Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: College Prep FP | Judge: Collin Roark
Cuban Identity Adv
We begin this debate with the words of Celia Cruz:
“Quiero volver sin mirar atrás
Poder vivir para perdonar
Quiero sentir, quiero regresar
A la Cuba mía.”
“Why are you still Cuban?” is a question that resonates strongly with me. A question that calls to mind what it means to originate from an island from which you cannot return. To ask “why are you still Cuban” is to ask me what is “Cuba” and it is here that the historical relationship between the US and Cuba must be examined. De los Angeles explains this beginning in 1999
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
My Continued Quest for Coherence: Politics and Identity For years to talk about xenophobia
AND
searching for coherence, to begin reconciling with our enemies—and ourselves.
Current debates about Cuba are too simplistic. Abreu describes in 2003 how…
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
The conflation of the physical border with the ideological one also revealed the bipolar nature
AND
of the Cuban experience and the paths both communities can take toward reconciliation.
For some, it is easy to choose Team USA or Team Castro. For me, a member of the Cuban diaspora, the answer is not so simple. My father admits he would like to visit, while my grandparents adamantly oppose setting foot on the island until Castro is gone. The current dichotomy can only be ruptured by realizing identity is more complex than the binary that currently holds the Cuban diaspora’s identity hostage
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
Despite these new barriers, I continue to travel to the island when I can
AND
political, and emotional spaces in which my dual identities can be joined.

This outweighs – the search for the Cuban identity allowed a rediscovery of who we are which allows constructive relationships with the Other
Hall, Professor Sociology at Open University, ’90 (Stuart, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” pub in ‘Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader’ by Williams, Patrick and Laura Chrisman, http://www.unipa.it/~michele.cometa/hall_cultural_identity.pdf)
There is, however, a second, related but different view of cultural identity
AND
, of the metropolitan world - always 'South' to someone else's El Norte.

Advocacy
If Cuba is the people, it makes me wonder which people. The ones on the island? The ones here, in America? My father was born there but left when he was one year old. His claims to Cuba are his birthplace and ancestry. When I asked him why I am Cuban, he responded, “Are you”? As the first American-born in my lineage I struggle with my identity. I am American because I was born here. I am Paraguayan through my mom and through by cultural experiences returning to Paraguay and visiting my family there. Can I call myself Cuban too, if I have never even seen my home?
In order to enable the Cuban diaspora residing in the US to answer the question ‘why are you still Cuban?’
Voting aff is to endorse the desirability of a bridge connecting the Cuba of Miami to the Cuba of Havana.
Sullivan 13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Mark P. Sullivan, “Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances” CRS Report for Congress, November 1 2013)
The President has the authority to ease restrictions on travel to Cuba. For example
AND
order to expand categories of travel to Cuba or lift travel restrictions altogether.

Solvency
The bridge we advocate is not literal, but the travel we endorse is. Lifting restrictions that prevent the Cuban diaspora in the US from being able to travel back to Cuba helps address the (dis)engagement that currently persists. A better understanding of my past exposes the contradictions of the current binary of politically extreme choices because the Cuban identity lies in both my home state of Cuba and my host state here in the US. It is only through this fusion that the Cuban diaspora can discover who we truly are.
Duany, Professor Anthro at University of Puerto Rico, ’97 (Jorge, January, “From the Cuban Ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National Identity on the Island and in the Diaspora” Cuba Studies Association Occasional Papers)
Behar and Leon's compilation contains numerous transnational narratives tracing the construction and reconstruction of Cuban
AND
heart of Miami, just as Miami lives in the heart of Cuba.
I know there may be a Cuban home for me in Miami and there may be a Cuban home for me in Havana. But to know why I am still Cuban requires connecting the present to the past by embracing a strategy that counters the physical dislocation of the diasporic community. My father suffers the “psyche of an exile” who has been forced out of his homeland and is shrouded in ambiguity and uncertainty
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
Cubans are nothing if not bordered. Cubans on the island are not free to
AND
, and crossing one can be seen as tantamount to crossing the other.
Diasporic travel back to Cuba serves as a form of reconciliation that refuses to accept the bipolar narratives that currently characterize our identity. In addition to giving the Cuban diaspora a sense of who they are, this helps dismantle current structures of Euroheteropatriarchy by reclaiming our voice from current ideologies of oppression that claim to speak for us
Valdes, Professor Law at University of Miami, ‘3 (Francisco- Director Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Diaspora and Deadlock, Miami and Havana: Coming to Terms with Dreams and Dogmas” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 283 2003, HeinOnline)

1. Stay Independent of the Prevalent Bipolarities and Their Politics of Oppression. This
   AND
   here and there jointly to keep Cubans apart while we remain a nation.
   A literal change to current travel restrictions is necessary – critical race theory fails to be transformative unless it embraces politico-economic solutions
   Pouncy, Professor Law at Temple University, ‘2 (Charles, Summer, “Class, Economics, and Social Rights: Institutional Economics and Critical Race/LatCrit Theory: The Need for a Critical "Raced" Economics” Rutgers Law Review, 54 Rutgers L. Rev. 841)
   In the midst of its continuing development as arguably the most significant jurisprudential innovation in
   AND
   our descriptive analyses and to concretize our efforts at constructing systemic policy interventions.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina PH | Judge: Kevin Hirn
1ac
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for non corn biofuels in Mexico.
Ex-Imp
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
Adherence to multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Mexico
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.

Relations solve organized crime and drug networks
Olson 9 (Eric L., M.A., International Affairs, American University; B.A., History and Secondary Education, Trinity College, Associate Director of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, as a Senior Specialist in the Department for Promotion of Good Governance at the Organization of American States, January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
It is time to strengthen the U.S. relationship with Mexico. There
AND
a comprehensive and bilateral approach ¶ that limits the reach of organized crime.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
AND
at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
AND
of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

Agriculture
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles North BE | Judge: Tim Mahoney
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for non corn biofuels in Mexico.
Ex-Imp
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
Adherence to multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Mexico
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.

