Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Michael Greenstein  Paul Johnson
United States federal government should lift the moratorium on oil and natural gas drilling in the Outer Continental Shelf’s Alaska region and offer to jointly drill in the Alaska region with Petróleos Mexicanos.
It solves energy independence and the US economy – Arctic has enough energy resources
Cunningham, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, ’12 (Nicholas, August, “Offshore Oil Drilling in the Arctic” http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP20Reports/Ref20007620-20Offshore20Oil20Drilling20in20the20Arctic.pdf)
The Arctic region represents the next frontier for oil and gas development. The U
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technically recoverable reserves on the U.S. outer continental shelf.3
PEMEX has set up a new partner company for exactly this purpose – solves expertise and tech-sharing
De Cordoba and Iliff, Wall Street Journal, 8-18-’13 (Jose and Lawrence, “Mexico's Pemex Looks to Tap U.S. Shale” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323608504579020791384328888.html)
Petroleos Mexicanos, Mexico's state oil monopoly, will set up a new company to
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the world to modernize its energy sector has its advantages," he said.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Aaron Kall, Talon Powers
The United States federal government should amend Section 211 of the 1998 Omnibus Appropriations Act to conform to World Trade Organizations ruling by expanding its restrictions to nationals of all countries except where the application of Section 211 could create a diplomatic crisis or threaten national security.
Section 211 should be applied to members of all countries – diplomacy and national security exemptions avoids their solvency deficits
Farhadian, JD Candidate at Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, ’12 (Sarah, June 28, “Stealing Bacardi’s Thunder: Why The Patent And Trademark Office Should Stop Registering Stolen Trademarks Now”)
Additionally, Section 211, as it currently stands, applies only to those claims
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thunder, and perhaps more importantly, no nation can steal its trademarks.
That solves compliance with the WTO ruling while avoiding political backlash and the collapse of IPR
Arechabala, ’10 (Ramon, March 3, “Domestic And International Trademark Implications Of Havana Club And Section 211 Of The Omnibus Appropriations Act Of 1999” Congressional Hearing Before The Committee On The Judiciary House Of Representatives One Hundred Eleventh Congress Second Session, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg55221/html/CHRG-111hhrg55221.htm)
Section 211 was challenged in the WTO by the European Union. The WTO appellate
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effect on properties situated in the United States and they must never be.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Martin Osbourne  Bruce Miller
Aff transforms apocalypse into a manageable crisis which de-politicizes resistance and posits the state as the locus point of salvation
Swyngedouw, Professor Geography at University of Manchester, ’13 (Erik, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol 24 No 1, p 9-18, TandF Online)
Despite significant differences, both catastrophic narratives share an uncanny similarity, particularly if viewed
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a better socio-climatic world, is expressed (see Swyngedouw 2010b).
This permanent state of emergency transforms the state into an apparatus of death—creates a state of exception.
Davis ’12 – contributed essays to race and class, contributor to Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement (James, At War with the Future: Catastrophism and the Right, “Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth”, PM Press, p. 100)
The catastrophist right frequently opens political terrain on the far right that the state can
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divided political landscape. Which, of course, is the point.77
Vote neg to reject the aff’s prism of apocalypse—only refusal of hyperbole opens up a space for pragmatic modes of thinking to emerge
Reject the aff because of it’s apocalytptic framing--
Gilles and Gross ‘12 (Mel, highly successful web author, and Mathew, director of internet communications for Howard Dean’s presidential campaign, highly regarded media strategist, “The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America”, Prometheus, p. 202)
Addressing the challenges of a growing global population in a period of declining resource availability
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future is still ours—but the future is not what it was.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Dan Lingel
The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.
Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation, ’99 (David, “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a President from lifting the embargo against Cuba arbitrarily would appear
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S. Government would not be liable for any losses.   *262
Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism – flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, ‘8 (Daniel- President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos  and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
 *451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution Policy should be
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justice for Cuba's transgressions by allowing them to receive individualistic and equitable remediation.

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest GM | Judge: Ryan Wash, Hayes Watson
Requiring compensation for expropriated property is key to protecting property rights
Ortiz, JD Catholic University, 2K (Jose, “The Illegal Expropriation of Property in Cuba: A Historical and Legal Analysis of the Takings and a Survey of Restitution Schemes for a Post-Socialist Cuba,” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, June, Folume 22, Number 3)
B. Implementing a Restitution Scheme As a consequence of Cuba's current archaic property laws
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takings occurred, and thus should also be entitled to restitution. 10 2
That’s the most ethical act – compensation for expropriated property is the foundation of our most basic human rights
Singham, Partner at Squire Sanders LLP, and Santamaría, Associate with Linklaters LLP, ’13 (Shanker and Nathan, “Property Rights and Restitution: The Cuban Context” Journal of Property Rights in Transition, Vol 1 No 1, p 3-24)
State Confiscation and Restitution When a sovereign state denies its subjects an economically viable use
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private property rights is one of the most fundamental of basic human rights.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow SR | Judge: Matt Carswell
CIR will pass SOON Obama’s continued push is key
Matthews 10/16
Laura Matthews, MA Columbia, International Business Times “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” October 16 2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220
When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
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can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”
Plan triggers political opposition – taxpayers oppose, medical lobbies will backlash, perceived risk of job loss
Haims and Dick, RAND Policy Analysts, 12 – *Marla C. Haims (Former RAND Global Health Initiative Director, Ph.D. and M.S. in industrial and systems engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison; B.A. in psychology, Miami University) and Andrew W. Dick (Senior RAND Economic analyst, Ph.D. in economics, Stanford University), “Extending U.S. Medicare to Mexico; Why It's Important to Consider and What Can Be Done,” Fall 2012, article 5, http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/health-quarterly/issues/v2/n3/05.html
Although a Medicare Abroad program in Mexico, based on any of the above options
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groups, such as the American Medical Association, and the general population.
Key to US-Latin American relations
Lopez-Levy 12 – PhD Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies of the University of Denver
Arturo, “The Latin American Gorilla,” Foreign Policy in Focus, http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_latin_american_gorilla
Few political acts would have a greater effect on U.S.-Latin American
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remittances, investment, and the voting preferences of expatriates from those countries.

Spills over to broader relations – solves democracy, warming, and prolif
Shifter 12 - President of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum Intern-American Dialogue
Michael, "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America" Inter-American Dialogue Policy Report -- April -- www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf
There are compelling reasons for the United States and Latin America to ¶ pursue more
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—both ¶ from the United States and from Latin America and the Caribbean

Warming is an existential risk
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wichita JK | Judge: Tracy McFarland
The Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos should actively press state institutions to remedy human rights abuses, promote reforms to harmonize Mexican law with international human rights norms, increase public access to information regarding its work, ensure petitioners' participation in the conciliation process and have the Senate Human Rights commission Conduct routine and rigorous evaluations of the CNDH's performance and impact.

CP effectively remediates ALL human rights abuses in Mexico
Human Rights Watch Report '08
(Mexico's National Human Rights Commission, A critical Assessment pg online @ http://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce520b,50ffbce520e,47b40d0b2,0_{,MEX.html)
Actively press state institutions to remedy human rights abuses¶ While the CNDH's recommendations are
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analyze the CNDH's work and to press the CNDH to improve its practices.}

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Dylan Quigley
Text: The United States federal government should enact legislation to complete the process of establishing “one face at the border” and provide for alternative financing arrangements for the provision of efficiency services and the construction and maintenance of infrastructure at land border ports of entry.

