Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North HE | Judge: Tracy McFarland
“Why are you still Cuban?” is a question that resonates strongly with me. A question that calls to mind what it means to originate from an island from which you cannot return. To ask “why are you still Cuban” is to ask me what is “Cuba” and it is here that the historical relationship between the US and Cuba must be examined. De los Angeles explains this beginning in 1999
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
My Continued Quest for Coherence: Politics and Identity For years to talk about xenophobia
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searching for coherence, to begin reconciling with our enemies—and ourselves.
Current debates about Cuba are too simplistic. Abreu describes in 2003 how…
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
The conflation of the physical border with the ideological one also revealed the bipolar nature
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of the Cuban experience and the paths both communities can take toward reconciliation.
For some, it is easy to choose Team USA or Team Castro. For me, a member of the Cuban diaspora, the answer is not so simple. To escape persecution, my family fled Cuba listening to both cheers from family and sneered accusations of betrayal. My parents vow they won’t return until they see the end of the regime. The current dichotomy can only be ruptured by realizing identity is more complex than the binary that currently holds the Cuban diaspora’s identity hostage
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
Despite these new barriers, I continue to travel to the island when I can
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political, and emotional spaces in which my dual identities can be joined.
This outweighs – the search for the Cuban identity allowed a rediscovery of who we are which allows constructive relationships with the Other
Hall, Professor Sociology at Open University, ’90 (Stuart, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” pub in ‘Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader’ by Williams, Patrick and Laura Chrisman, http://www.unipa.it/~michele.cometa/hall_cultural_identity.pdf)
There is, however, a second, related but different view of cultural identity
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, of the metropolitan world - always 'South' to someone else's El Norte.

Advocacy
In 2009 Obama lifted restrictions on diasporic travel back to Cuba, but that can no longer occur because US restrictions have shut down the bank that processed visas for family travel to Cuba. This effectively makes it impossible for the Cuban diaspora to visit the island of Cuba
Kasperowicz, 2-15-’14 (Pete, “Cuba shuts down US travel visas” http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/americas/198504-cuba-shuts-down-us-travel-visas)
The government of Cuba announced late Friday that it will no longer process visas for
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and U.S. citizen travelers alike," said Spokesman Noel Clay.
Voting aff is to endorse the desirability of a bridge connecting the Cuba of Miami to the Cuba of Havana. This would require a change to current policies that prevent banks from processing visas for family travel by the diaspora
Hayden, 12-3-’13 (Tom, “Ending the Cuba Travel Crisis” The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/177436/ending-cuba-travel-crisis)
There is an opportunity for President Barack Obama to begin rolling back our Cuba sanctions
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too timid, for now, to fully undo its own senseless policy.
Solvency
The bridge we advocate is not literal, but the travel we endorse is. Lifting restrictions that prevent the Cuban diaspora in the US from being able to travel back to Cuba helps address the (dis)engagement that currently persists. A better understanding of my past exposes the contradictions of the current binary of politically extreme choices because the Cuban identity lies in both my home state of Cuba and my host state here in the US. It is only through this fusion that the Cuban diaspora can discover who we truly are.
Duany, Professor Anthro at University of Puerto Rico, ’97 (Jorge, January, “From the Cuban Ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National Identity on the Island and in the Diaspora” Cuba Studies Association Occasional Papers)
Behar and Leon's compilation contains numerous transnational narratives tracing the construction and reconstruction of Cuban
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heart of Miami, just as Miami lives in the heart of Cuba.
I know there may be a Cuban home for me in Miami and there may be a Cuban home for me in Havana. But to know why I am still Cuban requires connecting the present to the past by embracing a strategy that counters the physical dislocation of the diasporic community. Even now, my partner’s father feels the need to shun Cuba through their words. “I am white”, he says when asked what race he is because, “to be Cuban is to be communist…but I don’t belong here because I’m not native. I am a lost traveler.”
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
Cubans are nothing if not bordered. Cubans on the island are not free to
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, and crossing one can be seen as tantamount to crossing the other.
Diasporic travel back to Cuba serves as a form of reconciliation that refuses to accept the bipolar narratives that currently characterize our identity. In addition to giving the Cuban diaspora a sense of who they are, this helps dismantle current structures of Euroheteropatriarchy by reclaiming our voice from current ideologies of oppression that claim to speak for us
Valdes, Professor Law at University of Miami, ‘3 (Francisco- Director Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Diaspora and Deadlock, Miami and Havana: Coming to Terms with Dreams and Dogmas” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 283 2003, HeinOnline)

1. Stay Independent of the Prevalent Bipolarities and Their Politics of Oppression. This
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   here and there jointly to keep Cubans apart while we remain a nation.
   A literal change to current travel restrictions is necessary – critical race theory fails to be transformative unless it embraces politico-economic solutions
   Pouncy, Professor Law at Temple University, ‘2 (Charles, Summer, “Class, Economics, and Social Rights: Institutional Economics and Critical Race/LatCrit Theory: The Need for a Critical "Raced" Economics” Rutgers Law Review, 54 Rutgers L. Rev. 841)
   In the midst of its continuing development as arguably the most significant jurisprudential innovation in
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   our descriptive analyses and to concretize our efforts at constructing systemic policy interventions.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: Contact Info | Judge:
christina.hope.cruz@gmail.com

Feel free to email me with questions about evidence. Thank you!

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lowell ZZ | Judge: Chris Patterson
1AC
Plan
The Export Import Bank of the United States should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.
1
Advantage one – Ex-Im
Warming is anthropogenic
Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech,
*John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy
Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis
*Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al.,
(“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2)
An accurate perception of the degree of scientific consensus is an essential element to public
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1 based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
There is a low threshold for RUNAWAY warming – newest studies prove
Goldblatt 13 – PhD in Environmental Sciences, Research Associate, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astronomy Department @ U Washington
(Colin, et al., “Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates,” Nature Geoscience 6, 661–667, doi:10.1038/ngeo1892)
Here, we present the most complete study of the runaway greenhouse for 25 years
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(with a major component being condensable), and no empirical comparison cases.
Adherence to existing multilateral agreements avoids 4 degree warming – anything higher is catastrophic
Kim 12 – PhD in Anthropology @ Harvard, former president of Dartmouth, Now President of the World Bank
(Jim Yong, “Turn Down the Heat,” p. ix)
The 4°C scenarios are devastating: the inundation of coastal cities; increasing
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in mind. The World Bank Group will step up to the challenge.
Extinction
Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
(Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122)
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.
Congress has requested an increase in green financing, but the export-import bank has fallen short – increased financing is key to CLIMATE LEADERSHIP
Pacific Environment 12 - protects the living environment of the Pacific Rim, mentors, trains, campaigns, builds networks, and provides direct financial support to activist leaders and non-governmental organizations to help them protect their communities from environmental and health threats and hold international governments, corporations, and financing institutions accountable for their policies and actions
(“FACT SHEET: U.S. Export-Import Bank’s Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Financing,” http://pacificenvironment.org/downloads/FACT20SHEET:20ExIm20Bank20fossil20fuel20financing.pdf)
Ex-Im Bank’s fast-growing fossil fuel financing undercuts President Obama’s pledges to
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, and quickening the distribution of ¶ clean energy technologies across the world.
Greening the bank is key – creates momentum for multilateral climate agreements
Gong 6 – JD @ Berkeley, BA @ Princeton
(Karis Anne, “EXPORTING SUSTAINABILITY: A proposal to reduce the climate impact of the Export?Import Bank of the United States,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mauzeral/wws402d_s06/FinalDraftKarisGong.pdf)
First, climate change is a result of aggregate emissions and aggregate concentrations ¶ of
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multilateral development banks” including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.183
Independently – increased green Ex-Im financing is key to cleantech primacy
Lowder 11 - member of the Market and Policy Impact Analysis Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis Center
(Travis, “The United States Export-Import Bank and Renewable Energy Finance,” NREL, https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/united-states-export-import-bank-and-renewable-energy-finance)
While the last three years have seen heightened Ex-Im activity in the RE
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deployment of U.S.-manufactured renewable energy products in international markets.
Green leadership solves counterbalancing – specifically from Russia and China
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
(Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.
Russia-China counterbalancing leads to great power conflict
Blank 9 - Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
(Stephen Blank, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf)
Consequently, the danger is that this ideological-strategic rivalry will harden, leading
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of joint military action in response to a regime crisis in the DPRK.
2
Advantage two – Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
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to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps critical diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
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Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
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they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
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, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil-dependent economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
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surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
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.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.
Specifically – export-import partnerships spill up into the broader relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
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S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
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, and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
Latin American money laundering operations create strategic alliances between Russian organized crime and regional organizations
Farah – President and Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center – 10
Douglas, MONEY LAUNDERING AND BULK CASH SMUGGLING: CHALLENGES FOR THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE, October, http://www.seguridadregional-fes.org/upload/5782-001_g.pdf#page=338 p. 158-159
Inroads by Russian organized crime, particularly in the field of money laundering, have
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at their command, it would be a logical step in their expansion.
Organized crime presents the greatest risk of nuclear smuggling
LYUDMILA ZAITSEVA and KEVIN HAND, Fellows at CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University – ‘3
Nuclear Smuggling Chains Suppliers, Intermediaries, and End-Users, AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 6, February 2003 822-844
Networks trafficking in drugs, weapons, and other illicit commodities are well suited for
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of HEU that they obtained (Lee, 1999, p. 68).
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures, Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
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, taking a savage toll upon the environment and fragile ecosphere as well.

3
Advantage Three– Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
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global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable framing – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link to global food shocks
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
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level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Food shocks escalate to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
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states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Solvency
Finally – solvency
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
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technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.
Mexico key to advanced biofuels – infrastructure
Romero-Hernandez et al. 12 (Omar Romero-Hernandez, Center for Responsible Business, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; David Richey and Jason Koman, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; Duncan Wood, Department of International Affairs, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Senior Advisor, Mexico Institute Renewable Energy Initiative; Sergio Romero-Hernandez, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México “Bioenergy Potential in Northern Mexico An Exploration of the Potential Represented by Municipal Solid Waste” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, May 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Border_Biofuel_Romero_0.pdf)
Few people in the United States realize how much progress Mexico has made in expanding
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of underserved consumer bases in central and southern parts of the nation.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Broadrun AF | Judge: Justin Fang
1
Advantage One– Mexico
Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.
Mexican collapse saps critical diplomatic capital
Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, “Now that would change everything,” December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
That leads to Asian wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.
These wars escalate
Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.
Independently – Mexican oil-dependent economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.
A new biofuel alliance is key
Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, “The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations,” Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.
Specifically – export-import partnerships spill up into the broader relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
AND
, and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND TERROR AT THE  SOUTHWEST BORDER,” UNITED STATES HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, Lexis)BB
Terrorism remains a serious threat to the security of the United States. The Congressional
AND
on U.S. soil ¶ into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
2
Advantage Two– Agriculture
Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.
This leads to sustainable framing – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs
McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, “Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States,” ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.
The impact is global food shocks
Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, “US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.
A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link to global food shocks
Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, “Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets.”
Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people
Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ‘How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases.
Food shocks escalate to all-out war
Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, “The Hunger Wars in our Future,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=1andtag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.
The impact is extinction
Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

