Tournament: Crestian | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cypress Bay KH | Judge: Basu, Amrit
Aff transforms apocalypse into a manageable crisis which de-politicizes resistance and posits the state as the locus point of salvation
Swyngedouw, Professor Geography at University of Manchester, ’13 (Erik, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol 24 No 1, p 9-18, TandF Online)
Despite significant differences, both catastrophic narratives share an uncanny similarity, particularly if viewed
AND
a better socio-climatic world, is expressed (see Swyngedouw 2010b).
This permanent state of emergency transforms the state into an apparatus of death—creates a state of exception.
Davis ’12 – contributed essays to race and class, contributor to Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement (James, At War with the Future: Catastrophism and the Right, “Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth”, PM Press, p. 100)
The catastrophist right frequently opens political terrain on the far right that the state can
AND
divided political landscape. Which, of course, is the point.77
Vote neg to reject the aff’s prism of apocalypse—only refusal of hyperbole opens up a space for pragmatic modes of thinking to emerge
Reject the aff because of it’s apocalytptic framing--
- reject expectation/discourse of apocalypse
- invert offense-defense framing
- question framing of the 1AC
- vote neg on low risk of the aff’s extinction scenarios
- accordance with values vs are beliefs correct
- recognize apocalypse is already here
Gilles and Gross ‘12 (Mel, highly successful web author, and Mathew, director of internet communications for Howard Dean’s presidential campaign, highly regarded media strategist, “The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America”, Prometheus, p. 202)
Addressing the challenges of a growing global population in a period of declining resource availability
AND
future is still ours—but the future is not what it was.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Debate Rhode Island LY | Judge: Emma Thompson
1NC BIT Counterplan
The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.
Current language
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that-
(1) has legalized all political activity;
(2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations;
(3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and
(4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government-
(A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power;
(B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and
(C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;

(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts;
(6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) establishing an independent judiciary;
(B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation;
(C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;

(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and
(8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.

(b) Additional factors
In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government-
(1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy;
(2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba;
(B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba;
(C) assuring the right to private property; and
(D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property;
(3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and
(4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Language post-counterplan
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that is-
(1) has legalized all political activity;
(2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations;
(3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and
(4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government-
(A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power;
(B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and
(C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;

(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts;
(6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) establishing an independent judiciary;
(B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation;
(C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;

(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and
(8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.

(b) Additional factors
In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government-
(1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy;
(2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba;
(B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba;
(C) assuring the right to private property; and
(D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property;
(3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and
(4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)
Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, ’99 (David, “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a President from lifting the embargo against Cuba arbitrarily would appear
AND
S. Government would not be liable for any losses.   *262
Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, ‘8 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos  and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
 *451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution Policy should be
AND
justice for Cuba's transgressions by allowing them to receive individualistic and equitable remediation.
Failure to settle expropriated property issue before lifting the embargo spills over and affects property rights in all of Latin America*
Poblete, Managing Attorney for Poblete and Tamargo LLP, ’10 (Jason- Vice-Chair National Security Committee of the American Bar Association Section of International Law, member of the Cuban-American Bar Association, Former Senior Attorney at Global Regulatory Litigation group of Reed Smith (a top 15 global law firm), and ranked by Roll Call as one of the “50 Most Influential Staffers on Capitol Hill”, September 9, “Settling Expropriated Cuban Property Cases Will Set Tone for Region, World” http://jasonpoblete.com/2010/09/09/settling-expropriated-cuban-property-cases-will-set-tone-for-region-world/)
Private property rights is about control. Either you control or the government controls.  
AND
private property, sooner or later there will be a price to pay.
Poorly enforced property rights in Latin America cause Amazon deforestation – seen as necessary to protect property value
Araujo et al, Professor Econ at University of Auvergne, ‘8 (Claudio Araujoa, Catherine Araujo Bonjean, Jean-Louis Combes, Pascale Combes Motel, and Eustaquio J. Reis, December 17, “Property rights and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon” Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International, http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/66/99/PDF/2008.20.pdf)
The main outcome of this paper is that insecure property rights in land drive deforestation
AND
privately owned, are often classified as unproductive and hence eligible to expropriation.
Amazon deforestation causes extinction
Brown- President, Earth Policy Institute- ‘8 Lester, Earth Policy Institute is a nonprofit, interdisciplinary research organization Plan B 3.0: ?Mobilizing to Save Civilization, p. 15-16
33 Scientists believe that if half the Amazon is cleared or weakened, this may
AND
taken another step that could help seal our fate as a civilization.35