Relations solve organized crime and drug networks
Olson 9 (Eric L., M.A., International Affairs, American University; B.A., History and Secondary Education, Trinity College, Associate Director of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, as a Senior Specialist in the Department for Promotion of Good Governance at the Organization of American States, January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
It is time to strengthen the U.S. relationship with Mexico. There
AND
a comprehensive and bilateral approach ¶ that limits the reach of organized crime.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
AND
at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
AND
of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

Agriculture
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace BR | Judge: Raina Ilango
1ac
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for non corn biofuels in Mexico.
1
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Adherence to existing multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
Green leadership solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 – Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
2
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps critical diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
3
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable framing – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link to global food shocks
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Food shocks escalate to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
4
The aff is key to reverse widespread nitrogen overuse
Potera 8 has written for Environmental Health Perspectives since 1996, writer for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing (Carol Potera, “Fuels: Corn Ethanol Goal Revives Dead Zone Concerns” Environ Health Perspectives 116(6): A242–A243, June 2008, PMCID: PMC2430248, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430248/)
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 calls for the production of 36 billion
AND
that grow to over 8 feet tall, yielding more biomass per acre.
Nitrogen overuse leads to hypoxic dead zones
Rabalais et al. 10 (N. N. Rabalais, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium; R. J. Diaz, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary; L. A. Levin, Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; R. E. Turner, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; D. Gilbert, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Peches et Oceans Canada; J. Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, “Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia” Biogeosciences, February 12 2010, http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/585/2010/bg-7-585-2010.pdf)
Hypoxia development and continuation in many areas of the world’s coastal ocean is accelerated by
AND
to reduce nutrient loads to maintain, at least, the current status.
Ocean hypoxia triggers dead zones and collapse of marine biodiversity
Doney 10 – Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (S. Doney, “The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry” Science, June 18 2010, http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=7774andmethod=full)
Coastal Hypoxia and Open-Ocean Deoxygenation Low subsurface O2, termed hypoxia, occurs
AND
eutrophication is also associated with increased frequency of harmful algal blooms (43).
Loss of biodiversity leads to human extinction
Cardinale 13 – associate professor in the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan, where he is director of the school's Conservation Ecology Program and teaches courses in conservation, restoration ecology, and ecosystem services (Bradley, “Opinion: Biodiversity Impacts Humanity,” The Scientist, No. 34448, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34448/title/Opinion~-~-Biodiversity-Impacts-Humanity/)
Recall the biosphere experiments from the 1990s, the most famous of which was perhaps
AND
great variety of life that is the most striking feature of our planet.
Independently, oceans are key to survival
Sielen 13 – MA @ Johns Hopkins, Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy.
AND
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, and to various oceans related negotiations
(Alan, “The Devolution of the Seas,” Foreign Affairs, Proquest)
Of all the threats looming over the planet today, one of the most alarming
AND
unspoken promise passed from one generation to the next of a better future.
Old alt causes should be ignored – oceans are on the brink
IPSO 10/3/13 (International Programme on the State of the Ocean, research by Jelle Bijma, Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research; Hans?O. Pörtner, Alfred?Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research; Chris Yesson, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; Alex D. Rogers, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford “The State of the Ocean 2013: Perils, Prognoses and Proposals” October 3 2013, http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/IPSO-Summary-Oct13-FINAL.pdf)
The scientific evidence that marine ecosystems are being degraded as a direct result of human
AND
scale, and closer in time in terms of the impacts being felt.
We solve globally
JOCI 6 – Joint Ocean Commission Initiative is a collaborative effort of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans Commission led by Admiral James D. Watkins and the Honorable Leon E. Panetta (“JOINT OCEAN COMMISSION INITIATIVE
U.S. OCEAN POLICY REPORT CARD” 2006, http://www.jointoceancommission.org/resource-center/2-Report-Cards/2007-01-01_2006_Ocean_Policy_Report_Card.pdf)
Why is international leadership on ocean issues important? Oceans and the activities that occur
AND
marine resources—and our national economic and security interests—by others.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
SQUO doesn’t solve—new investment key
Herz 13 -  Sierra Club International Climate Program
(Steve, “EX-IM BANK ANNOUNCES HISTORIC COAL FINANCE BAN”, 12/16/13,
http://sierraclub.typepad.com/compass/2013/12/ex-im-bank-announces-historic-coal-finance-ban.html)
Moreover, Ex-Im provides only paltry support for renewable energy and other climate
AND
it’s time to get to work on the rest of the energy portfolio.
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.

Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Scott Phillips
1ac
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.
Ex-Imp
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
That solves warming
Miao 12 – Fulbright scholar @ Yale, 2014 (expected) Master of Environmental Management (MEM), Industrial Ecology, Energy, Policy and Corporate Sustainability
(Niancen, “OBAMA’S SECOND TERM – THE WORLD AWAITS MUCH NEEDED LEADERSHIP ON CLIMATE CHANGE,” https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2012/12/obamas-second-term-the-world-awaits-much-needed-leadership-on-climate-change/)
“We want our children to live in an America that … isn’t threatened by
AND
future of our planet to the “destructive power of a warming planet”.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Mexico
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.

Relations solve organized crime and drug networks
Olson 9 (Eric L., M.A., International Affairs, American University; B.A., History and Secondary Education, Trinity College, Associate Director of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, as a Senior Specialist in the Department for Promotion of Good Governance at the Organization of American States, January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
It is time to strengthen the U.S. relationship with Mexico. There
AND
a comprehensive and bilateral approach ¶ that limits the reach of organized crime.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
AND
at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
AND
of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

Agriculture
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Mexico key to advanced biofuels – infrastructure
Romero-Hernandez et al. 12 (Omar Romero-Hernandez, Center for Responsible Business, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; David Richey and Jason Koman, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; Duncan Wood, Department of International Affairs, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Senior Advisor, Mexico Institute Renewable Energy Initiative; Sergio Romero-Hernandez, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México “Bioenergy Potential in Northern Mexico An Exploration of the Potential Represented by Municipal Solid Waste” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, May 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Border_Biofuel_Romero_0.pdf)
Few people in the United States realize how much progress Mexico has made in expanding
AND
of underserved consumer bases in central and southern parts of the nation.41
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: James Pavur
1ac
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.
Ex-Imp
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
That solves warming
Miao 12 – Fulbright scholar @ Yale, 2014 (expected) Master of Environmental Management (MEM), Industrial Ecology, Energy, Policy and Corporate Sustainability
(Niancen, “OBAMA’S SECOND TERM – THE WORLD AWAITS MUCH NEEDED LEADERSHIP ON CLIMATE CHANGE,” https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2012/12/obamas-second-term-the-world-awaits-much-needed-leadership-on-climate-change/)
“We want our children to live in an America that … isn’t threatened by
AND
future of our planet to the “destructive power of a warming planet”.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Mexico
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.

