Opponent: University Prep RV | Judge: Tyler Salathe
1NC Race Neolib
Ohio Valley
1
Opponent: All | Judge: All
Round 1 vs Niles West LS Round 4 vs Johns Creek DG Round 6 vs Niles West IT Doubles vs Westminster HH
Samford
2
Opponent: All | Judge: All
Round 2 vs Milton FM Round 4 vs Westminster WZ Round 6 vs USN KW
Wake Forest
5
Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Marcus Azimi
1NC T- Removing Restrictions Cuban Env DA Cuba Midwest Turn Syria Politics PIC out of travel ban CP with trafficking NB Neolib K 2NC T CP Politics Case 1NR Env DA Case 2NR Env Da CP Case
Wake Forest
3
Opponent: Westminster ZC | Judge: Ricardo Saenz
1NC Brazil Econ DA Non-Economic Embargo PIC Syria Politics 2NC Brazil DA Case 1NR Politics 2NR Politics Case
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The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane.
And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33
And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earth's biodiversity must be protected.
And – The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming- we can’t solve for it without it Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8 While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the AND at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17
And – Scientific knowledge is best because it subjects itself to constant refinement based on empirical evidence Hutcheon 93—former prof of sociology of education at U Regina and U British Columbia. Former research advisor to the Health Promotion Branch of the Canadian Department of Health and Welfare and as a director of the Vanier Institute of the Family. Phd in sociology, began at Yale and finished at U Queensland. (Pat, A Critique of "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA", http://www.humanists.net/pdhutcheon/humanist20articles/lewontn.htm) The introductory lecture in this series articulated the increasingly popular "postmodernist" claim that AND mean failure, in that the theory itself has altered in the process.
And – The way in which we frame warming matters-public perceptions of risk are specifically key to better governmental action in the context of climate change Leiserowitz, 2005 (Anthony, Research Scientist and Director of the Yale Project on Climate Change at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University and the principal investigator at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, “Communicating the Risks of Global Warming: American Risk Perceptions, Affective Images and Interpretive Communities”, http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/ClimateRiskCommunication.pdf) Public risk perceptions are critical components of the socio-political context within which policy AND risk perception that are rarely examined by opinion polls (Slovic, 2000).
And – Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments Hanghoj 8 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor.
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity AND the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.
And – Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ‘9 (Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x)
These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason, AND , and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens. And – The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences Larsen et al 9 a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy AND scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of AND result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase.
Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford. This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars, it’s the most likely scenario for international conflict Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."
And – Food price spikes ensure devastating famine that kill billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less." And – Root cause logic is poor scholarship Sharpe 10, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233)
We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework AND today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.
11/28/13
1AC Michigan
Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All Plan – The United States federal government should phase out a substantial portion of its economic restrictions toward the Republic of Cuba.
The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane. And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
Castro has rightly pointed out that there can be a direct trade-off between AND does not necessarily have to involve environmental and food production trade-offs.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer
Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33 And -- Biofuel usage is uniquely beneficial in mitigating climate change – but, ethanol produced in the Cerrado and the United States is unsustainable and is causing regional forms of climate change Handley 2013, Thomas, CEO of Ecolab, Inc. http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0501-handley-sugarcane-brazil.html
Intensification of Brazil's sugarcane industry in response to rising demand for sugar-based ethanol AND shift to sugar plantations will lead to a strong seasonal temperature fluctuation.
And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earth's biodiversity must be protected.
And -- We solve their alt causes – the reason that agribusiness is booming in the Cerrado right now is because of US corn ethanol production Butler 07, Rhett, co-founder of Tropical Conservation Science, an open-access academic journal that aims to provide opportunities for scientists in developing countries to publish their research, and the Tropical Forest Network, a social network in the San Francisco Bay Area broadly interested in tropical forest conservation and ecology. Outside of these pursuits, Rhett Butler has advised a wide range of organizations, including governments, multilateral development agencies, media outlets, academic institutions, foundations, and private sector entities. He has been an information source for the BBC, CNN, CBS, NBC, Fox News, National Geographic, the Wall Street Journal, Fortune Magazine, Business Week, Bloomberg, the Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, Reuters, Voice of America, the Associated Press, the San Francisco Chronicle, the L.A. Times, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Forbes, among others. Rhett Butler also speaks regularly on topics surrounding forests and the environment (especially trends in deforestation) and new media. He has spoken at Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the National University of Singapore, ETH Zurich, the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation 2010 meeting in Bali, UNFCCC COP 16 in Cancun, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Stony Brook University, among other places and events. In 2011 and 2012 he participated in the U.S. State Department Speakers Program in Indonesia. http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0821-cerrado.html
The cerrado, wooded grassland in Brazil that once covered an area half the size AND of Cerrado is not good if the current trends persist," added Machado.