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cypress Bay KH | Judge: Basu, Amrit
A transition toward an economic democracy is underway--economic pressure and democratic opposition are compelling the regime to implement cooperative system
Miami Herald 8/1
“Cuba’s economic reforms debated at Miami conference” 08.01.13http:www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/01/3537519/cubas-economic-reforms-debated.html#storylink=cpy
That was the quandary under discussion Thursday as economists, political scientists, business executives
AND
it could lead to a significant degree of “economy democracy for Cuba.”

Reforms are begetting political freedoms plan reverses this liberalization
Alemany 12/17
Jacqueline Alemany, CBS News, “Post-handshake, Cuba embargo debate heats up again” December 17, 2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/post-handshake-cuba-embargo-debate-heats-up-again/
“It is well proven that economic liberalization creates space for political liberalization," Arturo
AND
-Carone told CBS News. "We need to maintain the pressure."
Cuban reforms are uniquely suited to provide a global model for economic democracy
Harrington 2013
Keith Harrington is a board director with the New Economics Institute, an economics graduate student at the New School for Social Research and the former Maryland/DC Field Director for the Chesapeake Climate Action Network. He is also the founder of the social business Shoestring “New Cuba: Beachhead for Economic Democracy Beyond Capitalism” 17 January 2013
Videos for Nonprofits and a contributor to Grist, Truthout and Alternet. Truthout,
http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/13918-the-new-cuba-a-beachhead-for-economic-democracy-we-should-support
The year 2012 may have been the United Nation's International Year of Cooperatives, but
AND
World, all of which specialize in helping worker cooperatives grow and thrive.

Economic democracy key to survival
Turnbull 2013
Dr Shann Turnbull has over 100 of his academic papers posted with over 250,000 scholars in the Social Science Research Network web pages at http://ssrn.com/author=26239. He is the highest ranked Australian scholar measured by the number of papers downloaded and is ranked in the top one percent internationally. He was guest faculty for a Special Interest Group in Urban Settlements at MIT in 1987. His Australian Parliamentary Papers 138/1977 and 435/1978 on Economic Development of Aboriginal Communities in the Northern Territory introduced a new system of economic analysis and a new framework for social analysis that was later developed into his PhD Thesis. He created and taught a Corporate Governance elective for the Macquarie University MBA program in 2003/4.  In 2007 he taught graduate students at the University of NSW in the School of Organisation and Management and at the University of Sydney in 2008 in the School of Government and International Relations. He is Fellow of the International Institute for Corporate Governance and Accountability, George Washington University, Law School and is on the editorial advisory boards of academic journals and acts a referee.
 “Sustaining Society with Economic Democracy” International Institute for Self-Governance; Sustainable Money Working Group  January 20, 2013
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2220072
Economic democracy provides an efficient way for sustaining both humanity and the environment. Besides
AND
control is also democratized with network governance to avoid disconnections and social alienation.¶

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cypress Bay KH | Judge: Basu, Amrit
EU can fund Cuban telecom
Clegg 13 (Peter Clegg, Lecturer in Politics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. "EU-Cuban Relations: An End To ‘Constructive Engagement’?" July 2, 2013. www.erpic.eu/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=1303Aeu-cuban-relations-an-end-to-constructive-engagementandcatid=313Aoctober-2003andItemid=79) VP