Relations solve organized crime and drug networks
Olson 9 (Eric L., M.A., International Affairs, American University; B.A., History and Secondary Education, Trinity College, Associate Director of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, as a Senior Specialist in the Department for Promotion of Good Governance at the Organization of American States, January 2009, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf)
It is time to strengthen the U.S. relationship with Mexico. There
AND
a comprehensive and bilateral approach ¶ that limits the reach of organized crime.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
AND
at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
AND
of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

Agriculture
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine | Judge: Scott Phillips
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.
Ex-Imp
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
That solves warming
Miao 12 – Fulbright scholar @ Yale, 2014 (expected) Master of Environmental Management (MEM), Industrial Ecology, Energy, Policy and Corporate Sustainability
(Niancen, “OBAMA’S SECOND TERM – THE WORLD AWAITS MUCH NEEDED LEADERSHIP ON CLIMATE CHANGE,” https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2012/12/obamas-second-term-the-world-awaits-much-needed-leadership-on-climate-change/)
“We want our children to live in an America that … isn’t threatened by
AND
future of our planet to the “destructive power of a warming planet”.
*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
Mexico
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.
Relations solve drug cartels
Brzezinski 12 – former National Security Adviser (Zbigniew, “Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power”, 2012, pp. 198-199)Beddow
Defeating the narcotics pandemic would become exponentially more difficult if the United States declined,
AND
a state would stimulate further anti-Mexican tendencies in the United States.
Drug trafficking funds terrorists
Kleiman, 4 (Mark, B.A. magna cum laude, Haverford College, M.P.P., Harvard Kennedy School, Ph.D., Harvard, Professor of Public Policy in the UCLA School of Public Affairs, “Illicit Drugs and the Terrorist Threat: Causal Links and Implications for Domestic Drug Control Policy”, Congressional Research Service, 4/20/2004, http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32334.pdf, JKahn)
Drug trafficking — in source countries, transit countries, and consumer countries, including
AND
and intelligence attention. In principle, any of these might be important.
Nuclear terror causes extinction
Creamer, 11 – political organizer and strategist, Strategic Consulting Group (Robert, “Post-Bin Laden, Itand#39;s Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good,” Huffington Post, 5/12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/post-bin-laden~-~~-~-it-is-ti_b_860954.html)//SY
Worse, al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have vowed to obtain and actually use
AND
. Much of the worldand#39;s surface would reach winter temperatures in the summer.
Agriculture
Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.
Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Riverhill DD | Judge: Tommy Jordan
Plan Text: The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for non corn biofuels in Mexico.

Advantage one – Ex-Im

Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
AND
1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
AND
(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.

Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
AND
multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183

Adherence to multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
AND
in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.

Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

*Independently – the plan is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
AND
deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.

That solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
AND
of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.

Adv. 2 Mexico
4 million Mexicans lack energy access
Calvo et al, 10 – (Omar Ramirez et al, “Rural Electrification in Chihuahua, Mexico at one third of the cost vs a conventional substation,” http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/273.pdf)
One of the primary goals of Mexico’s government with the creation of the Comisión Federal
AND
have access to electricity which is equal ¶ to 4 million of people.

This has a PROFOUND effect on those in need – basic necessities can’t be met without energy
Wood 10 – PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City
(Duncan, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)
US engagement with Mexico in the area of renewable energy has been driven by three
AND
harvest of produce to products that have a higher degree of value added.

Energy access is fundamental – decreases poverty, allows safe access to cheap food, increases educational attainment, prevents child mortality, limits disease and is a necessary investment for achieving gender equality
Tully 6 – PhD from London School of Economics
(Stephen Tully, “The Contribution of Human Rights to Universal Energy Access,” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 4.3, Scholar)
Although providing essential infrastructure services was omitted as an explicit target, access to energy
AND
to all at an affordable price and on an equitable basis.” 7 3

While the affirmative may not be a panacea, energy access is a necessary element in achieving broader improvements in quality of life
Bradbrook and Gardam 6 – *Adrian, Professor of Law, Judith, Professor of International Law
(“Placing Access to Energy Services within a Human Rights Framework,” Human Rights Quarterly, 28.2, Muse)
While the importance of the universal provision of energy services was first recognized as early
AND
of cultivated land available and the consequent adverse impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.

Specifically – access to clean energy is a pre-requisite to material gains for disenfranchised women – governmental action is key
Tully 6 – PhD from London School of Economics
(Stephen Tully, “The Contribution of Human Rights to Universal Energy Access,” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 4.3, Scholar)
A gender perspective on energy access can be illuminating. 1 9 8 Women are
AND
to biomass fuels with a view to reducing women’s workloads. 2 2 2

Equal access to energy provides the conditions to avoid environmental overshoot – the impact is extinction
Mulligan, 10 – (Shane, Ph.D., Renewable Energy Consultant, “Energy, Environment, and Security: Critical Links in a Post-Peak World,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 10 Issue 4, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/GLEP_a_00032)
In terms of our relationship to nature, peak oil reinforces an image of natural
AND
humans are not “exempt” from the laws of¶ nature.77

Advantage three – Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.

This leads to sustainable farming – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.

The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.

A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”

Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases. 

Escalates to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.

The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Solvency
Finally – solvency
SQUO doesn’t solve—new investment key
Herz 12/16-  Sierra Club International Climate Program
(Steve, “EX-IM BANK ANNOUNCES HISTORIC COAL FINANCE BAN”, 12/16/13,
http://sierraclub.typepad.com/compass/2013/12/ex-im-bank-announces-historic-coal-finance-ban.html)
Moreover, Ex-Im provides only paltry support for renewable energy and other climate
AND
it’s time to get to work on the rest of the energy portfolio.

Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.

Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.

FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.

Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
Instrumental rationality is the most valuable environmental framework – it leads to valuation not denigration – any alternative is unworkable and dangerous
Justus 9 – PhD Candidate in Philosophy
James, et al, “Buying into conservation: intrinsic versus instrumental value,” Scholar
Considering conflicts between intrinsic and instrumen- tal values first, it is important to
AND
puts it, we view this approach as ‘buying into conservation.’
Perm solves –the affirmative’s ecological stewardship is compatible with and more ethical than the alt
Barry 99 –Lecturer in Politics
John Barry, Lecturer in Politics @ Keele, 1999, Rethinking Green politics, pg. 7-8
Ecological stewardship, unlike ecocentrism, seeks to emphasize that a self-reflexive,
AND
developing an appropriate and practicable moral idiom to cover social-environmental interaction.
Considerations for any ethical system necessarily presuppose a human benchmark, either human-centric value is inevitable or their value schema is anthropomorphic—turns the case
Hayward 97
PhD, Department of Politics at Edinburgh University, “Anthropocentrism: a Misunderstood Problem”, Environmental Values