FDA involvement – creates massive bottleneck at border and  undermines best efficiency measures
BITF 2012
Border Infrastructure Task Force, Requested by DHS in 2012 to encourage private investment in North American border crossing infrastructure, “HOMELAND SECURITY ADVISORY COUNCIL BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE TASK FORCE TASK FORCE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS” NOVEMBER 2012 http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Final20BITF20Recommendations20112012_0.pdf
Currently, there are 21,000 CBP Officers who conduct inspections and manage the
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and accountability for the security and facilitation of all imports into one agency.

FDA involvement – creates massive bottleneck at border and  undermines best efficiency measures
BITF 2012
Border Infrastructure Task Force, Requested by DHS in 2012 to encourage private investment in North American border crossing infrastructure, “HOMELAND SECURITY ADVISORY COUNCIL BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE TASK FORCE TASK FORCE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS” NOVEMBER 2012 http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Final20BITF20Recommendations20112012_0.pdf
Currently, there are 21,000 CBP Officers who conduct inspections and manage the
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and accountability for the security and facilitation of all imports into one agency.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Jack Erpenbach
The affirmative’s production-centered approach to energy ensures sustained environmental destruction
Jackson 5 – Professor of Environmental Strategy @ Surrey
Tom, “Live Better by Consuming Less?,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 9, Number 1–2, Scholar
Over the past decade or so, industrial ecology has successfully focused attention on improving
AND
in the search for an understanding of consumer behavior to inform sustainable development.
The impact is extinction
Ehrenfeld 5 – Professor of Ecology @ Rutgers
David, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources @ Rutgers University, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2, EBSCO
The known effects of globalization on the environment are numerous and highly significant. Many
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have become so thoroughly entwined with ours within the global environment we share.
The alternative is to: reject the affirmative and approach the 1ac harms from the angle of consumption
Princen 2 – Professor of Natural Resources @ U of Michigan
Thomas, Associate Professor of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy in the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan, where he also co-directs the Workshop on Consumption and Environment, Michael Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, and Ken Conca, professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland,  “Confronting Consumption,” Confronting Consumption, Chapter 1
Given our dissatisfaction with prevailing, fragmentary approaches to consumption and its externalities, we
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, to stimulate thought, and to point to new forms of intervention.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood RJ | Judge: Sara Sanchez
The United States federal government should remove food and potable water sanctions against Cuba.

Counterplan doesn’t remove dual-use medical sanctions, removing those is bad because the flood of US medicine prevents the continued development of Cuba’s biomedical sector
Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, “The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care,” Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)//SY
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
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cover the  entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

The current Cuban health care model effectively fights disease
Cooper et al, 6 - Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (Richard S., Joan F Kennelly, and Pedro Orduñez-Garcia, “Health in Cuba,” International Journal of Epidemiology, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full)//SY
Two aspects of the Cuban experience serve as reasonable demonstrations of the value of that
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at a cost well within the reach of most middle-income countries.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep GA | Judge: Nick Miller, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, David Heidt
The United States federal government should include every state in the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism. The United States federal government should cease and prohibit projects of regime change, economic sanctions, military base expansion, military occupation, military assistance for strategic partners, isolation of disapproved political movements, intervention on the basis of national security grounds, and counterterrorism operation to states on the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism.

Counterplan solves – the aff takes Cuba off the list of state sponsors of terrorism, the counterplan adds every country to the list of state sponsors of terrorism but says being on the list of state sponsors of terrorism prevents the US from being able to militarily or coercively intervene in that country’s affairs. Your author concludes the only reason the list is problematic is it allows neoconservative approaches towards those countries, but we solve that better
Jackson, Professor in International Politics at Aberystwyth University, 2007 Richard, “Critical reflection on counter-sanctuary discourse”,  In: M. Innes, ed. Denial of sanctuary: understanding terrorist safe havens, p. 30-33
A related problem for the "terrorist sanctuaries" discourse is that it has always
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approaches to terrorism and the ongoing problem of civilian-directed state terror.

Voting aff glorifies us as the heroes who confront the aesthetics of the war on terror – this fails to acknowledge our own complicity in the system which gave rise to exclusionary sovereignty in the first place
Jenny Edkins, International Politics—University of Wales, 2003. (Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. 172-4)
It is not a remembering of history, the narrative that we tell ourselves about
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in a neutral position, we are within, not outside the trauma.
Even the symbolic gesture of identifying every nation as a supporter of terrorism encircles the trauma of exclusion and imperialism without neutralizing it as a past, depoliticized event – the counterplan makes criticism of hegemonic conceptions of identity relevant to discursive practice and renders visible its fragility
Jenny Edkins, Senior Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Wales Aberystwyth, Postructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In, 1999, p. 141-2
This recalls the discussion in Chapter 4 of Derrida's notion of deconstruction as a double
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repeatedly mark the trauma and ensure that we are not lulled into forgetfulness.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood RJ | Judge: Sara Sanchez
A transition toward an economic democracy is underway--economic pressure and democratic opposition are compelling the regime to implement cooperative system
Miami Herald 8/1
“Cuba’s economic reforms debated at Miami conference” 08.01.13http:www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/01/3537519/cubas-economic-reforms-debated.html#storylink=cpy
That was the quandary under discussion Thursday as economists, political scientists, business executives
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it could lead to a significant degree of “economy democracy for Cuba.”

Democratic opposition is organized and potent – an infusion of US resources will reverse this transition
Rodiles 8/1
Antonio G. Rodiles, a Ph.D. candidate in physics, is a Cuban activist and founder of Havana’s Estado de Sats project.
“Change by Attrition: The Revolution Dies Hard” JULY/AUGUST 2013
http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/change-attrition-revolution-dies-hard
Given the likely governmental schizophrenia that lies ahead
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unconditional end to the US embargo, therefore, I wonder at their naïveté.

Cuban reforms are uniquely suited to provide a global model for economic democracy
Harrington 2013
Keith Harrington is a board director with the New Economics Institute, an economics graduate student at the New School for Social Research and the former Maryland/DC Field Director for the Chesapeake Climate Action Network. He is also the founder of the social business Shoestring “New Cuba: Beachhead for Economic Democracy Beyond Capitalism” 17 January 2013
Videos for Nonprofits and a contributor to Grist, Truthout and Alternet. Truthout,
http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/13918-the-new-cuba-a-beachhead-for-economic-democracy-we-should-support
The year 2012 may have been the United Nation's International Year of Cooperatives, but
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World, all of which specialize in helping worker cooperatives grow and thrive.

