Tournament: 0 - Contact Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: lauratremblay0gmailcom | Judge: Email
lauratremblay0@gmail.com

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rowland Hall RW | Judge: Malia Matthews
Cuban Identity Advantage
 “Why are you still Cuban?” is a question that resonates strongly with me. A question that calls to mind what it means to originate from an island from which you cannot return. To ask “why are you still Cuban” is to ask me what is “Cuba” and it is here that the historical relationship between the US and Cuba must be examined. De los Angeles explains this beginning in 1999
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
My Continued Quest for Coherence: Politics and Identity For years to talk about xenophobia
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searching for coherence, to begin reconciling with our enemies—and ourselves.
Current debates about Cuba are too simplistic. Abreu describes in 2003 how…
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
The conflation of the physical border with the ideological one also revealed the bipolar nature
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of the Cuban experience and the paths both communities can take toward reconciliation.
For some, it is easy to choose Team USA or Team Castro. For me, a member of the Cuban diaspora, the answer is not so simple. To escape persecution, my family fled Cuba listening to both cheers from family and sneered accusations of betrayal. My parents vow they won’t return until they see the end of the regime. The current dichotomy can only be ruptured by realizing identity is more complex than the binary that currently holds the Cuban diaspora’s identity hostage
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
Despite these new barriers, I continue to travel to the island when I can
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political, and emotional spaces in which my dual identities can be joined.
This outweighs – the search for the Cuban identity allowed a rediscovery of who we are which allows constructive relationships with the Other
Hall, Professor Sociology at Open University, ’90 (Stuart, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” pub in ‘Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader’ by Williams, Patrick and Laura Chrisman, http://www.unipa.it/~michele.cometa/hall_cultural_identity.pdf)
There is, however, a second, related but different view of cultural identity
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, of the metropolitan world - always 'South' to someone else's El Norte.

Advocacy
Voting aff is to endorse the desirability of a bridge connecting the Cuba of Miami to the Cuba of Havana.
Sullivan 13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Mark P. Sullivan, “Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances” CRS Report for Congress, November 1 2013)
The President has the authority to ease restrictions on travel to Cuba. For example
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order to expand categories of travel to Cuba or lift travel restrictions altogether.
Solvency
The bridge we advocate is not literal, but the travel we endorse is. Lifting restrictions that prevent the Cuban diaspora in the US from being able to travel back to Cuba helps address the (dis)engagement that currently persists. A better understanding of my past exposes the contradictions of the current binary of politically extreme choices because the Cuban identity lies in both my home state of Cuba and my host state here in the US. It is only through this fusion that the Cuban diaspora can discover who we truly are.
Duany, Professor Anthro at University of Puerto Rico, ’97 (Jorge, January, “From the Cuban Ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National Identity on the Island and in the Diaspora” Cuba Studies Association Occasional Papers)
Behar and Leon's compilation contains numerous transnational narratives tracing the construction and reconstruction of Cuban
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heart of Miami, just as Miami lives in the heart of Cuba.
I know there may be a Cuban home for me in Miami and there may be a Cuban home for me in Havana. But to know why I am still Cuban requires connecting the present to the past by embracing a strategy that counters the physical dislocation of the diasporic community.
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
Cubans are nothing if not bordered. Cubans on the island are not free to
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, and crossing one can be seen as tantamount to crossing the other.
Diasporic travel back to Cuba serves as a form of reconciliation that refuses to accept the bipolar narratives that currently characterize our identity. In addition to giving the Cuban diaspora a sense of who they are, this helps dismantle current structures of Euroheteropatriarchy by reclaiming our voice from current ideologies of oppression that claim to speak for us
Valdes, Professor Law at University of Miami, ‘3 (Francisco- Director Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Diaspora and Deadlock, Miami and Havana: Coming to Terms with Dreams and Dogmas” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 283 2003, HeinOnline)

1. Stay Independent of the Prevalent Bipolarities and Their Politics of Oppression. This
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   here and there jointly to keep Cubans apart while we remain a nation.
   A literal change to current travel restrictions is necessary – LatCrit fails to be transformative unless it embraces politico-economic solutions
   Pouncy, Professor Law at Temple University, ‘2 (Charles, Summer, “Class, Economics, and Social Rights: Institutional Economics and Critical Race/LatCrit Theory: The Need for a Critical "Raced" Economics” Rutgers Law Review, 54 Rutgers L. Rev. 841)
   In the midst of its continuing development as arguably the most significant jurisprudential innovation in
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   our descriptive analyses and to concretize our efforts at constructing systemic policy interventions.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baltmore City Collage SW | Judge: Robert Edwards
Advantage one - food
Post-NAFTA corrections will collapse the Mexican agricultural sector – the US can reverse this trend by assisting their advanced biofuels sector while maintaining Mexican land ownership
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
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to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
We have an obligation to reduce Latin American poverty – complacency represents acceptance – a political approach is key
O’Donnell, 96 – (Guillermo, Helen Kellogg Professor of Government and International Studies, Academic Director of the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame; “POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: SOME POLITICAL REFLECTIONS,” http://-www.rrojasdatabank.info/225odonnell.pdf)
Extensive poverty and deep social inequality are characteristics of Latin America that go  back to
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of those governments but also whatever economic stability or growth has been achieved.
This specific policy has profound effects – Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
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global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
That solves global food shortages
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Ethanol leads to structural violence – undercuts sustainability and reorients intellectual capital to private interests that undermine global justice
Altieri 6 – Professor of Ag Economics @ Cal
Miguel, “The ecological and social tragedy of crop-based biofuel production in the Americas,” http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/agrofuels/crop_based_biofuel.html
The energy crisis—driven by over-consumption and peak oil—has provided
AND
capital from exploring truly sustainable alternatives to the energy crisis and climate change.
Advantage two – warming
Warming is human-induced and happening now – top scientists confirm it
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
Warming is an existential risk – quickening reductions is key to avoiding extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
The plan enables Mexican biofuels that avoid the drawbacks of traditional biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
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S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.
Mexico is in a unique position to spread a green and equal economy globally through international institutions
Pellicer 6 – Professor @ Centre for Research and Teaching in Economics
(Olga, “New Powers for Global Change? Mexico--a Reluctant Middle Power?,” FES Briefing Paper, p. 6)BB
Mexico’s ability to deal with the problems posed by poverty and inequality will have an
AND
either strengthen its international image, or maintain it on a minor plane.
Global warming risks profound injustice on the disenfrachised in the United States and internationally
Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two
AND
the process of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental
Warming hurts people of color
Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two
AND
process of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental."

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Walter Payton BC | Judge: Courtney Schauer
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should substantially increase financing for non-corn biofuels in Mexico.
Biofuels
Advantage one – Food
Post-NAFTA corrections will collapse the Mexican agricultural sector – the US can reverse this trend by assisting their advanced biofuels sector while maintaining Mexican land ownership
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
We have an obligation to reduce Latin American poverty – complacency represents acceptance – a political approach is key
O’Donnell, 96 – (Guillermo, Helen Kellogg Professor of Government and International Studies, Academic Director of the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame; “POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: SOME POLITICAL REFLECTIONS,” http://-www.rrojasdatabank.info/225odonnell.pdf)
Extensive poverty and deep social inequality are characteristics of Latin America that go  back to
AND
of those governments but also whatever economic stability or growth has been achieved.
This specific policy has profound effects – Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
That solves global food shortages
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Ethanol leads to structural violence – undercuts sustainability and reorients intellectual capital to private interests that undermine global justice
Altieri 6 – Professor of Ag Economics @ Cal
Miguel, “The ecological and social tragedy of crop-based biofuel production in the Americas,” http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/agrofuels/crop_based_biofuel.html
The energy crisis—driven by over-consumption and peak oil—has provided
AND
capital from exploring truly sustainable alternatives to the energy crisis and climate change.
Statistical analysis proves food shortages leads to conflict
Messer 1 – Professor of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University
Ellen Messer, Marc J. Cohen, Special Assistant to the Director General at the International Food Policy Research Institute and Thomas Marchione, Nutrition Advisor at the  Bureau for Humanitarian Response, U.S. Agency for International Development , “CONFLICT: A CAUSE AND EFFECT OF HUNGER,” ECSP REPORT • ISSUE 7
Econometric studies provide additional empirical evidence of a link between food insecurity and violent conflict
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made many Rwandans into a ready audience for government appeals to ethnic hatred.
Warming
Advantage two – warming
Warming is human-induced and happening now – top scientists confirm it
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Warming is an existential risk – quickening reductions is key to avoiding extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
The plan enables Mexican biofuels that avoid the drawbacks of traditional biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.
Mexico is in a unique position to spread a green and equal economy globally through international institutions
Pellicer 6 – Professor @ Centre for Research and Teaching in Economics
(Olga, “New Powers for Global Change? Mexico--a Reluctant Middle Power?,” FES Briefing Paper, p. 6)BB
Mexico’s ability to deal with the problems posed by poverty and inequality will have an
AND
either strengthen its international image, or maintain it on a minor plane.
Adherence to existing multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Only an internationally centered approach solves
Yulsman 7 – Professor @ UC-Boulder
(Tom, “Grass is Greener,” Audubon Magazine, Sept/Oct, http://www.audubonmagazine.org/articles/climate/virtues-switchgrass-alternative-fuel?page=1)
If all goes well (no trivial if), within five years or so farmers
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at least four times as much energy than is required to produce it.
US has a moral obligation–it’s modeled and it’s the largest contributor to emissions
Harris 2k – Professor of Environmental Studies
Paul G. Harris, professor of international and environmental studies at Lingnan University, Hong Kong; “Climate Change and American Foreign Policy,” pp. 3-4
The case of the United States is particularly important. The United States is the
AND
they have a moral responsibility to act first and to act in earnest.
Global warming risks profound injustice on the disenfrachised in the United States and internationally
Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two
AND
process of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental."
Warming is the largest impact – it requires transition away from current trends in policy making – we must orient ethical questions towards the effects of a transforming climate on the most vulnerable nations in the world – this ethic assures we prevent the annihilation of the most vulnerable
Gordon 7 - Professor of Law at Villanova University
Ruth Gordon, “The Climate of Environmental Justice: Taking Stock: Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality”. Colorado Law Review, Lexis
There is no longer any question that the earth's climate is warming. We can
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a slow death in ecologically vulnerable and technologically lacking low-income nations.
Science is a comparatively better system of authority than any alternative- their effort to prioritize their alternative, relativistic worldview reinforces domination
Benson 6
Ophelia, editor of the website Butterflies and Wheels and deputy editor of The Philosophers' Magazine “Why Truth Matters,” p 63-64
The basic claim of Strange Weather is that science’s authority, status, prestige,
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we always see in epistemic relativism is here in its most obvious form.
Climate scientists use a defensible method
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 19
A more recent survey found that 82 of Earth scientists and 97.4
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, is firmly grounded in a consilience of method, evidence and theory.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: Juan Diego LZ | Judge: John Voy
1AC
1
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Adherence to existing multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Mazo says we solve failed states – the impact is widespread global war
Yoo 5 – Professor of Law @ Cal
John, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Failed States, Int’l Colloquium, Online
Failed states pose perhaps the most dangerous threat to both American national security and international
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lack of economic development requires some answers to the problem of failed states.

Congress has requested an increase in green financing, but the export-import bank has fallen short – increased financing is key to CLIMATE LEADERSHIP
Pacific Environment 12 - protects the living environment of the Pacific Rim, mentors, trains, campaigns, builds networks, and provides direct financial support to activist leaders and non-governmental organizations to help them protect their communities from environmental and health threats and hold international governments, corporations, and financing institutions accountable for their policies and actions
(“FACT SHEET: U.S. Export-Import Bank’s Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Financing,” http://pacificenvironment.org/downloads/FACT20SHEET:20ExIm20Bank20fossil20fuel20financing.pdf)
Ex-Im Bank’s fast-growing fossil fuel financing undercuts President Obama’s pledges to
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, and quickening the distribution of ¶ clean energy technologies across the world.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
Independently – increased green Ex-Im financing is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
Green leadership solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
2
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps critical diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil-dependent economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.
Specifically – export-import partnerships spill up into the broader relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
AND
, and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
AND
at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
AND
of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

3
Advantage Three– Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable framing – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link to global food shocks
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Food shocks escalate to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should substantially increase financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.

Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
The Export Import Bank of the United States should substantially increase financing for non-corn biofuels in Mexico.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Bay GQ | Judge: Matthew Malia
ExIm key to economy and national security
Gaffney 12- founder and president of the Center for Security Policy, Washington, D.C.
(Frank Jr., “Pulling plug on Ex-Im bank would damage US defenses”, 4/30/12, http://thehill.com/opinion/letters/224641-pulling-plug-on-ex-im-bank-would-damage-us-defenses)
   
Opponents of the Export-Import Bank, which finances U.S. exports
AND
weaken our national security. Congress should say thanks, but no thanks.¶
OAS supports US unilateral action
HDS 13- History Database Search, Facts on File (History Database Search, “Organization of American States (OAS), 2013, http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=EUNN0297andSID=2andDatabaseName=Modern+World+History+OnlineandInputText=22U+S+invasion+of+Grenada22andSearchStyle=anddTitle=Organization+of+American+States+(OAS)andTabRecordType=Subject+EntryandBioCountPass=5andSubCountPass=7andDocCountPass=0andImgCountPass=2andMapCountPass=0andFedCountPass=andMedCountPass=2andNewsCountPass=0andRecPosition=5andAmericanData=andWomenData=andAFHCData=andIndianData=andWorldData=SetandAncientData=andGovernmentData=)

Created in the wake of World War II, the Organization of American States received
AND
in regional conflicts only after the efforts of regional bodies had been exhausted.
The OAS was officially constituted at the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogotá, Colombia, in 1948. Initially conceived as a body that would preserve
local authority in the face of potential UN interest or intervention within the Americas,
AND
and economic actions of the United States through resolutions approved by the OAS.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Druid Hills JR | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Tax breaks fail – insufficient research
Pickrell 13 (Emily Pickrell, “Not ready for slime time: Algae present challenges as fuel source” April 7 2013, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/07/not-ready-for-slime-time-algae-present-big-challenges-as-fuel-source/)
“There has been a huge push for algae to get a tax credit,
AND
as a viable biofuel,” he said. “It’s pseudo-mature.”¶
Tech not ready – more GHG than petroleum
Rampton and Zabarenko 12 (Roberta Rampton and Deborah Zabarenko, “Algae biofuel not sustainable now-U.S. research council” October 24 2012, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/24/us-usa-biofuels-algae-idUSBRE89N1Q820121024)
Biofuels made from algae, promoted by President Barack Obama as a possible way to
AND
the fuels release more climate-warming gas than petroleum, it said.
Can’t meet even 5
Johnson 12 (Jeff Johnson, “Algal Biofuels Not Ready For Scale-Up” Chemical and Engineering News Volume 90 Issue 44, October 29 2012, http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i44/Algal-Biofuels-Ready-Scale.html)
Using today’s technologies and knowledge, a scale-up of fledgling algal biofuel production
AND
51 of the total phosphorus consumed annually in the U.S.
Squo solves – tax credits expanded to algae already
Caparella 13 (Tina Caparella, “Biofuels Tax Credits Extended, Now Include Algae” Render Magazine, February 2013, http://www.rendermagazine.com/articles/2013-issues/february-2013/biofuels-tax-credits-extended-now-include-algae/)
As part of a larger fiscal package passed by the United States (US)
AND
cent per gallon alternative fuel mixture tax credit that was previously in place.
Mexico cooperation is key to algae – solves CO2
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
With the U.S. transportation sector heavily dependent on fossil fuels, during
AND
infancy and considerable ¶ research still is needed to understand the full potential.
Mexico relations add ons 

CP fails—unfeasible energy, water, and land requirements—at best it reduces emissions by only 1
Anderson and Newell 3— *PhD in economics and visiting researcher at the University of California Energy Institute AND PhD in public policy with a concentration in environment and resource economics
(Anderson, Soren and Newell, Richard ,    January 2003, Resources for The Future, “Prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies”,   www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-02-68.pdf    , FS)
Flue gases from industrial processes could be fed directly into ponds containing high concentrations of
AND
/tC under ideal conditions (Ormerod, Riemer, and Smith 1995).

