and outlaws as metaphors that link the proliferation image to other, more widespread discourses and discover the entailments they draw from these discourses. Rogues and outlaws are used similarly in everyday language. A rogue is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as: “1. One belonging to a class of idle vagrants or vagabonds. … 2. A dishonest, unprincipled person; a rascal. … 5. An elephant driven away, or living apart from, the herd and of a savage or destructive disposition. ” Similarly, an outlaw is “one put outside the law and deprived of its benefits and protection. … More vaguely: One banished or proscribed; an exile, a fugitive. ” Both rogues and outlaws are used in everyday language to identify criminals, although generally not the worst and most hardened criminals. Indeed, a certain romanticism is attached to both the rogue and the outlaw. The rogue is one who steps outside the limits of acceptable behavior but in a way that tends to be appealing to those who do not dare to commit such transgressions—thus, for example, the definition of rogue as rascal. Similarly, the outlaw is a common figure in U. S. romantic Western literature. Outlaws roamed the frontiers of the central United States, at once dangerous and admired for the rugged individualism they portrayed. Little of this romanticism seems to remain in the use of rogues in official discourse, however. U. S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher did not seem to admire the rugged individualism of potential rogues, for instance, when he told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that “nuclear weapons give rogue states disproportionate power, destabilize entire regions, and threaten human and environmental disasters. They can turn local conflicts into serious threats to our security. In this era, weapons of mass destruction are more readily available—and there are fewer inhibitions on their use. ” Nevertheless, the use of rogue carries with it marked condescension. Rogues are, as often as not, young men, indeed even little boys, who are acting naughtily—in the former case often in a sexual manner. One of the many ironies that emerge in stories of proliferation is that at the same time the primary international rogue, Iraq, was under intense U. S. pressure because of its refusal to allow UNSCOM unfettered access to its presidential palaces, the U. S. president was being labeled a rogue for reports that he had perhaps allowed too much access to presidential parts. “Some of the President's intimates note his remarkable ability to compartmentalize his life: The policy wonk who genuinely admires his wife resides in one space; the rogue who risks political standing through personal indiscretion occupies another. ” 40 Put another way, the mature adult resides on the one side and the rather indiscreet little boy on the other. The use of rogue to label states behaving in ways deemed unacceptable identifies those states as immature compared with the mature states doing the labeling—foremost among these the United States. Such an entailment fits well with the practices established for proliferation control. The mature elders gather together to determine which states are sufficiently responsible to be trusted with advanced technologies and military equipment—indeed, the practice smacks of Star Trek's Prime Directive. This notion of maturity is then reflected in academic commentary on contemporary security, as Charles Krauthammer's characterization of the weapon state threat illustrates: “relatively small, peripheral and backward states will be able to emerge rapidly as threats not only to regional, but to world, security. ” Similarly, a repeated concern in the literature has been that new nuclear states would lack the maturity to control their weapons adequately, unlike the old nuclear states. Perhaps the most interesting definition of rogue and outlaw is the one they share: both terms are used to describe members of a community expelled from that community or no longer living within the constraints of communal life. In medieval Europe the outlaw was outcast, placed beyond the protection the law provided as punishment. Later, the outlaw in the mythology of the American West fled from life within the community to escape the (often rough) justice of the frontier. Similarly, the rogue animal is one that has been forced from the herd or that for some reason has left the herd. Evoking these terms in the proliferation discourse clearly marks the logic of identity and difference, of inside and outside, which were evident in the practices examined earlier. For there to be rogues and outlaws there must also be a larger, settled community whose rules the outlaws refuse to follow. It would seem that the U. S. military's concern with defending its budget following the Cold War threw up a powerful new marker of identity/difference for the contemporary practice of international security. The idea of the rogue state has achieved wide currency in popular discussion of international affairs. Klare cites a U. S. Congress study to the effect that in major newspapers and journals, the use of rogue nation, rogue state, and rogue regime increased more than 1,500 percent between 1990 and 1993. The label originally devised to categorize potential military opponents was quickly drawn into the construction of the new proliferation control agenda following the Gulf War, as Iraq was identified as the first of the rogues. The notion of the rogue state provides agency in an image of an international security problem largely devoid of agency. The term is used to label states whose behavior causes serious concern to the members of the supplier groups, identifying them as outsiders, immature states unable or unwilling to follow the rules of civilized state action— rules policed by that same core of supplier states. 