Economic democracy key to survival
Turnbull 2013
Dr Shann Turnbull has over 100 of his academic papers posted with over 250,000 scholars in the Social Science Research Network web pages at http://ssrn.com/author=26239. He is the highest ranked Australian scholar measured by the number of papers downloaded and is ranked in the top one percent internationally. He was guest faculty for a Special Interest Group in Urban Settlements at MIT in 1987. His Australian Parliamentary Papers 138/1977 and 435/1978 on Economic Development of Aboriginal Communities in the Northern Territory introduced a new system of economic analysis and a new framework for social analysis that was later developed into his PhD Thesis. He created and taught a Corporate Governance elective for the Macquarie University MBA program in 2003/4.  In 2007 he taught graduate students at the University of NSW in the School of Organisation and Management and at the University of Sydney in 2008 in the School of Government and International Relations. He is Fellow of the International Institute for Corporate Governance and Accountability, George Washington University, Law School and is on the editorial advisory boards of academic journals and acts a referee.
 “Sustaining Society with Economic Democracy” International Institute for Self-Governance; Sustainable Money Working Group  January 20, 2013
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2220072
Economic democracy provides an efficient way for sustaining both humanity and the environment. Besides
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control is also democratized with network governance to avoid disconnections and social alienation.¶

This turns case
Brewer, CEO of Criminal Justice International Associates, 2013
(Jerry, “Political Change in Cuba so that everything remains the same,” May 6, Online: http://www.mexidata.info/id3612.html)
The most discussed world critique, beyond the misery and decades of economic failures of
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acts of repudiation against citizens who dare to speak out and demand change.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Martin Osbourne  Bruce Miller
Obama’s refocused his efforts on securing an increase to the debt limit – his standing on the Hill read PC will determine his success
Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
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Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.
Default will trigger the largest financial disaster in history
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
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free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
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of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge: Melanie Campbell
The United States Federal Government should forgive a billion dollars of debt that Mexico owes the United States in exchange for the Mexican government making a substantial and verifiable contribution to decentralized solar. 

Debt swaps can channel resources to any project
Buckley, Law Prof – New South Wales, 11 (Debt-for-Development Exchanges: history and new applications, pg. 38)
Originally conceived and implemented for relatively modest purposes, the debt-for-nature
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address the ever more complex environmental and developmental challenges of the 21st century.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Whit Whitmore
The 1AC has predetermined their conclusion before the conversation took place – the notion intralocality is a starting point for liberation is antithetical to the true process of conscientization which requires genuine dialogue
Mejia, Professor Ingenier?a Industrial at Universidad de Los Andes, ‘4 (Andres, “The Problem of Knowledge Imposition: Paulo Freire and Critical Systems Thinking” Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 21, p 63-82)
I have argued that in his approach critical consciousness implies holding a particular neo-
AND
a dialogical education cannot make sure that students will develop a critical consciousness.
Conscientization cannot occur in a competitive forum – in this forum half the people in this room have to disagree with you and the other half are not allowed to speak for the next 90 minutes – we don’t have an alternative but we do have a different way of understanding the problem – strategies for raising awareness about structures of oppression should occur in forums conducive to dialogue, not ones that mandate competition through the presence of a ballot
Mejia, Professor Ingenier?a Industrial at Universidad de Los Andes, ‘4 (Andres, “The Problem of Knowledge Imposition: Paulo Freire and Critical Systems Thinking” Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 21, p 63-82)
In terms of Freirean practice, this impossibility means that the requirements of at least
AND
and authority are justified. (Buckingham, 1998, p. 5)
Compared to identity-based conscientization, dialogue is a better approach to fighting oppression – it’s understanding of intersectionality prevents oppression Olympics
Yuval-Davis, Director of Research Centre on Migration, Refugees, and Belonging at the University of East London, ’12 (Nira, February, “Dialogical Epistemology—An Intersectional Resistance to the “Oppression Olympics”” Gender and Society, Vol 26 No 1, p 46-54, SagePub)
I quote Collins from two of her writings. In Black Feminist Thought, she
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the “epistemic community” who are positioned differentially to establish common narratives.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Whit Whitmore
The 1AC has predetermined their conclusion before the conversation took place – the notion intralocality is a starting point for liberation is antithetical to the true process of conscientization which requires genuine dialogue
Mejia, Professor Ingenier?a Industrial at Universidad de Los Andes, ‘4 (Andres, “The Problem of Knowledge Imposition: Paulo Freire and Critical Systems Thinking” Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 21, p 63-82)
I have argued that in his approach critical consciousness implies holding a particular neo-
AND
a dialogical education cannot make sure that students will develop a critical consciousness.
Conscientization cannot occur in a competitive forum – in this forum half the people in this room have to disagree with you and the other half are not allowed to speak for the next 90 minutes – we don’t have an alternative but we do have a different way of understanding the problem – strategies for raising awareness about structures of oppression should occur in forums conducive to dialogue, not ones that mandate competition through the presence of a ballot
Mejia, Professor Ingenier?a Industrial at Universidad de Los Andes, ‘4 (Andres, “The Problem of Knowledge Imposition: Paulo Freire and Critical Systems Thinking” Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 21, p 63-82)
In terms of Freirean practice, this impossibility means that the requirements of at least
AND
and authority are justified. (Buckingham, 1998, p. 5)
Compared to identity-based conscientization, dialogue is a better approach to fighting oppression – it’s understanding of intersectionality prevents oppression Olympics
Yuval-Davis, Director of Research Centre on Migration, Refugees, and Belonging at the University of East London, ’12 (Nira, February, “Dialogical Epistemology—An Intersectional Resistance to the “Oppression Olympics”” Gender and Society, Vol 26 No 1, p 46-54, SagePub)
I quote Collins from two of her writings. In Black Feminist Thought, she
AND
the “epistemic community” who are positioned differentially to establish common narratives.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge: Dallas Perkins
Text: The European Union should provide technical assistance to the government of Mexico for implementation of commercial domestic intellectual property protections.

CP Solves
Pengelly 2005
Tom, over 20 years experience of technical co-operation and project management in
AND
Countries and Transition Economies” June 2005 ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development
http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=7andved=0CHMQFjAGandurl=http3A2F2Fkms1.isn.ethz.ch2Fserviceengine2FFiles2FISN2F1241292Fipublicationdocument_singledocument2F98594849-31f0-4eb5-913b-aed28c9047512Fen2F2005_06_Technical_Assistance_for_the_Formulation_.pdfandei=YUZbUu6DI7U9QTHxoHgBgandusg=AFQjCNF7HqAAX4pO1lsRWhoLlx7ATHdaagandsig2=eKvszTMxg5sAzhP0-rL1fg
4.4 Case Study 3: the European Commission Policy objectives for IP technical assistance programmes
One of the core objectives of the European Union’s (EU) relations with developing
AND
be nationals of the European Union, and have expertise in European institutions.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Dave Weston
A – Interpretation:
Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government. This can come as a result of _, but it must be a definitive example of the resolution.
B – Definitions
Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)
Federal government is the central government in Washington DC
Encarta Online 2005,
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite
Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Its means belonging to
Cambridge Dictionary, no date ( “Its”, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/its)

5 net-benefits to our interpretation –
Decision-making –
The primacy purpose of debate is to increase our skills as decision-makers – we make decisions every day that affect the quality our own lives and the lives of those around us
Steinberg, Lecturer Communication Studies U Miami, and Freeley, Attorney, ‘8 (David and Austin, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making” p 45)
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for our product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.
Specifically, through discussing paths of government action, debate teaches us to be better organizational decision makers. Learning about the uniquely different considerations of organizations is necessary to affecting change in a world overwhelmingly dominated by institutions.
Algoso 2011 – Masters in Public Administration (May 31, Dave, “Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter” http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
 Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.
Predictability –
Predictability is the internal link to solving the aff – debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes BECAUSE it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate
Goodin and Niemeyer, Australian National University, ‘3 (Robert and Simon, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
Education –
Scholarly research must be tied to pragmatic public policy – their academic theory framework makes policymaking moot
Walt, Professor IR Harvard, ’12 (Stephen, September 18 “Theory and Policy in International Relations: Some Personal Reflections” Yale Journal of International Affairs, Vol 7 Issue 2, http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/theory-and-policy-in-international-relations-some-personal-reflections-by-stephen-m-walt/)
I. INTRODUCTION  Most social scientists would like to think that their work helps solve
AND
why should universities continue to allocate scarce resources to our departments? ? Y   
Policy as a starting point is especially important in the context of racial politics
Themba-Nixon 2K – Makani Themba-Nixon, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing,” Colorlines. Oakland: Jul 31, 2000. Vol. 3, Iss. 2; pg. 12
The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
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arsenal, but it is a tool we simply can't afford to ignore.
Groupthink –
They have decided to write their own resolution instead of affirming the one we already have – even if the resolution is incorrect having a devil’s advocate for deliberation is crucial to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
Mercier, Professor Politics UPenn, and Landemore, Professor PolSci Yale, ’11 (Hugo and Helene, “Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation” Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications)
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
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(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, and Ragan, 1986).