The relationship between the EU and Cuba has been defined since 1996 by a so
AND
are in the areas of tourism, telecommunications, oil exploration and nickel.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill ML | Judge: Tara Tate
Text: The European Union should provide technical assistance to the government of Mexico for implementation of commercial domestic intellectual property protections.
CP Solves
Pengelly 2005
Tom, over 20 years experience of technical co-operation and project management in
AND
Countries and Transition Economies” June 2005 ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development
http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=7andved=0CHMQFjAGandurl=http3A2F2Fkms1.isn.ethz.ch2Fserviceengine2FFiles2FISN2F1241292Fipublicationdocument_singledocument2F98594849-31f0-4eb5-913b-aed28c9047512Fen2F2005_06_Technical_Assistance_for_the_Formulation_.pdfandei=YUZbUu6DI7U9QTHxoHgBgandusg=AFQjCNF7HqAAX4pO1lsRWhoLlx7ATHdaagandsig2=eKvszTMxg5sAzhP0-rL1fg
4.4 Case Study 3: the European Commission Policy objectives for IP technical assistance programmes
One of the core objectives of the European Union’s (EU) relations with developing
AND
be nationals of the European Union, and have expertise in European institutions.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek RV | Judge: Sommers, Kyla
Implementing legislation will pass now – key to Mexican energy sector
Paredes 12-16
(Fernanda, “Mexico’s Energy Sector Reform,” http://www.edelman.com/post/mexicos-energy-sector-reform/)
The recently approved Mexican energy reform ends an era that began 75 years ago,
AND
been opened for us to move towards a more efficient and productive sector.
Nieto’s political capital and negotiating leverage is key to successful implementing legislation
Graham 12-17
(Dave, “Analysis – Mexican president races through reforms but risks loom,” http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2262818-analysis-mexican-president-races-through-reforms-but-risks-loom/)
A year ago, President Enrique Pena Nieto took office vowing a root-and
AND
, he may persuade ordinary Mexicans that his changes were worth the effort.

The plan incites nationalist backlash
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California
(Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics,” Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics, p. 654)
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the
AND
being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.
Nationalist backlash tanks energy reforms
---this card also supports the link: nationalists backlash if they perceive new policies as being in US interests
Wilkinson 8-13 – LA Times Analyst
(Tracy, “Mexico's officials wage PR battle to sell energy reform plan,” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/13/world/la-fg-mexico-pemex-pr-20130814)
On Tuesday, the day after President Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled a broad package of
AND
Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party is selling the country out to foreign interests.
Mexican reforms solve energy price shocks
Kennedy 8-14
(Charles, “OPEC Set to Suffer at the Hands of Mexico’s Energy Market Reform,” http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/OPEC-Set-to-Suffer-at-the-Hands-of-Mexicos-Energy-Market-Reform.html)
The recent reforms that President Enrique Peña Nieto plans to introduce to Mexico’s energy sector
AND
increased production from Mexico would only further reduce OPEC’s power in the market.
Great power war
Qasem 7 - Pompeu University politics doctoral candidate
 “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage” http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
before reaching the zenith of a disaster which is already in the making.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek RV | Judge: Sommers, Kyla
Comprehensive reform will pass Obama taking lead while bipartisanship is high
Lopez 1/1
Oscar, reporter Latin Times, “New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014”, 1/1/14, http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778
4. Leadership: As immigration reform comes to the fore, party leaders will
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

CIR key to the economy – most recent non partisan report
US News 10/29
“Immigration Reform Boosts Economic Recovery: Immigration reform could reduce the federal deficit by $1.2 trillion” October 29, 2013
http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/10/29/immigration-reform-boosts-economic-recovery
As a comprehensive immigration reform bill hangs in the balance on Capitol Hill, a
AND
found that residential housing construction would increase by $69 billion a year.