3
Advantage three – Competitiveness
US-Mexico energy cooperation boosts regional competitiveness
Wilson 11 – MA in International Affairs @ American U, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs
(Christopher, “Working Together,” Mexico Institute @ Woodrow Institute, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Working20Together20Full20Document.pdf)
With studies focused at the regional level, some analysts have argued that U.
AND
for the United States to improve its global competitiveness and defend American industry.
Advanced biofuels are key – create integrated markets that spill over throughout the region
Philippidis 10 – energy director of the Applied Research Center and co-director of the Global Energy Security Forum at Florida International University in Miami
(George, “Panamerican Energy Cooperation,” https://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Philippidis_Energy_in_the_Americas.pdf)
Encouraging signs of biofuels collaboration in the Americas have emerged from the ¶ area of
AND
¶ technologies and feedstocks, represent excellent prospects for Panamerican energy ¶ collaboration.
That solves US economic leadership
Noriega and Cardenas 12 – *Former US State Dept Official,  director with Vision Americas
(“An action plan for US policy in the Americas,” December, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/)
Key points in this Outlook:
America’s economic crisis and threats to US security have undermined its traditional global-leadership
AND
its own hemisphere. A prosperous hemisphere means a more prosperous United States.
The link is reverse causal – lack of US leadership collapses competitiveness
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
As well, for the past several years the Council has organized our Energy Action
AND
¶ energy at the core should be at the top of our agenda.
US growth solves great power war
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan
(Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
The US has comparatively the most peaceful economic model
Posen 9 - deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics
Adam, “Economic leadership beyond the crisis,” http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf
In the postwar period, US power and prestige, beyond the nation’s military might
AND
rise to the challenge, it should concentrate on the following priority measures.

Blank says Russia and China collapse US Human Rights leadership – the impact is global war
Burke-White 4 - Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
(William W., Harvard Human Rights Journal, 17 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 249, p. 279-280)
This Article presents a strategic--as opposed to ideological or normative--argument that
AND
U.S.-U.N. cooperation on human rights issues.
Plan
The United States Federal Government should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.

Solvency
Finally – solvency
Export-import financing solves
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.
Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.
FDI is key – creates economies of scale
Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, “MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT,” United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.
Only the US solves
Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,” House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeland BT | Judge:
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
AND
makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: CK McClatchy BM | Judge:
Instrumental rationality is the most valuable environmental framework – it leads to valuation not denigration – any alternative is unworkable and dangerous
Justus 9 – PhD Candidate in Philosophy
James, et al, “Buying into conservation: intrinsic versus instrumental value,” Scholar
Considering conflicts between intrinsic and instrumen- tal values first, it is important to
AND
puts it, we view this approach as ‘buying into conservation.’
Considerations for any ethical system necessarily presuppose a human benchmark, either human-centric value is inevitable or their value schema is anthropomorphic—turns the case
Hayward 97
PhD, Department of Politics at Edinburgh University, “Anthropocentrism: a Misunderstood Problem”, Environmental Values

But if the project of overcoming speciesism can be pursued with some expectation of success
AND
, I believe, be committed in any attempt to expunge anthropocentrism altogether.
Not all life is equal—dangerous diseases or viruses should not be held equal to humans
Machan 4 (Tibor, Distinguished Fellow and Prof. @ Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics @ Chapman U., “Putting Humans First: Why We Are Nature’s Favorite”, p. 29)

If one asks whether life is to be revered, one must know what sort
AND
reverence attempts to blur such differences, but they exist just the same.

Anthropocentism is critical to global survival—motivates participatory evolution
Murdy 75 (W. H., Prof. Bio. @ Emory U., Science, “Anthropocentrism: A Modern Version”, 187:4182, pp.1168-1172, JSTOR)

Unbridled self-indulgence on the part of one generation without regard to future ones
AND
requisite to the future survival of the human species and its cultural values.

Multiple extinction threats risk all life on earth—humanity is critical to survival  
Matheny 7 (Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Ought we worry about human extinction?” http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm)

Life’s prospects The human population is now 6 billion (6 x 109). There
AND
annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential.”
(if time) Human survival outweighs animal suffering – continued existence causes a transition to vegetarianism
Matheny 7 (Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Ought we worry about human extinction?” http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm)

Even without any change in public morals, it seems unlikely we will continue to
AND
, humanity is the animal kingdom’s best long-term hope for survival. 

Perm solves –the affirmative’s ecological stewardship is compatible with and more ethical than the alt
Barry 99 –Lecturer in Politics
John Barry, Lecturer in Politics @ Keele, 1999, Rethinking Green politics, pg. 7-8
Ecological stewardship, unlike ecocentrism, seeks to emphasize that a self-reflexive,
AND
developing an appropriate and practicable moral idiom to cover social-environmental interaction.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Agape PS | Judge: Ben Guth, Masa Kurihana, Victor Skenderi
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Failure to provide an actualizable alternative is why their critique has failed – even if representations matter, changing them in intellectual spaces is insufficient*
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
Empire epitomizes anti-Americanism and radicalism – their alternative is not an interesting academic project – it incites violence and terrorism
Kimball 1
Co-editor and publisher of The New Criterion and on Board of Advisor of the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History at St. John’s College, The New Anti-Americanism”, The New Criterion, Vol. 20, No. 2, http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/oct01/empire.htm
Empire is a contemporary redaction of the radicalism and anti-Americanism of the 1960s
AND
Renaissance humanism.” I wonder what Jacob Burckhardt would have said about that.)
Cap is key to value to life  even if it creates a wealth gap, it solves poverty
Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, “Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate,” pg. 49
The average quality of life for humans, particularly for women and children, has
AND
For virtually every interest, the quality of life has improved under capitalism.  
Impacts inevitable – other international organizations will still exist to sustain the order
War turns dehumanization and increases otherization
Pettman 2004, Director of the Centre for Women’s Studies at Australian National University, 2004 (Jan Jindy, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Winter/Spring, p.92)
9/11 did not change the world for feminists.  The terror attacks and
AND
the state had never applied to the high politics long favored in IR.
Their revolution will never work – political action requires representation, which Hardt and Negri reject, and disagreements over implementation destroy its universality
Passavant 4
Paul Passavant, professor of political science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 2004, Empire’s New Clothes, p. 115-16
What if there was a revolution? Inevitably, there would be disagreements over whether
AND
for subsequent moves toward justice, since total justice will elude our time.
Empire K is ineffective and cedes politics to the Right. Their perm answers are wrong.
Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/17/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_05.pdf
From the late New Left point of view, then, patriotism meant obscuring the
AND
mocking Left rather than a Left which dreams of achieving our country.”4
Perm – do the plan with the justifications of the alt
Perm do both – solves, and the alternative isn’t mutually exlusive
Dower 10 - Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, former President of the International Development Ethics Association
Nigel, “Questioning the Questioning of Cosmopolitanism,” in Questioning Cosmopolitanism, p. 9
Second, one could still be a cosmopolitan and be an ethical pluralist. That
AND
or national – though the degree of importance of these will vary.22

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest MF | Judge: Rob Mulholand
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm have the Ex Im offer financing from {X COUNTRY} – solves the link to politics
RFA 8/2
(Renewable Fuels Association, “RFA, ABFA and UNICA Announce Joint Biofuel Trade Mission to Brazil”, 9/2/13, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/news/entry/rfa-abfa-and-unica-announce-joint-biofuel-trade-mission-to-brazil/)
WASHINGTON — Today, leading biofuels advocates from the United States and Brazil announced a
AND
from our countries are needed and this partnership will help advance that crucial goal
Rels solve drug trafficking
Trafficking destroys the amazon
Barraca 10 — Dialogo News, Drug Trafficking Damaging Amazon Basin, Diálogo is a professional military magazine published quarterly by the Commander of the United States Southern Command as an international forum for military personnel in Latin America, (Sara, 3/12, Dialogo, www.dialogo-americas.com/en_GB/articles/rmisa/features/regional_news/2010/12/03/feature-01, JKahn)
Drug trafficking organizations are causing significant damage to the Amazon rain forest and watershed in
AND
eradicate illegal crops and wait for nature to do the rest.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: CK McClatchy BM | Judge:
PC Not Key – GOP will lift visa caps
Seung 10/28
Seung Min Kim is an assistant editor who covers Congress for POLITICO. Previously,
AND
Washington, D.C.-chapter of the Asian American Journalists Association.
“Marco Rubio wants series of immigration bills”
http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/marco-rubio-immigration-bills-98931.html#ixzz2j4Du5dik
Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, a key congressional Republican advocate of an immigration overhaul, is now calling for reform bills that are less sweeping than the comprehensive legislation he authored this year with a bipartisan group of senators.
His spokesman said in a statement Monday that Rubio wants to now zero in on areas of immigration reform where Republicans and Democrats on both sides of the Capitol could agree. While some facets of immigration reform enjoy broad bipartisan support – such as boosting the number of visas available for high-skilled immigrants – one major point of disagreement is what to do with the millions of undocumented immigrants in the country.
No skilled worker shortage
--over 90 percent of foreign graduate students stay
--we have almost half of global R and D
--momentum – Silicon valley on the rise
Eisenbrey 2-7 - vice president of the Economic Policy Institute
Ross, “America’s Genius Glut,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/08/opinion/americas-genius-glut.html?_r=0
WHILE genuine immigration reform has the potential to fix a seriously broken system, four
AND
tied to their job and whatever wage the employer decides to give them.
Be highly skeptical of their evidence – influence by corporate executives seeking wage deflation
Ruark 11 – Director of Research
Eric, http://www.fairus.org/site/DocServer/H1B_2011_final.pdf?docID=6061
Corporate executives in the tech industry have long called for an increase in pliant,
AND
without regard for labor market evidence or the welfare¶ of American workers.

Loss of PC still results in visas
Yglesias 1-15
Matthew, Slate, 2013, How the GOP Can Roll Obama on Immigration, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html
Of the major policy issues under discussion in Washington, "immigration reform" stands
AND
kind of fanaticism that is the exact opposite of Obama's approach to politics.
Visa’s not key to reverse brain drain
--surveys prove
--immigrants perceive home economic climate as superior
--immigrants want to go back to their family
Wadhwa 9 - executive in residence/adjunct professor at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University and a senior research associate with the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School
Vivek Wadhwa, Spring 2009, “A Reverse Brain Drain,” Issues in Science and Technology, http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html
To our surprise, visa status was not the most important factor determining their decision
AND
opportunities to launch their own business were significantly better in their home countries.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nashua ES | Judge: George Ding
Cap isn’t the root cause – their alternative is utopian and unproductive – prefer our epistemology
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.
Ex-Im raises the bar for environmental standards and corporate accountability
Sheppard 3 – JD, represents clients before the IRS regarding foreign financial accounts (
AND
Chance Compliance Initiative (LCCI), and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP)
(Hale, “Revamping the Export-Import Bank in 2002: The Impact of This Interim Solution on the United States and Latin America,” 6 N.Y.U. J. Legis. and Pub. Pol'y 130, Hein Online)
Second, an increase of U.S. exports of goods and services to
AND
in¶ Latin America thanks to financing by the Ex-Im Bank.
Globalization is inevitable and tech makes it self correcting –alternatives cause economic crises and environmental devastation
Mead 7-28 – PhD, Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College
Walter Russell, “The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?,” The American Interest, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/
But those glory days are over now, and the smarter environmentalists are bowing to
AND
gripped in a permanent economic crisis of scarcity simply can’t and won’t do.