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Dave Weston
The narrative of “white men saving brown women from brown men” is paternalistic, makes violent intervention inevitable
VOLPP 2002 – ASSOCIATE PROF AMERICAN U WASHINGTON COLLEGE OF LAW
CRITICAL RACE STUDIES, 29 UCLA L. REV. 1575
Rather than understand Orientalism as solely a creature of purported racial difference, it is
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, the patriotic wife and mother, and the properly reproductive family. 55
the only way to change oppression of women is making the government more legitimate
Teson ’93 (Fernando R.-, Law ASU, Spring, Virginia Journal of International Law, “Feminism and International Law: A Reply”, 33 Va. J. Int'l L. 647, Lexis)
Feminists criticize the international lawmaking process for depriving women of the access and opportunity to
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start addressing that issue globally without addressing also the issue of democratic legitimacy.
Political calculations that prioritize combatting one form of oppression over another make BOTH inevitable – ignores the interrelation of power
Mikdashi, 2011 (Jun 29, Maya, Co-Founder of Jadaliyya, PhD candidate at Columbia University's Department of Anthropology, “What is the left?,” http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2012/what-is_the_left)
I have been reading accounts of the demise of the Lebanese left with some ambivalence
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what might come after stop us from acting with our principles, now.
Framing feminism in terms of “women’s” voice has damaged opposition to patriarchy – it reifies a rich white privilege to theorize and actively excludes minorities by treating other identity considerations as secondary
Lugone and Spelman, 83 (Maria, Department of Philosophy, Carleton, Elizabeth, Department of Philosophy, Smith College, “HAVE WE GOT A THEORY FOR YOU!: FEMINIST THEORY, CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE DEMAND FOR ‘THE WOMAN’S VOICE,’ Women’s Studies’ international forum, Vol. 6, No. 6., p. 574-575)
But what more exactly is the feminist demand that the woman’s voice be heard?
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sustained contemplation theory requires, but through the sharp observation stark exigency demands.
The K's reliance on the notion of the universal man and women only essentializes and replicates the harms of the K
Whitworth, Professor York U, '94 (Sandra, "Feminism and International Relations")
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
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critiques, has merely been replated here with the essential and universal 'woman'.
And indeed, that notion of 'woman' not only ignores important differences amongst women,
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suggest, this in itself should give feminists pause to reconsider this position.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Hammond, Berthiaume, Foley
Text: The United States federal government should pass the Glass-Steagall Act.
The repeal of Glass-Steagall was THE prime examples of deregulation which caused Enron’s collapse and the free spread of neoliberalism – only concerted push for the reinstatement of Glass will redress neolib deregulation
Schwartz, ‘3 Joseph M. Schwartz, Associate Professor and the chair of the Department of Political Science at Temple University, Democracy Against the Free Market: The Enron Crisis and the Politics of Global Deregulation
Connecticut Law Review, 35 Conn. L. Rev. 1097, Spring, 2003, lexis
When Enron's bubble burst, large pension funds, including those of state employees in
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turbo-capitalism's" emphasis on stock market's response to quarterly profit reports.
CP solves – restores accountability into the system, ends inequities, and helps build national consensus against neolib
Hoenig, ’10 THOMAS M. HOENIG, Too Big to Succeed, New York Times - December 1, 2010
What can be done to remedy the situation? After the Great Depression and the
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around the sacrifices needed to eliminate our fiscal deficits and rebuild our economy.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie
We’ve been waiting for the hip-hop revolution for 25 years.  It’s time to wake up.
McWhorter, Professor Comparative Lit at Columbia, ‘9 (John- Senior Fellow at Manhattan Institute, PhD Linguistics from Stanford, “All About the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America” p 101-105)
Something interesting about the Hip-hop Revolution is that, like the uprising of
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where it started. Isn't it time to let this whole notion go?
This argument is offense for us — Their hip-hop movement collapses actual progressive policymaking
McWhorter, Professor Comparative Lit at Columbia, ‘9 (John- Senior Fellow at Manhattan Institute, PhD Linguistics from Stanford, “All About the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America” p 116-117)
The politics of hip-hop are the politics of the younger contingent at that
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done out there, and too many of our discussions float above it.
Join us in calling for the pragmatic activism needed to forge REAL political change instead of a hollow revolution
McWhorter, Professor Comparative Lit at Columbia, ‘9 (John- Senior Fellow at Manhattan Institute, PhD Linguistics from Stanford, “All About the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America” p 9-13)
So I too, have heard Tupac on the baby that Brenda’s got. I
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forgiveness, sheds all vestiges of racist bias, and starts coughing up.

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest GM | Judge: Ryan Wash, Hayes Watson
Link – the aff has taken the role of the Western rescuer – their contempt for human rights abuses easily remedied by Western intervention creates voyeuristic egoism that undermines true solidarity with the oppressed
Douzinas, Professor Law at University of London, ‘7 (Costas, “Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism” p. 70, gender mod)
In this moral universe, the claim that there is a single essence to humanity
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the way that images of suffering work on our emotional and psychological life.
Impact – even benign human rights projects like the aff give legitimacy to imperial projects like Rumsfeld’s Iraq invasion – rejecting the centrality of human rights discourse is the only way to prevent the aff’s framing from being coopted for liberal imperialism
Brown, Professor PolSci at UC Berkeley, ‘4 (Wendy, “‘The Most We Can Hope For…’ Human Rights and the Politics of Fatalism” South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol 103 No 2/3, p 451-463, ProjectMuse)
We return to the question with which we began: If human rights activism is
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centrality of human rights discourse might render those other political possibilities more faint.
Alternative – reject the aff’s rights-based justification for the plan – the plan’s compulsive actomania is like giving aspirin to the dying – the only ethical act is to do nothing to come to terms with our own powerlessness rather than live under the illusion our assistance creates solidarity with the oppressed
Rahnema, Professor American University in Paris, ’97 (Majid, “Towards Post-Development: Searching for Signposts, a New Language and New Paradigms” The Post-Development Reader)
A first condition for such a search is to look at things as they are
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all its difference and uniqueness, to start its journey into the unknown.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Hammond, Forslund, Whitmore
ICJ has ruled US compensation claims to be legitimate and enforceable
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
A. Cuba's Violation of International Law Cuba has violated international law by taking U
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law by not compensating former U.S. owners of Cuban property.
Aff slaps the ICJ in the face – has the US determine compensation not needed which kills overall credibility
Choharis, Scholar George Washington University Law School, ‘6 (Peter Charles, November, “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract” Southern California Law Review, 80 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1, lexis)
B. U.S. Courts' Interpretation of International Law This Article addresses whether
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law, U.S. courts are practiced in ascertaining international law,