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
Certainty key
Solecki et al. 13 (Mary Solecki, Environmental Entrepreneurs, non-partisan national community of 850 business people who believe in protecting the environment while building economic prosperity; Anna Scodel, Goldman School of Public Policy; Bob Epstein, Environmental Entrepreneurs, “Advanced Biofuel Market Report 2013: Capacity through 2016” 2013,
Risk capital As with many markets, regulatory uncertainty can create obstacles to accessing capital
AND
capital investment, projects will not achieve the level of commercial production required.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Brazil won’t engage --- too many structural differences.
Einaudi, 2011 (Luigi, Distinguished Visiting fellow in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense Univ ersity, Member of the advisory Council of the Brazil institute at the Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf)
The United States and Brazil have vast overlapping interests, but a formal strategic partnership
AND
reduce surprises even while recognizing that   specific interests and policies often may differ.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mukwonago KI | Judge: Sara Sanchez
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm solves- ExIm offers financing to any foreign company
ITA 13
(International Trade Administration, “U.S. Financing Programs”, http://web.ita.doc.gov/tacgi/eamain.nsf/6e1600e39721316c852570ab0056f719/6cabdb9845a9875c85257452005e5962)
Another important policy that U.S. textile and apparel firms should be aware
AND
all eligible goods and services in the U.S. supply contract.
China doesn’t have the resources
Huang et al 8- Director and Professor at Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences
(Jikun, Huanguang Qiu, Yang Jun, “Case Study: China”, http://biofuelsandthepoor.com/case-study-china/)
Production of bioethanol using alternative feedstocks in China is limited due to current technological ceilings
AND
-grain feedstocks. These numbers would satisfy China’s pre 2007 bioethanol targets.
China doesn’t have the resources
Huang et al 8- Director and Professor at Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences
(Jikun, Huanguang Qiu, Yang Jun, “Case Study: China”, http://biofuelsandthepoor.com/case-study-china/)
Production of bioethanol using alternative feedstocks in China is limited due to current technological ceilings
AND
-grain feedstocks. These numbers would satisfy China’s pre 2007 bioethanol targets.

China’s clean tech leadership fails- still leading C02 contributor and grids not connected
McMahon, 1/27/13 (Tamsin, Diploma in European Journalism from the Hogeschool van Utrecht, B.A. from Ryerson University, reporter for the National Post, “How China is going to save the world”, MacLean’s, January 27, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/, JKahn)
Last week the U.S. Embassy in Beijing upgraded its official reading of
AND
but for the rest of the world, a breath of fresh air.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep CP | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Doesn’t solve
Delemand 11 – PhD, Joint Research Centre @ EU
(Jean-Francois and Nicolae Scarlat, “Recent developments of biofuels/bioenergy sustainability certification: A global overview,” Energy Policy, 39.3, Science Direct)
7. Biofuel certification: the possible way forward
7.1. Limitations and drawbacks for biofuels certification
Numerous complex conversion options are involved in biofuels production using a wide range of biomass
AND
initiatives such as, for example, the Global Bioenergy Partnership is essential.
Greening the export-import bank is key to climate multilateralism
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
If the Export-Import Bank were a country, it would rank seventh out of all other ¶ nations in terms of GHG emissions from its electricity sector, behind only the United States, ¶ China, Russia, Japan, India, and Germany.126 Even though the Bank does not visibly emit ¶ GHGs – it is not a power plant or an oilfield or a cement factory – it has contributed to ¶ climate change in a number of ways. First, by issuing financial support in the form of loans, ¶ guarantees, risk insurance, and financing to product exporters and project developers, it has ¶ directly facilitated the building of power plants, the development of oilfields, and the ¶ operations of several cement factories. Ninety-eight percent of its energy portfolio financing ¶ goes to fossil-fuel based nonrenewable energy projects, the results of which are significant ¶ levels of carbon-dioxide emissions. ¶ The Bank itself reports that the amount of CO2¶ from projects that it supports will reach 425 million tonnes per year by 2012, with its contribution to global CO2¶ production ¶ peaking at 1.4 per year, according to its assumptions.127 Even though the 425 million ¶ tonnes estimate is conservative because it excludes emissions resulting from capital industrial ¶ projects and oil and gas extraction projects that also emit heavily, it remains significant.128¶ Many countries with lower levels of emissions have adopted programs to reduce their GHG ¶ emissions, including most of the countries in the European Union.129¶ The Bank claims that the projects it supports would have gone forward even if it had ¶ withheld financing. This claim requires that either other ECAs or private banks would have ¶ financed the projects; if the latter, then the Bank’s current energy financing practices violate¶ its stated claim to fill in financing gaps.130 But even if other ECAs would have otherwise ¶ financed the Bank’s projects, the Bank itself is responsible for the projects in its portfolio ¶ and thus bears responsibility for the continued operations of its GHG-emitting projects. ¶ Second, a lending policy that exports old technology to countries just beginning to ¶ develop their infrastructure sets back the future implementation of more carbon-efficient ¶ technology. The Bank’s heavy support of fossil-fuel combusting power and industrial ¶ projects both takes support away from the renewable energy sector and establishes longlasting infrastructure that will continue to rely on GHG-emitting technology. This slows ¶ down efforts to reduce GHG emissions: the opportunity cost of supporting nonrenewable, ¶ fossil-fuel based energy projects is the support of renewable technology. Because 98 of ¶ power-sector projects receiving support are from fossil-fuel sources, very little is being ¶ directed towards renewable energy projects. ¶ Third, when developed-country ECAs, such as the Bank, finance fossil-fuel ¶ technologies in developing countries, they weaken opportunities for multilateral agreements ¶ which might reduce carbon dioxide emissions. During the Kyoto negotiations, the U.S. and ¶ other developed nations asked for commitments on the part of developing countries to ¶ address GHG emissions. The United States Congress even justified its stance on Kyoto by ¶ declaring that it would not take part in a GHG reductions plan that did not include ¶ developing countries in binding commitments.131 At the same time, the ECAs of developed ¶ countries continue to “facilitate energy-intensive development” and act counter to their¶ nations’ public stances that advocate the reduction of emissions.132¶ This kind of policy inconsistency undermines the credibility of developed-nation ¶ representatives who seek to negotiate GHG emissions reductions agreements and undercuts ¶ the current progress being made to help developing countries adopt renewable energy and ¶ energy efficiency technologies. Because the financial flows directed by ECAs are so vast, the ¶ small efforts such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) of the U.N. Framework ¶ Convention on Climate Change are effectively negated.133 A lack of developed-nation ¶ credibility and the overwhelming of current renewable energy technology transfer programs ¶ could then pose significant barriers to the developing nations’ participation in, and assent to, ¶ future multilateral agreements to reduce GHG
Certainty is key to Ex Im
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
The observed dependency on the PTC to stimulate wind energy installation reveals ¶ the role
AND
instilling a sense of stability ¶ that would decrease their perception of risk.
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
AND
makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central FS | Judge: Cody Wood
2AC EU  
(if not in 1AC) Only the US solves – technical assistance and certainty
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm solves- ExIm offers financing to any foreign company
ITA 13
(International Trade Administration, “U.S. Financing Programs”, http://web.ita.doc.gov/tacgi/eamain.nsf/6e1600e39721316c852570ab0056f719/6cabdb9845a9875c85257452005e5962)
Another important policy that U.S. textile and apparel firms should be aware
AND
all eligible goods and services in the U.S. supply contract.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
2AC CP
Perm do cp – all export loans already contain conditions
Brannon 11 – PhD in Economics @ Indiana
(Ike and Elizabeth Lowell, “Export-Import Bank: Obstacles and Options for Reform,” American Action Forum, http://americanactionforum.org/sites/default/files/Ex-Im20Final20Draft21.pdf)
Congress imposes a host of criteria that Ex-Im must ¶ take into account before providing financing, such as¶ requirements for reasonable assurance of repayment ¶ without competing with private capital, foreign ¶ content restrictions, transportation of exports using ¶ U.S. vessels, exclusion of military products, ¶ consideration of environmental impact, and ¶ allocation of 10 percent of financing for renewable ¶ energy and energy-efficient products and 20 percent¶ for small businesses.
Government says no – perceived as interference and crushes relations
Starr 9 - director of the U.S.-Mexico Network and an associate professor of teaching in the School of International Relations and in Public Diplomacy
(Pamela, “Mexico and the United States: A window of opportunity?,” http://www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=35)
Beyond the current economic crisis, the United States can best promote regional ¶ economic
AND
focusing overall on efforts that complement private sector investment and Mexican government programs.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).
Certainty is key to Ex Im
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
The observed dependency on the PTC to stimulate wind energy installation reveals ¶ the role
AND
instilling a sense of stability ¶ that would decrease their perception of risk.
Certainty is key to Ex Im
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
The observed dependency on the PTC to stimulate wind energy installation reveals ¶ the role
AND
instilling a sense of stability ¶ that would decrease their perception of risk.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: Damien AE | Judge: Cat Duffy
Prez powers are non unique
1461 Days 2012
http://1461days.blogspot.com/2009/01/current-list-of-president-obamas.html
President Obama has signed 106 Executive Orders to date during his Administration.
Unilateral action erodes PC – Executive Orders, Signing Statements, Recess Appointments empirically prove
Edberly 1/21
Todd Eberly is coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary's College of Maryland. “The presidential power trap” January 21, 2013
http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121,0,1947745.story
Faced with obstacles to successful leadership, recent presidents have come to rely more on
AND
power assertions typically elicit close media scrutiny and often further erode political capital.
Uncertainty
Anthony  92
Robert A., Foundation Professor of Law – George Mason University School of Law, “Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, Guidances, Manuals, And The Like -- Should Federal Agencies Use Them To Bind The Public?”, Duke Law Journal, June, 41 Duke L.J. 1311, Lexis
The use of nonlegislative policy documents generally serves the im-portant function of informing
AND
far they are bound or otherwise affected by the informal agency document.18
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
GOP intransience and radical politics derail entire liberal agenda
Douthat 10/16
Ross Douthat joined The New York Times as an Op-Ed columnist in April 2009. Previously, he was a senior editor at the Atlantic and a blogger for theatlantic.com.
“Is the Right Winning?” October 16, 2013
http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/16/is-the-right-winning/?_r=0
While the press focuses, for understandable reasons, on the Republican Party’s abject failure
AND
well to the right of Ronald Reagan. Christie likely would as well.
Won’t pass –
a) Too much bad blood post debt deal
Huffington Post 10/16
“Raul Labrador: Immigration Reform Is Dead After Spending Showdown” 10/16/2013
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/raul-labrador-immigration-reform_n_4109716.html
WASHINGTON -- The bad blood between House Republicans and President Barack Obama has only worsened
AND
which is to destroy the Republican party and not to get good policies."

b) House GOP LOL-ing at CIR odds
Benen 10/18
Steve Benen is a producer for MSNBC's "The Rachel Maddow Show" and an MSNBC contributor.
Benen got his Master's degree at the George Washington University while interning in President Clinton's White House. He has experience writing for several congressional campaigns and having been part of the communications department at Americans United for Separation of Church and State. “GOP already balking at new immigration push”
http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/gop-already-balking-new-immigration-push
President Obama spoke briefly yesterday, announcing the re-opening of the federal government
AND
Presumably, then, that’s an outcome Republicans prefer to inflict on themselves?
XO solves
Lillis 13 – Staff @ The Hill
Mike, “Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform,” http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform#ixzz2NAEmbB00
President Obama can – and will – take steps on immigration reform in the event
AND
modeled on the Dream Act legislation that has been unable to pass Congress.

Ex-Im funding strengthens EVEN UNRELATED agenda items
Hennessey 12 – Berkeley graduate, Correspondent in the LA Times/Tribune Washington Bureau
(Kathleen, “Congress actually cooperates, reauthorizes Ex-Im Bank,” LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/30/news/la-pn-export-import-bank-20120530)
President Obama has signed into law a bill reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank,
AND
we can make in the months to come and the years to come.”
Even if they win a link, winners win
Aliyah Frumin 9-21, MSNBC, Bright prospects on foreign agenda; domestic in chaos, http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/09/21/bright-prospects-for-obama-on-foreign-agenda-domestic-in-chaos/
Obama’s domestic agenda, on the other hand, is completely in crisis. The
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accomplish much between now and the midterms, it could hurt the Democrats. 

Nukespeak doesn’t naturalize nuclear weapons but allow us to challenge them
Foard 97 (Associate Professor of Religion, Arizona State, (James, “Imagining Nuclear Weapons: Hiroshima, Armageddon, and the Annihilation of the Students of Ichijo School,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/LXV/1/1.pdf TBC 7/1/10)
Despite their deep suspicion of the adequacy of any expressions, the survivors relate their
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—only so that it can be refused a permanent place in human history 

Using representations of Nuclear War allows us to criticize the existence of dangerous weapons
Foard 97 (Associate Professor of Religion, Arizona State, (James, “Imagining Nuclear Weapons: Hiroshima, Armageddon, and the Annihilation of the Students of Ichijo School,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/LXV/1/1.pdf TBC 7/1/10)
This ambivalence about Hiroshima has been partially ameliorated by displacing it with Armageddon in our
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to use the most famous phrase, "fabulously textual" (Derrida'23).