Its more sustainable and BETTER for the environment
Liverman and Vilas 6 – *Diana, Professor of Environmental Science at Oxford University, Oxford
(“Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 31, Web of Sciences)BB
Neoliberal processes alter the impacts of industrial activities on the environment mainly through changes in
AND
regulation in the manufacturing sector; and higher costs of energy and water.
*Even if they create a movement it fails
Meltzer, Professor of Political Economy at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Business, Visiting Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, First Recipient of the AEI Irving Kristol Award, and Chairman of the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission, ‘9 (Allan, March 12, “Why Capitalism?” 2008-2009 Bradley Lecture Series, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.29525,filter.all/pub_detail.asp)
Alternatives to Capitalism  Critics of capitalism emphasize their dislike of greed and self-interest
AND
and propose, but little if any progress is visible on these issues.
Our epistemology is not flawed – yours is
Bhagwati, Professor Econ and Law at Columbia, ‘2 (Jagdish- Senior Fellow International Economic CFR, January/February, “Coping with Anti-Globalization” Foreign Affairs)
But we who favor globalization must also confront the young. And if you have
AND
or revolutions leading to a whole new age of abundance and liberty).”29
Cap and trade solves – proven, viable, and economical
Schmalensee and Stavins 13 – Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government; Member of the Board; Director, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements (Richard Schmalensee and Robert N. Stavins, "The Sordid History of Congressional Acceptance and Rejection of Cap-and-Trade: Implications for Climate Policy” Op-Ed, Vox, March 7 2013, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22827/sordid_history_of_congressional_acceptance_and_rejection_of_capandtrade.html?breadcrumb=2Fpublication2F234472Fepa_regulations_give_obama_standing_to_influence_global_climate_action)
The good news, however, is that cap-and-trade is no
AND
effectively. Few other environmental programs of any sort have performed as well.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeland BT | Judge:
Trade and FDI high now
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
The bilateral trade relationship with Mexico is of key interest to Congress because of Mexico’s
AND
TransPacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement is likely to generate congressional interest.
Economic cooperation with Mexico high
Jacobson 6/18 – Assistant Secretary Of State For Western Hemisphere Affairs (Roberta S, “State’s Jacobson at Senate Hearing on U.S.-Mexico Partnership,” 6/18/13, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Before Foreign Relations Committee Western Hemisphere Subcommittee, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2XAL8c3nZ)
The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most vibrant and mutually beneficial
AND
(TPP), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the G20.¶
Aid high – non-Merida
Seelke 1/29/13 – Specialist in Latin American Affairs (Clare Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress” January 29 2013, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf)
Apart from Mérida-related funding, Congress doubled development assistance (DA) to
AND
in FY2012 and may exceed $75.3 million in FY2013.46
Not zero sum – Mexico specific
Hongbo 13 – Sun Hongbo  is an associate professor at the Institute of Latin American Studies, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (“A new stage of interaction”, June 6 2013, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-06/06/content_29046199_2.htm)//sawyer
They should also expand people-to-people exchanges and strengthen cultural and educational
AND
game, and the three countries can explore potential areas for future cooperation.
No internal link – China isn’t competing for influence with the US
Pei, 12 – Tom and Margot Pritzker ’72 Professor of Government and director of the Keck Center for International and Strategic Studies at Claremont-McKenna College (Minxin, “Does China represent an economic and political threat to the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere?” January 11, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3254)//VP
With China’s growing economic presence in the Western Hemisphere, it is inevitable that a
AND
. Most probably it is good for the U.S. itself.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: MBA ZZ | Judge:
Blanket rejection of western knowledge production is unfounded
Martin 1 – Professor of Geography @ Cambridge
Ron, “Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda,” Progress in Human Geography 25, 2, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf
A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge
AND
. At the same time, attempts by government and research funding agencies to
\define what are ‘socially relevant’ (or even worse, ‘socially useful’
AND
geography’ and ‘place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse.
Ontological focus is bad—it’s subjective, non-falsifiable, and authoritarian
Graham, ‘99
Phil Graham, Graduate School of Management , University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http://www.philgraham.net/HH_conf.pdf
Of course, “the problem of the subject” is not specific to the
AND
has become both lingua franca and world currency (Adorno 1964/19731973).
Perm solves best-- Completely rejecting humanism crushes coalitions
J. Russell Perkin, English @ St. Mary’s, 1993, “Theorizing the Culture Wars,” v. 3 n. 3, Muse
My final criticism is that Spanos, by his attempt to put all humanists into
AND
" (192), and endorses a coalition of liberalism and the left.
US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
Russia will fill the vacuum with violent anti-Americanism and arms proliferation
Berman 1 – Faculty @ Mo State, Vice President of the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, DC. An expert on regional security in the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Russian Federation, he has consulted for both the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Department of Defense, and provided assistance on foreign policy and national security issues to a range of governmental agencies and congressional offices
Ilan, “RUSSIA AND THE MIDEAST VACUUM,” Institute for Advance Strategic and Political Studies, http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/strat12.pdf
Practically unnoticed, Moscow is once again making a bid for international ¶ dominance.
AND
¶ a host of traditional client states through arms sales and technical assistance.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 2 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Hays Watson
Failure to provide an actualizable alternative is why their critique has failed – even if representations matter, changing them in intellectual spaces is insufficient*
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Perm do both – solves, and the alternative isn’t mutually exlusive
Dower 10 - Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, former President of the International Development Ethics Association
Nigel, “Questioning the Questioning of Cosmopolitanism,” in Questioning Cosmopolitanism, p. 9
Second, one could still be a cosmopolitan and be an ethical pluralist. That
AND
or national – though the degree of importance of these will vary.22
Liberal nationalism is inevitable and resilient
Lind 94 – former lecturer @ Harvard, MA in International Relations from Yale University and a JD from the University of Texas Law School
Michael, “In Defense of Liberal Nationalism,” Foreign Affairs, Lexis
The simple idea that every nation should have its own state -- accompanied by the
AND
States should identify itself with the most powerful idea in the contemporary world.
State-centrism is the only way to produce human security and limit everyday injustice – material change should be preferred
-alternatives to the state will not be democratically accountable – can’t give content to rights claims
-key to value to life
McCormack 10 – PhD in IR
Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 140-142
Critical and emancipatory theorists fail to understand that there must be a political content to
AND
and emancipatory approaches reproduce and authorise the constitutive particular practices of contemporary powers.

Their alternative fails – the nation-state won’t just give up
Lind 94 – former lecturer @ Harvard, MA in International Relations from Yale University and a JD from the University of Texas Law School
Michael, “In Defense of Liberal Nationalism,” Foreign Affairs, Lexis
The mistake of prophets of a postnationalist world has been to leave out moral and
AND
financiers and industrialists is a mystery that interdependence theorists have yet to explain

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rowland Hall NL | Judge:
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
AND
makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).
Brazil
CP isn’t sufficient --- Brazil’s interests extend beyond consultation
Sweig, 2013 (Julia, Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies “Global Brazil Initiative” http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/global-brazil-initiative/pr1471)
The Global Brazil initiative at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) addresses the
AND
includes research, consultation, publication, and outreach exploring Brazil's international agenda.
Brazil won’t engage --- too many structural differences.
Einaudi, 2011 (Luigi, Distinguished Visiting fellow in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense Univ ersity, Member of the advisory Council of the Brazil institute at the Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf)
The United States and Brazil have vast overlapping interests, but a formal strategic partnership
AND
reduce surprises even while recognizing that   specific interests and policies often may differ.
Relation Collapse inevitable --- DOHA, subsidies, and the UN
Meyer, 2013 (Peter, Analyst in Latin American Affairs @ Congressional Research Service ”Brazil-U.S. Relations” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf)
Although Brazil and the United States share a number of common goals, the countries’   
AND
and respectful manner will be crucial to maintaining friendly relations moving   forward.86
Iran tanks relations
Hakim, 2011 (Peter, Foreign Service Journal “Brazil and the U.S.: Remaking a Relationship” http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2679)
The most serious clashes between the U.S. and Brazil are likely to
AND
such as Iran’s support of terrorist groups and its unrelenting threats toward Israel.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Broadrun AF | Judge: Justin Fang
2AC Debt Ceiling
There is no deal in the works – two parties won’t speak to one another
Chait 9/17
Jonathan Chait is a commentator and writer for New York magazine. He was previously a senior editor at The New Republic and a former assistant editor of The American Prospect. He also writes a periodic column in the Los Angeles Times. “Obama, Republicans, and the Crisis of Legitimacy”  http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/09/obama-republicans-and-the-crisis-of-legitimacy.html
The tension between the two parties is higher now than ever before because they disagree
AND
a fundamental crisis, but they do need to resolve the legitimacy crisis.

Obama will unilaterally increase debt limit – constitutional support – worst case Court says no…crisis averted in the interim
Koffler 9/20/13
Keith, veteran White House reporter, “Expert: Obama Could Seize Power of Purse From Congress” http://www.whitehousedossier.com/2013/09/20/expert-obama-seize-power-purse-congress
A possible Republican plan to tie defunding Obamacare to an increase in the federal debt
AND
many areas to push to boundaries of presidential power as far as possible.

Obama can and will unilaterally raise the debt limit
Reuters 9/25
“If all else fails, Obama will raise debt ceiling himself: analyst” September 25, 2013
http://blogs.marketwatch.com/capitolreport/2013/09/25/if-all-else-fails-obama-will-raise-debt-ceiling-himself-analyst/
If Congress fails to raise the debt limit by Oct. 17, could President
AND
says that the validity of the public debt “shall not be questioned.”