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SJ | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Automatic information exchange requires banks to report all information on suspicious activity to foreign countries – that overstretches bank resources and causes false positives
Gordon, Professor Law at Case Western Reserve University, ‘8 (Richard, Fall, “U.S. Government Efforts To Suppress Terrorism Financing: Article: Trysts Or Terrorists? Financial Institutions and the Search for Bad Guy” Wake Forest Law Review, 43 Wake Forest L. Rev. 699, lexis)
D. Costs While public sector investigative duties are normally financed through general revenues,
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resolved. But apparently they have not been, at least not adequately.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Aaron Kall, Talon Powers
The aff sets a global precedent that compensation for expropriated property is no longer required
Choharis, Scholar George Washington University Law School, ‘6 (Peter Charles, November, “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract” Southern California Law Review, 80 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1, lexis)
B. U.S. Courts' Interpretation of International Law This Article addresses whether
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although some courts do not always understand how rapidly international law evolves. n29
The ICJ has ruled compensation claims are necessary – plan undercuts their credibility
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
A. Cuba's Violation of International Law Cuba has violated international law by taking U
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law by not compensating former U.S. owners of Cuban property.
That collapses global stability
Meyer, Former Special Assistant the U.S. Attorney General, ‘3 (Howard, May 26, “Isn't It Time We Rejoin the World Court? (We Left in 1986)” http://hnn.us/articles/1465.html)
George W. Bush drew fire from law and order advocates when in 2002 he
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stronger institutions of international justice would make the United States a safer place.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood RJ | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Nuclear Deal with Iran is imminent
NYT 11/23
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/world/middleeast/a-gamble-in-iran-talks-easing-of-the-sanctions.html?_r=0
Secretary of State John Kerry took off for Geneva on Friday night for his second visit in two weeks, once
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would be reversed, in return for the freezing or dilution of Iran’s uranium stockpile.

Deal will take considerable PC
Matthew 11/13
Francis Matthew, Editor at Large Gulf News,  “Nuclear deal with Iran is on right track” November 13, 2013 http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/nuclear-deal-with-iran-is-on-right-track-1.1254736
Nonetheless, there is not likely to be any rush to support the deal,
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budget approved every few months, as well as over intervening in Syria.

The Cuba Lobby is the most potent lobby in DC – they are massively opposed
LeoGrande 2013
William M. Dean of School of Public Affairs American University and frequent publisher and expert on Latin America, Ph.D, Syracuse University, “The Cuba Lobby” Foreign Policy April 11, 2013 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/11/the_cuba_lobby_jay_z
Jay-Z and Beyoncé are discovering that fame provides no immunity from the Cuba
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the government's ability to make sound policy based on fact rather than fantasy.

Deal key to regional stability --- multiple scenarios
Saless 9-10 (Shahir Shahid,- political analyst and journalist, writing primarily about Iran's domestic and foreign affairs  for the Asia Times and IranAmerica “A Chance at Last”)
Iran’s economy is in crisis. Inflation is skyrocketing, unemployment—especially among the
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else to lose, it could take an irrational and potentially dangerous path.  

Global nuclear war
Primakov ’09 - Doctor of Economics, Professor, executive member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Head of the Center for Situational Analysis at the Russian Academy of Sciences
Yevgeny Primakov is President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. The Fundamental Conflict: The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations. Russia in Global Affairs Vol 7 No 3. 2009. http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/105702/ichaptersection_singledocument/71a40dca-23cb-411d-9c5d-a7ce495e2522/en/12.pdf
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
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seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow SR | Judge: Matt Carswell
The United States federal government should means test Medicare benefits based upon lifetime earnings for individuals who have not met the official age of retirement.
Means-testing Medicare means the rich no longer receive benefits – that solves excess spending and prevents the crisis from destroying the economy
Rudman, Co-Chair of the Concord Coaltion, 5-17-95 (Warren, Testimony before the Senate Committee on Finance, Federal News Service)
Mr. Chairman, last month, the Public Trustees of Medicare released their annual
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, at this point in time, more an art than a science.
Your author says means-testing is sufficient to solve US global leadership
Haas, Political Science Professor at Duquesne University and former Fellow at the International Security Program at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 8-30-7 (Mark, “America's Golden Years?,” Boston Globe)
The world's great powers are growing old. Steep declines in birthrates over the last
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do so will significantly jeopardize future levels of America's global influence and safety.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Martin Osbourne  Bruce Miller
Energy reform will pass now
Rozental 8-19 – Senior Fellow @ Brookings
(Andres, “Is Peña Nieto's Energy Reform Plan Bold Enough for Investors?,” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/08/19-pena-nieto-energy-reform-rozental)
That said, the proposal still marks a sea change from the existing exclusionary regime
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that would be a major victory indeed for Peña Nieto and his government.
The plan incites nationalist backlash
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California
(Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics,” Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics, p. 654)
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the
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being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.
Nationalist backlash tanks energy reforms
---this card also supports the link: nationalists backlash if they perceive new policies as being in US interests
Wilkinson 8-13 – LA Times Analyst
(Tracy, “Mexico's officials wage PR battle to sell energy reform plan,” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/13/world/la-fg-mexico-pemex-pr-20130814)
On Tuesday, the day after President Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled a broad package of
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Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party is selling the country out to foreign interests.
Mexican reforms solve energy price shocks
Kennedy 8-14
(Charles, “OPEC Set to Suffer at the Hands of Mexico’s Energy Market Reform,” http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/OPEC-Set-to-Suffer-at-the-Hands-of-Mexicos-Energy-Market-Reform.html)
The recent reforms that President Enrique Peña Nieto plans to introduce to Mexico’s energy sector
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increased production from Mexico would only further reduce OPEC’s power in the market.
Great power war
Qasem 7 - Pompeu University politics doctoral candidate
 “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage” http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
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before reaching the zenith of a disaster which is already in the making.