1AC – U.S. Ethanol Scenario Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol The status quo puts gasoline before ethanol – imports of new sugar ethanol are key to trading off with corn ethanol and making biofuels cost competitive in the United States Alvarez et al. 10 (Pedro J. Alvarez, PhD, George R. Brown Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rice University, fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, former president of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, Joel G. Burken, PhD, professor of environmental engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Lauren A. Smulcer and James D. Coan, Energy Forum Research Associates, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Marcelo E. Dias de Oliveira, Consultant to the Baker Institute for Biofuels Policy, Rosa Dominguez-Faus and Diego E. Gomez, PhD candidates in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Rice University, Amy Myers Jaffe, Fellow in Energy Studies, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Kenneth B. Medlock, PhD, Fellow in Energy and Resource Economics, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Susan E. Powers, PhD, professor of environmental engineering and Associate Dean, Coulter School of Engineering, Clarkson University, Ronald Soligo, PhD, Baker Institute Scholar, professor of economics at Rice University, “Fundamentals of a Sustainable U.S. Biofuels Policy,” The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Baker Institute Policy Report, No. 43, January 2010, pgs. 5-6)
Current government support is required for ethanol produced in the Midwest to be an attractive AND ethanol have a competitive advantage in certain U.S. coastal markets. Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford.
This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."
And – Food price spikes ensure devastating famine that kill billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less."
National Security Advantage 1AC – National Security Advantage Advantage Two – National Security Enforcing the Cuban embargo overstretches U.S. national security assets, preventing effective counter-terror GAO 07 (Government Accountability Office report Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba. “Enforcing Economic Sanctions Government Accountability Office Analysis,” November)
Since 2004, the United States has tightened the rules governing these exceptions--directly AND those on countries engaged in terrorism, weapons proliferation, and narcotics trafficking.
Finally on April 19th the Office of Foreign Assets Controls OFAC released 51 AND OK; some are not; collegiality and sharing of skills are outlawed.
And – The plan is necessary to shift resources back towards counter-terror Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf)
Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to AND to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks. And – Weak enforcement ensures that terrorists smuggle nuclear weapons into the United States Joyner 9 (Christopher C: Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown, June 22nd, “Article: Nuclear terrorism in a globalizing world: assessing the threat and the emerging management regime,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216486733.html)
During the last decade, the determination of al-Qaeda to acquire nuclear weapons AND within one State" and will consequently require international solutions. (44) And – The nuclear motivation is there; acquisition and delivery are easy Bunn, 2010 (Matthew, Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard, “Securing the Bomb 2010,” Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center, April, http://www.nti.org/e_research/Securing_The_Bomb_2010.pdf)
Complacency about the threat is perhaps the biggest obstacle to forging the urgent, in AND help them or to buy their stolen nuclear material informing the police.19
And – Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
Engagement Advantage 1AC – Global Engagement Advantage Three – Global Engagement Maintaining the Cuban embargo wrecks U.S. influence and leverage across the globe – it decimates U.S. credibility Hill et al. 09, Brigadier General John Adams (Ret.), General James T. Hill (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 2002-2004, Lieutenant General John G. Castellaw (Ret.), Rear Admiral John D. Hutson (Ret.), Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman (Ret.), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1996-2001, Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy (Ret.), Major General Paul D. Eaton (Ret.), General Barry R. McCaffrey (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 1994-1996, Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard (Ret.), Col. Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), assistant to Colin Powell during tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, Rear Admiral Donald J. Guter (Ret.), General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.), Letter from US military officials to President Obama regarding Cuba policy, prepared by the New America Foundation / US – Cuba Policy Initiative, 4/13/09, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/National_Security.pdf
The current policy of isolating Cuba has failed, patently, to achieve our ends AND register deeply in the minds of our partners and competitors around the world.
And – The embargo destroys our ability to cooperate and lead effectively Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj)
Yet, the international community’s efforts to impel the United States to lift its embargo AND accord the appropriate respect for international law and thereby maintain its position of global leadership, especially on issues of fundamental rights and liberties, Congress must end the embargo on Cuba.
And – The plan’s embrace of political diversity promotes interests more effectively in the multilateral international order than promoting a narrow democratic model Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf)
Many American strategists recognize the inevitability of a more level global playing field, but AND the principles around which the next order is most likely to take shape. And – The plan is key – demonstrating a willingness to cooperate with non-democratic regimes is the only way to avert multiple scenarios for global chaos Kupchan, 2012 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn”, Kindle edition (no page numbers)
Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND can be effectively addressed only in partnership with a wide array of countries.