PC not key – increase in limit is empirically a must pass
Hertig 9/15
Alyssa Policymic Pundit and Wisconsin Reporter, Define: Liberty and History News Network.
“Debt Ceiling 2013: We Will Raise the Debt Ceiling, Even Though 55 Of Americans Don't Want To”  http://www.policymic.com/articles/63647/debt-ceiling-2013-we-will-raise-the-debt-ceiling-even-though-55-of-americans-don-t-want-to
It's debt-ceiling season again! In 2011 Congress raised the debt ceiling to
AND
Democrats and Republicans in October, but ultimately the ceiling will be raised.
No PC – Summers, Syria, base divisions
WSJ 9/16
“Obama Feels a Pinch From Congressional Democrats: Resistance to Summers for Fed Role Suggests Softening Clout Ahead of Budget Talks”http:online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323342404579079581460343374.html
Mr. Obama often singles out House Republicans for blocking his agenda in Congress.
AND
that congressional Republican leaders are enduring at the hands of the tea party.
Even if GOP is angered, that only leads to compromise
Klein 12
Klein, Ezra, February 16, 2012,“Wonkbook: For White House, compromise through confrontation”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/wonkbook-for-white-house-compromise-through-confrontation/2012/02/16/gIQAYrySHR_blog.html
Most in the White House will admit it: Over the past few months,
AND
. It will be because they offered them a confrontation they couldn't win.
Syria directly traded off with Debt Ceiling PC
Al Jazeera America 9/11 “Obama pays high political price for fumbling on Syria” Naureen Khan Washington D.C. Digital Reporter
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/11/obama-pays-high-politicalpriceforhandlingofsyria.html
Obama’s priorities are indeed on hold for the short term. Immigration reform has not
AND
“Accidental diplomacy,” he said, was no way to exude leadership.
More ev
Forbes 9/6
“By Dropping Syria In Congress' Lap, Obama Creates The Worst Of The Bad Old Days”
http://www.forbes.com/sites/billfrenzel/2013/09/06/by-dropping-syria-in-congress-lap-obama-creates-the-worst-of-the-bad-old-days/
Unfortunately, there is much more to this vote than a President forcing the Congress
AND
, branches and houses. Surely, it will burn valuable negotiating time.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Agape PS | Judge: Ben Guth, Masa Kurihana, Victor Skenderi
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Failure to provide an actualizable alternative is why their critique has failed – even if representations matter, changing them in intellectual spaces is insufficient*
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
Economics and past interventions limit intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
Empire epitomizes anti-Americanism and radicalism – their alternative is not an interesting academic project – it incites violence and terrorism
Kimball 1
Co-editor and publisher of The New Criterion and on Board of Advisor of the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History at St. John’s College, The New Anti-Americanism”, The New Criterion, Vol. 20, No. 2, http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/oct01/empire.htm
Empire is a contemporary redaction of the radicalism and anti-Americanism of the 1960s
AND
Renaissance humanism.” I wonder what Jacob Burckhardt would have said about that.)
Cap is key to value to life  even if it creates a wealth gap, it solves poverty
Cudd 10 – Dean of Humanities and Professor of Philosophy @ KU
Anne Cudd, “Capitalism for and Against: A Feminist Debate,” pg. 49
The average quality of life for humans, particularly for women and children, has
AND
For virtually every interest, the quality of life has improved under capitalism.  
Impacts inevitable – other international organizations will still exist to sustain the order
War turns dehumanization and increases otherization
Pettman 2004, Director of the Centre for Women’s Studies at Australian National University, 2004 (Jan Jindy, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Winter/Spring, p.92)
9/11 did not change the world for feminists.  The terror attacks and
AND
the state had never applied to the high politics long favored in IR.
Their revolution will never work – political action requires representation, which Hardt and Negri reject, and disagreements over implementation destroy its universality
Passavant 4
Paul Passavant, professor of political science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 2004, Empire’s New Clothes, p. 115-16
What if there was a revolution? Inevitably, there would be disagreements over whether
AND
for subsequent moves toward justice, since total justice will elude our time.
Empire K is ineffective and cedes politics to the Right. Their perm answers are wrong.
Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/17/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_05.pdf
From the late New Left point of view, then, patriotism meant obscuring the
AND
mocking Left rather than a Left which dreams of achieving our country.”4
Perm – do the plan with the justifications of the alt
Perm do both – solves, and the alternative isn’t mutually exlusive
Dower 10 - Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, former President of the International Development Ethics Association
Nigel, “Questioning the Questioning of Cosmopolitanism,” in Questioning Cosmopolitanism, p. 9
Second, one could still be a cosmopolitan and be an ethical pluralist. That
AND
or national – though the degree of importance of these will vary.22

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pinecrest MF | Judge: Rob Mulholand
Failure to provide an actualizable alternative is why their critique has failed – even if representations matter, changing them in intellectual spaces is insufficient*
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
Alt fails and is worse – other countries will subsidize their industries, failure of the US government to also get involved doesn’t mean the free market fills in, it only means the US loses out
ITIF 12 (Information Technology and Innovation Foundation “The Export-Import Bank Works For America: Responses to 18 Arguments for Cutting Ex-Im’s Authorization” INNOVATION FACT SHEET: EX-IM BANK, 2012, http://www2.itif.org/2012-ex-im-bank.pdf)
12) While the administration argues that we need to increase funding for Ex-
AND
despite the fact their economy is one-quarter the size of America’s.
Prefer our evidence, it’s specific to the context of Ex-Im
Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
(“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Mexican renewable energy sources are abundant—particularly wind and solar energy. ¶ According
AND
capacity in promoting the export of ¶ clean-energy products and services.
Private sector won’t fill in – perceived as too risky
Sheppard 3 – JD, represents clients before the IRS regarding foreign financial accounts (
AND
Chance Compliance Initiative (LCCI), and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP)
(Hale, “Revamping the Export-Import Bank in 2002: The Impact of This Interim Solution on the United States and Latin America,” 6 N.Y.U. J. Legis. and Pub. Pol'y 130, Hein Online)
Many private financial institutions are reluctant to participate in¶ transactions involving Latin America for
AND
consistently the most active region for¶ the Ex-Im Bank.199
Prefer our evidence – ITIF is ranked the 5th best science and tech think tank in the world – we’ll insert a chart into the record of the debate
McGann, Director of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at UPenn, ’13 (James- Assistant Director IR Program at UPenn, January 28, “2012 Global Go To Think Tank Report and Policy Advice” http://gotothinktank.com/dev1/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/2012_Global_Go_To_Think_Tank_Report_-_FINAL-1.28.13.pdf)
But their evidence from Heritage and Cato is used to propagate a conservative economic bias – that turns their sound epistemology arguments
Miller-Cribbs et al, Professor Social Work at University of Oklahoma, ’10 (Julie Miller-Cribbs, Brent Cagle- Professor Social Work at Winthrop University, Anthony Natale- Professor Social Work at University of Oklahoma, Zoe Cummings, “Thinking about Think Tanks: Strategies for Progressive Social Work” Journal of Policy Practice, Vol 9, No 3-4, p 284-307, TandFOnline)
Strategy 3. Ideology over Science: The War of Words Contemporary liberal and moderate
AND
(Covington, 1998, Marketing the Product section, p. 2).

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Elsa Givan
No link – aff only has Ex-Im take action –Congress isn’t involved and won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
They also won’t be looking out for it – Ex-Im flies under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.
Wont pass – talks are stalled
Rogers 11/21
David, Politico, “Farm bill talks stumble”http:www.politico.com/story/2013/11/farm-bill-update-100217.html
Farm bill talks stumbled badly Thursday and House Agriculture Committee Chairman Frank Lucas (R
AND
as the always divisive question of food stamp cuts demanded by House Republicans.¶
PC wont be able to bring negotiators together
Reuters 11/21
“US Agriculture Negation’s take a slide” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/usa-agriculture-negotiations-idUSL2N0J61Z020131121, Thu Nov 21, 2013
Nov 21 (Reuters) - The four key negotiators on the new farm bill
AND
-end on the $500 billion, five-year legislative package.
PC  not key
Dickinson 11 – Professor of Political Science
Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, 3-21-2011, “Friedman Weighs In On the “Passionless” President – But Is He Right?,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/03/21/friedman-weighs-in-on-the-passive-president-but-is-he-right/
Friedman’s complaint regarding Obama’s “passive” leadership approach is not original – I noted
AND
reason why he should pay any attention to what Friedman writes on this score
That’s especially true because Obamacare will destroy any remaining pc
Pace 11/17
Julie Pace Business Week “Obama health care woes become credibility fight” November 17, 2013 http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-11-17/obama-health-care-woes-becomes-credibility-fight
WASHINGTON (AP) — Throughout President Barack Obama's first four years in office,
AND
what I'm going to do is make sure that we get it fixed."

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cypress Bay US | Judge: Kenny McCaffrey
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse. 

Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Our methodology is good

Claims of a single root cause deny complex causality and inter-relationships – causes oppression
Crenshaw, PhD, 2
Carrie, PhD, Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from CAD, Scholar
 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

Permutation do the plan and
Perm solves best-- Only starting from within dominant discourses can succeed
Saloom JD UGA, 6
Rachel, JD Univ of Georgia School of Law and M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from U of Chicago, Fall 2006, A Feminist Inquiry into International Law and International Relations, 12 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 159, Lexis
Tickner's last point that deserves further reflection is the notion that international law and international
AND
positions... . Resistance to the dominant at the level of the individual subject

their evidence misrepresents IR
Caprioli, 04 (“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076.)
Conventional feminist IR scholars misrepresent the field of international relations in arguing that IR scholarship
AND
even perpetuates the existence of states, then policy prescriptions should be sought.
War makes patriarchy more likely – proves the impact short-circuits the alternative
Workman 96
Thom, Poli Sci @ U of New Brunswick, YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 4, January 1996, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/OP31-Workman.pdf
With the loosening of the positivist/Realist hold on international relations and the simultaneous
AND
on the overall role of modern warfare in  the reproduction of women's oppression.  
Alternative fails – replicates patriarchy – materiality first
Whitworth 94 – professor of political science and female studies @ York U
Feminism and International Relations, pg 20
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
AND
suggest, this in itself should give feminists pause to reconsider this position.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame PL | Judge: Matthew Malia
Factually inaccurate – private capital flows are considered US economic engagement
Adelman et al, Director of Center for Science in Public Policy, ‘5 (Carol Adelman, Jeremiah Norris- Senior Fellow Center for Science in Public Policy, Jean Weicher- Research Associate Center for Science in Public Policy, June 28, “America’s Total Economic Engagement with the Developing World: Rethinking the Uses and Nature of Foreign Aid” Hudson Institute)
U.S. Government and Private International Assistance to Developing Countries Based on new
AND
and impact in the world than the current system developed under the OECD.
Counter-interpretation – economic engagement means using economic contacts to create integration
Dueck, Professor PolSci at University of Colorado Boulder, ‘6 (Colin, Spring, “Strategies for Managing Rogue States” Orbis)
The term ‘‘rogue state,’’ which has come into wide usage only over
AND
then we ought to recognize that diplomacy is not an end in itself.
Most predictable – lit consensus supports it
Hall, Senior Fellow IR at Australian National University College of Asia and the Pacific, ’14 (Ian, “The Engagement of India: Strategies and Responses” p 3-5)
Strategies of engagement This book explores the various modes of engagement employed in the Indian
AND
Vietnam war to a close and a changed Eurasian balance of power.18
Cuba refers to the people, not the government
CRI, ’11 (Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University, July 18, “The Cuban Diaspora in the 21st Century” http://casgroup.fiu.edu/pages/docs/1077/1330481921_Cuban_Diaspora_in_the_21st_Century.pdf)
Cuba and its diaspora have a relationship dating back 200 years. Even in the
AND
those in South Florida, have not hesitated to turn on each other.
We meet that – the aff engages with the Cuban diaspora
Coons, US Senator from Delaware, 3-7-’13 (Christopher, “Senator Coons releases report on increasing U.S. economic engagement with Africa” http://www.coons.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/release/senator-coons-releases-report-on-increasing-us-economic-engagement-with-africa)
The Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs convened two hearings in the 112th Congress
AND
Engage the African diaspora community in the United States to strengthen economic ties.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rowland Hall NL | Judge:
Overemphasis on psyche fails – ignores materiality and is ahistorical because it ignores other systems of power
Mardorossian 2 – Prof of English @ UNY Buffalo
Carine M , Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 27, no.
Ironically, the Foucauldian paradigm, which postmodernists often evoke to buttress their claims,
AND
ironically replicate modern techniques of power even as they seek to challenge them.