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Adam Grellinger, Scott Brown
The United States federal government should substantially increase its border transportation infrastructure projects with Mexico through the establishment of a new bank modeled off of the United States Mexico North American Development Bank that is dedicated exclusively to transportation infrastructure projects. The United States Mexico North American Development Bank should be required to share any relevant information for border infrastructure projects with the new bank.
Counterplan solves their NADBank key warrants – we create a parallel bank but that only does transportation infrastructure projects
Net-benny is NADBank overstretch – they currently focus on environmental infrastructure
Reuters 12 (“TEXT-SandP revises North American Development Bank outlook” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/idUSWNA177320120723 Jul 23, 2012)
The negative outlook reflects rising embedded risks in NADB's loan portfolio. Rating Action On
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end of this year, could affect the ratings. Related Criteria And Research
The aff kills that – expanding the NADBank mandate to include TI overstretches the institution
George Kourous (directs the IRC's BIOC program, Writer, Editor and Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 “The Great NADBank Debate” ProQuest
 The charter that created BECC and NADBank requires the institutions to support projects that
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many of whom still lack basic services like running water and sewage disposal.
NADBank environmental funding key to alternative energy development
BusinessWire 1/14/13- (“North American Development Bank and Soriana Move Forward on Wind Energy” January 14, 2013, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130114006289/en/North-American-Development-Bank-Soriana-Move-Wind)
Organización Soriana, who with the Mexican company GEMEX and Swiss investor Grupo ECOS have
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certified by the Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) in February 2012.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Michael Greenstein  Paul Johnson
Gulf drilling undermines naval readiness – prevents effective training
Weiss, Senior Fellow Center for American Progress, ’12 (Daniel, September 13, “The American Energy Initiatives” Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis)
There have been recent proposals to open areas off the Atlantic coast for oil and
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administrative policies" according to recent analysis by the Congressional Budget Office. n69
Collapse of naval readiness ensures Chinese aggression and triggers wars in every major hotspot
Eaglen, Research Fellow National Security at Heritage, ’11 (Mackenzie, May 16, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/thinking-about-a-day-without-sea-power-implications-for-us-defense-policy)
Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically reduced naval power, the United States
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American people, and these benefits far outweigh the costs of maintaining it.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep GA | Judge: Nick Miller, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, David Heidt
Removing Cuba from the terror list simply allows the US to get a foot in the door – we’ll increase ties with Cuba
The Boston Globe, 2013 (2/19/2013, “Cuba’s reforms pave way for new US policy, too”, The Boston Globe, http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2013/02/09/cuba-reform-create-opportunity-drag-policy-into-century/xER2NTTXGsxdLej0miHwFM/story.html)
The Cuban-American population, which has historically opposed any loosening of US policy
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both. This would include boosts to US farm companies while helping Cubans.
That improves relations with Latin America as a whole – the aff makes the US appear benign
Thale and Boggs, 2013, Washington’s Office on Latin America’s Program director and Officer for Cuba
(Geoff and Clay, 3/5/2013, “Cuba and the Terrorist List”, Washington Office on Latin America)
http://www.wola.org/commentary/cuba_and_the_terrorist_list
On February 21, the Boston Globe reported that senior State Department officials were considering
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retire in 2018, effectively putting an end date on the Castro era.
American engagement in Latin America threatens progressive political action and re-entrenches neoliberalism
Renique Associate Professor in the Department of History at the City College of the City University of New York 10-- ( Gerardo, “Latin America today: The revolt against neoliberalism”, Socialism and Democracy, 19:3, 9/20/10, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08854300500284561#.UcnZQvnVCSo)//AS
In opposition to this agenda, the new subaltern movements offer a politics of hope
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to defeat other leftwing and popular movements and to largely isolate the Cuban regime

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Berkeley Prep DD | Judge: Austin Woodruff
The United States federal government should authorize companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore oil resources.
Solves relations with Cuba and Latin America and proves Obama leadership on the issue
Benjamin-Alvarado, Professor PolSci at University of Nebraska at Omaha, ‘6 (Jonathan, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special” Report for the Cuban Research Institute, http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the
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circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Blake WL | Judge: Jeremy Hammond
Gulf drilling ensures environmental destruction – low safety standards
Greenpeace 12 (an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species, February 22, 2012, “Transboundary agreement spells disaster for the Gulf,” http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/Transboundary-agreement-spells-disaster-for-the-Gulf/)
In response to the United States and Mexico signing an agreement to develop oil and
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destroy the climate and keep North America energy insecure,” said Mr Ash.
Gulf of Mexico is a biodiversity hotspot
Brenner ‘8 Jorge Brenner, 3-14-2008, "Guarding the Gulf of Mexico's valuable resources," SciDev, www.scidev.net/en/opinions/guarding-the-gulf-of-mexico-s-valuable-resources.html
Rich in biodiversity and habitats¶ The Gulf of Mexico is rich in biodiversity and
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in the North Atlantic that helps to regulate the climate of western Europe.
Extinction
WWP, 10 (Western Watersheds Project, "Protecting Watersheds," 2010, www.westernwatersheds.org/issues/protecting-watersheds)
Protecting Watersheds A watershed is land that contributes water to a stream, river,
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important than in the arid West which is literally running out of water.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SJ | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Reform legislation will pass Obama’s focus is generating momentum – a sustained hard push will be necessary to secure compromise
Meyers 3/5
Jessica Meyers earned her master’s degree at the University of California-Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. “Lawmakers: Patent reform will advance” 3/5/14
Two lawmakers immersed in patent reform efforts suggested Wednesday that the president could see a
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election year. That timing, Berman said, “concerns me greatly.”

Key to innovation
Jeffries and Farenthold 4/8
U.S. Reps. Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY) and Blake Farenthold (R-TX), Members of the House Judiciary Committee “POLITICS More: Editorial Patent Trolls Patent Law Patently Unfair: Why The Senate Must Act to Club the Trolls” APR. 8, 2014 http://www.businessinsider.com/patently-unfair-senate-must-act-to-club-the-trolls-2014-4#ixzz2yM3zdJMp
The American patent system was enshrined by our founding fathers in the Constitution to promote
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we strongly urge our Senate colleagues to move forward with a similar measure.
Trolling is significant threat to creation of green tech
Gerschel-Clarke 2013
Adam Gerschel-Clarke independent design strategist specialising in the societal aspects of design and a contributing writer at Sustainable Brands Guardian Professional, “Are patent trolls strangling sustainable innovation?”14 November 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/patent-trolls-sustainable-innovation
Disputes over intellectual property have risen dramatically over the last few years and, despite
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secret, starving the global community of the building blocks of future innovation.

Perception of weakness on climate kills US legitimacy – impact is global war
-turns hegemony and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SJ | Judge: Shunta Jordan
The United States federal government should implement a Risk-Based Customs Audit for money laundering.
Risk Based Customs Audit solves money laundering better than sharing information with other countries
(TBML = trade-based money laundering)
Hoffman, JD Candidate University of Texas, ’13 (Laura, Spring, “A Critical Look at the Current International Response to Combat Trade-Based Money Laundering: The Risk-Based Customs Audit as a Solution” Texas International Law Journal, 48 Tex. Int'l L.J. 325, lexis)
III. The Risk-Based Customs Audit as a Solution to Trade-Based
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Audit is a viable solution for countries to protect their borders from TBML.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Scott Phillips, Olivia Panchal
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services should expand beneficiary eligibility for an S visa to those who agree to assist law enforcement in combating terrorism and money laundering by providing relevant information and exempt them from the cap.
The CP’s boosts cooperation to solve money laundering
Perkel, J.D. and Masters in Foreign Service Georgetown, ‘4 (Walter-, Winter, American Criminal Law Review, “Money Laundering and Terrorism: Informal Value Transferring Systems”, 41 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 183, Lexis)
An incentive-based strategy would overcome many of the obstacles that prevent effective enforcement
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sponsoring agent, and in this way could maintain control over the system.
The immigrants affected by the counterplan are in a unique position to provide critical intelligence- the snitching requirement of the CP helps thwart terrorist attacks and solves money laundering
Brown ’10 (Eleanor-, Slate, “A Visa To Snitch”, http://www.slate.com/id/2257497/pagenum/all/#p2)
The common thread in the Times Square terrorist attempt by the Pakistani-born Faisal
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had reason to know, the penalty should be the withdrawal of visas.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: University SS | Judge: Scott Philips
Transition to a service economy now
Madigan 9-5
Kathleen, “U.S. August ISM Nonmanufacturing Index Rises to 58.6, Beats Expectations”, WSJ, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130905-707254.html
The U.S. nonmanufacturing sector expanded at a solid pace in August,
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to 53.4 after it jumped to 60.1 in July.
Infrastructure is declining and investment has flatlined – reversal is key to manufacturing – that leads to warming
--production of goods and utilization of produced goods
Juliani 12 - Markets and Business Strategy Fellows at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Timothy, Industry Today, http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view.asp?ArticleID=F272
Recent months have seen an explosion of activity on climate change, to the point
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as well as examining how climate can be factored into core business strategies.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Martin Osbourne  Bruce Miller
Text: The fifty states should substantially increase their infrastructure assistance toward Mexico after petitioning Congress for the requisite authority.
Congress is sympathetic to state requests for infrastructure authority
Zimmerman 2010
Joseph F., Professor of Political Science Rockefeller College Congress. Facilitator of State Action.
Criticism of congressional preemption statutes by many state and local government officers should not obscure
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provisions in congressional statutes devolving powers upon states is reviewed in chapter 2.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wichita JK | Judge: Tracy McFarland
The aff triggers violent militarization – Naming structural inequality as “violence” creates a militarized response to social ills
Thomas 10
Claire, PhD from University of Hull, Why don't we talk about ‘violence’ in International Relations?, October Review of International Studies, CJO
Much of the attractiveness of this idea of structural violence is that it broadens the
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are not helpfully tackled in the same way as issues of direct violence.
This creates a “just war” mentality that leads to wars in the name of purity
Bricker 10
Brett, MA in Communication Studies from the University of Kansas, SALIENCE OVER SUSTAINABILITY: PRESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RHETORIC FROM FDR TO BARACK OBAMA, Proquest Theses and Dissertations, pg. 94-95
The twentieth century’s laundry list of failed wars on social ills provides a cautionary tale
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.  Thus, violent representations that risk literal violence are certainly not warranted.