The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term AND protect its interests later when we are no longer the world's only superpower.
(Reuters) - The 50th anniversary of the U.S. trade embargo AND and to (pass) the blame for the economic disaster in Cuba."¶
And – the embargo is the symbol of America’s attempt to democratize- Cuba is key to successful reform of American policy Ratliff, 2013 (William, research fellow and former curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution, he is also a research fellow of the Independent Institute, an expert on Latin America, China, and US foreign policy, “Cuba's Tortured Transition”, 1/30/2013, http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/1392810)
A New Policy to Cuba Since the early 1990s U.S. “proactive AND Washington can promote change while defusing rather than stoking domestic conflict and tensions.
11/3/13
1AC Ohio Valley
Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All 1AC Ohio Valley Policy
Plan Text Plan – The United States federal government should ease a substantial portion of its economic restrictions toward the Republic of Cuba.
The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane. And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33 And -- Biofuel usage is uniquely beneficial in mitigating climate change – but, ethanol produced in the Cerrado and the United States is unsustainable and is causing regional forms of climate change Handley 2013, Thomas, CEO of Ecolab, Inc. http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0501-handley-sugarcane-brazil.html
Intensification of Brazil's sugarcane industry in response to rising demand for sugar-based ethanol AND shift to sugar plantations will lead to a strong seasonal temperature fluctuation.
And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earth's biodiversity must be protected.
And -- We solve their alt causes – the reason that agribusiness is booming in the Cerrado right now is because of US corn ethanol production Butler 07, Rhett, co-founder of Tropical Conservation Science, an open-access academic journal that aims to provide opportunities for scientists in developing countries to publish their research, and the Tropical Forest Network, a social network in the San Francisco Bay Area broadly interested in tropical forest conservation and ecology. Outside of these pursuits, Rhett Butler has advised a wide range of organizations, including governments, multilateral development agencies, media outlets, academic institutions, foundations, and private sector entities. He has been an information source for the BBC, CNN, CBS, NBC, Fox News, National Geographic, the Wall Street Journal, Fortune Magazine, Business Week, Bloomberg, the Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, Reuters, Voice of America, the Associated Press, the San Francisco Chronicle, the L.A. Times, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Forbes, among others. Rhett Butler also speaks regularly on topics surrounding forests and the environment (especially trends in deforestation) and new media. He has spoken at Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the National University of Singapore, ETH Zurich, the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation 2010 meeting in Bali, UNFCCC COP 16 in Cancun, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Stony Brook University, among other places and events. In 2011 and 2012 he participated in the U.S. State Department Speakers Program in Indonesia. http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0821-cerrado.html The cerrado, wooded grassland in Brazil that once covered an area half the size AND of Cerrado is not good if the current trends persist," added Machado.
Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol The status quo puts gasoline before ethanol – imports of new sugar ethanol are key to trading off with corn ethanol and making biofuels cost competitive in the United States Alvarez et al. 10 (Pedro J. Alvarez, PhD, George R AND , No. 43, January 2010, pgs. 5-6) Current government support is required for ethanol produced in the Midwest to be an attractive AND ethanol have a competitive advantage in certain U.S. coastal markets. Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford. This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."
And – Food price spikes ensure devastating famine that kill billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less."
Advantage Two – National Security Enforcing the Cuban embargo overstretches U.S. national security assets, preventing effective counter-terror GAO 07 (Government Accountability Office report Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba. “Enforcing Economic Sanctions Government Accountability Office Analysis,” November) Since 2004, the United States has tightened the rules governing these exceptions--directly AND those on countries engaged in terrorism, weapons proliferation, and narcotics trafficking.
Finally on April 19th the Office of Foreign Assets Controls OFAC released 51 AND OK; some are not; collegiality and sharing of skills are outlawed.