But if the project of overcoming speciesism can be pursued with some expectation of success
AND
, I believe, be committed in any attempt to expunge anthropocentrism altogether.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 1 | Opponent: Johns Creek BT | Judge: Libby Mandarino
Blanket rejection of western knowledge production is unfounded
Martin 1 – Professor of Geography @ Cambridge
Ron, “Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda,” Progress in Human Geography 25, 2, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf
A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge
AND
. At the same time, attempts by government and research funding agencies to
\define what are ‘socially relevant’ (or even worse, ‘socially useful’
AND
geography’ and ‘place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse.
Ontological focus is bad—it’s subjective, non-falsifiable, and authoritarian
Graham, ‘99
Phil Graham, Graduate School of Management , University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http://www.philgraham.net/HH_conf.pdf
Of course, “the problem of the subject” is not specific to the
AND
has become both lingua franca and world currency (Adorno 1964/19731973).
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: College Prep BY | Judge: Carswell, Matt
Won’t come up for debate again
Gerson 9/16
Michael Gerson, Washington Post Writers Group “The politics of paralysis” September 16, 2013 http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/The-politics-of-paralysis-4819524.php
Immigration reform is a likely casualty. Technically the bill does not die until the end of 2014 and could be taken up at any point during the current Congress. But the chance to conduct a debate this fall was probably ended by Syria.
Debt before immigration
Felde 9/11
Kitty, KPCC, Congress may take immigration votes in October, 9/11/13, http://www.scpr.org/blogs/politics/2013/09/11/14718/congress-may-take-immigration-votes-in-october/
For his part, Big Bear Congressman Cook says he's ready to turn his attention to immigration — as soon as he sees the actual bills. "I want to see what the package is," he says. ¶ Immigration will still take a back seat to the big debate for September: the debt ceiling. The government technically runs out of money at the end of the month unless Congress passes another spending resolution.
Immigration has been tabled
Howell et al 9/10
William Howell is the Sydney Stein professor of American Politics at the University of Chicago. Saul Jackman is a fellow at the Brookings Institution. Jon Rogowski is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Washington in St. Louis, The Syria effect, Politico, 9/10/13, Lexis
Last, the debates on intervention in Syria have stalled congressional action elsewhere, sucking
AND
on these issues becomes. Obama doesn't have much room left to maneuver.
Debt ceiling’s pushed immigration off stove completely
Bump 9/13
Philip, The Atlantic Wire, John Boehner's Negotiations Are Going Worse Than John Kerry's, 9/13/13, http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/09/john-boehners-negotiations-are-going-worse-john-kerrys/69385/
As Secretary of State John Kerry faces off with his Russian counterpart in Geneva,
AND
sorry for Speaker John Boehner, it's only partially Reid concern-trolling.
Obama not even discussing CIR – it’s back-burner-ed
Al Jazeera America 9/11 “Obama pays high political price for fumbling on Syria” Naureen Khan Washington D.C. Digital Reporter
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/11/obama-pays-high-politicalpriceforhandlingofsyria.html
Obama’s priorities are indeed on hold for the short term. Immigration reform has not
AND
“Accidental diplomacy,” he said, was no way to exude leadership.
No PC – Summers, Syria, base divisions
WSJ 9/16
“Obama Feels a Pinch From Congressional Democrats: Resistance to Summers for Fed Role Suggests Softening Clout Ahead of Budget Talks”http:online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323342404579079581460343374.html
Mr. Obama often singles out House Republicans for blocking his agenda in Congress.
AND
that congressional Republican leaders are enduring at the hands of the tea party.

Relations won’t collapse over Visa policy
Daily News and Analysis 10 “U.S. politicians are trying to save their jobs”
New York’s Democrat senator Charles Schumer calls Infosys a ‘chop shop’. The US
AND
saving American jobs. They are actually trying to save their own jobs.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles North BE | Judge: Tim Mahoney
Pltx
Nothing will pass in 2014 – ideological divide re-entrenched
*ideological divides
Gerson 12/31
Michael, Washington Post, A dismal year ends, 12/31/13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-republicans-and-democrats-dismal-year/2013/12/30/64df1776-7191-11e3-8b3f-b1666705ca3b_story.html
So what emerges from these ideological ruins? Perhaps a centrist governing coup, in
AND
reform alternative, when Democrats are in the process of self-destructing?"
No immigration – GOP won’t cave
Silver 1/1
Mary, Epoch Times, Top 20 Stories of 2013 — No. 1: Legislative Gridlock, 1/1/14, http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/424521-top-20-stories-of-2013-no-1-legislative-gridlock/?photo=2
If the 113th Congress was not in gridlock it would end the sequester, pass
AND
and reason to expect that any compromise will come back to haunt them.

First thing up for Senate vote Obama says it’s “urgent”
Jackson 12/28
David Jackson, USA TODAY Jeanie Smith, KSDK  “Obama to Congress: Extend unemployment insurance” December 28, 2013
http://www.ksdk.com/story/homepage/2013/12/28/obama-to-congress-extend-unemployment-insurance/4231875/
With unemployment insurance set to expire on Saturday, the White House is seeking to
AND
) Reid will bring it to a vote as soon as they return.
Obama mounting full court press for minimum wage increase amidst GOP opposition
NYT 12/29
“Democrats Turn to Minimum Wage as 2014 Strategy” December 29, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/us/politics/democrats-turn-to-minimum-wage-as-2014-strategy.html?_r=0
WASHINGTON — Democratic Party leaders, bruised by months of attacks on the new health
AND
progressive groups like Americans United for Change and the National Employment Law Project.

Unemployment first thing up for Senate vote Obama says it’s “urgent”
Jackson 12/28
David Jackson, USA TODAY Jeanie Smith, KSDK  “Obama to Congress: Extend unemployment insurance” December 28, 2013
http://www.ksdk.com/story/homepage/2013/12/28/obama-to-congress-extend-unemployment-insurance/4231875/
With unemployment insurance set to expire on Saturday, the White House is seeking to
AND
) Reid will bring it to a vote as soon as they return.

Congress won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
It’s under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Westminster MO | Judge: McCaffrey, Burdette, Woodruff
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm solves- ExIm offers financing to any foreign company
ITA 13
(International Trade Administration, “U.S. Financing Programs”, http://web.ita.doc.gov/tacgi/eamain.nsf/6e1600e39721316c852570ab0056f719/6cabdb9845a9875c85257452005e5962)
Another important policy that U.S. textile and apparel firms should be aware
AND
all eligible goods and services in the U.S. supply contract.

Energy talks between Obama and Nieto
Castellanos 5/3 – (Edwin is an industry analyst at the Mexican Renewable Energy Review, “USA and Mexico’s cooperation in green energy”, Renewable Energy, 5-3-2013, http://www.renewableenergymexico.com/?p=794)//AY
In terms of renewable energy, the U.S. president pledged to secure
AND
important issues that both countries face and ensuring the welfare of future generations.
Lack of technical capabilities and coal entrenchment prevent a transition
Mills, 12 (Iain, China analyst and regular contributor to World Politics Review and Investments and Pensions Asia, published in Asia Times, Global Times and Shanghai Business Review, MA in Modern and Medieval Languages from the University of Cambridge, “China Struggling to Respond to U.S. Energy Revolution”, World Politics Review, 5/31/2012, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12008/china-struggling-to-respond-to-u-s-energy-revolution, JKahn)
Reliance on foreign fuel imports will continue to increase rapidly, while the end-
AND
implementation. And both will continue to yield considerable cost advantages going forward.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: James Pavur
Trade and FDI high now
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
The bilateral trade relationship with Mexico is of key interest to Congress because of Mexico’s
AND
TransPacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement is likely to generate congressional interest.
Not zero sum – Mexico specific
Hongbo 13 – Sun Hongbo  is an associate professor at the Institute of Latin American Studies, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (“A new stage of interaction”, June 6 2013, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-06/06/content_29046199_2.htm)//sawyer
They should also expand people-to-people exchanges and strengthen cultural and educational
AND
game, and the three countries can explore potential areas for future cooperation.
No internal link – China isn’t competing for influence with the US
Pei, 12 – Tom and Margot Pritzker ’72 Professor of Government and director of the Keck Center for International and Strategic Studies at Claremont-McKenna College (Minxin, “Does China represent an economic and political threat to the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere?” January 11, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3254)//VP
With China’s growing economic presence in the Western Hemisphere, it is inevitable that a
AND
. Most probably it is good for the U.S. itself.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bronx Science MD | Judge: Kyle Deming
K