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mukwonago KI | Judge: Sara Sanchez
2AC SOI DA
Trade and FDI high now
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
The bilateral trade relationship with Mexico is of key interest to Congress because of Mexico’s
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TransPacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement is likely to generate congressional interest.
Economic cooperation with Mexico high
Jacobson 6/18 – Assistant Secretary Of State For Western Hemisphere Affairs (Roberta S, “State’s Jacobson at Senate Hearing on U.S.-Mexico Partnership,” 6/18/13, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Before Foreign Relations Committee Western Hemisphere Subcommittee, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2XAL8c3nZ)
The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most vibrant and mutually beneficial
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(TPP), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the G20.¶
China SOI not key, causes conflict
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
Apart from Mérida-related funding, Congress doubled development assistance (DA) to
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in FY2012 and may exceed $75.3 million in FY2013.46

No internal link – China isn’t competing for influence with the US
Pei, 12 – Tom and Margot Pritzker ’72 Professor of Government and director of the Keck Center for International and Strategic Studies at Claremont-McKenna College (Minxin, “Does China represent an economic and political threat to the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere?” January 11, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3254)//VP
With China’s growing economic presence in the Western Hemisphere, it is inevitable that a
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. Most probably it is good for the U.S. itself.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Druid Hills JR | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Federal biofuel policy now – RFS
Schnepf* and Yacobucci 13 – *Specialist in Agricultural Policy and Section Research Manager (Randy Schnepf and Brent D. Yacobucci, “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): ¶ Overview and Issues” CRS, March 14 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40155.pdf)
Federal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S. biofuels industry. Policy ¶ measures include minimum renewable fuel usage requirements, blending and production tax ¶ credits, an import tariff, loans and loan guarantees, and research grants. One of the more ¶ prominent forms of federal policy support is the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)—whereby a ¶ minimum volume of biofuels is to be used in the national transportation fuel supply each year. ¶ This report describes the general nature of the RFS mandate and its implementation, and outlines ¶ some emerging issues related to the continued growth of U.S. biofuels production needed to ¶ fulfill the expanding RFS mandate, as well as the emergence of potential unintended ¶ consequences of this rapid expansion. ¶ Congress first established the RFS with the enactment of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct, ¶ P.L. 109-58). This initial RFS (referred to as RFS1) mandated that a minimum of 4 billion gallons ¶ be used in 2006, rising to 7.5 billion gallons by 2012. Two years later, the Energy Independence ¶ and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140) greatly expanded the biofuel mandate volumes ¶ and extended the date through 2022. The expanded RFS (referred to as RFS2) required the annual ¶ use of 9 billion gallons of biofuels in 2008, rising to 36 billion gallons in 2022, with at least 16 ¶ billion gallons from cellulosic biofuels, and a cap of 15 billion gallons for corn-starch ethanol. ¶ In addition to the expanded volumes and extended date, RFS2 has three important distinctions ¶ from RFS1. First, the total renewable fuel requirement is divided into four separate, but nested ¶ categories—total renewable fuels, advanced biofuels, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic ¶ biofuels—each with its own volume requirement. Second, biofuels qualifying under each ¶ category must achieve certain minimum thresholds of lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission ¶ reductions, with certain exceptions applicable to existing facilities. Third, all renewable fuel must ¶ be made from feedstocks that meet an amended definition of renewable biomass, including ¶ certain land use restrictions.
Environmental regulations check
Gonzalex and Vera 6 - *George, JD, Bracewell and Giuliani, Manuel, JD, Bracewell and Giuliani
(“Renewable energy in Mexico: Opportunity for mutual benefit,” http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2006/09/11/focus2.html?page=all)
Renewable energy projects in Mexico represent a significant growth opportunity for U.S. companies, an innovative strategy for Mexican economic development and a substantial benefit for the environmental quality of both countries.¶ In the past two decades, Mexico has made tremendous strides toward improving its environmental quality and preserving its natural resource base, and, unlike the United States, in 2000 the country ratified the Kyoto Protocol. However, Mexico's rapidly growing population and economy, in addition to the obligations arising from Mexico's accession to the Kyoto Protocol, mean that environmental concerns remain a challenge.¶ Much of the discussion concerning such challenges centers on the North American Free Trade Agreement, which mandates that Mexico raise its environmental protection standards to those in the United States. NAFTA also provides business incentives and investment vehicles that, when combined with potential funding available through certain government sponsored programs, make renewable energy projects a viable way to achieve environmental goals.
Corn ethanol exacerbates negative environmental impacts
UCS 11 - Science-based nonprofit working for a healthy environment and a safer world
(Union of Concerned Scientists, “Corn Ethanol’s Threat to Water Resources,” http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_energy/ew3/corn-ethanol-and-water-quality.pdf)
Corn’s Role in Climate Change¶ The heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer ¶ associated with agriculture in general, ¶ and corn production in particular, ¶ is a significant source of the heattrapping emissions responsible for ¶ global warming (Smith et al. 2007). ¶ In addition to the direct impact corn ¶ production has on our climate, the ¶ expanded use of corn for ethanol ¶ production has an indirect impact on ¶ land use globally, which exacerbates ¶ the problem (ERS 2011c). As forested ¶ land around the world is converted ¶ to agriculture in order to meet the ¶ increasing demand for food and fuel ¶ crops (West 2010), the trees that are ¶ cut down represent a potentially very ¶ large source of heat-trapping emissions (though the exact amount is ¶ difficult to project with a high degree ¶ of certainty) (Plevin et al. 2010).¶ The impacts of high ethanol ¶ demand¶ More intensive corn production.¶ Corn production has been increasing ¶ rapidly in recent years due primarily ¶ to the demand for ethanol (Figure 3). ¶ More demand for corn ethanol means ¶ higher prices for corn, which translates into changes in agricultural ¶ practices. For example, the cornsoybean rotations that were typical in ¶ the Corn Belt have given way to more ¶ intensive corn production, with either ¶ two years of corn between soybean ¶ plantings, or continuous corn (Secchi ¶ et al. 2009). More intensive corn ¶ production means higher rates of¶ fertilizer application and, with it, the ¶ potential for higher losses of nitrogen ¶ and phosphorus into ground and ¶ surface waters and, ultimately, the ¶ Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico ¶ (Helmers et al. 2011; Secchi et al. ¶ 2011; Donner and Kucharik 2008).¶ Higher corn prices also lead to ¶ corn being planted on highly erodible ¶ and marginally productive land that ¶ had been set aside for natural vegetation under the federal Conservation ¶ Reserve Program for the past 10 years ¶ or more. Bringing this land back into ¶ production has a significantly negative ¶ impact on erosion, soil carbon, and ¶ wildlife habitat (Secchi et al. 2009).¶ Even after the corn has been ¶ processed into ethanol, the problems ¶ associated with excess nitrogen and ¶ phosphorus remain. Only the starch ¶ in the corn kernel is converted into ¶ fuel, leaving behind the fiber, protein, ¶ and nutrients—a product called distillers grains that is fed to livestock, ¶ poultry, and fish. Because the act of ¶ removing the starch concentrates the ¶ nutrients in this animal feed compared with whole corn, the animals’ ¶ manure will be phosphorus-rich ¶ and, if used as fertilizer, will further ¶ increase phosphorus pollution in surface waters (Simpson et al. 2008).

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central FS | Judge: Cody Wood
Iran
Obamacare debacle decimates agenda – zero credibility with public and zero chance GOP cooperate over ANYTHING
Pace 11/17
Julie Pace Business Week “Obama health care woes become credibility fight” November 17, 2013 http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-11-17/obama-health-care-woes-becomes-credibility-fight
WASHINGTON (AP) — Throughout President Barack Obama's first four years in office,
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what I'm going to do is make sure that we get it fixed."

Obamacare fumble spills over – entire agenda quashed – no amount of mea culpas can solve
Milbank 11/15
“Does the health-care fumble mean game over for Obama?” November 15 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-does-health-care-fumble-mean-game-over-for-obama/2013/11/15/77dc0b0a-4dfa-11e3-be6b-d3d28122e6d4_story.html
President Obama’s signature initiative is on the ropes — Down in the count! Fourth
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repaired no matter how often or how genuinely he says “my bad.”
Obama’s agenda is DEAD – what little PC he has is going to be spent on fixing ACA and keeping base inline
Stirewalt 11/14
Chris Stirewalt Fox News November 14, 2013 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/11/14/lied-voters-say-obama-knew-about-dropped-plans/
TRUST DEFICIT LIMITS OBAMA OPTIONS - The White House is trying very hard to pretend
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an even higher 66 percent disapprove of the president’s handling of the deficit.
Negotiations fail – global opposition, Congress, and Iran
Cockburn 11/11
Patrick, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement, 11/11/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/
Has the best chance of an agreement on controlling Iran’s nuclear programme just passed by
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to lead to an agreement, because the real objective is regime change.
Congress will undermine any deal – new sanctions
- note: this argument says even if a deal gets done they’ll do sanctions after that
Panda 11/16
Ankit, Editor of The Diplomat, The Congressional Threat to an Iran Deal, 11/16/13, http://thediplomat.com/the-editor/2013/11/16/the-congressional-threat-to-an-iran-deal/
Astute readers will point out that it has been Congress that has spent the past
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role in the conduct of foreign policy – this isn’t one of them.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
Federal biofuel policy now – RFS
Schnepf* and Yacobucci 13 – *Specialist in Agricultural Policy and Section Research Manager (Randy Schnepf and Brent D. Yacobucci, “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): ¶ Overview and Issues” CRS, March 14 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40155.pdf)
Federal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S
AND
an amended definition of renewable biomass, including ¶ certain land use restrictions.
Renewables are rising now – biofuels need investor certainty
Fahey 6/26/13 (Jonathan Fahey, “Renewable Energy Growth Is Rising Around The World, IEA Says” Huffington Post, June 26 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/renewable-energy-growth_n_3504265.html)
Renewable energy is growing fast around the world and will edge out natural gas as
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worldwide subsides for fossil fuels are six times higher than incentives for renewables.
Mexico doing clean energy now
LeGesse, 13 – National Geographic News  (David, “Change in the Air” 2/7, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/02/pictures/130208-mexico-wind-energy/)
Outsiders increasingly covet the power of those air currents as energy that can be captured
AND

"Ten (Short) Reasons to Be Excited About Wind Power.")

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mukwonago KI | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Economic cooperation with Mexico high
Jacobson 6/18 – Assistant Secretary Of State For Western Hemisphere Affairs (Roberta S, “State’s Jacobson at Senate Hearing on U.S.-Mexico Partnership,” 6/18/13, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Before Foreign Relations Committee Western Hemisphere Subcommittee, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2XAL8c3nZ)
The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most vibrant and mutually beneficial
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(TPP), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the G20.¶
Aid high – non-Merida
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
Apart from Mérida-related funding, Congress doubled development assistance (DA) to
AND
in FY2012 and may exceed $75.3 million in FY2013.46
*Congress has passed multiple Mexico policies
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
The 112th Congress maintained an active interest in Mexico. The Obama Administration asked for
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for the bilateral Border ¶ Enforcement Security Task Force (BEST) program.
Engagement leads to rapprochement, not appeasement
Kupchan 10 - Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University
(Charles, “Enemies Into Friends,” Foreign Affairs)
These glimmers of progress notwithstanding, critics insist that trying to make deals with extremists
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rapprochement does not unravel when the leaders that brought it about leave office.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hillcrest High BH | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
nO tradeoff now
McDermott, 9  Tree Hugger.Com,” Good news: most ecosystems can recover in one lifetime from human induced or natural disturbance”, http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/05/most-ecosystems-can-recover-from-disturbance-in-one-lifetime.php
There's a reason the phrase "let nature take its course" exists: New
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that live in that ecosystem turn over more rapidly than in the forest.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Walter Payton BC | Judge: Courtney Schauer
The 1AC is a necessary response to extinction threats—should be prioritized
Issac, 02—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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choices. But it should never be mistaken for a serious political commitment.
Reducing suffering doesn’t consume all existence – it can be balanced and is an extension of life – only they enable complete self-denial
Conway 99 (David, Middlesex University, “Nietzsche's Revaluation of Schopenhauer as Educator”, http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/MPsy/MPsyConw.htm)
Nonetheless, Nietzsche was mistaken in supposing that it was contrary to the interests of
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a benefit and not a bane to the person who has the attitude.
Suffering is real – we should take a leap of faith and assume that it can be dealt with – human action is what determines the state of the human condition
Giman-Olpasky, Professor Pol Philosophy, University of Illinois at Springfield, ’11 (Richard, http://www.scribd.com/doc/58299096/3/Chapter-1-Selectively-Forgetting-Baudrillard
Simulacra are, by definition, indistinguishable from real events. Nevertheless, the actual
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, and where one hopes that the best heads will enter the fray.

Perm do the plan and the alternative – Relegating human suffering to the realm of the sign and simulation is just disguised nihilism, which crushes the possibility for effective politics
Douglas Kellner, Phil. Chair @ UCLA, 1989, Jean Baudrillard, p. 107-8
Yet does the sort of symbolic exchange which Baudrillard advocates really provide a solution to
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privileges and one which provides an important feature attraction of the postmodern carnival.

Baudrillard’s rejection of all truth claims is the wrong conclusion – we can accept that there is some disinformation and disillusionment without rejecting all attempts at progress
Norris 92
Christopher, professor of philosophy at the University of Wales-Cardiff, What’s Wrong with Postmodernism, pg. 182
But this is not just to score the odd point off Baudrillard by remarking his
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to conceive no ideas of what life might be like outside the cave.

Baudrillard’s denial of all truth claims leads to right wing militarism – the debate space has value for overcoming entrenched government and public conservativism*
Norris 92
Christopher, professor of philosophy at the University of Wales-Cardiff, What’s Wrong with Postmodernism, pg. 190-191
Baudnllard's alternative is stated clearly enough: 'a hyperreal henceforth sheltered from the imaginary,
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will end up by effectively endorsing and promoting the work of ideological mystification.
Elevating human extinction to a real possibility encourages a new social ethic to solve conflicts and create meaning to life
Epstein and Zhao 9 (Richard and Y, Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, “The threat that dare not speak its name: human extinction”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 52, Number 1 (winter 2009): 116-25 Project Muse)
Final ends for all species are the same, but the journeys will be different
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now all too often dismiss as “human nature” (Tudge 1989).
Their attempt to break free of hyperreality using the same terms is impossible—we need pragmatic action instead of their self-referential drivel
King 98 - Professor at Essex University
Anthony, Telos Journal, “Baudrillard’s Nihilism and the End of Theory”, http://eric.exeter.ac.uk/exeter/bitstream/10036/71394/1/King2520Baudrillard2520Telos.pdf
Compare this style of writing with J. G. Ballard’s Crash — a novel
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would have prevented Baudrillard from falling into the hyperbolic reification of mere assertions.

BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE SIMULATION AND MATERIAL EXISTENCE ARE INEVITABLE- BAUDRILLARD’S ALT DESTROYS OUR CONSCIOUSNESS OF THESE INEVITABLE BOUNDARIES, LEADING TO EXTINCTION
Hayles ’91, (N. Katherine, Prof. of English @ UCLA, The Borders of Madness, Science Fiction Studies #55 vol. 18, part 3, November 1991, http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/55/forum55.htm)

These writers differ from Baudrillard in openly acknowledging that their texts are fictional. In
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obsessional desire to avoid death itself becomes the death it seeks to elide.

Threats do exist, and your skepticism is nothing more than a psychological trick that assumes humans are invincible- your willful ignorance allows terrible atrocities to occur
Orr, Professor Enviro Studies and Politics Oberlin College, ‘8 (David, August 4, “The Psychology of Survival” Conservation Biology, Vol 22 Issue 4, p 819-822, WileyInterscience)
Capable of great feats of imagination and invention as well as generating less agreeable behavior
AND
, perhaps, are not so much rational creatures as very proficient rationalizers.
Fear leads to threat aversion
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Emotion and the Credibility of Deterrent Threats. Cognitive models have long informed the study
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, however, when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.
Fear appeals are key to motivation
Witte and Allen 2k
Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education and Behavior, “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns”, 27:5, October, Sage Journals
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
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fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: Damien AE | Judge: Cat Duffy
Even if fiat is illusory, this debate still matters
Jones 99 - Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales
Richard Wyn, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html
Because emancipatory political practice is central to the claims of critical theory, one might
AND
epistemological and methodological claims and thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise. 