And – The plan is necessary to shift resources back towards counter-terror Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to AND to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks. And – Weak enforcement ensures that terrorists smuggle nuclear weapons into the United States Joyner 9 (Christopher C: Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown, June 22nd, “Article: Nuclear terrorism in a globalizing world: assessing the threat and the emerging management regime,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216486733.html) During the last decade, the determination of al-Qaeda to acquire nuclear weapons AND within one State" and will consequently require international solutions. (44) And – The nuclear motivation is there; acquisition and delivery are easy Bunn, 2010 (Matthew, Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard, “Securing the Bomb 2010,” Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center, April, http://www.nti.org/e_research/Securing_The_Bomb_2010.pdf)
Complacency about the threat is perhaps the biggest obstacle to forging the urgent, in AND help them or to buy their stolen nuclear material informing the police.19
And – Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
Advantage Three – Global Engagement Maintaining the Cuban embargo wrecks U.S. influence and leverage across the globe – it decimates U.S. credibility Hill et al. 09, Brigadier General John Adams (Ret.), General James T. Hill (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 2002-2004, Lieutenant General John G. Castellaw (Ret.), Rear Admiral John D. Hutson (Ret.), Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman (Ret.), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1996-2001, Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy (Ret.), Major General Paul D. Eaton (Ret.), General Barry R. McCaffrey (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 1994-1996, Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard (Ret.), Col. Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), assistant to Colin Powell during tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, Rear Admiral Donald J. Guter (Ret.), General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.), Letter from US military officials to President Obama regarding Cuba policy, prepared by the New America Foundation / US – Cuba Policy Initiative, 4/13/09, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/National_Security.pdf The current policy of isolating Cuba has failed, patently, to achieve our ends AND register deeply in the minds of our partners and competitors around the world.
And – The embargo destroys our ability to cooperate and lead effectively Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj) Yet, the international community’s efforts to impel the United States to lift its embargo AND accord the appropriate respect for international law and thereby maintain its position of global leadership, especially on issues of fundamental rights and liberties, Congress must end the embargo on Cuba.
And – Changing US policy toward Cuba sets a precedent of a new form of engagement Hinderdael, 2011 (Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, concentrating in American Foreign Policy and Energy, Resources, and Environment, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/2011, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true) The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine of AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
And – The plan’s embrace of political diversity promotes interests more effectively in the multilateral international order than promoting a narrow democratic model Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf) Many American strategists recognize the inevitability of a more level global playing field, but AND the principles around which the next order is most likely to take shape. And – The plan is key – demonstrating a willingness to cooperate with non-democratic regimes is the only way to avert multiple scenarios for global chaos Kupchan, 2012 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn”, Kindle edition (no page numbers) Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND can be effectively addressed only in partnership with a wide array of countries.
And – The rise of global competitors is inevitable-bolstering relations with non-democratic powers is key to maintaining peaceful relations with rising powers and preventing great-power conflict Fujimoto, 2012 (Kevin, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11) The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term AND protect its interests later when we are no longer the world's only superpower.
Today, 20 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall – it’s AND in the greater global order bringing ¶ true peace for years to come.
And – the embargo is the symbol of America’s attempt to democratize- Cuba is key to successful reform of American policy Ratliff, 2013 (William, research fellow and former curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution, he is also a research fellow of the Independent Institute, an expert on Latin America, China, and US foreign policy, “Cuba's Tortured Transition”, 1/30/2013, http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/1392810) A New Policy to Cuba Since the early 1990s U.S. “proactive AND Washington can promote change while defusing rather than stoking domestic conflict and tensions.
1/3/14
1AC Samford
Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: All | Judge: All 1AC SAMFORD POLICY Plan Text Plan – The United States federal government should ease a substantial portion of its economic restrictions toward the Republic of Cuba. Ethanol Advantage 1AC – Ethanol Advantage
The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane. And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33 And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earth's biodiversity must be protected.
Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol The status quo puts gasoline before ethanol – Cuban sugar ethanol imports will trade off with US corn ethanol and make biofuels cost competitive Alvarez et al. 10 (Pedro J. Alvarez, PhD, George R AND , No. 43, January 2010, pgs. 5-6) Current government support is required for ethanol produced in the Midwest to be an attractive AND ethanol have a competitive advantage in certain U.S. coastal markets. And – Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford. This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."
And – Food price spikes ensure famine that kills billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less."
National Security Advantage 1AC – National Security Advantage Advantage Two – National Security Enforcing the Cuban embargo overstretches U.S. national security assets, preventing effective counter-terror GAO 07 (Government Accountability Office report Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba. “Enforcing Economic Sanctions Government Accountability Office Analysis,” November) Since 2004, the United States has tightened the rules governing these exceptions--directly AND those on countries engaged in terrorism, weapons proliferation, and narcotics trafficking.
Finally on April 19th the Office of Foreign Assets Controls OFAC released 51 AND OK; some are not; collegiality and sharing of skills are outlawed.