Convincing Congress to fund port-of-entry funding costs political capital
Halverstadt 13
(Lisa, April, “Waiting on Congress to Ease Border Waits,” http://voiceofsandiego.org/2013/04/25/waiting-on-congress-to-ease-border-waits/)
Funding to improve the world’s busiest land border crossing made it into President Barack Obama’s
AND
not going to pretend that we’re going to do this,” Issa said.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill ML | Judge: Tara Tate
TPA will pass –Obama will put in the work to get Dems on board
Spulak 2/12
Thomas Spulak is a partner and Bonnie Byers is a consultant in King and Spalding’s Washington, D.C., office. “Expect Trade Promotion Authority Bill To Pass”Law360, New York February 12, 2014 http://www.law360.com/articles/509435/expect-trade-promotion-authority-bill-to-pass
It is hard to imagine that a TPA bill will not be enacted, but
AND
work this out with his fellow Democrats. We believe that he will.
Technical Assistance is massively unpopular amid deficit reduction pressures – drains PC
Zhou 2013
Dillon is a recent graduate of the International Relations Program at the University of Massachusetts Boston and currently works as a freelance writer and columnist for "The 21st Frontier" column for cutting edge policy issues on PolicyMic. “Debt Ceiling 2013: Foreign Aid Will Be the First Casualty of American Austerity” http://www.policymic.com/articles/22376/debt-ceiling-2013-foreign-aid-will-be-the-first-casualty-of-american-austerity
Why Foreign Aid is an Easy Target¶ When you hear the words "foreign
AND
cuts here and they can add it to their talking points come 2014.
TPA is critical to US economic growth and restoring America’s free trade credibility
Riley and Kim 4/16
Bryan Riley is Jay Van Andel Senior Analyst in Trade Policy and Anthony B. Kim is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation.
www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.3

Economic decline causes nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek RV | Judge: Sommers, Kyla
California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico should substantially increase United States economic engagement with Mexico by expanding and improving short sea shipping routes.
States can solve POEs
Fox News 10(FoxNews.com http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/03/31/states-boost-border-security-pleas-washington-unmet/ 3/31/2010 “States Boost Border Security as Pleas to Washington Go Unmet”)
Border states are lookingto take matters into their own hands, boosting law enforcement to
AND
threats from violent cartels on both sides of the border," he said.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 5 | Opponent: Palmetto LZ | Judge: Gjerpen, Katie
The border states of the United States should make available all necessary resources to expand climate hydrological data collection and sharing with the Mexican government.  
States solve hydro planning
AASHTO 09 American Association for State Highway Transportation Officials – representing transportation infrastructure in the 50 states, May 29, 2009, “Transportation and Sustainability Best Practices Background”, https://www.dot.ny.gov/programs/greenlites/repository/AASHTO20Sustainability20Briefing20Paper.pdf
According to the 2008 FHWA Peer Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts, approximately
AND
level rise or critical infrastructure and evacuation routes in Rhode Island and Louisiana.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rocky Mountain DS | Judge: Jamie Tran
Petition 1nc
Text: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California should provide all necessary resources for cooperative binational border engagement with Mexico after petitioning Congress for the requisite authority.
States have demonstrated the capacity to alleviate border congestion
Aguilar, 8-15-’13 (Julian, “A Federal Program to Ease Congestion at Border Crossings” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/us/a-federal-program-to-ease-congestion-at-border-crossings.html?_r=0)
Pedestrians waited in a long line on the bridge between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico,
AND
is of the essence, then I think they should be allowed to.”
Congress is sympathetic to state requests for transportation authority
Zimmerman 2010
Joseph F., Professor of Political Science Rockefeller College Congress. Facilitator of State Action.
Criticism of congressional preemption statutes by many state and local government officers should not obscure
AND
provisions in congressional statutes devolving powers upon states is reviewed in chapter 2.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 5 | Opponent: Palmetto LZ | Judge: Gjerpen, Katie
Economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a tit-for-tat exchange
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (
• .8
To footnotes
8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent
AND
105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
Vote negative
a) Limits – there’s a tons of unilateral measures that the US could take – our interpretation limits the number of possible carrots
b) Ground – requiring the affirmative to use a predictable mechanism like a quid pro quo is essential for disad links, critiques of attaching strings, “say no” and backlash arguments which are a crucial part of the engagement debate