Prior focus on methodology causes paralysis – having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil, ‘8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute, ‘8
(Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213)

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
claim to completeness – intended to engender some critical reflection on both areas.
Firstly, a pragmatic approach does not begin with objects or “things” (
AND
“observer” – or relying on optimal strategies – is somewhat heroic.
These points have been made vividly by “realists” such as Clausewitz in his
AND
knowledge. A pragmatist orientation would most certainly not endorse such a position.
Secondly, since acting in the social world often involves acting “for” some
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse.
Extinction outweighs structural violence
Bostrom 12 - Professor of Philosophy at Oxford
Nick, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.
Moral tunnel vision
Isaac, 2002
Jeffrey, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2, Spring
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
choices. But it should never be mistaken for a serious political commitment.
Post-colonialism essentializes oppression and makes resistance impossible.
Ong, 99 Aihwa Ong, Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logic of Transnationality, 1999, p. 33-34
More broadly, postcolonial theorists focus on recovering the voices of subjects silenced by patriarchy
AND
Indonesia is quite different from that of India, Nicaragua, or Zaire.  

Criticizing benevolent action on the grounds of imperialism undermines liberation of oppressed people – imperialism is justified in some instances.
Shaw, 2 (Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, 4-7-2002, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm AFM)
Conclusion: The abuses of anti-imperialism It is worth asking how the politics
AND
subsuming all regional contradictions into the false synthesis of a new Western imperialism.

NAFTA devastated Mexico’s rural poor – a refocused biofuels policy is key to reverse these harms
PULIDO-CASTAÑON 12 – Dept of Economics @ Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi
(Jesus, and Jaime Martinez-Garcia, “BIOFUEL INDUSTRY AND FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY IN MEXICO,” IAIA Conference Paper, http://www.iaia.org/conferences/iaia12/uploadpapers/Final20papers20review20process/Pulido,20JesC3BAs.2020BIOFUEL20INDUSTRY20AND20FUTURE20SUSTAINABILITY20IN20MEXICO.pdf?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)
As a result of this movement, the Mexican government fostered a policy of in
AND
of the rural economy and ¶ increased energy security (SENER, 2006).
Fear leads to threat aversion
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Emotion and the Credibility of Deterrent Threats. Cognitive models have long informed the study
AND
, however, when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.
Fear appeals are key to motivation
Witte and Allen 2k
Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education and Behavior, “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns”, 27:5, October, Sage Journals
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
AND
fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Science SY | Judge: Val McIntosh
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Relying on the heuristic of scenario planning is best – it allows us to cope with impossibly complex systems and use that complexity to our advantage
Gorka et al 12 (Dr. Sebastian L. V., Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, “The Complexity Trap,” Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf)

Once we abandon complexity and begin to talk of prioritization, diffusion of power,
AND
, let us dare to decide—that is, let us strategize.

Belief in “infinite uncertainty” dooms us to fatalism – we can scenario construct based on the best available evidence to reach necessary conclusions.  The alternative collapses hegemony.
Oppenheimer 12 – Professor Global Affairs NYU
Michael, Winter/Spring, “From Prediction to Recognition: Using Alternate Scenarios to Improve Foreign Policy Decisions” SAIS Review, Vol 32 No 1, Muse
We, in America, could reduce uncertainty by excluding much of this complexity from
AND
improve the quality of foreign policy decisions taken, inevitably, in uncertainty.
They have to win that predictions are impossible not just difficult or suspect
Cowen 4 - Professor of Economics – George Mason University
Tyler, “The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism”, 11-2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances.
AND
uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: College Prep BY | Judge: Carswell, Matt
Certainty is key to Ex Im
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
The observed dependency on the PTC to stimulate wind energy installation reveals ¶ the role
AND
instilling a sense of stability ¶ that would decrease their perception of risk.
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
AND
makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).
CP isn’t sufficient -~-- Brazil’s interests extend beyond consultation
Sweig, 2013 (Julia, Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies “Global Brazil Initiative” http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/global-brazil-initiative/pr1471)

The Global Brazil initiative at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) addresses the
AND
includes research, consultation, publication, and outreach exploring Brazil's international agenda.
No impact to prolif – history prove
Walt, Professor IR Harvard, 11-30-’12 (Stephen, “The mother of all worst-case assumptions about Iran” Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/30/the_mother_of_all_worst_case_assumptions_about_iran
The debate on Iran and its nuclear program does little credit to the U.
AND
this case, the smart strategy has the additional merit of being true.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AS | Judge: Tracy Mcfarland
CR
Both sides got nothing
Carroll 9/14
James R. Carroll Washington Reporter for Louisville Courier-Journal; author of books on JFK and Woodrow Wilson; presidential history fanatic; Boston sports lunatic “Yet another government shutdown scenario” Sep. 14, 2013
http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20130914/COLUMNISTS20/309140061/James-R-Carroll-Yet-another-government-shutdown-scenario
The big four congressional leaders – Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev
AND
cancel time they were planning to spend back in their states and districts.
Spending v. Tax Hikes Ideological Divide
Kuhnhenn 9/14
Jim, White House and politics reporter in the Washington Bureau of the Associated Press.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/14/obama-economy-progress_n_3926832.html
Obama and Republicans are at a stalemate, however.¶ Obama has proposed some changes
AND
default if Congress canand#39;t agree to raise the debt ceiling later in October.
Syria
Forbes 9/6
“By Dropping Syria In Congressand#39; Lap, Obama Creates The Worst Of The Bad Old Days”
http://www.forbes.com/sites/billfrenzel/2013/09/06/by-dropping-syria-in-congress-lap-obama-creates-the-worst-of-the-bad-old-days/
Unfortunately, there is much more to this vote than a President forcing the Congress
AND
, branches and houses. Surely, it will burn valuable negotiating time.

Obama can unilaterally solve
Koffler 9/20
Keith, White House Dossier, Expert: Obama Could Seize Power of Purse From Congress, 9/20/13, http://www.whitehousedossier.com/2013/09/20/expert-obama-seize-power-purse-congress/
Galston says the issue would have to go to the Supreme Court, but that
AND
many areas to push to boundaries of presidential power as far as possible.

Plan is under the radar  -- congress doesn’t review bank transactions
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.