And – The plan is necessary to shift resources back towards counter-terror Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to AND to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks. And – Weak enforcement ensures that terrorists smuggle nuclear weapons into the United States Joyner 9 (Christopher C: Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown, June 22nd, “Article: Nuclear terrorism in a globalizing world: assessing the threat and the emerging management regime,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216486733.html) During the last decade, the determination of al-Qaeda to acquire nuclear weapons AND within one State" and will consequently require international solutions. (44) And – The nuclear motivation is there; acquisition and delivery are easy Bunn, 2010 (Matthew, Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard, “Securing the Bomb 2010,” Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center, April, http://www.nti.org/e_research/Securing_The_Bomb_2010.pdf)
Complacency about the threat is perhaps the biggest obstacle to forging the urgent, in AND help them or to buy their stolen nuclear material informing the police.19 And – Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Ayson, 2010 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
Engagement Advantage 1AC – Global Engagement Advantage Three – Global Engagement 2014 is a 1914 redux --- War is inevitable and the end of unipolarity must be now Listya will highlight down ---All Impacts: Russia War, US-Sino War, Taiwain, North Korea, Japan, Hot Spots, and cyber war ---China is rising because its being forced to be “liberal” through democracy promotion Seidel, 1/2/2014 (Jamie, Cadetship in Journalism, the Advertiser, Margaret Macmillan, professor of international history at Oxford University, warden of St. Antony’s College, Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Senior Fellow of Massey College, University of Toronto, and sits on the boards of the Mosaic Institute, the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, and the editorial boards of International History and First World War Studies. She has honorary degrees from the University of King’s College, the Royal Military College, Ryerson University, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario and Huron University College of the University of Western Ontario. Brookings Institute contributer “Are we on the brink of war? Academic sparks debate by drawing comparisons between 1914 past and 2014 present” http://www.news.com.au/world/are-we-on-the-brink-of-war-academic-sparks-debate-by-drawing-comparisons-between-1914-past-and-2014-present/story-fndir2ev-1226793586357
A CENTURY ago, a simple assassination was enough to topple an tenuous balance between AND it will probably take a major war for the world to find out.¶ The decline of US hegemony and the rise of global competitors is unavoidable- we can only solve through multilateralism ---No Pluralism Solves arg --- regional power movements will spillover into global conflicts due to superpower draw in ---Solvency for The ILaw I/L --- rebuilding legitimacy will require rebuilding international institutions (ILaw) Fujimoto, 2012 (Kevin, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11) The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term AND protect its interests later when we are no longer the world's only superpower.
And – Only multilateralism can act as a backstop on balance of power competition to avert multiple scenarios for extinction Kupchan, 2012 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn”, Kindle edition (no page numbers) Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND can be effectively addressed only in partnership with a wide array of countries.
And – The plan is the only way to solve that --- First, Maintaining the Cuban embargo wrecks U.S. global legitimacy and leverage across the globe -Undermines the UN- world leaders overwhelmingly support ending the embargo -Alienates global partners and competitors -Cuba specifically is the lynchpin of our global engagement- easing the embargo would register deeply everywhere Hill et al. 09, Brigadier General John Adams (Ret.), General James T. Hill (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 2002-2004, Lieutenant General John G. Castellaw (Ret.), Rear Admiral John D. Hutson (Ret.), Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman (Ret.), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1996-2001, Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy (Ret.), Major General Paul D. Eaton (Ret.), General Barry R. McCaffrey (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 1994-1996, Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard (Ret.), Col. Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), assistant to Colin Powell during tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, Rear Admiral Donald J. Guter (Ret.), General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.), Letter from US military officials to President Obama regarding Cuba policy, prepared by the New America Foundation / US – Cuba Policy Initiative, 4/13/09, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/National_Security.pdf The current policy of isolating Cuba has failed, patently, to achieve our ends AND register deeply in the minds of our partners and competitors around the world. Second, International Law --- The embargo’s violation destroys our ability to cooperate and lead effectively Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj) Yet, the international community’s efforts to impel the United States to lift its embargo AND accord the appropriate respect for international law and thereby maintain its position of global leadership, especially on issues of fundamental rights and liberties, Congress must end the embargo on Cuba.
Third, the plan’s embrace of political diversity promotes U.S. interests more effectively than promoting a narrow democratic model Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf)
Many American strategists recognize the inevitability of a more level global playing field, but AND the principles around which the next order is most likely to take shape. Fourth, Cuba is the lynchpin of international perception- easing out the embargo signals true US multilateralism Dickerson 1/14/10 (Sergio, Lt. Col., US Army, Strategy Research Project, “UNITED STATES SECURITY ¶ STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA518053)
Today, 20 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall – it’s AND in the greater global order bringing ¶ true peace for years to come.