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Whit Whitmore, Bill Batterman
The United States federal government should offer Cuba the option to export Cuban sugarcane biomass to the United States. The United States federal government should continue its prohibition on the export of Cuban sugarcane ethanol to the United States.
Sugar can either be converted to ethanol, which is a first generation biofuel because it uses the food part of the crop, or biomass, which is a second generation biofuel because it uses the cellulosic part of the crop – the counterplan allows the export of biomass but not ethanol which solves
Pippo, Institute of Materials and Reagents at University of Havana, ’13 (Walfrido, “Sugarcane energy use: accounting of feedstock energy considering current agro-industrial trends and their feasibility” International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Vol 4 No 10)
From a technical and economical point of view, it is cheaper and easier to
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should be the substitute of the bagasse for cogeneration in the sugar factory.
First net-benefit is food prices – Cuban sugar ethanol production increases the price of sugar that can no longer be used for food or medicine, using biomass instead avoids that
Grogg, Staffwriter at IPS, ‘7 (Patricia, June 1, “Sugarcane – Source of Renewable Energy, But Not Ethanol” Inter Press Service News Agency, http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/06/cuba-sugarcane-source-of-renewable-energy-but-not-ethanol/)
Like other Latin American countries, Cuba is focusing on the development of renewable energy
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by replacing the leaded gasoline that is no longer produced in the country.
Second net-benny is water contamination – converting sugarcane into ethanol requires unreasonable amounts of water which causes reserves to be contaminated from sea water – sugarcane biomass doesn’t require that much water
Alonso-Pippo et al, Grupo Combust?veis Alternativos, ‘8 (Walfrido Alonso-Pippo- Vice-President of the Solar Energy Department at the University of Havana, Carlos Luengo- Grupo Combust?veis Alternativos, John Koehlinger- Energy Consultant, Pietro Garzone-ENEA Trisaia Research Centre, and Giacinto Cornacchia- ENEA Trisaia Research Centre; April, “Sugarcane Energy Use: The Cuban Case” Energy Policy, Vol 36, p 2163-2182, ScienceDirect)
4.2.2. Water availability and residues disposal The introduction of ethanol
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practice in Cuba, if on a much smaller scale than in Brazil.
That increases the likelihood of cholera outbreaks
Reuters, ’12 (July 3, “Cuba says cholera kills three, blames bad water wells” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/03/us-cuba-cholera-idUSBRE8621ER20120703)
Three people have died of cholera and another 50 have been diagnosed with the illness
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attention to patients in all the health institutions" during this cholera outbreak.
Cholera causes death
Hotez, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine at George Washington University, ‘6 (Peter, April 28, “Authors' Response to DNDi: Integrating New Control Tools into Preventative Chemotherapy Strategies for the Neglected Tropical Diseases” PLOS Medicine, http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=read-responseanddoi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030102andct=1#r1128)
The major points of our PLoS Medicine articles are 1) the disease burden of
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we take the real opportunity to act on behalf of the world's poor.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Aaron Kall, Talon Powers
A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)
Appeasement is defined… define the word.
B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement which is distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)
Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
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or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wichita JK | Judge: Tracy McFarland
“Economic” engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions --- including more explodes the topic to broad diplomatic, military, and cultural arenas --- our interpretation is the best middle ground because it still lets the Aff choose a number of positive sanctions and objectives, but locks in economic means as a site of Negative ground
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
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be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation –
Voting issue – ground – lose economy based links for spending and politics DAs
Limits – they explode the topic to allow any continuation or update to an existing program

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Marks JM | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Economic engagement must be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional  … defensive military arrangement in Asia.8
To footnotes
8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent
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105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
Vote negative
a) Limits – there’s a tons of unilateral measures that the US could take – our interpretation limits the number of possible carrots
b) Ground – requiring the affirmative to use a predictable mechanism like a quid pro quo is essential for disad links, critiques of attaching strings, “say no” and backlash arguments which are a crucial part of the engagement debate

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Adam Grellinger, Scott Brown
Interpretation –
It’s means
Pronunciation:/?ts/ possessive determiner belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified:turn the camera on its side he chose the area for its atmosphere
That’s Oxford Dictionary 10 (“Of”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/its?view=uk)
And economic engagement means trade, loans, or grants
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
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travel and tourism links •Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)
Violation – aff doesn’t expand federal government economic engagement, it only expands NADBank’s mandate so NADBank can increase their own economic engagement
Ruben Hinojosa 11, congressman from texas, Press Release, “CONGRESSMAN RUBÉN HINOJOSA SPONSORS BILL TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE U.S. MEXICAN BORDER”, June 17, http://hinojosa.house.gov/press-release/congressman-rubC3A9n-hinojosa-sponsors-bill-promote-economic-development-along-us-mexican
Since NADBank is already funded, the proposal in the draft legislation will not increase the
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governments of the United States and Mexico to negotiate the issue of expansion.
Vote neg – limits and neg ground – pretty much anything can be added to program mandates without any increase in material economic exchange – that destroys our DA links and makes the topic stupid because being neg is reduced to ‘talking at all to Mexico is bad judge’

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest GM | Judge: Ryan Wash, Hayes Watson
TPA will pass now – Obama push is generating momentum
Parnes 1/21
Amie Parnes The Hill “Obama: Give me fast track trade” 01/21 http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/195858-white-house-works-to-convince-dems-to-give-obama-fast-track-on-trade
The White House is making a major push to convince Congress to give the president
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House officials are “devoted” to working with members on the issue. 