The plan enhances bipartisan cooperation for budget negotiations
Hennessey 12 – Berkeley graduate, Correspondent in the LA Times/Tribune Washington Bureau
(Kathleen, “Congress actually cooperates, reauthorizes Ex-Im Bank,” LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/30/news/la-pn-export-import-bank-20120530)
President Obama has signed into law a bill reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank,
AND
we can make in the months to come and the years to come.”

US- Mexico economic engagement now
Parilla and Berube 9/20- *Research Analyst, Metropolitan Policy Program senior fellow and deputy director at the Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, and co-author of Confronting Suburban Poverty in America
(Joseph, Alan, “Why the U.S.-Mexico High Level Economic Dialogue Should Engage Sub-National Leaders”, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/the-avenue/posts/2013/09/20-high-level-economic-dialogue-parilla-berube?rssid=latin+america+and+the+caribbean)

¶ Today, Vice President Biden and members of President Obama’s cabinet will lead an
AND
deep and broad integration of the U.S. and Mexican economies.¶

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh PT | Judge: McCaffrey, Kevin
There is no deal in the works – two parties won’t speak to one another
Chait 9/17
Jonathan Chait is a commentator and writer for New York magazine. He was previously a senior editor at The New Republic and a former assistant editor of The American Prospect. He also writes a periodic column in the Los Angeles Times. “Obama, Republicans, and the Crisis of Legitimacy”  http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/09/obama-republicans-and-the-crisis-of-legitimacy.html
The tension between the two parties is higher now than ever before because they disagree
AND
a fundamental crisis, but they do need to resolve the legitimacy crisis.
If the CR passes, it thumps the DA – the Tea Party will hold out on the debt ceiling
Scheiber 9/19
Noam, The New Republic, Obama May Yet Bail Boehner Out on the Budget. That Would Be an Historic Mistake., 9/19/13, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114783/government-shutdown-2013-democrats-shouldnt-help-boehner-avoid-one?aandutm_campaign=tnr-daily-newsletterandutm_source=hs_emailandutm_medium=emailandutm_content=10337905
If Boehner nonetheless manages to pass a clean CR and avoid a shutdown—thereby
AND
ceiling. I’m at a loss to come up with a scarier scenario.
Congress won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
It’s under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.

Obama will unilaterally increase debt limit – constitutional support – worst case Court says no…crisis averted in the interim
Koffler 9/20/13
Keith, veteran White House reporter, “Expert: Obama Could Seize Power of Purse From Congress” http://www.whitehousedossier.com/2013/09/20/expert-obama-seize-power-purse-congress
A possible Republican plan to tie defunding Obamacare to an increase in the federal debt
AND
many areas to push to boundaries of presidential power as far as possible.
Partisan impasse over CR thumps debt ceiling and makes econ impact inevitable
NYT 9/26
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/business/treasury-warns-of-potential-default-by-mid-october.html?_r=0
On that day, unless Congress were to raise the debt ceiling, the Treasury
AND
budget impasse that could shut down the federal government on Oct. 1.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Memorial DW | Judge: Misael Gonzalez
Collapse is not inevitable—exponential tech improvements under growth solve the environment and quality of life
Kurzweil 8 - Scientist, Inventor and Entrepreneur inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and winner of the 1999 National Medal of Technology
Ray, Washington Post, “Making the World A Billion Times Better”, 4-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/11/AR2008041103326.html
M IT was so advanced in 1965 (the year I entered as a freshman
AND
all its forms, is helping the future look brighter . . . exponentially
Mexican econ not key to US
Jenkins, 2009 (Brian Michael, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, 3/23/9, “Mexico: Failing State?,” http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/03/mexico-failing-state.php)
A recent Pentagon study concluded that Mexico, like Pakistan, could suffer a “
AND
if the violence were to spread across the border into the United States.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
It’s not deterministic – focus on reproductive futurism allows us to be reflexive of the past and present as well
Unger 7
Roberto Mangabeira Unger Professor of Law Harvard, http://www.law.harvard.edu/unger/english/docs/pragmatism.doc.THE SELF AWAKENED: PRAGMATISM UNBOUND
The third theme is Futurity. Whether or not time is for real in the
AND
. We paste them together with the time-soaked materials at hand.

Edelman necessarily rejects all political action
Brenkman 2
John, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, CUNY Graduate School, “Queer Post Politics,”
Narrative 10:2, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/narrative/v010/10.2brenkman01.html, p. 17
It is the next moves in Edelman's argument that concern me. Having postulated in
AND
so against the insistence of the death drive, depends" (23).

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Memorial DW | Judge: Misael Gonzalez
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse. 

Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Claims of a single root cause deny complex causality and inter-relationships – causes oppression
Crenshaw, PhD, 2
Carrie, PhD, Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from CAD, Scholar
 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

Perm solves best-- Only starting from within dominant discourses can succeed
Saloom JD UGA, 6
Rachel, JD Univ of Georgia School of Law and M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from U of Chicago, Fall 2006, A Feminist Inquiry into International Law and International Relations, 12 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 159, Lexis
Tickner's last point that deserves further reflection is the notion that international law and international
AND
positions... . Resistance to the dominant at the level of the individual subject

their evidence misrepresents IR
Caprioli, 04 (“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076.)

Conventional feminist IR scholars misrepresent the field of international relations in arguing that IR scholarship
AND
even perpetuates the existence of states, then policy prescriptions should be sought.
War makes patriarchy more likely – proves the impact short-circuits the alternative
Workman 96
Thom, Poli Sci @ U of New Brunswick, YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 4, January 1996, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/OP31-Workman.pdf
With the loosening of the positivist/Realist hold on international relations and the simultaneous
AND
on the overall role of modern warfare in  the reproduction of women's oppression.  

Alternative fails – replicates patriarchy – materiality first
Whitworth 94 – professor of political science and female studies @ York U
Feminism and International Relations, pg 20
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
AND
suggest, this in itself should give feminists pause to reconsider this position.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: Daniel Abbas
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse.
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Scholarly research must be tied to pragmatic public policy – their academic theory framework makes policymaking moot
Walt, Professor IR Harvard, ’12 (Stephen, September 18 “Theory and Policy in International Relations: Some Personal Reflections” Yale Journal of International Affairs, Vol 7 Issue 2, http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/theory-and-policy-in-international-relations-some-personal-reflections-by-stephen-m-walt/)
I. INTRODUCTION  Most social scientists would like to think that their work helps solve
AND
why should universities continue to allocate scarce resources to our departments? ? Y   

NAFTA devastated Mexico’s rural poor – a refocused biofuels policy is key to reverse these harms
PULIDO-CASTAÑON 12 – Dept of Economics @ Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi
(Jesus, and Jaime Martinez-Garcia, “BIOFUEL INDUSTRY AND FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY IN MEXICO,” IAIA Conference Paper, http://www.iaia.org/conferences/iaia12/uploadpapers/Final20papers20review20process/Pulido,20JesC3BAs.2020BIOFUEL20INDUSTRY20AND20FUTURE20SUSTAINABILITY20IN20MEXICO.pdf?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1)
As a result of this movement, the Mexican government fostered a policy of in
AND
of the rural economy and ¶ increased energy security (SENER, 2006).