1/11/14
1AC Wake Round 3
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster ZC | Judge: Ricardo Saenz 1AC Wake Forest Plan Text Plan – The United States federal government should phase out a substantial portion of its economic restrictions toward Cuba. Credibility Advantage 1AC – Credibility Advantage Advantage One – Credibility Maintaining the Cuban embargo wrecks U.S. influence and leverage across the globe – it decimates U.S. credibility Hill et al. 09, Brigadier General John Adams (Ret.), General James T. Hill (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 2002-2004, Lieutenant General John G. Castellaw (Ret.), Rear Admiral John D. Hutson (Ret.), Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman (Ret.), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1996-2001, Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy (Ret.), Major General Paul D. Eaton (Ret.), General Barry R. McCaffrey (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 1994-1996, Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard (Ret.), Col. Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), assistant to Colin Powell during tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, Rear Admiral Donald J. Guter (Ret.), General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.), Letter from US military officials to President Obama regarding Cuba policy, prepared by the New America Foundation / US – Cuba Policy Initiative, 4/13/09, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/National_Security.pdf
The current policy of isolating Cuba has failed, …….
partners and competitors around the world.
And – The embargo destroys our ability to cooperate and lead effectively Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj)
Yet, the international community’s efforts to impel the United States to lift its embargo ……
, especially on issues of fundamental rights and liberties, Congress must end the embargo on Cuba. And-- Cross-regime-type cooperation causes broad global normative consensus-~--makes every power a stakeholder with an incentive to maintain stability Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf)
An order that welcomes political diversity would …….
predatory at home or abroad.
And-- Lack of international credibility makes great power war inevitable Fettweis, 2004 (Christopher, Professor at the U.S. Army War College, December 2004, “Resolute Eagle or Paper Tiger? Credibility, Reputation and the War on Terror,” online: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p67147_index.html)
The credibility of a state forms the …..
that inadvertently encourages an aggressor. And – The plan is key – demonstrating a willingness to cooperate with non-democratic regimes is the only way to avert multiple scenarios for global chaos Kupchan, 2012 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “No Oneand#39;s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn”, Kindle edition (no page numbers)
Although Western hegemony is ……
with a wide array of countries.
Relations Advantage 1AC – Relations Advantage Advantage Two—Relations Now is the key time – relations with Latin America are collapsing. Loosening the Cuban embargo is the only thing that can reset our regional relationship Robert E. White, 3/7/2013, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, was the United States ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 to 1979 and to El Salvador from 1980 to 1981, After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all For most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably AND cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.
And – U.S. relations with Latin America are critical to prevent regional instability Hakim, ’06 January/February 2006, Peter Hakim is the President of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Is Washington Losing Latin America?”, http://www.chileconsult.com/Is_Washington_Losing_Latin_America.pdf Despite their disagreements and dissatisfaction with U.S. policy in the region, AND have demonstrated neither the will nor the ability to travel that road together.
And – Latin American instability escalates and draws in great powers Rochlin 1994 (James Francis Rochlin, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University, 1994, “Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy Towards Latin America,” pages 130-131) While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were AND , such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.
The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane.
And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33
And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earthand#39;s biodiversity must be protected.
And – Independently, biodiversity is critical to protect against infectious diseases, that otherwise would spiral out of control Yule 13 (Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences; At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University; Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)
Although one hypothesis explains the recent upswing in emerging infectious disease as a result of AND not, and the potential failure of our species has considerable biological implications.
1AC – U.S. Ethanol Scenario Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford. This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars, it’s the most likely scenario for international conflict Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming.and#34;
And – Food price spikes ensure devastating famine that kill billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less.and#34;
National Security Advantage 1AC – National Security Advantage Advantage Three – National Security Enforcing the Cuban embargo overstretches U.S. national security assets, preventing effective counter-terror and anti-prolif efforts GAO 07 (Government Accountability Office report Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba. “Enforcing Economic Sanctions Government Accountability Office Analysis,” November) Since 2004, the United States has tightened the rules governing these exceptions--directly AND those on countries engaged in terrorism, weapons proliferation, and narcotics trafficking.
And – The plan is necessary to shift resources back towards counter-terror and anti-prolif Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to AND to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks.