Even if there are problems with capitalism, a utilitarian framework prevents moral tunnel vision
Issac, 02—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Perm do the plan and all non mutually exclusive components of the alt--- perm solves if the alt can overcome status quo capitalism like big business and Tea Party control, which are beyond individual control

Capitalism is inevitable and tech makes it self correcting –alternatives cause economic crises and environmental devastation
Mead 12– PhD, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College
Walter Russell, “The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?,” The American Interest, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/
But those glory days are over now, and the smarter environmentalists are bowing to
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gripped in a permanent economic crisis of scarcity simply can’t and won’t do.
Capitalism is sustainable and there is no alternative
Grossburg 92
Lawrence, Communication Studies Professor at UNC, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, pg. 388-389
 If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it
AND
, including linking executives’ salaries to capital gains and investments rather than profits.

Capitalism isn’t the root cause of war
Dandeker 92
Chris, Professor of Military Sociology in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London, The Causes of War and the History of Modern Sociological Theory,” Effects of War on Society, Edited by Giorgio Ausenda, Published by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress by Boydell and Brewer Ltd, ISBN 0851158684, 1st Edition Published in 1992, 2nd Edition Published in 2002, p. 44-46
All these arguments presuppose two specious sociological contentions: first that capitalism, as the
AND
nation-states (Dandeker 1990:51; Giddens 1985:172).
Death outweighs…
Cap is key to value to life  even if it creates a wealth gap, it solves poverty
Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, “Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate,” pg. 49
The average quality of life for humans, particularly for women and children, has
AND
For virtually every interest, the quality of life has improved under capitalism.  
 if time
Perm solves best-- anti-reformism dooms movements
Burrows 1
Paul Burrows, author and publisher from the SMAC lecture series New Colonist April 2001 http://www.newcolonist.com/altcap.html

I think that if we want to build a popular movement, and create an
AND
we’re worried about the declining number of post-capitalist experiments to support.)

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central FS | Judge: Cody Wood
Sweeping psychological generalizations are non-falsifiable and don’t explain power politics
Samuels 93 - Training Analyst – Society of Analytical Psychology and Science Associate – American Academy of Psychoanalysis
Andrew, Free Associtions, “The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation”, Vol. 3D, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing
The paper is about the depth psychology of political processes, focusing on processes of
AND

there is not so much ‘aha!’ as one hoped.

Overemphasis on psyche fails – ignores materiality and is ahistorical because it ignores other systems of power
Mardorossian 2 – Prof of English @ UNY Buffalo
Carine M , Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 27, no.
Ironically, the Foucauldian paradigm, which postmodernists often evoke to buttress their claims,
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ironically replicate modern techniques of power even as they seek to challenge them.
Capitalism creates economic disincentives for war
Bandow 5
Doug, JD, served as a Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan and as a Senior Policy Analyst in the 1980 Reagan for President campaign, Spreading Capitalism Is Good for Peace, CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5193

However, democracy alone doesn't yield peace. To believe is does is dangerous:
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out that peace is good business. And capitalism is good for peace.
*Economic crisis hasn’t motivated alternatives to capitalism, collapse just spurs its worst excesses*
Zizek, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana, ’12 (Slavoj, November, “Capitalism: How the left lost the argument” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/08/capitalism)
One might think that a crisis brought on by rapacious, unregulated capitalism would have
AND
demonstrate that the only solution to a failure of capitalism is more capitalism.

Even if there are problems with capitalism, a utilitarian framework prevents moral tunnel vision
Issac, 02—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Capitalism isn’t the root cause of war
Dandeker 92
Chris, Professor of Military Sociology in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London, The Causes of War and the History of Modern Sociological Theory,” Effects of War on Society, Edited by Giorgio Ausenda, Published by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress by Boydell and Brewer Ltd, ISBN 0851158684, 1st Edition Published in 1992, 2nd Edition Published in 2002, p. 44-46
All these arguments presuppose two specious sociological contentions: first that capitalism, as the
AND
nation-states (Dandeker 1990:51; Giddens 1985:172).
Cap is key to value to life  even if it creates a wealth gap, it solves poverty
Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, “Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate,” pg. 49
The average quality of life for humans, particularly for women and children, has
AND
For virtually every interest, the quality of life has improved under capitalism.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 3 | Opponent: Interlake HJ | Judge: Rob Mulholand
Best means to evaluate the methodology of the 1AC is evaluation of the outcomes of the policy
Douglas, Professor Philosophy University of Waterloo, ’12 (Heather, “Weighing Complex Evidence in a Democratic Society” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, Vol 22 No 2, p 139-162, ProjectMuse)
Although the explanatory approach needs both testing in practice and further development in theory,
AND
in practice, rather than trying to further assess the approach a priori.
Threats do exist, and your skepticism is nothing more than a psychological trick that assumes humans are invincible- your willful ignorance allows terrible atrocities to occur
Orr, Professor Enviro Studies and Politics Oberlin College, ‘8 (David, August 4, “The Psychology of Survival” Conservation Biology, Vol 22 Issue 4, p 819-822, WileyInterscience)
Capable of great feats of imagination and invention as well as generating less agreeable behavior
AND
, perhaps, are not so much rational creatures as very proficient rationalizers.

Perm – Apocalyptic discourse is a key vehicle for the permutation
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
us together by awakening humanity to its shared stake in the global environment.

We are a challenge message
Brulle 10 - Sociology and Envt’l Science @ Drexel
Robert, “From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog: Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement” Environmental Communication 4 (1) p. 92
From Identity to Challenge Campaigns One of the most common assumptions in designing identity-
AND
Cole, 2009, p. 376; Witte and Allen, 2000).
Discursive cooptation is inevitable – only apocalyptic environmental representations re-claim the progressive environmental agenda
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
Luke and Darier’s Foucauldian approach to ecocriticism is not without value. They demonstrate how
AND
out any attempt for significant change, whether it be radical or reformist.
Turn – apocalyptic discourse removes environmentalism from solely the hands of the government – encourages agency invocation, demonstrates interconnectedness and creates policy change
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
Once one understands the world as interconnected—instead of constructed by different nation-
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where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.

Apocalyptic representations of global warming are necessary to motivate change – serves as a key cite for coalition-building
-must be accompanied by a solution – not as an inevitable fact
Buell 10 – Professor @ Queens
Frederick Buell, professor of English at Queens College and also a member of the World Studies, American Studies and Environmental Studies programmes, Future Ethics, pg. 30-32
To fully understand these changes, I argue, we need not to discard but
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that has become todays foremost environmental concern and thus site for reinventing apocalypse.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science ML | Judge: Arjun Vellayappan
Prior focus on methodology causes paralysis – having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil, ‘8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute, ‘8
(Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213)

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
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claim to completeness – intended to engender some critical reflection on both areas.
Firstly, a pragmatic approach does not begin with objects or “things” (
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“observer” – or relying on optimal strategies – is somewhat heroic.
These points have been made vividly by “realists” such as Clausewitz in his
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knowledge. A pragmatist orientation would most certainly not endorse such a position.
Secondly, since acting in the social world often involves acting “for” some
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Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
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Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse. 

Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
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Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Belief in “infinite uncertainty” dooms us to paralysis – we can scenario construct based on the best available evidence to reach necessary conclusions.  The alternative collapses hegemony.
Oppenheimer 12 – Professor Global Affairs NYU
Michael, Winter/Spring, “From Prediction to Recognition: Using Alternate Scenarios to Improve Foreign Policy Decisions” SAIS Review, Vol 32 No 1, Muse
We, in America, could reduce uncertainty by excluding much of this complexity from
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improve the quality of foreign policy decisions taken, inevitably, in uncertainty.
They have to win that predictions are impossible not just difficult or suspect
Cowen 4 - Professor of Economics – George Mason University
Tyler, “The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism”, 11-2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances.
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uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance.
Perm do the plan and the parts of their alt ev that resolves the short falls of the aff
The alt is additive – we’re just adding factors to complexity analysis
Permutation solves
Levy and Lichtenstein, 2011 – Levy is a Professor in Management and Marketing at UMass while Lichtenstein is an associate professor in management at UMass (David and Benyamin, “Approaching Business and the Environment with Complexity Theory”, Oxford Press, http://www.faculty.umb.edu/david_levy/LevyLicht2011_complexity_chap32.pdf) BZ

Opportunities exist here for research into the appropriate form and combination of top-down
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character and behavior complex systems at the interface of business and the environment.

Even if complexity is true, we still have to make educative predictions to stop catastrophe
Garrett, 2012 – BA from Stanford, PhD from Brandeis University, rom Director of Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council (Banning, “In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies”, http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies)//BZ
“Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing concern
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respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss.”

Complexity theory alone dooms us to relativism – recognizing the proximate stability of liberal peace is key to creating policy predictions and preventing conflict
Clemens 1 – Professor of Political Science @ Boston
Walter, Europe’s New Security Challenges, p. 64-66
Economic security. What if the main threat to Europe is thought to be eco
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, however, Russia depends far more on the US than vice versa.

Post-colonialism essentializes oppression and makes resistance impossible.
Ong, 99 Aihwa Ong, Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logic of Transnationality, 1999, p. 33-34
More broadly, postcolonial theorists focus on recovering the voices of subjects silenced by patriarchy
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Indonesia is quite different from that of India, Nicaragua, or Zaire.  

Criticizing benevolent action on the grounds of imperialism undermines liberation of oppressed people – imperialism is justified in some instances.
Shaw, 2 (Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, 4-7-2002, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm AFM)
Conclusion: The abuses of anti-imperialism It is worth asking how the politics
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subsuming all regional contradictions into the false synthesis of a new Western imperialism.

“Endless intervention” won’t happen – inaction is more likely, and a larger problem
Mathieson and Youngs 6 – *Associate Fellow at FRIDE. He holds a doctorate from the University of London, Co-ordinator of the Democratisation programme at FRIDE, and lecturer at the University of Warwick
David Richard Youngs 6, “Democracy Promotion and the European Left: Ambivalence Confused?”, December, working paper 29 at FRIDE
The left needs to get beyond a line of ‘the US is imposing democracy
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relations, reversing the evolution in its own internal debates during the 1990s.

a) provides the choice to live with energy – not imperialist
Seton 99
Kathy Seton, graduate of Queensland University in Brisbane, Center for World Indigenous Studies, 1999, “Fourth World Nations in the Era of Globalisation An Introduction to Contemporary theorizing Posed by Indigenous Nations,” Fourth World Journal, http://www.cwis.org/fwj/41/fworld.html
Much of the political activism of indigenous nations is directed towards the rhetorical issues that
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one of the greatest challenges theorist will have to contend with this century.
b) solves mutual understanding and respect
Larison, 12 – Senior editor for The American Conservative (Daniel, “Engagement is not Appeasement”, The American Conservative, 12/17, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/engagement-is-not-appeasement/)//RG
The former Republican Senator from Nebraska could have been speaking to his former colleagues when
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U.S. of influence. It deprives these regimes of nothing.
Not the root cause
Edwards 10 – Professor of International Economics @ UCLA
(Sebastian, “Left Behind: Latin America and the False Promise of Populism,” p. 46)BB
In the end, however, what really matters is that Latin Americans' griev-
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The causes of the regions mediocre economic performance should be looked for inside Latin