Neolib isn’t the root cause – their alternative is utopian and unproductive – prefer our epistemology
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.

Advanced biofuels reverse the power of corn ethanol industry giants – solves structural violence and reorients intellectual capital to private interests that undermine global justice
Altieri 6 – Professor of Ag Economics @ Cal
Miguel, “The ecological and social tragedy of crop-based biofuel production in the Americas,” http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/agrofuels/crop_based_biofuel.html
The energy crisis—driven by over-consumption and peak oil—has provided
AND
capital from exploring truly sustainable alternatives to the energy crisis and climate change.

Globalization is inevitable and tech makes it self correcting –alternatives cause economic crises and environmental devastation
Mead 7-28 – PhD, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College
Walter Russell, “The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?,” The American Interest, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/
But those glory days are over now, and the smarter environmentalists are bowing to
AND
gripped in a permanent economic crisis of scarcity simply can’t and won’t do.

White ignorance” isn’t all encompassing.--Anti-blackness isn’t a monolithic root cause
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education).

Their pessimist narrative is ahistorical and limits future progress.  The US is racially progressive – substantial progress disproves that anti-blackness requires a revolution
Thernstrom 98 – *Stephan, Research Professor of History at Harvard University, Abigail, vice chairwoman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
“Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go,” Brookings, www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/edu/research/articles/1998/03/spring-affirmativeaction-thernstrom
Let's start with a few contrasting numbers.¶ 60 and 2.2.¶ In
AND
with the optimism, insight, and energy that further progress surely demands.

The causal chains of the 1AC are sufficient grounds for acting on knowledge
Fluck, PhD in International Politics from Aberystwyth, ’10 (Matthew, November, “Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory” Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 39 No 2, SagePub)
Critical Realists arrive at their understanding of truth by inverting the post-positivist attitude
AND
. 44 It therefore remains possible to pursue the truth about social reality.

Political action is productive
Brown 9 – Professor of History and of African and African-American Studies at Harvard University (Vincent, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery” The American Historical Review, Vol. 114, No. 5 (December 2009), pp. 1231-1249, Oxford University Press, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.114.5.1231) 

African American history has grown from the kinds of people’s histories that emphasize a progressive
AND
power of slaveholders, but the very terms and conditions of social existence.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Chris Rodriguez
Overemphasis on psyche fails – ignores materiality and is ahistorical because it ignores other systems of power
Mardorossian 2 – Prof of English @ UNY Buffalo
Carine M , Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 27, no.
Ironically, the Foucauldian paradigm, which postmodernists often evoke to buttress their claims,
AND
ironically replicate modern techniques of power even as they seek to challenge them.

The assumption that all violence is derived from archetypes is incorrect – violence is contextual and cultural
--disproves the thesis of the K, because mere psychological transformation is insufficient
Abbink 2k – Senior Researcher @ ASC
Jon, anthropologist and senior researcher at the African Studies Centre, Meanings of Violence, ed: Aijmer, p. xii
This collection of essays by historians, sociologists and anthropologists thus seeks to illustrate at
AND
explanation of collective violence is usually bypassed, or only seen as secondary.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 6 | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Kayla Sommers
Party polarization dooms the farm bill
Mayer, Harvest Public Media, 12-30-’13 (Amy, “Farm Bill Falls Victim To Washington Polarization, Gridlock” http://netnebraska.org/article/news/farm-bill-falls-victim-washington-polarization-gridlock)
If it seems like Congress just can’t get the farm bill done, well,
AND
and the Democratic president can agree on is vanishingly small,” Peterson said.

Nothing will pass in 2014 – ideological divide re-entrenched
*ideological divides
Gerson 12/31
Michael, Washington Post, A dismal year ends, 12/31/13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-republicans-and-democrats-dismal-year/2013/12/30/64df1776-7191-11e3-8b3f-b1666705ca3b_story.html
So what emerges from these ideological ruins? Perhaps a centrist governing coup, in
AND
reform alternative, when Democrats are in the process of self-destructing?"
Obama mounting full court press for minimum wage increase amidst GOP opposition
NYT 12/29
“Democrats Turn to Minimum Wage as 2014 Strategy” December 29, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/us/politics/democrats-turn-to-minimum-wage-as-2014-strategy.html?_r=0
WASHINGTON — Democratic Party leaders, bruised by months of attacks on the new health
AND
progressive groups like Americans United for Change and the National Employment Law Project.

First thing up for Senate vote Obama says it’s “urgent”
Jackson 12/28
David Jackson, USA TODAY Jeanie Smith, KSDK  “Obama to Congress: Extend unemployment insurance” December 28, 2013
http://www.ksdk.com/story/homepage/2013/12/28/obama-to-congress-extend-unemployment-insurance/4231875/
With unemployment insurance set to expire on Saturday, the White House is seeking to
AND
) Reid will bring it to a vote as soon as they return.