And – Weak enforcement ensures that terrorists smuggle nuclear weapons into the United States Joyner 9 (Christopher C: Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown, June 22nd, “Article: Nuclear terrorism in a globalizing world: assessing the threat and the emerging management regime,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216486733.html) During the last decade, the determination of al-Qaeda to acquire nuclear weapons AND within one Stateand#34; and will consequently require international solutions. (44)
And – Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
And – Nuclear prolif guarantees global catastrophe Glennon 13 Michel J Glennon is the author of numerous articles on constitutional and international law as well as several books and the professor of international Law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, in Medford, Massachusetts. “Pre-empting Proliferation: International Law, Morality, and Nuclear Weapons,” The European Journal of International Law, 2013. In truth, because the track record, happily, is bare, no one AND therefore poses a threat to both the United States and the international community.
11/28/13
1AC Wake Round 5
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West KS | Judge: Marcus Azimi 1AC Wake Forest Plan Text Plan – The United States federal government should phase out a substantial portion of its economic restrictions toward Cuba. Credibility Advantage 1AC – Credibility Advantage Advantage One – Credibility Maintaining the Cuban embargo wrecks U.S. influence and leverage across the globe – it decimates U.S. credibility Hill et al. 09, Brigadier General John Adams (Ret.), General James T. Hill (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 2002-2004, Lieutenant General John G. Castellaw (Ret.), Rear Admiral John D. Hutson (Ret.), Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman (Ret.), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 1996-2001, Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy (Ret.), Major General Paul D. Eaton (Ret.), General Barry R. McCaffrey (Ret.), Commanding General for US SOUTHCOM 1994-1996, Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard (Ret.), Col. Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), assistant to Colin Powell during tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, Rear Admiral Donald J. Guter (Ret.), General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.), Letter from US military officials to President Obama regarding Cuba policy, prepared by the New America Foundation / US – Cuba Policy Initiative, 4/13/09, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/National_Security.pdf The current policy of isolating Cuba has failed, patently, to achieve our ends AND register deeply in the minds of our partners and competitors around the world.
And – The embargo destroys our ability to cooperate and lead effectively Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” Spring 2012, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj) Yet, the international community’s efforts to impel the United States to lift its embargo AND of fundamental rights and liberties, Congress must end the embargo on Cuba.
And -- The plan’s embrace of political diversity promotes interests more effectively in the multilateral international order than promoting a narrow democratic model Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf) Many American strategists recognize the inevitability of a more level global playing field, but AND the principles around which the next order is most likely to take shape.
And -- We don’t crush all hope for democratization-pluralistic respect for other governing models allows it to spread on its own accord instead of by US force Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, Spring 2009, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, online: http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf) America’s adherence to the Autonomy Rule by no means precludes the promotion of democracy as AND the favorable international conditions in which democracy will be able to demonstrate its virtues
And-- Cross-regime-type cooperation causes broad global normative consensus-~--makes every power a stakeholder with an incentive to maintain stability Kupchan and Mount, 2009 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Adam, doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University, “The Autonomy Rule,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2009, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/12/Kupchan.pdf) An order that welcomes political diversity would constitute a stark departure from the norms and AND stakeholders, and further marginalizing states that are predatory at home or abroad.
And-- Lack of international credibility makes great power war inevitable Fettweis, 2004 (Christopher, Professor at the U.S. Army War College, December 2004, “Resolute Eagle or Paper Tiger? Credibility, Reputation and the War on Terror,” online: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p67147_index.html) The credibility of a state forms the basis of its reputation, which is little AND a code word for a show of weakness that inadvertently encourages an aggressor. And – The plan is key – demonstrating a willingness to cooperate with non-democratic regimes is the only way to avert multiple scenarios for global chaos Kupchan, 2012 (Charles, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn”, Kindle edition (no page numbers) Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND can be effectively addressed only in partnership with a wide array of countries.
Relations Advantage 1AC – Relations Advantage Advantage Two—Relations Specifically, the embargo decimates relations- US is losing influence in Latin America Ben-Ami, ‘6/18 6/18/13, Shlomo Ben-Ami is a former Israeli diplomat, politician and historian, “Is US losing Latin America?”, http://www.timesofoman.com/Columns/Article-1173.aspx It is a mantra increasingly heard around the world: US power is in decline AND American countries have pursued a massive expansion of economic ties beyond America's sway. And – Now is the key time – Loosening the Cuban embargo is the only thing that can reset our regional relationship Robert E. White, 3/7/2013, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, was the United States ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 to 1979 and to El Salvador from 1980 to 1981, After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all For most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably AND cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.
And – U.S. relations with Latin America are critical to prevent regional instability Hakim, ’06 January/February 2006, Peter Hakim is the President of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Is Washington Losing Latin America?”, http://www.chileconsult.com/Is_Washington_Losing_Latin_America.pdf Despite their disagreements and dissatisfaction with U.S. policy in the region, AND have demonstrated neither the will nor the ability to travel that road together.