Fear leads to threat aversion
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Emotion and the Credibility of Deterrent Threats. Cognitive models have long informed the study
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, however, when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.
Extinction outweighs structural violence
Bostrom 12 - Professor of Philosophy at Oxford
Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
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eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.
Moral tunnel vision
Isaac, 2002
Jeffrey, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2, Spring
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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choices. But it should never be mistaken for a serious political commitment.
NAFTA devastated Mexico’s rural poor – a refocused biofuels policy is key to reverse these harms
PULIDO-CASTAÑON 12 – Dept of Economics @ Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi
(Jesus, and Jaime Martinez-Garcia, “BIOFUEL INDUSTRY AND FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY IN MEXICO,” IAIA Conference Paper, http://www.iaia.org/conferences/iaia12/uploadpapers/Final20papers20review20process/Pulido,20JesC3BAs.2020BIOFUEL20INDUSTRY20AND20FUTURE20SUSTAINABILITY20IN20MEXICO.pdf?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)
As a result of this movement, the Mexican government fostered a policy of in
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of the rural economy and ¶ increased energy security (SENER, 2006).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baltmore City Collage SW | Judge: Robert Edwards
Death is the ultimate evil – it obliterates metaphysics and ontology, even if suffering is good death must be prevented
Paterson 3 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island
Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGE
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
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destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.
There’s always value – suffering is the exception
Knapp 9 – JD from KU
“Is Suffering the Universal Human Condition?,” Heretical Ideas: A Journal of Unorthodox Opinion, February 5th, Available Online at http://www.hereticalideas.com/2009/02/is-suffering-the-universal-human-condition/
From the basic Buddhist tenet that life is suffering to Medieval Christian idea that we
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the whole, good, and that we are glad that we exist.
Their explanation is ahistorical
Proyect 96
Louis,  Computer Programmer at Columbia U and Marxist Writer.  Email correspondence with Charles Brown “Subject: Deleuze/Guattari on fascism  From: Louis N Proyect EMAIL PROTECTED  Date: Thu, 18 Jan 1996 20:57:37 -0500 (EST)” http://www.mail-archive.com/marxism-thaxis@lists.econ.utah.edu/msg04508.html
Deleuze and Guattari see fascism as a permanent feature of social life. Class is
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the capitalist class during periods of mounting crisis and win a socialist victory.¶
Prefer our evidence – D and G’s account of modern politics is reductive and methodologically inaccurate
--means not root cause, their theory is not predictive and we should look at different places (culture, biology, sociology, etc.) to determine policy
Sharpe 10 – lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University
Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231-233
We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
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today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.
The affirmative disables meaningful resistance
Hallward 6 - Professor in the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy at Middlesex University-London
Peter, Out of This World: Deleuze and the Philosophy of Creation, p. 162-4
Deleuze writes a philosophy of (virtual) difference without (actual) others.
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and to empower its inhabitants will need to look for our inspiration elsewhere.
Extinction
Boggs 97 - Professor of Social Sciences @ University of Los Angeles
Carl, “The Great Retreat,” Theory and Society, 26.6, JSTOR
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
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of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75
Perm Solves – alternative leads to fragmentation
Best and Kellner 1
Steve and Douglas, Associate Professor of Philosophy at University of Texas-El Paso; and Professor of Philosophy at UCLA, "Dawns, Twilights, and Transitions: Postmodern Theories, Politics, and Challenges," Democracy and Nature, Mar, Vol. 7, No. 1, http://www.democracynature.org/dn/ vol7/best_kellner_postmodernism.htm
Our contemporary situation thus finds us between the modern and the postmodern, the old
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politics of alliance and solidarity equal to the challenges of the coming millennium.
Their view of life through the atoms of existence is the worst kind of reductionism – denies the possibility of uncovering causality and contingent truth claims
Harth 97
Erich, Professor of Physics, From Brains to Neural Nets to Brains, Neural Networks, Science Direct
The absurdity of pushing atomistic reductionism beyond its useful range becomes more and more apparent
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, then, to understand them, we must look at higher levels.
Micro-fascism doesn’t lead to self-destruction and micro-politics don’t solve
Protevi 1 – Professor of Philosophy @ LSU
John, “Political Physics: Deleuze, Derrida and the Body Politic,” p. 195-196
Indeed, although micro-fascism remains an ever-present 'micro-political' challenge
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of difference: micro-fascism is a differential field of 'command centres'.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pinecrest MM | Judge: Tucker Boyce
Empirically denied, Ex-Im loans for Mongolian airlines now
Hispanic Business 12/31/13 (“Ex-Im Bank Finalizes Pact for U.S. Export Transaction to Mongolia” December 31 2013, http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/12/30/ex-im_bank_finalizes_pact_for_u.htm)
Officials from the Export-Import Bank of the United States ( Ex- Im
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Comments on this story may be sent to newsdesk@closeupmedia.com ))
Alt fails and is worse – other countries will subsidize their industries, failure of the US government to also get involved doesn’t mean the free market fills in, it only means the US loses out
ITIF 12 (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “The Export-Import Bank Works For America: Responses to 18 Arguments for Cutting Ex-Im’s Authorization” INNOVATION FACT SHEET: EX-IM BANK, 2012, http://www2.itif.org/2012-ex-im-bank.pdf)
12) While the administration argues that we need to increase funding for Ex-
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despite the fact their economy is one-quarter the size of America’s.
Their theory is empirically bankrupt, specifically in the context of resource and environmental issues*
Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh 3, Department of Spatial Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Tinbergen Institute, Evolutionary Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Growth, Environmental Quality and Resource Scarcity, June, http://dare2.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/9611/04048.pdf?sequence=1
The analysis of economic growth is dominated by neoclassical aggregate models of exogenous and endogenous
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, due to these assumptions certain policy relevant aspects disappear from the analysis.
This chapter starts from a set of alternative assumptions, offered by evolutionary growth theory
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(altering) selection forces. All these issues will receive attention here.
Prefer our evidence, it’s specific to the context of Ex-Im
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Mexican renewable energy sources are abundant—particularly wind and solar energy. ¶ According
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capacity in promoting the export of ¶ clean-energy products and services.
Private sector won’t fill in – perceived as too risky
Sheppard 3 – JD, represents clients before the IRS regarding foreign financial accounts (
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Chance Compliance Initiative (LCCI), and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP)
(Hale, “Revamping the Export-Import Bank in 2002: The Impact of This Interim Solution on the United States and Latin America,” 6 N.Y.U. J. Legis. and Pub. Pol'y 130, Hein Online)
Many private financial institutions are reluctant to participate in¶ transactions involving Latin America for
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consistently the most active region for¶ the Ex-Im Bank.199
Government intervention doesn’t mean bankrupt economics – first, they won’t pick winners, Ex-Im avoids traditional bureaucratic hurdles
ITIF 12 (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “The Export-Import Bank Works For America: Responses to 18 Arguments for Cutting Ex-Im’s Authorization” INNOVATION FACT SHEET: EX-IM BANK, 2012, http://www2.itif.org/2012-ex-im-bank.pdf)
3) “The reauthorization of the Export-Import Bank is a case study in Washington bureaucrats picking winners and losers and interfering with the free market.”3
Anytime one wants to criticize government, just throw out the “B” word: bureaucrat. It’s Washington bureaucrats that are the problem, implying that all government workers are incompetent or merely get in the way. The reality is that as an independent federal agency, Ex-Im is staffed with professionals who understand banking and export financing.
Second, real estate collapse proves they allocate money better than the private sector
ITIF 12 (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “The Export-Import Bank Works For America: Responses to 18 Arguments for Cutting Ex-Im’s Authorization” INNOVATION FACT SHEET: EX-IM BANK, 2012, http://www2.itif.org/2012-ex-im-bank.pdf)
5) The Ex-Im Bank at best recreates, and at worst misallocates, private financial behavior.5
If the private market wisdom is the standard by which allocation decisions are judged,
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markets always get it right and government does not is clearly not valid.
Third, Ex-Im needed for activities with higher social returns and risks
ITIF 12 (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “The Export-Import Bank Works For America: Responses to 18 Arguments for Cutting Ex-Im’s Authorization” INNOVATION FACT SHEET: EX-IM BANK, 2012, http://www2.itif.org/2012-ex-im-bank.pdf)
9) The Bank makes contradictory claims about the nature of its activities. While
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signal that taxpayers should not be exposed to the risk, either. 9
This is exactly the risk portfolio the Bank should take. It clearly does not
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the same. From a national interest perspective they are not the same.
As Harvard economist F.M. Scherer explains with respect to this view that the market acting alone maximizes economic output, it “assumes perfect competition, constant returns to scale, and the absence of externalities. All three assumptions have been questioned, often convincingly, by new growth theorists.”11

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baltmore City Collage SW | Judge: Robert Edwards
Biopower is inev—universal healthcare, speed limits, public education prove it can be used for good—either the alt solves every instance of gov intervention in our lives or no link
Issac, 02—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It is assumed that U.S. military intervention is an act of "aggression," but no consideration is given to the aggression to which intervention is a response. The status quo ante in Afghanistan is not, as peace activists would have it, peace, but rather terrorist violence abetted by a regime--the Taliban--that rose to power through brutality and repression. This requires us to ask a question that most "peace" activists would prefer not to ask: What should be done to respond to the violence of a Saddam Hussein, or a Milosevic, or a Taliban regime? What means are likely to stop violence and bring criminals to justice? Calls for diplomacy and international law are well intended and important; they implicate a decent and civilized ethic of global order. But they are also vague and empty, because they are not accompanied by any account of how diplomacy or international law can work effectively to address the problem at hand. The campus left offers no such account. To do so would require it to contemplate tragic choices in which moral goodness is of limited utility. Here what matters is not purity of intention but the intelligent exercise of power. Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It is the core of politics. Power is the ability to effect outcomes in the world. Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power. To accomplish anything in the political world, one must attend to the means that are necessary to bring it about. And to develop such means is to develop, and to exercise, power. To say this is not to say that power is beyond morality. It is to say that power is not reducible to morality. As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah Arendt have taught, an unyielding concern with moral goodness undercuts political responsibility. The concern may be morally laudable, reflecting a kind of personal integrity, but it suffers from three fatal flaws: (1) It fails to see that the purity of one's intention does not ensure the achievement of what one intends. Abjuring violence or refusing to make common cause with morally compromised parties may seem like the right thing; but if such tactics entail impotence, then it is hard to view them as serving any moral good beyond the clean conscience of their supporters; (2) it fails to see that in a world of real violence and injustice, moral purity is not simply a form of powerlessness; it is often a form of complicity in injustice. This is why, from the standpoint of politics--as opposed to religion--pacifism is always a potentially immoral stand. In categorically repudiating violence, it refuses in principle to oppose certain violent injustices with any effect; and (3) it fails to see that politics is as much about unintended consequences as it is about intentions; it is the effects of action, rather than the motives of action, that is most significant. Just as the alignment with "good" may engender impotence, it is often the pursuit of "good" that generates evil. This is the lesson of communism in the twentieth century: it is not enough that one's goals be sincere or idealistic; it is equally important, always, to ask about the effects of pursuing these goals and to judge these effects in pragmatic and historically contextualized ways. Moral absolutism inhibits this judgment. It alienates those who are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Their evidence describes authoritarian societies – genocide can't happen in a democracy, and if it does, it wouldn't escalate
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” – the driving idea behind the West’s quest for global hegemony from the days of imperial expansion in the nineteenth century to the current, pathetically inconclusive, Libyan intervention – has clearly run out of steam. Politically and economically exhausted, and attentive to electorates clamoring for a shift of priorities to urgent domestic concerns, Europe and America are no longer very capable of imposing their values and interests through costly military interventions in faraway lands. US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates was stating the obvious when he recently lambasted NATO’s European members for their lukewarm response to the alliance’s missions, and for their poor military capabilities. (Ten weeks into the fighting in Libya, the Europeans were already running out of munitions.) He warned that if Europe’s attitude to NATO did not change, the Alliance would degenerate into “collective military irrelevance.” Europe’s reluctance to participate in military endeavors should not come as a revelation. The Old Continent has been immersed since World War II in a “post-historical” discourse that rules out the use of force as a way to resolve conflicts, let alone to bring about regime change. And now it is engaged in a fateful struggle to secure the very existence and viability of the European Union. As a result, Europe is retreating into a narrow regional outlook – and assuming that America will carry the burden of major global issues. But America itself is reconsidering its priorities. These are trying economic times for the US, largely owing to imperial overstretch financed by Chinese credit. Admiral Mike Mullen, the US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, recently defined America’s colossal fiscal deficits as the biggest threat to its national security. Indeed, at a time of painful budget cuts – the US is facing a $52 trillion shortfall on public pensions and health care in the coming decades – the US can no longer be expected to maintain its current level of global military engagement. But the fiscal crisis is not the whole story. The dire lessons of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan will shape future debate about America’s international role in the twenty-first century. At an address in February to cadets at the US Military Academy at West Point, Gates said that “any future defense secretary who advises the president to send a big American land army into Asia or into the Middle East or Africa should have his head examined.” Gates’s recent statements are by no means those of a lonely isolationist in an otherwise interventionist America. He expressed a widely perceived imperative for strategic reassessment. In 1947, in a landmark article, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” which he signed as “X,” George Kennan defined America’s foreign-policy strategy for the Cold War as one of containment and deterrence. It is difficult to imagine a more marked departure from Kennan’s concepts than a report recently released by the Pentagon – A National Strategic Narrative – authored by two active-duty military officers who signed as “Y.” The report can be dismissed as just the musings of two senior members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff writing in their “personal capacity.” But its real power stems from the degree to which it reflects America’s mood in an era of declining global influence and diminishing expectations regarding the relevance of military power to sustaining US global hegemony. Just as Kennan’s “X” article was fully reflective of the mood in America at the time, so the Narrative expresses the current American Zeitgeist. Thus, the idea that “Y” might turn out to be a latter-day “X” – defining the nature of America’s international role in the twenty-first century – may not be far-fetched. Conspicuously, there is much in the Narrative that coincides with Europe’s emphasis on soft power. The authors call for a shift from outdated Cold War strategies of “power and control” to one of civic engagement and sustainable prosperity. Security, they maintain, means more than defense. It means engagement whereby America should not seek “to bully, intimidate, cajole, or persuade others to accept our unique values or to share our national objectives.” America, “Y” argues, must first put its own house in order if it is to recover credible global influence as a beacon of prosperity and justice. This would require improving America’s diplomatic capabilities, as well as regaining international competitiveness through greater investment in education and infrastructure at home. The message emanating now from the US is not one of non-interventionism, but a strategy of restraint that assumes that there are limits to American power and seeks to minimize the risk of entanglement in foreign conflicts. As Gates put it in his West Point address, the US Army would no longer be “a Victorian nation-building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
US economic collapse causes the rise of transnational MNC’s – bigger internal link to biopolitical exploitation
McCoy, History Prof at Wisconsin-Madison, ’10 (Alfred, December 6, “The Decline and Fall of the American Empire Four Scenarios for the End of the American Century by 2025” TomDispatch, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/12/06-1)
Complicating matters even more, the economic, military, and technological trends outlined above will not operate in tidy isolation. As happened to European empires after World War II, such negative forces will undoubtedly prove synergistic. They will combine in thoroughly unexpected ways, create crises for which Americans are remarkably unprepared, and threaten to spin the economy into a sudden downward spiral, consigning this country to a generation or more of economic misery. As U.S. power recedes, the past offers a spectrum of possibilities for a future world order. At one end of this spectrum, the rise of a new global superpower, however unlikely, cannot be ruled out. Yet both China and Russia evince self-referential cultures, recondite non-roman scripts, regional defense strategies, and underdeveloped legal systems, denying them key instruments for global dominion. At the moment then, no single superpower seems to be on the horizon likely to succeed the U.S. In a dark, dystopian version of our global future, a coalition of transnational corporations, multilateral forces like NATO, and an international financial elite could conceivably forge a single, possibly unstable, supra-national nexus that would make it no longer meaningful to speak of national empires at all. While denationalized corporations and multinational elites would assumedly rule such a world from secure urban enclaves, the multitudes would be relegated to urban and rural wastelands. In Planet of Slums, Mike Davis offers at least a partial vision of such a world from the bottom up. He argues that the billion people already packed into fetid favela-style slums worldwide (rising to two billion by 2030) will make “the 'feral, failed cities' of the Third World… the distinctive battlespace of the twenty-first century.” As darkness settles over some future super-favela, “the empire can deploy Orwellian technologies of repression” as “hornet-like helicopter gun-ships stalk enigmatic enemies in the narrow streets of the slum districts… Every morning the slums reply with suicide bombers and eloquent explosions.”
Survival guarantees value to life – it is only devalued when we assume biopower can devalue it
Fassin, Professor Social Science Princeton, ’10 (Didier, Fall, “Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)
 “Long before the experience of survival that I am presently facing, I wrote that survival is an original concept which constitutes the very structure of what we call existence. We are, structurally speaking, survivors, marked by this structure of the trace, of the testament. That said, I would not endorse the view according to which survival is more on the side of death and the past than of life and the future. No, deconstruction is always on the side of the affirmation of life.”3 A few weeks before his death, Jacques Derrida gave his last interview in which he developed at length his conception of life as survival. Suffering from a terminal disease, he confided: “Since certain health problems are becoming more pressing, the question of survival and reprieve, which has always haunted me, literally, every moment of my life, in a concrete and tireless way, takes on a different color today.” In reference to a sentence he had used in one of his books (“I would finally like to know how to live”) he End Page 81 commented with a penetrating irony: “No, I never learned to live. Definitely not! Learning to live should mean learning to die. I never learned to accept death. I remain impervious to being educated in the wisdom of knowing how to die.” However, beyond the emergency of this “shrinking time of reprieve” (which he rejected with humor, saying, “we are not here for a health bulletin”), it is the more general problem of survival on which the philosopher wanted to meditate: “I have always been interested in the question of survival, the meaning of which does not add to life and death. It is originary: life is survival.” In fact, both dimensions were for him intimately related, the personal experience repeating the existential experience, the circumstantial ordeal making the structural reality more evident and more painful. How else to understand that on the verge of death, thinking about survival could become so insistent in this interview, until the final profession of faith? “Everything I say about survival as a complication of the opposition between life and death proceeds from an unconditional affirmation of life. Survival is life beyond life, life more than life, and the discourse I undertake is not about death. On the contrary, it is the affirmation of a living being who prefers life and therefore survival to death, because survival is not simply what remains; it is the most intense life possible.” I want to show that Derrida’s conception of life as survival, in its polysemy and even its ambiguity, may offer an alternative to conceptions of life which, from Benjamin to Agamben, and in a quite different perspective, from Lamarck to Canguilhem, have presented a seductive dualistic framework for the humanities and social sciences. Both visions are inherited from Aristotle. On the one hand, life is presented as biopolitical fact: “Behind the long strife-ridden process that leads to the recognition of rights and formal liberties stands the body of the sacred man with his double sovereign, his life that cannot be sacrificed yet may be killed,” affirms Giorgio Agamben in Homo Sacer, where he develops his theory of “bare life.”4 From the “politicization of life” in totalitarian systems to the “isolation of the sacred life” in contemporary democracies, he therefore establishes a continuum of the power over life. On the other hand, life is conceived as a biological phenomenon: “any datum of experience possible to trace as a history comprised between its birth and its death is living, is the object of biological knowledge,” writes Georges Canguilhem for the entry “Life” in the Encyclopedia Universalis.5 He presents life successively as “animation,” “mechanism,” “organization,” and “information,” in a chronological review of biological theories extending from ancient conceptions to contemporary genetics—and everyone knows that the genome is often said to be the “code of life.” In other words, these two readings present life as what can be put to death (for Agamben), and as what is comprised from birth to death (for Canguilhem). The social sciences have largely drawn from these two repertoires: the former has been used to comprehend the government of populations and human beings; the latter has nourished the sociology and anthropology of sciences and techniques. However different they may be, these two models rest on the same premises. Both treat life as a physical phenomenon, whether it is “bare life” or “biological life” (both philosophers insisting that it is the dimension shared with the entire animal kingdom). And both assume that life can be separated, for scientific or political reasons, from life as an existential phenomenon, whether it is called “qualified life” or “lived experience” (by Agamben End Page 82 and Canguilhem respectively).6 It seems to me that Derrida’s reflection shatters this distinction: “survival” mixes inextricably physical life, threatened by his cancer, and existential experience, expressed in his work. To survive is to be still fully alive and to live beyond death. It is the “unconditional affirmation” of life and the pleasure of living, and it is the hope of “surviving” through the traces left for the living. There is, I believe, in this revelation much more than the last testimony of a philosopher who did not accustom us to such clarity and simplicity. I see it as an ethical gesture through which life is rehabilitated in its most obvious and most ordinary dimension—life which has death for horizon but which is not separated from life as a social form, inscribed in a history, a culture, an experience. I consider the consequences of this gesture to be decisive for the humanities and social sciences: or so I want to argue here. Too often, in recent years, anthropologists and sociologists have tended, under the influence of the philosophical conceptions of life presented above, to take for granted the distinction between the forms of life they affirm—qualified life versus bare life or physical existence versus existential experience. Indeed this reductionism, when it is employed in the study of biological sciences, is fully justified, although its definition of life often seems hegemonic, or at least forgetful of other possibilities: some even speak of “life itself.” Conversely, when it is applied to the study of human government, it generally has the effect of disqualifying as inferior the lives of individuals or groups that society appears to reduce to their condition of “bare life”: refugees, excluded, marginalized, sick. Having been myself receptive to this dualism, and still sympathetic to the philosophers who proposed it, but also having observed among many colleagues and students the attraction exerted by this paradigm of bare life, I am sensitive not only to the intellectual risk but also to the ethical danger represented by its indiscriminate use in the humanities and social sciences. This is why I will concentrate my critical analysis on the biopolitical rather than biological reading of life.
Biopower is inevitable. The illusion that we can be free from biopower makes the impact worse.
Shapiro, Critical Theorist and UCLA graduate, 2007 (Steve, April 22, Foucault and Constraints on Individualism, http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474976965588) PMK
A prime example of this is during the 1970s when the Soviet Union and the United States were still in an arms race. In 1979, guerrilla opposition forces started to threaten the government of Afghanistan. The Soviets interfered trying to end the conflict, but instead, the conflict led to the Afghan War which lasted ten years, taking an enormous human and economic toll. Only after the Soviet withdrawal could the Afghan people take control of their government. The Soviets let the Afghan people take care of it themselves. It so happened to be that when the Soviets lifted their biopower, the Taliban seized control of the government and exerted far greater biopower than before. The truth is, however, that lifting a biopolitical constraint is an endless process. Foucault himself states the fact that it is impossible to be in a world without biopower, because as soon as a constraint has been lifted, another one sets into place. Foucault uses the historical example of the French revolution and how the French overthrew their government, a constraint that led to their suffering at the time, but then had to face a new governmental power. The power structures circulate if individualism is preserved, and that, Foucault explains, is the sole priority of a society: to ensure that it does circulate. As soon we try to infringe on a constraint and use power to limit it, we are stopping this cycle, only increasing biopower within the constraint itself.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Mike Bausch
2