The assumption that all violence is derived from archetypes is incorrect – violence is contextual and cultural
--disproves the thesis of the K, because mere psychological transformation is insufficient
Abbink 2k – Senior Researcher @ ASC
Jon, anthropologist and senior researcher at the African Studies Centre, Meanings of Violence, ed: Aijmer, p. xii
This collection of essays by historians, sociologists and anthropologists thus seeks to illustrate at
AND
explanation of collective violence is usually bypassed, or only seen as secondary.

Perm do the plan and love death -- it’s double bind either the alt perm can overcome the residual links to the plan or the alt can’t overcome the status quo instances of distancing from war 

Perm do both
War is not inevitable – aff solves which outweighs
Stuhr 8 - Professor of Philosophy and American Studies, and Chair, Department of Philosophy at Emory University
John J, “A Terrible Love of Hope”, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy New Series, Volume 22, Number 4, Project Muse
If concrete cases of love of hope and peace point toward, and result from
AND
and sexual orientation, disability and disease, human rights and environmental justice.
Alt can’t solve war
Heinegg 4 - teaches in the department of humanities at Union College
Peter, “The Cult of Ares,” http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=3842
Perhaps the only serious flaw in Hillman’s case is the abrupt way he discounts the
AND
nightly news these days, it’s an invitation that is hard to resist.

Hillman’s alternative doesn’t actually solve war- there’s no concrete solution to the problem at hand
Heinegg ‘4 (Peter, teaches in the department of humanities at Union College, “The Cult of Ares,” http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=3842, 

Perhaps the only serious flaw in Hillman’s case is the abrupt way he discounts the
AND
nightly news these days, it’s an invitation that is hard to resist.

All wars that are occurring now empirically deny alt solvency - if it's true that all we need to do is "view war" then it begs the question of why war is happening now even after world war 2
War causes psychic casualties- turns the kritik
Hillman ‘4 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 62, AM)

The iron will of Mars can endure only so long: "Each moment of
AND
up the computer, slap the soldier to get him back in line.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Newburgh Free Academy | Judge: Sam Hill-Haley
Education -- weighing an end to coloniality vs an aff that is limited by topic, actor, and solvency is a comparison that will never come about
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
First, redefines the Cuban identity – aff exposes the tension in the current elite-drive choice between Team USA and Team Castro – extend de los Angeles Torres, that rupture is necessary in the struggle against colonialism – that’s Abreu – this compromise short circuits enemy-making that makes their impact
Kung, Professor Theology at University of Tübingen, ‘2 (Hans, Winter/Spring, “Global Politics and Global Ethics: Status Quo and Perspectives” Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/files/archives/kung.pdf)
On the basis of the experiences in the EU and the OECD, the new
AND
responsible politician or statesmen? I shall now go on to describe this.
Second, redefines the diasporic identity – our fluid conception of the nation challenges state power
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’99 (Maria, “In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States” University of Michigan Press)
At a time when important sectors of the exile community were searching for a redefinition
AND
, it is a preoccupation that comes and goes depending on many factors.
This is particularly true given the transnational nature of our identity formation – that breaks down state conceptions of identity that make their impact possible
Berg, Professor Anthro at the University of Oxford, ‘9 (Mette Louise, “Between Cosmopolitanism And The National Slot: Cuba's Diasporic Children Of The Revolution” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, Vol 16 Issue 2, p 129-156, TandFOnline)
Many children of the revolution cannot go back to Cuba, or do not dare
AND
Berg forthcoming; Duany 2007; Fernández 2004; Hernández-Reguant 2005).
Alt fails –
Imperialism is in the squo – keeping the travel ban won’t do anything to fight it because it’s inevitable
Engagement is key – reaching out key to understand Cuban heritage which prevents demonization and breaks down Euroheteropatriarchy
Abreu, Professor Law Temple University, ‘3 (Alice, “Cubans Without Borders: The Possible Dream” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 205, HeinOnline)
It is because I emphatically agree with Professor Valdes' characterization of Havana and Miami as
AND
, for good or ill, at least some of their heritage derives.
State-based solutions are key – Pouncy indicates failure to embrace current legal channels explains the status quo’s failure to alter structures of oppression – the method of the 1AC teaches contingent grounds to resist government coding of difference
Zanotti, Professor PolSci at Virginia Tech, ’14 (Laura, “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol 38 No 4, p 288-304)
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’
Perm – advocate a bridge between Cubans and reject coloniality – this bridge is a way to reconfigure national identity in a way that challenges current state policy
Duany, Professor Anthro at University of Puerto Rico, ’97 (Jorge, January, “From the Cuban Ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National Identity on the Island and in the Diaspora” Cuba Studies Association Occasional Papers)
Bridges to Cuba not only transcends geopolitical frontiers, but disciplinary ones as well.
AND
its complexity and heterogeneity, irreducible to a straightforward formula of lo cubano.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeland BT | Judge:
It’s under the radar
Lillian 10 – FOLIO Magazine’s top 13 under 30, Speaker, NESEA’s BuildingEnergy13 conference
(Jessica, “The U.S. Export-Import Bank: Secret Solar Finance Powerhouse,” Solar Industry, 1.11)
Mandated by its congressional charter since 1992 to support renewable energy exports, the U
AND
Office of Renewable Energy. This total included 1,820 individual transactions.
Congress won’t seek oversight
Blackwell 12
(Ken, CNS News, http://cnsnews.com/blog/ken-blackwell/export-import-bank-nightmare)
In the spirit of true bipartisanship, establishment Democrats and Republicans are both supporting the
AND
American jobs, but these audits rarely, if ever, take place.
Strong bipartisan support for new sanctions – Reid will bring to a vote after Thanksgiving
ABNA 11/22
Ahlul Bayt News Agency “US Senate may proceed to Iran sanctions bill next month” 11/22/2013 http://www.abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3andid=483269
 “The Senate must be prepared to move forward with a new bipartisan Iran
AND
determined to pass bipartisan legislation regarding sanctions against Iran in the near future.
No Iran prolif – security estimates overblown*
Hymans, Professor IR USC, 2-18-’13 (Jacques, “Iran Is Still Botching the Bomb” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139013/jacques-e-c-hymans/iran-is-still-botching-the-bomb)
At the end of January, Israeli intelligence officials quietly indicated that they have downgraded
AND
to avoid peddling unrealistic, worse-than-worst-case scenarios.
Prefer our evidence – cites science
Butt, Research Professor at James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2-20-’13 (Yousaf- Former Scientist at Federation of American Scientists, Physicist at High-Energy Astrophysics Division at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, , “Iran centrifuge magnet story technically questionable” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/iran-centrifuge-magnet-story-technically-questionable)
Last week, the Washington Post reported that "purchase orders obtained by nuclear researchers
AND
the facts, and find realistic opportunities for ending the Iranian nuclear standoff.
Iran prolif won’t increase aggression
Pillar, Professor Security Studies Georgetown, ’12 (Paul, March/April, “We Can Live with a Nuclear Iran” Washington Monthly, Vol 44 Issue 3/4, p 13-19, EbscoHost)
Given the momentousness of such an endeavor and how much prominence the Iranian nuclear issue
AND
worst-case speculations, and not adequate justifications for going to war.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame PL | Judge: Matthew Malia
Our epistemology not flawed – neolib isn’t the root cause
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.
Second, redefines the diasporic identity – that helps fight neoliberalism by creates markets of inclusion
de los Angeles Torres, Professor Latin American Studies at University of Illinois, ’95 (Maria, Fall, “Encuentros Y Encontronazos: Homeland in the Politics and Identity of the Cuban Diaspora” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, Vol 4 No 2, p 211-238, ProjectMuse)
At a time when the exile community is searching for a redefinition of identity that
AND
comprehensive reconciliation is occurring outside the established political mechanisms of Havana and Miami.

Alt fails –
Ideological rigidity – their assumption US engagement is always neoliberal cannot be embraced by a diaspora straddling the in-between zone of two static ideologies – forcing the diaspora to accept accusations of neoliberalism drives them further towards Team USA which causes your impact
Valdes, Professor Law at University of Miami, ‘3 (Francisco- Director Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Diaspora and Deadlock, Miami and Havana: Coming to Terms with Dreams and Dogmas” Florida Law Review, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 283 2003, HeinOnline)
The Left in the United States, still in a hangover from the heady days
AND
essentialization, valorization, and demonization are false, exploitative, and destructive.
*Failure to provide an actualizable alternative is why their critique has failed – even if representations matter, changing them in intellectual spaces is insufficient*
Haverluk et al, Professor Econ and Geoscience at US Air Force Academy, ’14 (Terrence Haverluk, Kevin Beauchemin, and Brandon Mueller, January, “The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics” Geopolitics, p 1-21, TandFOnline)
Classic geopolitik and its links to state power and imperialism meant that critical geopoliticians have
AND
of academics and it facilitates the marginalisation of geography as an academic discipline.
*Economic crisis hasn’t motivated alternatives to capitalism, collapse just spurs its worst excesses*
Zizek, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana, ’12 (Slavoj, November, “Capitalism: How the left lost the argument” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/08/capitalism)
One might think that a crisis brought on by rapacious, unregulated capitalism would have
AND
demonstrate that the only solution to a failure of capitalism is more capitalism.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weston CL | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Framework
-aff gets to weigh the 1AC vs hypothetical implementation of the alt
-key to tie education to action
-fairness DA: moots the 1AC
This is a voter
Neolib isn’t the root cause – their alternative is utopian and unproductive – prefer our epistemology
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.