Congress won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
It’s under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Westminster MO | Judge: McCaffrey, Burdette, Woodruff
Neolib isn’t the root cause – their alternative is utopian and unproductive – prefer our epistemology
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.
Its more sustainable and BETTER for the environment
Liverman and Vilas 6 – *Diana, Professor of Environmental Science at Oxford University, Oxford
(“Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 31, Web of Sciences)BB
Neoliberal processes alter the impacts of industrial activities on the environment mainly through changes in
AND
regulation in the manufacturing sector; and higher costs of energy and water.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AS | Judge: Tracy Mcfarland
Energy reform won’t pass – massive opposition
The Economist 9/7/13 (“Governing Mexico: The suits v the street” The Economist: The Americas, September 7 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21584972-enrique-pe-nieto-sticks-defiantly-his-reform-plans-he-bumpy-ride-suits-v)
The cornerstone of that success has been the Pact for Mexico, an agreement to
AND
are not ambitious enough, they may not be worth doing at all.
Opposition to PEMEX reform
Mallén 9/1/13 (Patricia Rey Mallén, “Upheaval In Mexico Against Energy Reform; PDR Founder Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Says ‘No Steps Backwards’ In Pemex Privatization” IB Times, September 1 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/upheaval-mexico-against-energy-reform-pdr-founder-cuauhtemoc-cardenas-says-no-steps-backwards-pemex)
Mexicans on the left side of the political spectrum rose in defense of oil giant
AND
opening the debt-riddled, obsolete Pemex to private and foreign investment.
Energy bill can’t turn case – no renewables support
Gonzalez and Heras 8/27/13 (Milena Gonzalez and Benjamin Heras, “Mexico’s Energy Reform: Red, White, and (not) Green”
Climate Policy, August 27 2013, http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/)
On August 12th, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto presented his long-awaited energy
AND
are fully implemented, it will most likely fall short of its targets.
Reforms won’t pass now
Stephanie McCrummen 8/12/13 “Mexican president proposes historic changes to state-owned Pemex oil monopoly” The Washington Post. A national reporter for The Washington Post, also was the paper’s East Africa bureau chief. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/world/41320637_1_pemex-foreign-oil-firms-petrobras
 MEXICO CITY — Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto proposed historic changes to this nation’s
AND
and more geologically complicated shale oil fields in the north of the country.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Westminster MO | Judge: McCaffrey, Burdette, Woodruff
Federal biofuel policy now – RFS
Schnepf* and Yacobucci 13 – *Specialist in Agricultural Policy and Section Research Manager (Randy Schnepf and Brent D. Yacobucci, “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): ¶ Overview and Issues” CRS, March 14 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40155.pdf)
Federal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S
AND
an amended definition of renewable biomass, including ¶ certain land use restrictions.
Fundamentally incorrect – the oil price cycle will be broken soon – that means that surplus capacity will drive prices low and they’ll stay low
Rapier, 6/4/13 (Robert, Director, Engineering, Projects, and Development for the Energy Collective, Master’s Degree in chemical engineering from Texas AandM University, Chief Technology Officer and Executive Vice President for Merica International, “About Those Plunging Oil Prices”, Energy Trend Insider, June 4, 2013, http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2013/06/04/about-those-plunging-oil-prices/, JKahn)
Over the past three weeks, there have been numerous headlines insinuating that a freefall
AND
of oil traders could drive prices down in a hurry in that situation.
The Russia impact is non-unique and floating solves spending problems
Levine, 12 (Steve, Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, Washington correspondent for Quartz, adjunct professor at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, former correspondent for  The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Financial Times and Newsweek, “Why a drop in oil prices wouldn’t threaten Vladimir Putin any time soon”, Quartz, October 15, 2012, http://qz.com/15444/why-a-drop-in-oil-prices-wouldnt-threaten-vladimir-putin-any-time-soon/, JKahn)
MOSCOW—When, like Vladimir Putin, you’re the leader of a petro-
AND
oil was as low as $80 a barrel was two years ago.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Memorial DW | Judge: Misael Gonzalez
Moral Tunnel vision
Isaac, 2002
Jeffrey, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2, Spring
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
choices. But it should never be mistaken for a serious political commitment. 

The alternative to “reject orientalism” doesn’t solve – they need to present a concrete alternative.  Proves the case is a disad to the alt
Valbjørn 4 - PhD Poli Sci. @ Aarhus
Morten, , “Culture Blind and Culture Blinded: Images of Middle Eastern Conflicts in International Relations,” in Middle East and Palestine: Global Politics and Regional Conflict, p. 67-8
As mentioned before, the relational perspective is a critique of both the neglect of
AND
be better at asking important and critical questions than at offering attractive answers.
Their epistemology claims are wrong—our authors are capable of making non-racist assumptions—they link to all of their knowledge production claims and re-entrench Orientalism
Teitelbaum 6—Senior Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv U. Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Middle Eastern History, Bar Ilan U.  PhD, Tel Aviv U—AND—Meir Litvak—Senior Research Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.  Associate Professor, Middle Eastern and African History, Tel Aviv U. PhD, Harvard (Joshua, Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism, March 2006, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493)

The critics did not deny that Western culture and scholarship in the past has included
AND
might well be true of the past as well, despite Said's critique.
Threats exist independently of discourse
--claiming that threats are entirely constructed dooms security studies to irrelevance
Knudsen 1 – Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360
In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh PT | Judge: McCaffrey, Kevin
Anti-blackness isn’t a monolithic root cause
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education).

Don’t sanction extinction for the moral cause
Isaac, 2002
Jeffrey, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2, Spring
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
choices. But it should never be mistaken for a serious political commitment.
Biological death outweighs social death
Paterson 3 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island
Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGE
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.

Global warming risks profound injustice on the disenfranchised in the United States and internationally
Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, “Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism,” 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two
AND
process of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental."

Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East AL | Judge: Toby Whisenhunt
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse.
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Our security predictions are accurate
--defense planners attempt objectivity
--some threats are real
--debate over foreign policy weeds out the bad predictions
--bureaucracy is separate from business interest
Ravenal 9 - Georgetown University School of Foreign Service
Earl, “What’s empire got to do with it?  The derivation of America’s foreign policy,” Critical Review, 21.1
My own direct observation suggests that defense division-makers attempt to "frame"
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject.
AND
domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.

US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
If we win one non-unique it complicates alternative solvency
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Bayesian models of rational processing assume the updating of prior beliefs in response to new
AND
to diagnostic information. Threat perceptions consequently become embedded and resistant to change.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Science SY | Judge: Val McIntosh
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.

Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: College Prep BY | Judge: Carswell, Matt
C/I – economic incentives
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution
(Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf)
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.
Ex-Im meets that
Sheppard 3 – JD, represents clients before the IRS regarding foreign financial accounts (
AND
Chance Compliance Initiative (LCCI), and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP)
(Hale, “Revamping the Export-Import Bank in 2002: The Impact of This Interim Solution on the United States and Latin America,” 6 N.Y.U. J. Legis. and Pub. Pol'y 130, Hein Online)
The Ex-Im Bank promotes the export of U.S. goods and
AND
S. export transactions,¶ ninety percent of which involved small businesses.13}

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: James Pavur
C/I: Engagement towards mexico is the country, not the government
Oxford Dictionaries 13 Date Accessed May 10 2013 -- oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Mexico

Definition of Mexico¶ a country in southwestern North America, with extensive coastlines on
AND
Grande was lost to the US in the Mexican War of 1846–48

C/I: Economic engagement can be towards the private sector
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf}

The provision of economic incentives to the private sector of a target country can be
AND
presents a multitude of possible partners for unconditional engagement with non-state actors

Its means associated with
Oxford Dictionaries, 13 (its, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/its?view=uk)

Definition of its determiner belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified: turn the camera on its side he chose the area for its atmosphere belonging to or associated with a child or animal of unspecified sex: a baby in its mother’s womb

Tournament: Crestian | Round: Semis | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Bruce Miller, David Rubin, Ricardo Saenz
Obama won’t get TPA – rising democratic opposition
Bloomberg 1/10
“Obama Fast-Track Trade Agenda Risk Comes From Democrat” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-10/obama-fast-track-trade-agenda-risk-comes-from-democrat.html
One of the biggest challenges to President Barack Obama’s trade agenda is a senior House
AND
Moore, a professor of economics and international affairs at George Washington University.
Congress won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
It’s under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.

Link turn—Exim increase bipartisanship
Hennessey 12 – Berkeley graduate, Correspondent in the LA Times/Tribune Washington Bureau
(Kathleen, “Congress actually cooperates, reauthorizes Ex-Im Bank,” LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/30/news/la-pn-export-import-bank-20120530)
President Obama has signed into law a bill reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank,
AND
we can make in the months to come and the years to come.”