If there is bipartisan over removing sanctions because sanctions are bad there should be no link to the affirmative because we remove sanctions

Sanctions delayed – no bill forthcoming in Banking committee
Albawaba, 11/1 “ White House convinces congress to delay Iran sanctions”, http://www.albawaba.com/news/iran-sanctions-u.s-delay-530597. BJM

 In a closed-door briefing on Thursday, senior White House officials, including Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State John Kerry, urged the senators to hold off on a new package of sanctions on Iran. White House officials did not sway every senator who participated in the meeting, but the Senate Banking Committee would reportedly delay plans for drafting a new sanctions bill next week. “As one member of the committee, my attitude is if something is going on that may lead to a positive result, let's see where that ends up,'' said Republican Sen. Mike Johanns, referring to the nuclear talks in Geneva. “We can always pass a sanctions bill.” An official in Biden's office said that there may come a point when more sanctions are needed, but now may not be the best time for Congress to act. "No one is suggesting an open-ended delay for new sanctions, and there may come a point where additional sanctions are necessary," the official said on condition of anonymity. Reports say the White House wants to see the outcome of the upcoming Geneva negotiations with Tehran first before agreeing to sign off on new sanctions.

XO solves your impact – Obama can not enforcement the harmful ones
Dreazen, 10/22 Foreign Policy, “ Obama Could Lift Iran Sanctions Tomorrow, If He Wanted To”, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/22/obama_could_lift_iran_sanctions_tomorrow_if_he_wanted_to, BJM

 Congress has spent the past three years imposing tough sanctions on Iran that are designed to cripple its economy and force Tehran to abandon its nuclear ambitions. In recent weeks, a parade of congressmen and senators have demanded that those sanctions stay in place, never mind the nuclear talks between Washington and Tehran. Lost in the noise is the fact that President Obama can -- and often does -- lift the measures with a stroke of the pen. The current sanctions have sharply limited overseas investment in Iran's energy sector, locked foreign financial institutions that do oil-related business with Iran's central bank out of the U.S. banking system, and required banks around the globe to freeze more than $50 billion of Iranian money. In July, the House approved new sanctions by a whopping 400-20 vote designed to effectively make it impossible for Iran to sell any oil abroad; similar legislation will likely be introduced in the Senate before the end of the month. The measures have devastated the Iranian economy and driven the value of its currency to historic lows. The question now is whether they'll remain in place. Congress can draft any sanctions it wants to, but the White House has tremendous leeway to decide how strictly they get enforced. The legislation that imposed tough sanctions on Iran's central bank gives Obama a "national security waiver" he can use to temporarily soften or lift the measures. The sanctions put in place to punish countries that buy Iranian oil allow the State Department to issue waivers to those that have significantly reduced their purchases. Key allies like Japan and the ten members of the European Union have been protected from the sanctions since the measures were put in place several years ago. "The sanctions give the president maximum leeway," a senior administration official said.  "That's how they were designed from the start."