Perm – do plan and open space for chains of equivalence with Mexico to create new movements against neoliberal politics
Aff is a link turn to the K
--Solve Mexican farmers – US financing promotes their financial independence and assists their ag sector – McDonald
--Not interventionist – an offer of financing allows for Mexico to say no
--Solve hunger – more proximate cause for reduced VTL
Its more sustainable and BETTER for the environment
Liverman and Vilas 6 – *Diana, Professor of Environmental Science at Oxford University, Oxford
(“Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 31, Web of Sciences)BB
Neoliberal processes alter the impacts of industrial activities on the environment mainly through changes in
AND
regulation in the manufacturing sector; and higher costs of energy and water.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Rapids BK | Judge: John Voss
Federal biofuel policy now – RFS
Schnepf* and Yacobucci 13 – *Specialist in Agricultural Policy and Section Research Manager (Randy Schnepf and Brent D. Yacobucci, “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): ¶ Overview and Issues” CRS, March 14 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40155.pdf)
Federal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S
AND
an amended definition of renewable biomass, including ¶ certain land use restrictions.
Renewables are rising now – biofuels need investor certainty
Fahey 6/26/13 (Jonathan Fahey, “Renewable Energy Growth Is Rising Around The World, IEA Says” Huffington Post, June 26 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/renewable-energy-growth_n_3504265.html)
Renewable energy is growing fast around the world and will edge out natural gas as
AND
worldwide subsides for fossil fuels are six times higher than incentives for renewables.
Mexico doing clean energy now
LeGesse, 13 – National Geographic News  (David, “Change in the Air” 2/7, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/02/pictures/130208-mexico-wind-energy/)
Outsiders increasingly covet the power of those air currents as energy that can be captured
AND

"Ten (Short) Reasons to Be Excited About Wind Power.")
Prices low now – surplus – cycling means they stay that way
Rapier, 6/4/13 (Robert, Director, Engineering, Projects, and Development for the Energy Collective, Master’s Degree in chemical engineering from Texas AandM University, Chief Technology Officer and Executive Vice President for Merica International, “About Those Plunging Oil Prices”, Energy Trend Insider, June 4, 2013, http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2013/06/04/about-those-plunging-oil-prices/, JKahn)
Over the past three weeks, there have been numerous headlines insinuating that a freefall
AND
of oil traders could drive prices down in a hurry in that situation.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Ben Schultz
Epistemology doesn’t come first, our claims are good enough to act upon
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Ontological focus is bad—it’s subjective, non-falsifiable, and authoritarian
Graham, ‘99
Phil Graham, Graduate School of Management , University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http://www.philgraham.net/HH_conf.pdf
Of course, “the problem of the subject” is not specific to the
AND
has become both lingua franca and world currency (Adorno 1964/19731973).
Even if epistemology does come first, ours is sound
Schweller 4 Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject.
AND
domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
Fear leads to threat aversion
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Emotion and the Credibility of Deterrent Threats. Cognitive models have long informed the study
AND
, however, when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.
Fear appeals are key to motivation
Witte and Allen 2k
Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education and Behavior, “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns”, 27:5, October, Sage Journals
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
AND
fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.
perm – do both – the aff is a way to remedy the problems of imperial knowledge production, this is more effective than mere exposure
--Solve Mexican farmers – US financing promotes their financial independence and assists their ag sector – McDonald
--Not interventionist – an offer of financing allows for Mexico to say no
--Solve hunger – more proximate cause for reduced VTL 

No impact – economics and public pressure prevents endless intervention
Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11 (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English)
The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called the “White Man’s Burden” –
AND
building constabulary designed to chase guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.”
Our framing is necessary – Western liberalism eliminates suffering – the alternative is worse
Kors 1 – Professor of History @ Penn
Alan, professor of history at University of Pennsylvania and senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, Orbis, Summer, EBSCO
For generations, and to this day, the great defenders of the humane consequences
AND
certain something worth calling Western civilization did in fact survive the twentieth century.
Statistics prove our argument in the context of economically liberal peace – the alt can’t overcome this
Hubbard 10 – American University Jesse Hubbard, “Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis,” Scholar
In his magnum opus The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon
AND
fearsome, but it is vulnerable to even a short blast of wind.
*
Discourse doesn’t create security, it’s a response to real and material concerns – prefer our threat-specific internal links
Glover 11 – University of Bradford, UK
Nicholas, “Does Security exist outside of the speech act?,” http://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/
Significant to this theory is Waver’s notion of societal security, which invokes community and
AND
be known or heard. Security therefore is not just a speech act.
Economics and security are inevitably intertwined - trying to separate the two only produces uninformed politics
Ripsman 11 – Political Science Department of Concordia University (Norrin, “FALSE DICHOTOMIES: WHY ECONOMICS IS HIGH POLITICS” Ridgway Working Group on the Political Economy of International Security, 2011, http://www.ridgway.pitt.edu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62BXqz12FEqs3Dandtabid=233) 

The contemporary era has been labeled one of globalization, where the scale of economic
AND
to the traditional distinction between economics and high politics in the modern world.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North HE | Judge: Tracy McFarland
Broad nature of provisions means innovation undermined
I think we can read this as defense sorta – bc it would concede there is threat to innovation no by means of trolling but also that reform won’t solve bc it too undermines innovation via start-ups – so its not net less innovation…
Hattem and Tummarello 4/2
Julian Hattem and Kate Tummarello Staff Writers The Hill “OVERNIGHT TECH: Senate patent talk heats up” April 02, 2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/202505-overnight-tech-senate-patent-talk-heats-up
On the other side of the issue, the Alliance of U.S.
AND
way seriously weakens the ability of every patent holder to enforce a patent."
Empirics disprove backlash to reducing travel restrictions
Armario, ’12 (Christine, “Cuba Travel Restrictions May Loosen as Cuban-American Resistance Slackens, Analysts Say” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/09/cuban-americans-may-be-re_n_2267374.html)
MIAMI -- The door for travel to Cuba cracked open during President Barack Obama's first
AND
," Lopez said. "That is the main consensus of the community."
Negotiations are at an impasse – delays mean its dead
Wilson and Tummarello 4/7
Megan R. Wilson and Kate Tummarello Staff Writers @ The Hill “Friction tests patent reform push” April 07, 2014 http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/202868-friction-tests-patent-reform-push
The House has already passed a reform bill, and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick
AND
set to intensify this summer, action on the bill could get tricky.
Link non-unique – politicians who’d backlash to the plan already backlashing over Venezuela
Ros-Lehtinen, Florida Representive (R), 3-26-’14 (Ileana, “Administration’s lack of response to Venezuelan crisis is appalling” http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/administrations-lack-of-response-to-venezuelan-crisis-is-appalling/)
The palpable absence of a coordinated strategy in support of the pro-democracy advocates
AND
), and neighboring countries, to focus on Venezuela and hold Maduro accountable.
New 2014 poll proves massive public support for easing restrictions – shields the link
Lobe, 2-12-’14 (Jim, “Floridians Lead U.S. in Favouring Normalisation with Cuba” IPS News, http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/02/floridians-lead-u-s-favouring-normalisation-cuba/)
 If President Barack Obama wants to move more quickly to normalise ties with Cuba
AND
continued detention was a “stumbling block, but let us go forward.”
Especially true in an election year – legislators can’t backlash against a policy their voters now support
Kousser et al, Professor PolSci at UC San Diego, ‘7 (Thad Kousser, Jeffrey Lewis- Professor PolSci at UCLA, Seth Masket- Professor PolSci at University of Denver, August, “Ideological Adaptation? The Survival Instinct of Threatened Legislators” The Journal of Politics, Vol 69 No 3, p 828-843)
While it could be that legislators are not as electorally motivated as is commonly thought
AND
expectations about legislative behavior, but challenges much of the recent empirical literature.
Obama has no hope of any legislative success – reliance on executive action proves he’s given up
Goldfarb 1/15
Zachary A. Zachary A. Goldfarb is a staff writer covering the White House, focusing on President Obama’s economic, financial and fiscal policy. Previously, he covered financial regulation and government investigations into corporate wrongdoing. He also has written about national housing policy. He graduated from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton, where he was editor-in-chief of The Daily Princetonian. He lives in Washington, D.C. “Obama fighting perception that administration is out of time to make progress on priorities” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-fights-perception-that-administration-is-out-of-time-to-make-progress-on-his-priorities/2014/01/15/b491bea6-7d88-11e3-93c1-0e888170b723_story.html
Despite the lofty language, Obama begins 2014 with none of the boundless hope that
AND
a difference, with the manufacturing institute announced Wednesday as a prime example.
Travel causes Cuba lobby to support reduced restrictions
Ruiz-Goiriena, ‘9 (Romina, “Could the US-Cuba Travel Ban End Soon?” TIME, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934416,00.html)
Not too long ago, Ricardo Herrero was one of Miami's Cuban-American hard
AND
, called this "a very good time for public diplomacy with Cuba."

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: TJHSST LS | Judge: Swe Bauerschmidt
Recognizing that there are problems with current Latin America policy is not inconsistent with recognizing that there are local problems in our communities and in the US that should be addressed
First, our advocacy is a way to combine both global and local perspectives, on the one hand we discuss global problems about economic engagement and what the US should do about it but on the other hand we recognize the local particularities of the plan and Latin America by discussing what are the problems there and tailoring what we believe should be done to what has occurred there  in the past 12 months – this allows for a better appreciation of the nuances of the local situation in Latin America than if we chose not to talk about it in the first place – while they are right that we should not ignore local issues, at the same time situation them in a global context is important to recognize patterns in events like what causes violence and revolutions and what strategies are successful in overthrowing a dictatorial regime
Second, exclusive focus on local issues masks the interconnection between the first and third world that exists as a result of a global community – while there is undoubtedly systemic injustice that occurs in underprivileged communities like the Bronx and Oakland, places like Somalia, Darfur, and Baghdad deserves discussion and notice as well – the problem with the negative’s approach is that they conceive of the LOCAL problems caused by our government without leaving room for discussion about the GLOBAL problems cause by our government – the US is still in a first world country and to ignore the difference that exists between that and 3rd world countries overseas makes it impossible to fight global oppression – we cannot decentralize the struggle
Bartolovich and Smith, 2011 (Crystal, Associate Professor of English at Syracuse University, interviewed by Paul, Professor of Cultural Studies at George Mason University, “Commons, Utopia, Postcolonialism,” http://pkjournal.org/?page_id=1710, basis for date: references OWS)
The other set of issues is what I brought up in the talk yesterday—
AND
to be considered at successively larger scales– and, ultimately, globally.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Rapids BK | Judge: John Voss
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Belief in “infinite uncertainty” dooms us to paralysis – we can scenario construct based on the best available evidence to reach necessary conclusions.  The alternative collapses hegemony.
Oppenheimer 12 – Professor Global Affairs NYU
Michael, Winter/Spring, “From Prediction to Recognition: Using Alternate Scenarios to Improve Foreign Policy Decisions” SAIS Review, Vol 32 No 1, Muse
We, in America, could reduce uncertainty by excluding much of this complexity from
AND
improve the quality of foreign policy decisions taken, inevitably, in uncertainty.
They have to win that predictions are impossible not just difficult or suspect
Cowen 4 - Professor of Economics – George Mason University
Tyler, “The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism”, 11-2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances.
AND
uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance.
Perm do the plan and the parts of their alt ev that resolves the short falls of the aff
The alt is additive – we’re just adding factors to complexity analysis
Permutation solves
Levy and Lichtenstein, 2011 – Levy is a Professor in Management and Marketing at UMass while Lichtenstein is an associate professor in management at UMass (David and Benyamin, “Approaching Business and the Environment with Complexity Theory”, Oxford Press, http://www.faculty.umb.edu/david_levy/LevyLicht2011_complexity_chap32.pdf) BZ

Opportunities exist here for research into the appropriate form and combination of top-down
AND
character and behavior complex systems at the interface of business and the environment.

Even if complexity is true, we still have to make educative predictions to stop catastrophe
Garrett, 2012 – BA from Stanford, PhD from Brandeis University, rom Director of Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council (Banning, “In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies”, http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies)//BZ
“Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing concern
AND
respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss.”