TPA is critical to US economic growth and restoring America’s free trade credibility
Riley and Kim 4/16
Bryan Riley is Jay Van Andel Senior Analyst in Trade Policy and Anthony B. Kim is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation.
www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
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fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.3

Free trade creates structural disincentives for inter- and intra- state war and deters terrorism
Griswold, 11 Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf
Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend.” It may not
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and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Dan Lingel
The current embargo holds Cuba responsible for compensation for property taken during the Castro revolution – lifting the embargo and normalizing relations makes the US legally responsible for that compensation under the Takings Clause – that causes lawsuits against the federal government that collapses relations
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
B. Full Compensation as an Inflexible Standard In extreme cases, full compensation may
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cast a cloud over any progress in U.S.-Cuban relations.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mary Gregg, Cameron Ward
Text: The United States federal government should institute a withholding tax of forty percent on the portfolio interest income earned by Mexico and its investors, negotiate a sufficient reduction to this withholding rate to Mexico if it satisfies adequate benchmarks regarding human trafficking, and negotiate to coordinate this tax policy. We’ll clarify.
The counterplan ramps up financial pressure and provides a sufficient economic incentive to take action against human trafficking
Fahey ‘9
Diane. Assc Prof Law @ NYU School of Law.  “Can Tax Policy Stop Human Trafficking?” The Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol 40 No 2. Winter 2009. Ln
All of the various U.N. denunciations of human trafficking have failed to
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had taken certain actions that would benefit victims of trafficking (the poor.)
Funds and economic assistance will be funneled to the wealthy at the expense of oppressed populations.  The counterplan prevents this because it forces social reform before assistance occurs. The permutation cannot solve because it would a loophole for the target nation.
Fahey ‘9
Diane.  Assc Prof Law @ NYU School of Law.  “Can Tax Policy Stop Human Trafficking?” The Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol 40 No 2. Winter 2009. ln
This continuing race to the bottom to exempt capital from taxation has undesirable domestic consequences
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to labor renders the less affluent less able to save money for emergencies.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Encinitas Independent | Judge:
The United States federal government should suspend all direct and indirect federal subsidies for corn ethanol. The United States federal government should eliminate all “Buy American” provisions on domestic infrastructure investments.
Direct connection between RFS and rise in food prices
Bar-Yam 2013
Yaneer Bar-Yam is an American physicist, systems scientist, and founding president of the New England Complex Systems Institute.
“Ending Corn Ethanol Subsidies Not Just an Oil Industry Fight” January 31, 2013
http://breakingenergy.com/2013/01/31/ending-corn-ethanol-subsidies-not-just-an-oil-industry-fight/
Myth: “RFS costs nothing to taxpayers.”¶ Facts: Taxpayers directly paid over
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according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and FarmEcon, LLC.

US Buy American clauses will trigger trade war
Oppenheimer, Correspondent for the Miami Herald, ‘9 (Andres, February 5, “Reject ‘Buy American’ clause or risk a trade war” Salt Lake City Tribune, lexis)
Forget about Iraq, the Middle East or searching for a new White House puppy
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sure that "Buy American" doesn't turn into "Bye, America."

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Aaron Kall, Talon Powers
Framework – the way we speak about trade frames the outcomes of our policies – the affirmative’s apocalyptic rhetoric about the collapse of the global trading system causes impulsive action that dooms alleged solutions to irrelevance
Wilkinson, Professor International Political Economy University of Manchester, ’12 (Rorden- Research Director Brooks World Poverty Institute, July, “What Needs to be Done Before We Reform the WTO” pub in ‘The Future and the WTO: Confronting the Challenges’)
3.1 Language4 We need to think about the language we use when talking
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thinking about how we might solve the ills of the multilateral trading system.
Impact is extinction – the presumption of formal equality in multilateral trade at the cost of substantive equality makes the worst violence in history inevitable
Davis, Professor Law Cleveland State University, and Neacsu, Law Librarian at Columbia, ‘1 (“Legitimacy Globally” UMKC Law Review, 69 UMKC L Rev 733, lexis)
There is arguably a certain inconsistency between a supposedly democratically constructed organization purportedly devoted to
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compelled to kill, or starve others, to get its share. 220
Alternative – refuse the spectacular representation of a multilateral trade-ordered peace
Our critique challenges the ethnocentric logic of the Affirmative’ s advantage claims – only this strategy can articulate a critical methodology to counter the spectacular violence deployed by multilateral trade and its advocates
Mattei, Professor Law UC Berkeley, ‘3 (Ugo, “A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance” Global Jurist Frontiers, Vol 3 Issue 2, http://ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei. pdf)
In the radical analysis of French revolutionary thinker Gui Debord, 216 one finds a
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only highly proactive and politically legitimized strategies of global governance could tackle. 235

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Mary Gregg, Cameron Ward
The 1ac’s econo-centric approach forces a DEVELOPMENTAL approach to anti-trafficking – crowds out PRODUCTIVE policies because of the over-emphasis on poverty
Molland 12 – PhD in Anthropology, Lecturer in Anthropology (Development Studies) @ ANU
(Sverre, “The Inexorable Quest for Trafficking Hotspots along the Thai-Lao Border,” in Labor Migration and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Critical Perspectives, p. 60-62)BB
As human trafficking is defined retrospectively, since trafficking is manifest only when a migrant
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I luijsmans 2007), or why some end up in exploitive situations.
The impact is cultural extinction
Escobar 95 - Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill
(Arturo, “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World,” pg. 52-54)BB
The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post– World War
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as the discourse of economists. To them I dedicate the coming chapter.
Independently, their economic frame treats trafficked persons as AGENTLESS PINBALLS in neo-classical economic system – turns case
Shah 11 - Assistant Professor, Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
(Svati, “Trafficking and the Conflation with Sex Work: Implications for HIV Prevention and Control,” Working Paper for the Third Meeting of the Technical Advisory Group of the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, http://www.hivlawcommission.org/index.php/working-papers?task=document.viewdocandid=100)//BB
Discourses on human trafficking that have focused on prostitution and ‘sexual exploitation’ have had
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agriculture is less profitable than formerly and land has become increasingly scarce.”12
The alternative is to rhetorically criticize the 1ac’s economic approach to human trafficking.  This is a pre-requisite to developing NON-ECONOMIC policies against human trafficking.
Tigno 12 – PhD, Associate Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of the Philippines
 (Jorge, “Agency by proxy,” in Labor Migration and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Critical Perspectives, Ch 1)BB
Rarely considered in this gendered positioning of trafficking is how it impacts upon women's agency
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explain why they succeed or fail, and why they produce unintended consequences.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep GA | Judge: Nick Miller, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, David Heidt
Taking Cuba off the terror list frees up resources to be used for the War on Terror and creates incentives for sanctions
Levy 11 – Lecturer and Doctoral Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Affairs at the University of Denver, received the Leonard Marks Essay Award of the American Academy of Diplomacy, masters degree from Columbia in International Affairs. (Arturo Lopez-Levy, “A Call for Cuba’s Removal from the List of State Sponsers of Terrorism”, Center for International policy/Latin American Working Group, 12/1/11, http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/Cuba/lawg_cip_dec_2011.pdf)// EO
So, let me discuss the first issue, why including Cuba on the terrorist
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its demobilization, making this a non issue, the presence of members.
The DA is unique – War on Terror resources are being cutback now – only the aff reinscribes the spread of imperialism
Tourangbam 13 Monish Tourangbam, Eurasia Review, 6/29/13 http://www.eurasiareview.com/29062013-rethinking-us-counter-terrorism-policy-analysis-2/
Close to 12 years after the 9/11 attacks that led to the global
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risks involved and the negative repercussions it had for US-Pakistan relations.