The judge should adopt the role of the policy analyst and the aff should win if they’re better than the status quo. 3 net benefits:
1) fairness—their fw means the aff always loses to a 1 risk of impact defense
2) examination of policy is good
3) Psychoanalysis is flawed
Sweeping psychological generalizations are non-falsifiable and don’t explain power politics
Samuels 93 - Training Analyst – Society of Analytical Psychology and Science Associate – American Academy of Psychoanalysis
Andrew, Free Associtions, “The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation”, Vol. 3D, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing
The paper is about the depth psychology of political processes, focusing on processes of political change. It is a contribution to the longstanding ambition of depth psychology to develop a form of political and cultural analysis that will, in Freud's words, ‘understand the riddles of the world’. It has to be admitted that there is an equally longstanding reluctance in the non-psychological community to accept the many and varied ideas and suggestions concerning political matters that have been offered by analysts of all persuasions. I do not believe this can all be put down to resistance. There is something offensive above reductive interpretations of complex socio-political problems in exclusively psychological terms. The tendency to panpsychism on the part of some depth psychologists has led me to wonder if an adequate methodology and ethos actually exists with which to make an engagement of depth psychology with the public sphere possible.  By ‘politics’ I mean the arrangements within a culture for the organization and distribution of power, especially economic power, and the way in which power is deployed to maintain the survival and enhance the quality of human life. Economic and political power includes control of processes of information and representation as well as the use of physical force and possession of vital resources such as land, food and water. On a more personal level, political power reflects the ability to choose freely whether to act and what action to take in a given situation. ‘Politics’ refers to the interplay between the personal and public dimensions of power. That is, there is an articulation between public, economic power and power as expressed on the personal, private level. This articulation is demonstrated in family organization, gender and race relations, and in religious and artistic assumptions as they affect the life of individuals. (I have also tried to be consistent in my use of the terms ‘culture’, ‘society’ and ‘collective’.)1  Here is an example of the difficulty with psychological reductionism to which I am referring. At a conference I attended in London in 1990, a distinguished psychoanalyst referred to the revolutionary students in Paris in 1968 as ‘functioning as a regressive group’. Now, for a large group of students to be said to regress, there must be, in the speaker's mind, some sort of normative developmental starting point for them to regress to. The social group is supposed to have a babyhood, as it were. Similarly, the speaker must have had in mind the possibility of a healthier, progressive group process — what a more mature group of revolutionary students would have looked like. But complex social and political phenomena do not conform to the individualistic, chronological, moralistic, pathologizing framework that is often imported.  The problem stems from treating the entire culture, or large chunks of it, as if it were an individual or, worse, as if it were a baby. Psychoanalysts project a version of personality development couched in judgemental terms onto a collective cultural and political process. If we look in this manner for pathology in the culture, we will surely find it. As we are looking with a psychological theory in mind, then, lo and behold, the theory will explain the pathology. But this is a retrospective prophecy (to use a phrase of Freud's), twenty—twenty hindsight. In this psychoanalytic tautologizing there is really nothing much to get excited about. Too much psychological writing on the culture, my own included, has suffered from this kind of smug ‘correctness’ when the ‘material’ proves the theoretical point. Of course it does! If we are interested in envy or greed, then we will find envy or greed in capitalistic organization. If we set out to demonstrate the presence of archetypal patterns, such as projection of the shadow, in geopolitical relations, then, without a doubt, they will seem to leap out at us. We influence what we analyse and so psychological reflection on culture and politics needs to be muted; there is not so much ‘aha!’ as one hoped.
Fear leads to threat aversion
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Emotion and the Credibility of Deterrent Threats. Cognitive models have long informed the study of deterrence (Jervis, Lebow, and Stein, 1985; Lebow and Stein, 1994) but building emotions in to the explanation is shedding new light on old problems. 35 The credibility of threats, an essential component in theories of deterrence, compellence, and bargaining, is not only a property of the sender, as some formal models of signalling suggest, but also a function of the beliefs of the receiver (Mercer, 2010). And these beliefs are not only cognitive but emotional as well. The emotional cues that signals evoke—fear, anger—matter insofar as these emotions then prompt beliefs and action in turn. Research demonstrates that fear prompts uncertainty and risk-averse action while anger prompts certainty and risk-acceptance. Threats that evoke fear, unless they evoke loss-avoidance, are likely to prompt hesitancy and a riskaverse response; indeed, that is the purpose of most deterrent threats. Frightening threats are less likely to be successful, however, when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.
Overemphasis on psyche fails – ignores materiality and is ahistorical because it ignores other systems of power
Mardorossian 2 – Prof of English @ UNY Buffalo
Carine M , Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 27, no.
Ironically, the Foucauldian paradigm, which postmodernists often evoke to buttress their claims, itself helps make visible the reason why making women’s psyche the site of the analysis of rape or of rape prevention is a depoliticizing gesture for feminist politics. As Foucault’s work has shown, the history of the modern subject has been one of depoliticization carried out mostly through the construction of a psychologized and ahistorical subject. In the nineteenth century, medical, legal, religious, and social discourses came together to construct the now naturalized idea of sex as the secret of the individual’s being, thus concealing the “power/ knowledge” involved in creating the notion of sex as essence. Turning the “minor chronicle of sex” and “inconsequential bucolic pleasures” into the prediscursive core of the individual was a successful “ruse” of power that would keep the subject focused on changing the inner self rather than on addressing power relations. A whole system of institutional, cultural, and economic practices and social inequities was obscured when inner transformation was established as the only genuine means of achieving social change. The psychological and inner realm—that is, the individual’s “center”—overrode material considerations. Similarly, Nancy Armstrong’s Foucauldian reading of the history of the novel reveals the domestic novel to have been instrumental in producing the ideal of the modern individual as psychological reality. Written representations of the self replaced the aristocratic ideal of “the family name” with “moral value” and of attractive and opulent surface with psychological and emotional depth. Armstrong (1987) explains that, with its presumptions of naturalness, this new female ideal (which would become the prototype of the modern individual) removed subjectivity and sexuality from their place in political history. Indeed, “to define political resistance in such psychological terms was to remove it from the snarl of competing social and economic interests in which every individual was entangled” (1987, 252). In emphasizing inner life as the source of being and happiness, the middle class could justify social hierarchies in moral rather than economic terms. When postmodern analyses locate rape prevention inside women’s psyches, they ironically replicate modern techniques of power even as they seek to challenge them.

Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject. Indeed, Geoffrey Blainey's memorable observation that for "every thousand pages published on the causes of wars there is less than one page directly on the causes of peace" could have been made with equal veracity about overreactions to threats as opposed to underreactions to them.92 Library shelves are filled with books on the causes and dangers of exaggerating threats, ranging from studies of domestic politics to bureaucratic politics, to political psychology, to organization theory. By comparison, there have been few studies at any level of analysis or from any theoretical perspective that directly explain why states have with some, if not equal, regularity underestimated dangers to their survival. There may be some cognitive or normative bias at work here. Consider, for instance, that there is a commonly used word, paranoia, for the unwarranted fear that people are, in some way, "out to get you" or are planning to do oneharm. I suspect that just as many people are afflicted with the opposite psychosis: the delusion that everyone loves you when, in fact, they do not even like you. Yet, we do not have a familiar word for this phenomenon. Indeed, I am unaware of any word that describes this pathology (hubris and overconfidence come close, but they plainly define something other than what I have described). That noted, international relations theory does have a frequently used phrase for the pathology of states' underestimation of threats to their survival, the so-called Munich analogy. The term is used, however, in a disparaging way by theorists to ridicule those who employ it. The central claim is that the naïveté associated with Munich and the outbreak of World War II has become an overused and inappropriate analogy because few leaders are as evil and unappeasable as Adolf Hitler. Thus, the analogy either mistakenly causes leaders End Page 198 to adopt hawkish and overly competitive policies or is deliberately used by leaders to justify such policies and mislead the public. A more compelling explanation for the paucity of studies on underreactions to threats, however, is the tendency of theories to reflect contemporary issues as well as the desire of theorists and journals to provide society with policy- relevant theories that may help resolve or manage urgent security problems. Thus, born in the atomic age with its new balance of terror and an ongoing Cold War, the field of security studies has naturally produced theories of and prescriptions for national security that have had little to say about—and are, in fact, heavily biased against warnings of—the dangers of underreacting to or underestimating threats. After all, the nuclear revolution was not about overkill but, as Thomas Schelling pointed out, speed of kill and mutual kill.93 Given the apocalyptic consequences of miscalculation, accidents, or inadvertent nuclear war, small wonder that theorists were more concerned about overreacting to threats than underresponding to them. At a time when all of humankind could be wiped out in less than twenty-five minutes, theorists may be excused for stressing the benefits of caution under conditions of uncertainty and erring on the side of inferring from ambiguous actions overly benign assessments of the opponent's intentions. The overwhelming fear was that a crisis "might unleash forces of an essentially military nature that overwhelm the political process and bring on a war thatnobody wants. Many important conclusions about the risk of nuclear war, and thus about the political meaning of nuclear forces, rest on this fundamental idea."94 Now that the Cold War is over, we can begin to redress these biases in the literature. In that spirit, I have offered a domestic politics model to explain why threatened states often fail to adjust in a prudent and coherent way to dangerous changes in their strategic environment. The model fits nicely with recent realist studies on imperial under- and overstretch. Specifically, it is consistent with Fareed Zakaria's analysis of U.S. foreign policy from 1865 to 1889, when, he claims, the United States had the national power and opportunity to expand but failed to do so because it lacked sufficient state power (i.e., the state was weak relative to society).95 Zakaria claims that the United States did End Page 199 not take advantage of opportunities in its environment to expand because it lacked the institutional state strength to harness resources from society that were needed to do so. I am making a similar argument with respect to balancing rather than expansion: incoherent, fragmented states are unwilling and unable to balance against potentially dangerous threats because elites view the domestic risks as too high, and they are unable to mobilize the required resources from a divided society. The arguments presented here also suggest that elite fragmentation and disagreement within a competitive political process, which Jack Snyder cites as an explanation for overexpansionist policies, are more likely to produce underbalancing than overbalancing behavior among threatened incoherent states.96 This is because a balancing strategy carries certain political costs and risks with few, if any, compensating short-term political gains, and because the strategic environment is always somewhat uncertain. Consequently, logrolling among fragmented elites within threatened states is more likely to generate overly cautious responses to threats than overreactions to them. This dynamic captures the underreaction of democratic states to the rise of Nazi Germany during the interwar period.97 In addition to elite fragmentation, I have suggested some basic domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers of this conference, to argue that the global era is seeing 'a new imperialism' - that can be blamed for the problem of 'failed states' (probably among many others). Different contributors to this strand of thought name this imperialism in different ways, but novelty is clearly a critical issue. The logic of using the term imperialism is actually to establish continuity between contemporary forms of Western world power and older forms first so named by Marxist and other theorists a century ago. The last thing that critics of a new imperialism wish to allow is that Western power has changed sufficiently to invalidate the very application of this critical concept. Nor have many considered the possibility that if the concept of imperialism has a relevance today, it applies to certain aggressive, authoritarian regimes of the non-Western world rather than to the contemporary West.  In this paper I fully accept that there is a concentration of much world power - economic, cultural, political and military - in the hands of Western elites. In my recent book, Theory of the Global State, I discuss the development of a 'global-Western state conglomerate' (Shaw 2000). I argue that 'global' ideas and institutions, whose significance characterizes the new political era that has opened with the end of the Cold War, depend largely - but not solely - on Western power. I hold no brief and intend no apology for official Western ideas and behaviour. And yet I propose that the idea of a new imperialism is a profoundly misleading, indeed ideological concept that obscures the realities of power and especially of empire in the twenty-first century. This notion is an obstacle to understanding the significance, extent and limits of contemporary Western power. It simultaneously serves to obscure many real causes of oppression, suffering and struggle for transformation against the quasi-imperial power of many regional states.  In order to explore the intellectual and political problem that 'a new imperialism' poses it is necessary to do several things. Obviously, we must explore the old imperialism, but before we can do that we must look at the roots of the concept in the idea of empire itself. Indeed, my argument is that the coherence of the concept of 'imperialism' lay partly in its connection with the idea of empire. In analysing imperialism, classic Marxist writers (see Table 1) linked the new economic relations of late nineteenth-century world capitalism to the phenomenon of political empire. Late twentieth-century anti-imperialists have struggled with the problem that modern Western power has almost entirely abandoned formal empire. Hence the idea of neo-imperialism, rooted in economic exploitation buttressed only by indirect political dominance, has already a history of half a century. The problem that these critics have faced is that their chosen concept has become more and more abstracted from the real politics of empire.  I argue that in the global era, this separation has finally become critical. This is for two related reasons. On the one hand, Western power has moved into new territory, largely uncharted -- and I argue unchartable -- with the critical tools of anti-imperialism. On the other hand, the politics of empire remain all too real, in classic forms that recall both modern imperialism and earlier empires, in many non-Western states, and they are revived in many political struggles today. Thus the concept of a 'new imperialism' fails to deal with both key post-imperial features of Western power and the quasi-imperial character of many non-Western states. The concept overstates Western power and understates the dangers posed by other, more authoritarian and imperial centres of power. Politically it identifies the West as the principal enemy of the world's people, when for many of them there are far more real and dangerous enemies closer to home. I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 12 - Professor of Philosophy at Oxford
Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course of several papers that human extinction risks are poorly understood and, worse still, severely underestimated by society. Some of these existential risks are fairly well known, especially the natural ones. But others are obscure or even exotic. Most worrying to Bostrom is the subset of existential risks that arise from human technology, a subset that he expects to grow in number and potency over the next century.¶ Despite his concerns about the risks posed to humans by technological progress, Bostrom is no luddite. In fact, he is a longtime advocate of transhumanism---the effort to improve the human condition, and even human nature itself, through technological means. In the long run he sees technology as a bridge, a bridge we humans must cross with great care, in order to reach new and better modes of being. In his work, Bostrom uses the tools of philosophy and mathematics, in particular probability theory, to try and determine how we as a species might achieve this safe passage. What follows is my conversation with Bostrom about some of the most interesting and worrying existential risks that humanity might encounter in the decades and centuries to come, and about what we can do to make sure we outlast them.¶ Some have argued that we ought to be directing our resources toward humanity's existing problems, rather than future existential risks, because many of the latter are highly improbable. You have responded by suggesting that existential risk mitigation may in fact be a dominant moral priority over the alleviation of present suffering. Can you explain why? ¶ Bostrom: Well suppose you have a moral view that counts future people as being worth as much as present people. You might say that fundamentally it doesn't matter whether someone exists at the current time or at some future time, just as many people think that from a fundamental moral point of view, it doesn't matter where somebody is spatially---somebody isn't automatically worth less because you move them to the moon or to Africa or something. A human life is a human life. If you have that moral point of view that future generations matter in proportion to their population numbers, then you get this very stark implication that existential risk mitigation has a much higher utility than pretty much anything else that you could do. There are so many people that could come into existence in the future if humanity survives this critical period of time---we might live for billions of years, our descendants might colonize billions of solar systems, and there could be billions and billions times more people than exist currently. Therefore, even a very small reduction in the probability of realizing this enormous good will tend to outweigh even immense benefits like eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.
Discourse doesn’t create security, it’s a response to real and material concerns – prefer our threat-specific internal links
Glover 11 – University of Bradford, UK
Nicholas, “Does Security exist outside of the speech act?,” http://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/
Significant to this theory is Waver’s notion of societal security, which invokes community and identity as key analytical tenets. This concept refers to the presentation of community identity being threatened by dynamics such as population movements (Williams, 2003: 513). The emphasis on threat and societal identity—its’ sense of we-ness—reflects the Copenhagen School’s focus on a particular type of speech act and thus a specific security—one which understands the politics of enmity. The essence of security in this understanding is existential threats and the production of the “other” as a political enemy. Hence, the speech act is a security act and securitisation relies on a specific rhetorical structure which identifies threats, proposes emergency action and effects interunit relations by breaking free of rules (Williams, 2003: 514). Securitisation is structured by the differential capacity of actors to make socially effective claims about threats and accepted as convincing by an audience and by the empirical factors or situation to which these actors can make reference (Williams, 2003: 514). A successful securitising speech act depends on an adherence to the internal linguistic rules of the act and the legitimate positionality of the actor uttering the act. This narrow reading of the construction of security as a designation of threatening ‘others’ and the legitimation of emergency measures (military) by an elite actor, serves to reify the meaning of security and marginalises inclusive and non-statist definitions of values of security understood in particular contexts (McDonald, 2009: 579). For the Copenhagen School, security rests upon a symbiotic relationship between actor and audience. Hence, an issue is securitised when an audience accepts it as such. The significance of the audience in the process of securitisation is neatly encapsulated in the concept of intersubjectivity. A successful securitisation is decided by the audience of the speech act; it is they who must accept that something is an existential threat to a shared value (Buzan et al, 1998: 31). Speaking security does not guarantee success; therefore security rests among the subjects and their willingness to accept legitimacy of the discourse. The central problematic of the speech act theory relates to its’ casting of securitisation merely in terms of this discourse-legitimation-action sequence. Problematically, the classic application of the securitisation framework privileges the role of political leaders in the articulation and designation of threat and locates the logic of security among strategic actors imbued with intentionality. Such an image of strategic actors seeking to label threats as security and therefore justify emergency responses provides a narrow state-centric conception of the construction of security which fails to contextualise the processes involved and tackle the meaning of security. Hence, the Copenhagen School’s framework of securitisation focus overwhelmingly on the performative role of the speech act rather than the conditions in which securitisation itself becomes possible (Buzan and Waever, 2003: 72). Whilst alluding to the intersubjective nature of security, the focus on the speech act as performing security defines security less as a site of negotiation than one of articulation (McDonald, 2009: 572). The social construction of security cannot be comprehensively understood in isolation from the role of the audience and the social, political and historical contexts in which particular discourses of security become possible. Thierry Balzacq (2005) supports this essay’s view that the securitisation cannot merely be understood as a speech act, inasmuch as he contends that the articulation of security is one part of the securitisation process: it relies upon the acquiescence, consent or support of particular constituencies. Security then involves stages of identification and mobilisation (Paul Roe, 2009: 616), in which the securityness of a threat and the appropriate response to it are negotiated within an interactive process between actors and audiences. Hence security is contextual; different threats are privileged by different communities, particular securitisations are legitimated across time and space according to narratives of history, culture and identity and different voices are empowered or marginalised to define security and threat. Waever (1995: 57) argues that security is articulated only from a specific place, in an institutional voice, by elites. This state-centricism serves to marginalise the experiences and articulations of the powerless in global politics. Hansen (2000: 306) postulates that “a focus on speech acts means contributing to the silencing of women, whose suffering and engagement with security discourses is neglected in a framework that focuses on the articulation of the powerful”. This focus on dominant voices renders the speech act framework impotent in terms of grappling with the plight of the most vulnerable in world politics—and their experiences of and engagement with security and threat. This paper’s proclivity to a hermeneutic approach to security problematises the decisionistic (Williams, 2003: 521) approach to the ‘moment’ at which threats are designated. Securitisation does not occur only at particular instances; issues can become institutionalised as security issues or threats without dramatic moments of intervention (Bigo, 2002). Looking ‘beyond the moment’ of intervention allows one to assess more comprehensively why an actor represents an issue as a threat in a particular context and why a specific constituency accepts it as such. Hence security is not merely that which fulfils the criteria of securitisation (Ciuta, 2009: 303), it does not have an unchanging essence—but rather is the product of historical structures and processes of struggles for power (Lipschutz, 1995: 8) between societal groups with competing interests. Immigration as a security threat in Europe for example, was the product of long-term processes of institutionalisation and related heavily to the incorporation of immigration within the jurisdiction of security professionals such as the police (Bigo 2000). Moreover, there is no simple dichotomy between the political and security. Such a dichotomy is problematic in that suggests an either/or approach, whereby an issue is either a security threat or a political issue. Immigration in the UK is not seen by all constituencies as a threat to security. For some it is a risk and for others the casting of immigration as a threat is a wholly disputable discourse. Thus, the meaning of security is not fixed within the speech act of an elite group, but rather is open to argumentation and can be questioned on the grounds of truth, rightness and sincerity (Wyn-Jones, 1999: 110). Security as a speech act frames the concept within communicative action and legitimation— involving a presentation of evidence and a commitment to convincing others of the validity of one’s position in a process of justification. A theory so reliant on speech for its’ explanatory position fails to address the dynamics of security in a world where political communication is increasingly bound with images and in which televisual communication is an essential communicative medium. The construction of the terrorist for example in the Bush and Blair discourse post 9/11 is inextricable from the image dominated context in which it takes place and through which meaning is communicated. The nexus between the discursive construction of the terrorist as a deadly threat and televisual imagery working to the same end is emblemised by the construction of the terrorist attacks on 9/11 as “acts of war”. Hence one cannot understand Bush’s rhetorical move to construct the attacks as unprecedented and new forms of warfare thereby invoking the nation’s right to self-defence (Jackson, 2007: 356), without assessing the impact that the extraordinary and repeated images of that act had on reactions to it. Here in lies the fundamental merit and pitfall of the speech act theory. On the one hand it provides us with an innovative understanding of the metaphorical constitution of terrorism in discourse and on the other it remains closed to the impact different mediums of communication have on the securitisation process. Thus, language is only one means through which meaning is communicated (Moller, 2007: 180). Drawing on Michel Foucault, this essay problematises the reduction by the speech act theory, of securitisation to a purely linguistic rhetoric. The meaning we attach to security and our knowledge of what constitutes security exists within both the material and textual realms, for they are not mutually exclusive. Foucault (1980: 63) holds that once a discursive utterance is considered an action or as a practice, this then begins to verge on the territory of materiality and becomes more easily linked to the array of physical activities through which the diagnosis may be made initially. To illuminate his concept of discursive practices, Foucault invokes the notion of extra-discursive—which relates to the idea that similar discursive acts can occur in a multitude of ways and various different forms that stretch from the textual to material level of discursive practice. The speech act theory defines security as language—thus language becomes security. Such an over-concentration on language signals a myopia of text, an over-evaluation of the linguistic and representational powers of language in isolation from the material arrangements of power in which they are entrenched and that they in turn extend (Foucault Journal, 2001: 540). The over-evaluation by the speech act theory of the linguistic powers of language in isolation from the material context of power, in which they are intermeshed, is problematised by the Didier Bigo (2002). Bigo (2002: 65) holds that “security is constructed and applied to different issues and areas through a range of often routinised practices rather than only through speech acts that enable emergency measures”. Accordingly, practices of surveillance and border controls for example, can be central to the process of securitisation and are not simply those actions enabled by preceding speech acts (McDonald, 2009: 570). Recognising the role of physical systems in the construction of security, that is, the generation of meaning and the productive power of such systems—demands an acceptance that security exists outside of the speech act. Hence, the speech act framework of security problematically neglects physical action which can serve to communicate ideas about security in their own right (Hansen, 2000: 300-1). In summation, security is constructed through processes of social interaction, but cannot be defined narrowly as existing only within the speech act. Hence, the definition of security in terms of a discourse-action sequence is problematic, inasmuch as it fails to recognise the complexity of the construction of security in global politics. Assuming that security merely resides within the discursive positioning of threats, neglects the historical and social contexts in which security becomes possible. Thus, discourses of security are bound by the historical and social structures in which they are produced. The speech act then is just one dynamic of the securitisation process, the role of audiences, visual communication and physical practices must all be examined in order to understand how security is experienced in different contexts. Security exists within the interplay between self-identity and the construction of meaning, thus the feeling of threat and being secured is produced within all social structures. Security is what we make of it, different worldviews and discourses bound by social structures and communicated in diverse ways, deliver different discourses about security. Security can be constructed physically through bureaucratic systems, through the discourses of the state and within marginalised groups whose experience of threat and security may not be known or heard. Security therefore is not just a speech act.
Can’t scale-up psycho-analysis to the state level
Epstein 10 – senior lecturer in government and IR – University of Sydney
Charlotte, “Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics,” European Journal of International Relations XX(X) 1–24
To be clear, this move is not intended to deny the intimate links between discourse and subjectivity. The earlier foray into Lacanian thought served precisely to underline the centrality of discourse to both the making and subsequent analysis of the subject. But by the same token it also drew out what is required to wield the discourse approach effec¬tively in IR. Indeed Lacan’s analysis emphasizes the sheer complexity of the dynamics of a highly individual phenomenon (identity), and consequently the difficulties in taking this level as the starting point for analysing all other levels at which identity is politically at play.13 As the discipline that positions itself at the highest level of analysis (the supra¬national), IR cannot maintain its focus at the level where some of the finer debates around subjectivity take place (see for example, Butler, 1997). The issue here is one of discipli-nary specificity, or, in other words, equipping IR for what it wants to do; and the solu¬tion proposed is one of suspension or bracketing. To restate this important point differently, at the individual level, subjectivities and subject-positions remain coextensive. The distinction between subject-positions and subjectivities becomes operative once the analysis shifts beyond the individual level. This distinction thus offers a theoretically cogent way of studying identity while bracket¬ing some of its more unwieldy dimensions that may, moreover, not be pertinent at the levels at which IR casts its focus. It renders the discourse approach operative for IR, because it makes it possible to study state identities, without having to presume that states have feelings, or indeed enter into questions of how much exactly are they like people, or what kind of selves do they possess. What the discourse approach analyses, then, is the ways in which actors — crucially, whether individuals or states — define themselves by stepping into a particular subject-position carved out by a discourse. In taking on the ‘I/we’ of that discourse, actors’ identities are produced in a very specific way. In doing so, they are establishing them¬selves as the subjects of particular discourses, such as the anti-whaling discourse, and thereby marking themselves as ‘anti-whalers’. How, then, do discursive subject-positions differ from Wendt’s (1999: 227–229) role identities, where the actor is similarly seen as stepping into institutionalized roles (such as professor and student)? The crucial differ¬ence is that the concept of subject-position does not harbour any assumption about any primordial self supporting these roles. Importantly, this is not to say that the self does not exist — that the professor or student have no selves — but simply that the concept is not relevant to the analysis of the discursive construction of identity, especially when taken to the interstate level.