No link country Reports on Terrorism only released once a year in April
US Department of State No date http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/ “Country Reports on Terrorism” No date.
U.S. law requires the Secretary of State to provide Congress, by April 30 of each year, a full and complete report on terrorism with regard to those countries and groups meeting criteria set forth in the legislation. This annual report is entitled Country Reports on Terrorism. Beginning with the report for 2004, it replaced the previously published Patterns of Global Terrorism.
Obama has new and improved focus on immigration --- prefer evidence about attitudinal shift.
Arneson 10-24-13 (Krystin, “Obama Pushes Immigration Reform, Moving On From Obamacare Drama,” Bustle, http://www.bustle.com/articles/7561-obama-pushes-immigration-reform-moving-on-from-obamacare-drama)
On Thursday, President Barack Obama pushed ahead with a new and improved focus on immigration, after the crash-and-burn launch of the still-smoldering Obamacare exchange website. The President is pushing for “common-sense immigration,” and crossing his fingers for bipartisan support. His approach is three-pronged: Tighter border control; requiring employers to verify their employee’s immigration/citizenship status; and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. After the shutdown drama ended, which hand-in-hand with Obamacare controversy had overshadowed any talk of reform, Obama quickly named immigration one of his top three priorities for the year. A sweeping Senate reform bill, which Obama has publicly supported, passed the upper chambers but is currently stagnant in the Republican-led House. House Speaker John Boehner is open to reform, but not in the form of a single bill; the Republican Party, he said, would be more likely to go for a step-by-step approach, although they generally remain opposed to the whole pathway-to-immigration thing. And Obama’s willing to listen. Really. “Anyone still standing in the way of this bipartisan reform should at least explain why,” the President announced. “If House Republicans have new and different additional ideas for how we should move forward, then we should hear them. I will be listening.” To become law, Obama’s plan will also have to win over labor groups, who are sort of upset about the Obama administraiton’s record number of deportations. “President Obama can advance immigration reform by using his existing legal authority to alleviate the suffering of immigrants,” said Pablo Alvarado, executive director of the National Labor Organizing Network. In an address Thursday morning, Obama noted that immigration reform could only benefit the country. “It’s good for our economy, it’s good for our national security,” he said. “It’s good for our people, and we should do it this year.” He also added that it was a way for Congress to “prove it can get something done.” So take that, guys. And play nicely.
Obama recently shifted all focus to immigration --- he has five weeks to push and has already begun to so.
Chakraborty 10-24-13 (Barnini, reporter at Fox News, “A pivot in priorities? Obama touts immigration reform,” Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/24/pivot-in-priorities-obama-touts-immigration-reform/)
WASHINGTON – President Obama shifted focus Thursday from the pile-up of problems related to the rollout of his health care law to another prickly political topic: immigration. Obama made his case for comprehensive reform at a White House event and insisted that Congress had enough time to pass the immigration bill by the end of the year. “It doesn’t get easier to put it off,” Obama said. Over the summer, the Senate passed a bipartisan bill on immigration, but the measure has stalled since being sent to the House. The lower chamber of Congress has just five legislative weeks left to push the plan through – something Obama as well as House Speaker John Boehner believes can be accomplished. “I still think immigration reform is an important subject that needs to be addressed,” Boehner told reporters at a Capitol Hill news conference earlier this week. “And I’m hopeful.” However, almost immediately following the president’s speech, Boehner’s press spokesman released a statement saying the speaker was opposed to the Senate immigration package. “(Boehner) has been clear that the House will not consider any massive, ObamaCare-style legislation that no one understands,” Brendan Buck said in a written statement. “Instead, the House is committed to a common sense, step-by-step approach that gives Americans confidence that reform is done the right way.” During an interview on “Fox News Sunday,” Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., gave a downcast assessment about Congress’ ability to pass the landmark immigration bill, arguing that members of his own party had become leery about dealing with Obama following the recent battle over the government shutdown. “Immigration reform is going to be a lot harder to accomplish than it was three weeks ago,” Rubio, who helped pass the Senate legislation, said. Still, Obama, seemed to rally Thursday, telling an audience of business, community and labor leaders that the time to pass the landmark bill is now. “Everybody knows our current immigration system is broken; across the political spectrum people understand that, he said. “We’ve known that for years it’s not smart to invite some of the brightest minds in the world to study here and not start businesses here and we send them back to their home countries to create jobs, invent new products someplace else.” Obama also took the opportunity to take a swipe at the political in-fighting in Washington. “Now, obviously, just because something is smart, and fair, and good for the economy, and fiscally responsible and supported by businesses and labor, the evangelical community and many Democrats and many Republicans, that does not mean it will actually get done,” he said. “This is Washington after all. So everything tends to be seen through a political prism. Everybody has been looking at the politics of this. I know everyone in this town is primed to think, well if Obama is for it, then I’m against it.” The Senate bill passed over the summer offers undocumented immigrants who entered the country before 2012 a 13-year path to citizenship. The legislation also takes steps at reforming visa programs as well as beefing up security at the borders.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Roho KG | Judge: Montreuil,Paul
Zapnocic
2AC K Generic Block
There is no impact
Our evidence is about moviny beyond the past and creatively go past the future
We can only talk about resolving our suffering- they never let people look at other suffering- if we cannot acknowledge that things the United States
We can do the Aff and embrace oblivion
Their position is privledged- it assumes existential values precedes material conditions
No link- we do not narratives of the oppressed we instead relate to thenarratives- we understand it

Perm-“Epistemology in Parenthesis”- the 1AC in this debate ought best be viewed as defending an epistemology of objectivity. We reject the notion of an idealized objective stance and develop new conceptual frameworks.
3 Link arguments that their epistemology is superior to ours ultimately serves to reinscribe colonial epistemologies upon the debate space.
Mignolo, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, 2011 (Walter D., The Darker Side of Western Modernity: global futures, decolonial options)

The argument I'm working on builds on the distinction already mentioned¶ above, made by the Chilean neurophysiolist and philosopher Humberto¶ …If you start from here and then look at Schmitt's pluriverse¶ you will become aware of the regional and limited scope of liberal political¶ pluralism."

Tying the culture of ethnography with other social movements allows us to build new perspectives allowing us to better interrogate the structures of power
Murillo 99(Enrique G. Murillo, Jr. Educational Foundations, Winter 1999, “Mojado Crossings along Neoliberal Borderlands” http://coe.csusb.edu/faculty/Murillo/documents/Mojadocrossings-Murillo.pdf)
In this explanatory …, each interrogate the social dimensions of cultural domains of power relations. 

The alternative leaves in place overarching societal structures that hurt civilains from American imperialism- only the geneology of the aff solves.
Shannon Sullivan, 08
Penn State University, “Whiteness as Wise Provincialism: Royce and the Rehabilitation of a Racial Category” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy, Vol. 44, Num. 2, Spring 2008, Muse

More interesting, I think, is … engage with others rather than respond to them out of a soul-starved stinginess.52