Complexity theory alone dooms us to relativism – recognizing the proximate stability of liberal peace is key to creating policy predictions and preventing conflict
Clemens 1 – Professor of Political Science @ Boston
Walter, Europe’s New Security Challenges, p. 64-66
Economic security. What if the main threat to Europe is thought to be eco
AND
, however, Russia depends far more on the US than vice versa.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 1 | Opponent: Miami Palmetto LZ | Judge: Melvin Washington
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm do both – double solvency
Russia has no tech or government support- focus on oil now
Pristuba et al 10 - Environmental Policy Group, Department of Social Sciences @ Wageningen University
(Alexey O. ,Arthur P.J. Mol, Peter Oosterveer “Stagnating liquid biofuels developments in Russia: Present status and future Perspectives”, 2010, http://edepot.wur.nl/142749)
The period between 2006 and 2008 was associated with excitement and initiatives in biofuels in
AND
agro-food and energy industries, as it did in other countries.
Russia doesn’t have any incentives
Pristuba et al 10 - Environmental Policy Group, Department of Social Sciences @ Wageningen University
(Alexey O. ,Arthur P.J. Mol, Peter Oosterveer “Stagnating liquid biofuels developments in Russia: Present status and future Perspectives”, 2010, http://edepot.wur.nl/142749)
It is widely acknowledged that Russia possesses enormous biomass resources (Hoogwijk et al.,
AND
how strong and how long these will be supported by the Russian state.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Broadrun AF | Judge: Justin Fang
Mexico adv is DA
a) Mexico econ – US aid and investment key – boost the border region in both countries – McDonald
b) Mexico relations – biofuels alliance and partnership key to partnership – Morales and Donnelly
2nd is Competitiveness – CP doesn’t solve
a) US leadership solves great power war – arms races, miscalc, conflict and crisis – that’s Khalilzad 11
b) Low competitiveness empirically proven to lead to greater conflict – nuclear war would happen – Harris and Burrows 9
Extend Farnsworth – only the US solves – they need US tech and aid, expertise, and investment
The US is the world leader in advanced biofuels
Novak 10 – director of alternative energy at Emerson Process Management, a business of Emerson (Alan Novak, “The Real Promise Of Advanced Biofuels” Forbes, November 18 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/11/17/ethanol-energy-challenges-technology-biofuels.html)
As the United States seeks national energy security and more environmentally friendly fuel sources,
AND
country must triple its use of biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Perm do both – double solvency
Russia has no tech or government support- focus on oil now
Pristuba et al 10 - Environmental Policy Group, Department of Social Sciences @ Wageningen University
(Alexey O. ,Arthur P.J. Mol, Peter Oosterveer “Stagnating liquid biofuels developments in Russia: Present status and future Perspectives”, 2010, http://edepot.wur.nl/142749)
The period between 2006 and 2008 was associated with excitement and initiatives in biofuels in
AND
agro-food and energy industries, as it did in other countries.
Russia doesn’t have any incentives
Pristuba et al 10 - Environmental Policy Group, Department of Social Sciences @ Wageningen University
(Alexey O. ,Arthur P.J. Mol, Peter Oosterveer “Stagnating liquid biofuels developments in Russia: Present status and future Perspectives”, 2010, http://edepot.wur.nl/142749)
It is widely acknowledged that Russia possesses enormous biomass resources (Hoogwijk et al.,
AND
how strong and how long these will be supported by the Russian state.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: MBA ZZ | Judge:
Mexico says no – corruption outweighs environmental interests, empirics prove, and international law’s too complex.
Vince – San Carlos, 6-26-2013, writer for San Carlos TV, “H.R. 2706 BILLFISH CONSERVATION ACT vs THE LACEY ACT: What these laws could mean for the Sea of Cortes if they were enforced,” http://www.sancarlos.tv/h-r-2706-billfish-conservation-act-vs-the-lacey-act-what-these-laws-could-mean-for-the-sea-of-cortes-if-they-were-enforced/

The Gulf of Ulloa covers roughly the northern half of the Pacific coastline of Southern
AND
appear that in America just as Mexico, money talks and bullshit walks.
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
AND
makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.
Uncertainty prevents commercial spillover – no commercialization of greentech
Anadon et. al. 10 – Associate Director of Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Director of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group; Project Manager of the Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Policy Project at the Harvard Kennedy School and part of Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(Laura, December 1–2, 2010 “Transforming the Energy Economy: Options for Accelerating the Commercialization of Advanced Energy Technologies” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP_Workshop_Framing_Statement_Dec_2010_2.pdf)
Policy and regulations have a significant impact on almost all aspects of energy technologies.
AND
., a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a Clean Energy Portfolio Standard for electricity).

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Broadrun AF | Judge: Justin Fang
We should focus on materiality.  This doesn’t exclude debates over representations, but it means their K isn’t a trump card
Rotter 2k – Professor of History @ Colgate
Andrew, Professor of History at Colgate, “Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History,” American Historical Review, 105(4), October)
For diplomatic historians, the link between cause and effect is crucial, and this
AND
Imperialism is not just an attitude. War is not preeminently a discourse.
Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Our security predictions are accurate
--defense planners attempt objectivity
--some threats are real
--debate over foreign policy weeds out the bad predictions
--bureaucracy is separate from business interest
Ravenal 9 - Georgetown University School of Foreign Service
Earl, “What’s empire got to do with it?  The derivation of America’s foreign policy,” Critical Review, 21.1
My own direct observation suggests that defense division-makers attempt to "frame"
AND
or to a lack of sufficient imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Our methodology is good—
Perm do the plan and all non competitive parts of the alt—
Turn – traditional security studies incorrectly deflate threats – the affirmative is necessary to reverse this trend
Schweller 4
Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse
Despite the historical frequency of underbalancing, little has been written on the subject.
AND
domestic-level variables that regularly intervene to thwart balance of power predictions.
US power is comparatively benign
Shaw 2 – Professor of IR @ Sussex
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.
Discourse doesn’t create security, it’s a response to real and material concerns – prefer our threat-specific internal links
Glover 11 – University of Bradford, UK
Nicholas, “Does Security exist outside of the speech act?,” http://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/
Significant to this theory is Waver’s notion of societal security, which invokes community and
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be known or heard. Security therefore is not just a speech act.
If we win one non-unique it complicates alternative solvency
Stein 13 – Professor of Political Science and IR @ U of Toronto
Jance, “THREAT PERCEPTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2 nd ed. Edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy
Bayesian models of rational processing assume the updating of prior beliefs in response to new
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to diagnostic information. Threat perceptions consequently become embedded and resistant to change.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Elsa Givan
Uncertainty causes investment flight
Felix 13 - coordinator of the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Practice in Mexico for Baker and McKenzie
(Raul, “Assessing the Impact of Mexico's Biofuels Law,” Last Updated date, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1678/assessing-the-impact-of-mexico's-biofuels-law)
Although Mexico has yet to participate in large-scale biofuels projects, there is
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makers-instability that could cause certain investments to flee to other countries.
Certainty is key to next-generation biofuels
Mazza 7 – Research Director for Climate Solutions
(Patrick, “Biofuels Market Breakthrough Opens Way to Cellulosic Fuels Revolution,” http://climatesolutions.org/resources/reports/sustainable-biofuels/TheCellulosicRevolution.pdf
Beyond that point, it is generally agreed, biofuels growth will depend on new
AND
the strong political constituencies ¶ required to move ethanol to the next stage.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rowland Hall NL | Judge:
C/I: Engagement towards mexico is the country, not the government
Oxford Dictionaries 13 Date Accessed May 10 2013 -- oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Mexico
Definition of Mexico¶ a country in southwestern North America, with extensive coastlines on
AND
Grande was lost to the US in the Mexican War of 1846–48

C/I: Economic engagement can be towards the private sector
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
The provision of economic incentives to the private sector of a target country can be
AND
presents a multitude of possible partners for unconditional engagement with non-state actors
We meet the C/I- plan finances tech for private sector
Its means associated with
Oxford Dictionaries, 13 (its, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/its?view=uk)
Definition of its determiner belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified: turn the camera on its side he chose the area for its atmosphere belonging to or associated with a child or animal of unspecified sex: a baby in its mother’s womb}

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: MBA ZZ | Judge:
C/I: Economic Engagement can be both
Kane 8 – Major USMC
Brian, “Comprehensive Engagement: A Winning Strategy,” MA Thesis, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a504901.pdf
Engagement strategies are not new. Since the end of the Cold War, engagement
AND
10¶ This definition of engagement has been the most successful historically.11
Toward means ‘in the direction of’
to•ward (tôrd, trd, t-wôrd) KEY PREPOSITION: also to•wards (tôrdz, trdz, t-wôrdz) KEY In the direction of: driving toward home.
That’s American Heritage, 9 (‘toward’, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/toward)

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Rapids BK | Judge: John Voss
C/I: Tech, loans and aid
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution
(Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf)
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.}

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lowell ZZ | Judge: Chris Patterson
C/I: Economic Engagement can be both
Kane 8 – Major USMC
Brian, “Comprehensive Engagement: A Winning Strategy,” MA Thesis, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a504901.pdf
Engagement strategies are not new. Since the end of the Cold War, engagement
AND
10¶ This definition of engagement has been the most successful historically.11
Toward means ‘in the direction of’
to•ward (tôrd, trd, t-wôrd) KEY PREPOSITION: also to•wards (tôrdz, trdz, t-wôrdz) KEY In the direction of: driving toward home.
That’s American Heritage, 9 (‘toward’, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/toward)