This is a reason to ignore their arguments in the context of policy.
Robinson 4 Andrew 2004 “The Politics of Lack” Blackwell Synergy

As should by now be clear, the central claims of Lacanian theory are ontological rather than political.  Indeed, since Lacan’s work deals with politics only very occasionally, the entire project of using Lacan politically is fraught with hazards.  With rare exceptions, Lacanian theorists put ontology in the driving seat, allowing it to guide their political theorizing.  Political discourse and events are subsumed into a prior theoretical framework in a manner more reminiscent of an attempt to confirm already accepted assumptions than of an attempt to assess the theory itself.  Among the authors discussed here, Zizek takes this furthest:  the stuff of theory is ‘notions, which have a reality above and beyond any referent, so that, if reality dows not conform to the notions, it is “so much the worse for reality’ (in Butler, Laclau, and Zizek 2000, 244).  The selection and interpretation of examples, whether in concrete analysis of political discourse or in theoretical exegesis, is often selective in a way which appears to confirm the general theory only because inconvenient counterexamples are ignored.  The entire edifice often appears wholly a priori and non-falsifiable, and the case for its acceptance is extremely vague.  Most often, the imperative to adopt a Lacanian as opposed to (say) a Rawlsian or an orthodox Marxist approach is couched in terms of dogmatically-posited demands that one accept the idea of constitutive lack.  A failure to do so is simply denounced as ‘shirking’, ‘blindness’, inability to accept’ and so on.  In this way, Lacanian theory renders itself almost immune to analytical critique on terms it would find acceptable.  Furtehrmore, a slippage frequently emerges between the external ‘acceptance’ of antagonism and its subjective encouragement.  For instance, Ernesto Laclau calls for a ‘symbolisation of impossibility as such as a positive value’ (in Butler, Laclau, and Zizek 2000, 1999, original emphasis).

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
2AC (K)
Neolib isn’t the root cause – their alternative is utopian and unproductive – prefer our epistemology
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.

Ex-Im raises the bar for environmental standards and corporate accountability
Sheppard 3 – JD, represents clients before the IRS regarding foreign financial accounts (
AND
Chance Compliance Initiative (LCCI), and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP)
(Hale, “Revamping the Export-Import Bank in 2002: The Impact of This Interim Solution on the United States and Latin America,” 6 N.Y.U. J. Legis. and Pub. Pol'y 130, Hein Online)
Second, an increase of U.S. exports of goods and services to
AND
in¶ Latin America thanks to financing by the Ex-Im Bank.
Globalization is inevitable and tech makes it self correcting –alternatives cause economic crises and environmental devastation
Mead 7-28 – PhD, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College
Walter Russell, “The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?,” The American Interest, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/
But those glory days are over now, and the smarter environmentalists are bowing to
AND
gripped in a permanent economic crisis of scarcity simply can’t and won’t do.

Its more sustainable and BETTER for the environment
Liverman and Vilas 6 – *Diana, Professor of Environmental Science at Oxford University, Oxford
(“Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 31, Web of Sciences)BB
Neoliberal processes alter the impacts of industrial activities on the environment mainly through changes in
AND
regulation in the manufacturing sector; and higher costs of energy and water.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Capitol Debate EK | Judge: Jack Caporal
Bostrom 12 - Professor of Philosophy at Oxford
Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.
Avoiding extinction is the highest imperative – responsibility to future generation and understanding of the universe and human achievement
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
Despite the grim reality that both of these scenarios of human-created "fires
AND
at least as wonderful and joyous as the one we were born into."
Attempting to avert extinction drastically increases the value to our life
Cohen and Lee 86 - *PhD @ Chicago
Avner and Steven, “Nuclear weapons and the future of humanity: the fundamental questions”, p. 332-333)
I shall reinforce this conclusion with several arguments for the claim that, while preventing
AND
There could be cases in which this would be better for existing people.
Reducing suffering doesn’t consume all existence – it can be balanced and is an extension of life – only they enable complete self-denial
Conway 99 (David, Middlesex University, “Nietzsche's Revaluation of Schopenhauer as Educator”, http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/MPsy/MPsyConw.htm)
Nonetheless, Nietzsche was mistaken in supposing that it was contrary to the interests of
AND
a benefit and not a bane to the person who has the attitude.
Even if extinction is inevitable – taking steps to postpone it solves suffering and adds value to life
Epstein and Zhao 9 (Richard and Y, Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, “The threat that dare not speak its name: human extinction”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 52, Number 1 (winter 2009): 116-25 Project Muse)
Human extinction is 100 certain—the only uncertainties are when and how.
AND
, could pay dividends in minimizing the eventual cumulative burden of human suffering.
Elevating human extinction to a real possibility encourages a new social ethic to solve conflicts and create meaning to life
Epstein and Zhao 9 (Richard and Y, Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, “The threat that dare not speak its name: human extinction”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 52, Number 1 (winter 2009): 116-25 Project Muse)
Final ends for all species are the same, but the journeys will be different
AND
now all too often dismiss as “human nature” (Tudge 1989).

Tournament: UGA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Johns Creek BT | Judge: Dustin Greenwalt
Blanket rejection of western knowledge production is unfounded
Martin 1 – Professor of Geography @ Cambridge
Ron, “Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda,” Progress in Human Geography 25, 2, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf
A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge
AND
. At the same time, attempts by government and research funding agencies to
\define what are ‘socially relevant’ (or even worse, ‘socially useful’
AND
geography’ and ‘place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse.
Ontological focus is bad—it’s subjective, non-falsifiable, and authoritarian
Graham, ‘99
Phil Graham, Graduate School of Management , University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http://www.philgraham.net/HH_conf.pdf
Of course, “the problem of the subject” is not specific to the
AND
has become both lingua franca and world currency (Adorno 1964/19731973).
Best means to evaluate the methodology of the 1AC is evaluation of the outcomes of the policy
Douglas, Professor Philosophy University of Waterloo, ’12 (Heather, “Weighing Complex Evidence in a Democratic Society” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, Vol 22 No 2, p 139-162, ProjectMuse)
Although the explanatory approach needs both testing in practice and further development in theory,
AND
in practice, rather than trying to further assess the approach a priori.
Threats do exist, and your skepticism is nothing more than a psychological trick that assumes humans are invincible- your willful ignorance allows terrible atrocities to occur
Orr, Professor Enviro Studies and Politics Oberlin College, ‘8 (David, August 4, “The Psychology of Survival” Conservation Biology, Vol 22 Issue 4, p 819-822, WileyInterscience)
Capable of great feats of imagination and invention as well as generating less agreeable behavior
AND
, perhaps, are not so much rational creatures as very proficient rationalizers.

Perm – Apocalyptic discourse is a key vehicle for the permutation
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
us together by awakening humanity to its shared stake in the global environment.

We are a challenge message
Brulle 10 - Sociology and Envt’l Science @ Drexel
Robert, “From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog: Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement” Environmental Communication 4 (1) p. 92
From Identity to Challenge Campaigns One of the most common assumptions in designing identity-
AND
Cole, 2009, p. 376; Witte and Allen, 2000).
Discursive cooptation is inevitable – only apocalyptic environmental representations re-claim the progressive environmental agenda
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
Luke and Darier’s Foucauldian approach to ecocriticism is not without value. They demonstrate how
AND
out any attempt for significant change, whether it be radical or reformist.
Turn – apocalyptic discourse removes environmentalism from solely the hands of the government – encourages agency invocation, demonstrates interconnectedness and creates policy change
Leeson-Schatz 12 – PhD candidate in English @ Binghamton
Joe, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of- The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism,” Journal of Ecocriticism, 4.2
Once one understands the world as interconnected—instead of constructed by different nation-
AND
where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.

Apocalyptic representations of global warming are necessary to motivate change – serves as a key cite for coalition-building
-must be accompanied by a solution – not as an inevitable fact
Buell 10 – Professor @ Queens
Frederick Buell, professor of English at Queens College and also a member of the World Studies, American Studies and Environmental Studies programmes, Future Ethics, pg. 30-32
To fully understand these changes, I argue, we need not to discard but
AND
that has become todays foremost environmental concern and thus site for reinventing apocalypse.
Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject.
AND
domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Discourse doesn’t create security, it’s a response to real and material concerns – prefer our threat-specific internal links
Glover 11 – University of Bradford, UK
Nicholas, “Does Security exist outside of the speech act?,” http://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/
Significant to this theory is Waver’s notion of societal security, which invokes community and
AND
be known or heard. Security therefore is not just a speech act.
If we win one non-unique it complicates alternative solvency
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Bayesian models of rational processing assume the updating of prior beliefs in response to new
AND
to diagnostic information. Threat perceptions consequently become embedded and resistant to change.

US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
Russia will fill the vacuum with violent anti-Americanism and arms proliferation
Berman 1 – Faculty @ Mo State, Vice President of the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, DC. An expert on regional security in the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Russian Federation, he has consulted for both the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Department of Defense, and provided assistance on foreign policy and national security issues to a range of governmental agencies and congressional offices
Ilan, “RUSSIA AND THE MIDEAST VACUUM,” Institute for Advance Strategic and Political Studies, http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/strat12.pdf
Practically unnoticed, Moscow is once again making a bid for international ¶ dominance.
AND
¶ a host of traditional client states through arms sales and technical assistance.   
Empirics go aff – hegemony has made war obsolete
-what sustains international peace is democracy, economic interdependence, and multilateral cooperation
Owen, Professor Politics U of Virginia, ’11 (John, February 11, “Don’t Discount Hegemony” Cato, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
T
We Meet- Ex-Im’s core function is economic engagement
US Code 12 USC § 635
(http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/635)
General banking business; use of mails; publication of documents, reports, contracts
AND
Opportunity Act 19 U.S.C. 3701 et seq..
C/I: Tech, loans and aid
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution
(Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf)
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.}

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Paul Central FS | Judge: Cody Wood
We meet- ExIm is part of USFG
Ilias, Analyst in International Trade and Finance, 2012
(Shayerah, “Export-Import Bank: Background and Legislative Issues”, 4/3/12, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42472.pdf)

The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank, EXIM Bank, or the Bank), an
independent federal government agency, is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United
States. It helps finance U.S. exports of manufactured goods and services, with the objective of
contributing to the employment of U.S. workers, primarily in circumstances when alternative
financing is not available. The Ex-Im Bank also may assist U.S. exporters to meet foreign,
officially sponsored, export credit competition. Its main programs are direct loans, loan
guarantees, working capital guarantees, and export credit insurance. Ex-Im Bank transactions are
backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. The Ex-Im Bank is a participant in
President Obama’s National Export Initiative (NEI), a plan to double exports by 2015 to support 2
million U.S. jobs.
The Bank operates under a renewable charter, the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended,
and has been reauthorized through May 31, 2012 (P.L. 112-74). The charter requires that all of the
Bank’s financing have a reasonable assurance of repayment and directs the Bank to supplement,
and to not compete with, private capital. 

C/I: Federal Government could be any actor within the government
US Code 8
(47 USCS § 224, Lexis)
(a) Definitions. As used in this section:
   (1) The term "utility" means any person who is a local exchange carrier or an electric, gas, water, steam, or other public utility, and who owns or controls poles, ducts, conduits, or rights-of-way used, in whole or in part, for any wire communications. Such term does not include any railroad, any person who is cooperatively organized, or any person owned by the Federal Government or any State.
   (2) The term "Federal Government" means the Government of the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

C/I: Engagement towards mexico is the country, not the government
Oxford Dictionaries 13 Date Accessed May 10 2013 -- oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Mexico

Definition of Mexico¶ a country in southwestern North America, with extensive coastlines on
AND
Grande was lost to the US in the Mexican War of 1846–48

C/I: Economic engagement can be towards the private sector
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

The provision of economic incentives to the private sector of a target country can be
AND
presents a multitude of possible partners for unconditional engagement with non-state actors

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Bay GQ | Judge: Matthew Malia
WM- Conditions are required for every ExIm loan
Brannon 11 – PhD in Economics @ Indiana
(Ike and Elizabeth Lowell, “Export-Import Bank: Obstacles and Options for Reform,” American Action Forum, http://americanactionforum.org/sites/default/files/Ex-Im20Final20Draft21.pdf)
Congress imposes a host of criteria that Ex-Im must ¶ take into account before providing financing, such as¶ requirements for reasonable assurance of repayment ¶ without competing with private capital, foreign ¶ content restrictions, transportation of exports using ¶ U.S. vessels, exclusion of military products, ¶ consideration of environmental impact, and ¶ allocation of 10 percent of financing for renewable ¶ energy and energy-efficient products and 20 percent¶ for small businesses.

C/I: Economic Engagement can be both
Kane 8 – Major USMC
Brian, “Comprehensive Engagement: A Winning Strategy,” MA Thesis, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a504901.pdf
Engagement strategies are not new. Since the end of the Cold War, engagement
AND
10¶ This definition of engagement has been the most successful historically.11
Toward means ‘in the direction of’
to•ward (tôrd, trd, t-wôrd) KEY PREPOSITION: also to•wards (tôrdz, trdz, t-wôrdz) KEY In the direction of: driving toward home.
That’s American Heritage, 9 (‘toward’, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/toward)

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington SD | Judge: Michael Gentile
We meet
Duke Law No Date
(U.S. Government Organizations involved in International Trade, http://law.duke.edu/career/pdf/USGovernment_20InternationalTrade.pdf)
U.S. Government Organizations involved in International Trade 

Agencies

Department of Agriculture

Foreign Agricultural Service (http://www.fas.usda.gov)

Department of Commerce 

Bureau of Industry and Security (http://www.bis.doc.gov) 

International Trade Administration (http://trade.gov/index.asp 

U.S. Commercial Service (http://trade.gov/cs) 

Department of Energy

Policy and International Affairs (http://www.pi.energy.gov) 

Department of Labor

Trade Adjustment Assistance (http://www.doleta.gov/tradeact) 

Department of State

Bilateral Trade Affairs (http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/tpp/bta) 

Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (http://www.pmddtc.state.gov) 

Multilateral Trade and Agricultural Affairs (http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/tpp/mta) 

Intellectual Property Enforcement (http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/tpp/ipe) 

Department of Treasury

Office of International Affairs (http://www.treas.gov/topics/international/index.shtml) 

Office of Foreign Asset Control (http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac) 

Environmental Protection Agency

International Programs (http://www.epa.gov/oiamount/) 

Climate Change (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/index.html)

Export-Import Bank (http://www.exim.gov/)

Food and Drug Administration

Office of International Programs (http://www.fda.gov/InternationalPrograms/default.htm) 

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (http://www.opic.gov/)

Small Business Administration

International Trade Section (http://www.sba.gov/aboutsba/sbaprograms/internationaltrade/index.html) 

U.S. Agency for International Development (http://www.usaid.gov/) 

U.S. International Trade Commission (http://www.usitc.gov/) 

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (http://www.ustda.gov/)

C/I: Tech, loans and aid
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution
(Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf)
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.}