And – Latin American instability escalates and draws in great powers Rochlin 1994 (James Francis Rochlin, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University, 1994, “Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy Towards Latin America,” pages 130-131) While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were AND , such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter. And -- Cubans want the Embargo Lifted- makes their lives to difficult and frustrated at their Government Jeff Franks, Feb 7, 2012, Cubans say U.S. embargo a failure at 50, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/08/us-cuba-usa-embargo-idUSTRE81700M20120208, Writer/ Reporter for Reuters (Reuters) - The 50th anniversary of the U.S. trade embargo AND and to (pass) the blame for the economic disaster in Cuba."¶
The shift in acreage devoted to food crops has not been successful in terms of AND point whether soybeans represent a more efficient use of Cuban land than sugarcane.
And – Cuban ethanol is critical to displace ethanol produced domestically and ethanol imported from Brazil – Cuban ethanol would satisfy U.S. demand Specht ’12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
The full debate over the environmental consequences of the Brazilian biofuel production 111 is largely AND to promote the importation of Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol should be encouraged.
And – The Brazilian Cerrado is uniquely important – degradation wrecks global biodiversity and accelerates warming beyond the point of no return Isabella Vitali 2011, Soya and the Cerrado: Brazil’s forgotten jewel , http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/soya_and_the_cerrado.pdf , Senior Policy Officer Loss of the Cerrado is of global concern not only because of its significant contribution AND Change (2000), at some 265 tonnes of carbon per hectare.33
And – Accelerated warming guarantees extinction Deibel 2007 (Terry, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, pgs. 387-389) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And – Biodiversity is key to the survival of all living things Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007, Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, ln
The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support AND earth-life into the distant future the earth's biodiversity must be protected.
And – Independently, biodiversity is critical to protect against infectious diseases, that otherwise would spiral out of control Yule 13 (Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences; At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University; Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)
Although one hypothesis explains the recent upswing in emerging infectious disease as a result of AND not, and the potential failure of our species has considerable biological implications.
1AC – U.S. Ethanol Scenario Scenario Two is U.S. Ethanol Reliance on domestically-produced ethanol means corn is used for fuel instead of food – this is already triggering global food price spikes and causing mass instability Timothy A. Wise October 10th 2012, US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html20(RSC) , Timothy A Wise is the Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford. This is the third food price spike in the last five years, and this AND happened in 2007-2008. They are at 14 per cent now.
And – Price spikes escalate into global wars, it’s the most likely scenario for international conflict Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb; Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney; principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,;“The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”)
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more AND believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."
And – Food price spikes ensure devastating famine that kill billions of people POWER ’96 Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune Paul Jr., “Grain shortage growing problem,” The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96
There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed AND in the developing world who live on a dollar a day or less."
National Security Advantage 1AC – National Security Advantage Advantage Three – National Security Enforcing the Cuban embargo overstretches U.S. national security assets, preventing effective counter-terror and anti-prolif efforts GAO 07 (Government Accountability Office report Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Economic Embargo on Cuba. “Enforcing Economic Sanctions Government Accountability Office Analysis,” November) Since 2004, the United States has tightened the rules governing these exceptions--directly AND those on countries engaged in terrorism, weapons proliferation, and narcotics trafficking.
And – The plan is necessary to shift resources back towards counter-terror and anti-prolif Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to AND to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks.
And – Weak enforcement ensures that terrorists smuggle nuclear weapons into the United States Joyner 9 (Christopher C: Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown, June 22nd, “Article: Nuclear terrorism in a globalizing world: assessing the threat and the emerging management regime,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-216486733.html) During the last decade, the determination of al-Qaeda to acquire nuclear weapons AND within one State" and will consequently require international solutions. (44)
And – Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
And – Nuclear prolif guarantees global catastrophe Glennon 13 Michel J Glennon is the author of numerous articles on constitutional and international law as well as several books and the professor of international Law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, in Medford, Massachusetts. “Pre-empting Proliferation: International Law, Morality, and Nuclear Weapons,” The European Journal of International Law, 2013. In truth, because the track record, happily, is bare, no one AND therefore poses a threat to both the United States and the international community.
Independently US-Corn Based ethanol production drives exacerbating climate change and bio-destruction. Specht, 4/24/2013 (Jonathan, Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012, “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf) The process by which incentives for ethanol production change land use¶patterns and AND corn production and, thus, to ¶ the domestic ethanol industry.68
11/28/13
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Tournament: Contact Info | Round: Quads | Opponent: Contact Info | Judge: Contact Info For aff cites, contact me -- Michelle David at ellehcim053@gmail.com