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame PL | Judge: Matthew Malia
TTIP negotiations on hold – Public Interest concerns
ICTSD 1/23
International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development, (ICTSD) is an independent non-profit organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. By empowering stakeholders in trade policy through information, networking, dialogue, well-targeted research and capacity building, the Centre aims to influence the international trade system such that it advances the goal of sustainable development.  “EU Temporarily Suspends Investment Part of US Trade Talks”Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest • Volume 18 • Number 2 • 23rd January 2014
http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/182598/
In a surprise announcement on Tuesday, the European Commission confirmed that it has put
AND
in place public interest policies without fear of trade litigation launched by corporations.”
Empirics disprove backlash to reducing travel restrictions
Armario, ’12 (Christine, “Cuba Travel Restrictions May Loosen as Cuban-American Resistance Slackens, Analysts Say” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/09/cuban-americans-may-be-re_n_2267374.html)
MIAMI -- The door for travel to Cuba cracked open during President Barack Obama's first
AND
," Lopez said. "That is the main consensus of the community."
Link non-unique – politicians who’d backlash to the plan already backlashing over Venezuela
Ros-Lehtinen, Florida Representive (R), 3-26-’14 (Ileana, “Administration’s lack of response to Venezuelan crisis is appalling” http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/administrations-lack-of-response-to-venezuelan-crisis-is-appalling/)
The palpable absence of a coordinated strategy in support of the pro-democracy advocates
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), and neighboring countries, to focus on Venezuela and hold Maduro accountable.
New 2014 poll proves massive public support for easing restrictions – shields the link
Lobe, 2-12-’14 (Jim, “Floridians Lead U.S. in Favouring Normalisation with Cuba” IPS News, http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/02/floridians-lead-u-s-favouring-normalisation-cuba/)
 If President Barack Obama wants to move more quickly to normalise ties with Cuba
AND
continued detention was a “stumbling block, but let us go forward.”
No evidence Cuba lobby would backlash on an unrelated issue
Especially true in an election year – legislators can’t backlash against a policy their voters now support
Kousser et al, Professor PolSci at UC San Diego, ‘7 (Thad Kousser, Jeffrey Lewis- Professor PolSci at UCLA, Seth Masket- Professor PolSci at University of Denver, August, “Ideological Adaptation? The Survival Instinct of Threatened Legislators” The Journal of Politics, Vol 69 No 3, p 828-843)
While it could be that legislators are not as electorally motivated as is commonly thought
AND
expectations about legislative behavior, but challenges much of the recent empirical literature.
Obama has no hope of any legislative success – reliance on executive action proves he’s given up
Goldfarb 1/15
Zachary A. Zachary A. Goldfarb is a staff writer covering the White House, focusing on President Obama’s economic, financial and fiscal policy. Previously, he covered financial regulation and government investigations into corporate wrongdoing. He also has written about national housing policy. He graduated from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton, where he was editor-in-chief of The Daily Princetonian. He lives in Washington, D.C. “Obama fighting perception that administration is out of time to make progress on priorities” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-fights-perception-that-administration-is-out-of-time-to-make-progress-on-his-priorities/2014/01/15/b491bea6-7d88-11e3-93c1-0e888170b723_story.html
Despite the lofty language, Obama begins 2014 with none of the boundless hope that
AND
a difference, with the manufacturing institute announced Wednesday as a prime example.
Travel causes Cuba lobby to support reduced restrictions
Ruiz-Goiriena, ‘9 (Romina, “Could the US-Cuba Travel Ban End Soon?” TIME, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934416,00.html)
Not too long ago, Ricardo Herrero was one of Miami's Cuban-American hard
AND
, called this "a very good time for public diplomacy with Cuba."

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weston CL | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Unilateral action erodes PC – Executive Orders, Signing Statements, Recess Appointments empirically prove
Edberly 1/21
Todd Eberly is coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary's College of Maryland. “The presidential power trap” January 21, 2013
http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121,0,1947745.story
Faced with obstacles to successful leadership, recent presidents have come to rely more on
AND
power assertions typically elicit close media scrutiny and often further erode political capital.
Obama has recently issued lots of XOs
Edberly 1/21
Todd Eberly is coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary's College of Maryland. “The presidential power trap” January 21, 2013
http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121,0,1947745.story
By mid-2011, Mr. Obama's job approval had slipped well below its
AND
Rather, they represented a rather typical power assertion from a contemporary president.
Perm – that’s what we actually do – ex-im uses Obama to finance the plan
Prez power decline is inevitable
Healy 11 (Gene Healy, vice president at the Cato Institute, “Our Continuing Cult of the Presidency”, 2011, from “Presidency in the Twenty-first Century” by Charles W. Dunn, University Press of Kentucky | JJ)
Where does that leave us? After our century-long drift away from the
AND
they trusted the president. Those numbers collapsed after Vietnam and Watergate. 63
The technological revolution and governmental checks render prez powers obsolete – we start where their evidence leaves off
Deans 2K (Bob Deans, Associate Director of Communications, Washington DC, 1/23/2000, “THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY: White House power growing”, The Atlanta Journal the Atlanta Constitution, ProQuest | JJ)
Many scholars argue that global shifts are undermining the authority of all sorts of traditional
AND
or that," said Nelson. "It just doesn't seem to happen."

Congressional involvement is k2 heg
Bennet 78 (Douglas J. Jr, Former Prez of Wesleyan U and Asst Secretary of State under Clinton and Carter, Congress in Foreign Policy: Who Needs It?, JSTOR)LA
The second benefit is that congressional attention to international issues offers some hope of developing
AND
should find us more predictable, and our opponents will find us stronger.

Executive orders increase political opposition
Steven Schier, December 2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, The Contemporary Presidency: The Presidential authority problem and the political power trap, p. 147
Obama initially enjoyed strong public approval but his job approval gradually sank, in part
AND
and accompanying assertions of executive power--we have seen this movie before.
Obama thus faces an authority problem and a power trap. Only by solving the
AND
the central political challenge confronted by modern presidents, and now by Obama.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weston CL | Judge: Austin Woodruff

1

Advantage One– Mexico

Post-NAFTA agricultural corrections will collapse the Mexican economy – US biofuel investment solves

McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States," ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Additionally, Mexican agricultural resources are scant in ¶ comparison to its North American counterparts
AND
to transport ethanol throughout both ¶ countries, and to points of export.

Mexican collapse saps critical diplomatic capital

Haddick 8 - University of Illinois, managing editor of the Small Wars Journal, was a U.S. Marine Corps officer, served in the 3rd and 23rd Marine Regiments, and deployed to Asia and Africa. He has advised the State Department, the National Intelligence Council, and U.S. Central Command
(Robert, "Now that would change everything," December 21, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)
On November 25th, United States Joint Forces Command released to the public The Joint
AND
Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.

That leads to Asian wars

Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA
(Walter, "Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities," http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.

These wars escalate

Mead 10
(Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, "Obama in Asia", http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.

Independently – Mexican oil-dependent economy is unsustainable – PEMEX decline collapses US-Mexico relations

Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
("Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
Energy is a third area where the U.S. and Mexican economies are
AND
surrounding internal Mexican dynamics and account for them in shaping a strategic vision.

A new biofuel alliance is key

Morales 11 – PhD, Professor @ El Colegio de Mexico
(Isidro, "The Energy Factor in Mexico-US Relations," Baker Institute, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf)
With the inception of NAFTA in 1994, and the emergence of a new security
AND
.S. will pursue their mutual interests while equally reaping the benefits.

Specifically – export-import partnerships spill up into the broader relationship

Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, "U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks

Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 "Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States", http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf-http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
AND
, and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.

The impact is an attack on US soil

McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, "A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND TERROR AT THE  SOUTHWEST BORDER," UNITED STATES HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, Lexis)BB
Terrorism remains a serious threat to the security of the United States. The Congressional
AND
on U.S. soil ¶ into a weapon of mass destruction.

Nuclear war

Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

2

Advantage Two– Agriculture

Mexican production transitions the US away from corn ethanol

McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States," ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
Producing ethanol from sugar, for many reasons, is simply ¶ a better option
AND
global food markets,159 while contributing ¶ to the revitalization of farmland.

This leads to sustainable framing – solves food-for-fuel tradeoffs

McDonald 9 – JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American
(Jeff, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States," ILSP Law Journal, p. 127-134)
The problems discussed above, like any potential solutions, ¶ are all cyclical and
AND
food supplies, and easing pressure ¶ on U.S. farmlands.

The impact is global food shocks

Wise 12 - Policy Research Director, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University
(Timothy, "US corn ethanol fuels food crisis in developing countries," http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/10/201210993632838545.html)
Besides Egypt, North African countries saw particularly high ethanol-related losses: Algeria
AND
, so it has forced thousands of Ugandans deeper into poverty and hunger.

A diversity of studies confirm corn biofuels are a key internal link to global food shocks

Bryce 12 - senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, is the author, most recently, of Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
(Robert, "Democrats and Republicans Support Harmful Ethanol Subsidies for the Sake of Votes," http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/05/democrats-and-republicans-support-harmful-ethanol-subsidies-for-the-sake-of-votes.html)
At least 17 studies—done by organizations ranging from Purdue University to the World
AND
level and variability, and this has spilled over into other commodity markets."

Biofuel-induced shocks kills a billion people

Runge and Senauer 7 – *Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn, Professor of Applied Economics @ U Minn
(C. Ford, Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota; Benjamin, Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota, ’How Biofuels could starve the poor,’ Foreign Affairs, May/June, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html)
Biofuels may have even more devastating effects in the rest of the world, especially
AND
and many more will die from a multitude of hunger-related diseases. 

Food shocks escalate to all-out war

Klare 12 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College
(Michael, "The Hunger Wars in our Future," http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-215_162-57489345/the-hunger-wars-in-our-future/?pageNum=126tag=page)
The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.

The impact is extinction

Brown 9 – Founder of Worldwatch and EPI
(Lester R, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

3

Advantage three – Competitiveness

US-Mexico energy cooperation boosts regional competitiveness

Wilson 11 – MA in International Affairs @ American U, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs
(Christopher, "Working Together," Mexico Institute @ Woodrow Institute, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Working20Together20Full20Document.pdf)
With studies focused at the regional level, some analysts have argued that U.
AND
for the United States to improve its global competitiveness and defend American industry.

Advanced biofuels are key – create integrated markets that spill over throughout the region

Philippidis 10 – energy director of the Applied Research Center and co-director of the Global Energy Security Forum at Florida International University in Miami
(George, "Panamerican Energy Cooperation," https://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Philippidis_Energy_in_the_Americas.pdf)
Encouraging signs of biofuels collaboration in the Americas have emerged from the ¶ area of
AND
¶ technologies and feedstocks, represent excellent prospects for Panamerican energy ¶ collaboration.

That solves US economic leadership

Noriega and Cardenas 12 – *Former US State Dept Official,  director with Vision Americas
("An action plan for US policy in the Americas," December, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/)
Key points in this Outlook:
America’s economic crisis and threats to US security have undermined its traditional global-leadership
AND
its own hemisphere. A prosperous hemisphere means a more prosperous United States.

The link is reverse causal – lack of US leadership collapses competitiveness

Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, "ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN," House Testimony, Lexis)
As well, for the past several years the Council has organized our Energy Action
AND
¶ energy at the core should be at the top of our agenda.

US growth solves great power war

Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan
(Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions. 

Nuclear war

Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

The US has comparatively the most peaceful economic model

Posen 9 - deputy director and senior fellow of the Peterson Institute for International Economics
Adam, "Economic leadership beyond the crisis," http://clients.squareeye.com/uploads/foresight/documents/PN20USA_FINAL_LR_1.pdf
In the postwar period, US power and prestige, beyond the nation’s military might
AND
rise to the challenge, it should concentrate on the following priority measures.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should offer substantial financing for advanced biofuels in Mexico.

Solvency

Finally – solvency

Export-import financing solves

Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress
("Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)
The United States needs to explore ways to make investing in alternative energy projects ¶
AND
financing ¶ capacity in promoting the export of clean energy products and services.

Mexican bioenergy avoids historical drawbacks of biofuels

GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created
AND
S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
("The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region," http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)
Unlike for much of the United States, bioenergy potential along the border rarely contemplates
AND
carbon ¶ dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in biofuels.

FDI is key – creates economies of scale

Valles 13 – Director of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(Guillermo, et al, "MEXICO’S AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT," United Nations, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/11166.pdf)
There is significant potential for energy extraction from the residuals of thirteen key agricultural products
AND
considerable strategic, political and economic integration between energy and ¶ agricultural production.

Only the US solves

Farnsworth 13 – MPA in IR @ Princeton, former State Department official, Vice President of the Council of the Americas and the Americas Society
(Eric, "ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN," House Testimony, Lexis)
More broadly, the United States has a strategic interest in working with willing nations
AND
technical assistance to improve the investment climate and ¶ the rule of law.